579 lines
56 KiB
XML
579 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0041744" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eb1f92d6-b231-49e8-942a-23a304304304" ID-PMC="PMC3440430" ID-PubMed="22984399" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4244560" approvedBy="poa" checkinTime="1604502670596" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Peter J. Taylor, Samantha Stoffberg, Ara Monadjem, Martinus Corrie Schoeman, Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill" docDate="2012" docId="B76E487AFFFFFFD6FC81042DFD8913ED" docLanguage="en" docName="PLoSOne.7.9.e41744.pdf.imf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE 7 (9)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Petersi 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="4B573002FFEFFFC4FFC9012BFF941755" masterDocTitle="Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago" masterLastPageNumber="23" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1668143260826" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Peter J. Taylor</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa, Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">peter.taylor@univen.ac.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Samantha Stoffberg</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Ara Monadjem</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>All Out Africa Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Martinus Corrie Schoeman</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Julian Baylis</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust, Mulanje, Malawi, Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Fenton P. D. Cotterill</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Africa Earth Observatory Network, Geoecodynamics Research Hub, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:title>PLoS ONE</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2012-09-12</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>7</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>9</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:extent unit="page">
|
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
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<mods:end>23</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
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</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1371/journal.pone.0041744</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">eb1f92d6-b231-49e8-942a-23a304304304</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC3440430</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">22984399</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4244560</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4328643" ID-GBIF-Taxon="168754885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4328643" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B76E487AFFFFFFD6FC81042DFD8913ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B76E487AFFFFFFD6FC81042DFD8913ED" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[840,1266,1286,1310]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[840,1479,1286,1956]" box="[840,1266,1286,1310]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<heading box="[840,1266,1286,1310]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Petersi 1878" authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[840,1266,1286,1310]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,1120,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rhinolophus hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
Petersı 1878
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[864,1147,1317,1339]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[840,1479,1286,1956]" box="[864,1147,1317,1339]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[864,1390,1346,1368]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[840,1479,1286,1956]" box="[864,1390,1346,1368]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[864,948,1346,1368]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[840,905,1377,1396]" captionTargetBox="[844,1474,166,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-696@8.[840,1478,162,1343]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Morphometric variation in a series representing the R. hildebrandtii complex from Lutope-Ngolangola, Zimbabwe: a) biplot of forearm length versus noseleaf width and b) PCA of five craniometric variables (M3M3, CM3, IOC, NW, NH) in 26 individuals of known (37 or 46 kHz) and unknown (?) frequency. Females indicated by open circlesı males by closed circles or crosses or asterisk. Voucher specimens for molecular sequencing study indicated by asterisk (Clade 1e: = smithersii sp. nov.; see Taxonomic Conclusions) and crosses (Clade 2: = mossambicus sp. nov.; see Taxonomic Conclusions). Hereafterı all individuals with a frequency of 37 kHz were assumed to belong to Clade 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.) and the 46 kHz individual was assumed to belong to Clade 1e (smithersi sp. nov.). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g004" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4244568/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[960,1031,1346,1368]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[155,220,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[158,790,800,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-761@1.[155,793,797,1806]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Portraits of (a) Rhinolophus smithersi species novo, and (b) Rhinolophus mossambicus species novo, two of four new cryptic species described herein within the R. hildebrandtii complex. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g001" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4244562/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1043,1121,1346,1368]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="7.[171,235,1322,1343]" captionText="Table 3. Summary of data for peak echolocation frequency of R. hildebrandtii s.l. populations." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1134,1148,1346,1368]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[856,920,1521,1542]" captionText="Table 4. Eigenvectors for PCA of recently collected voucher specimens of the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex associated with molecular and acoustic analysesı which includes type specimens of R. hildebrandtii and R. eloquens (see Fig. 5a). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.t004" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1160,1250,1346,1368]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[171,235,1481,1502]" captionText="Table 1. ‘Uncorrected p’ pairwise sequence distances for the 12S gene below the diagonal and Chd1 gene above the diagonal for the clades (1ı 2ı 3) and some lineages (1aı 1bı 1c) identified in the molecular analyses of the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
, Appendix S1
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[840,1479,1286,1956]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2908237307" collectingDate="1877-07" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="S. Hildebrandt" country="Kenya" elevation="390" latitude="-02.7786111" location="Ndi" longitude="038.7716667" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCode="ZMB 5378" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Taita" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,967,1376,1395]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[863,963,1376,1395]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[992,1102,1375,1397]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ZMB 5378</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1118,1164,1375,1397]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
collected by S. Hildebrandt in
|
||
<date box="[840,938,1403,1425]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1877-07">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[840,938,1403,1425]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1877-07">July 1877</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B76E487AFFFFFFD6FC81042DFD8913ED:3A18AFB7FFFFFFD4FC390450FB8312C4" box="[1008,1047,1403,1425]" country="Kenya" name="Ndi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Taita">Ndi</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1062,1116,1403,1425]" country="Kenya" name="Taita/Taveta" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Taita</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1132,1198,1403,1425]" name="Kenya" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2908237304" collectingDate="1877-07" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="S. Hildebrandt" country="Kenya" elevation="390" latitude="-02.7786111" location="Ndi" longitude="038.7716667" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCode="ZMB 5379" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Taita" typeStatus="cotype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1220,1290,1403,1425]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1302,1414,1403,1425]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ZMB 5379</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1432,1478,1403,1425]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
collected by
|
||
<collectorName box="[961,1105,1431,1453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. Hildebrandt</collectorName>
|
||
in
|
||
<date box="[1137,1229,1431,1453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1877-07">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1137,1229,1431,1453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1877-07">July 1877</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B76E487AFFFFFFD6FC81042DFD8913ED:3A18AFB7FFFFFFD4FAC004BCFAA412F8" box="[1289,1328,1431,1453]" country="Kenya" name="Ndi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Taita">Ndi</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1337,1391,1431,1453]" country="Kenya" name="Taita/Taveta" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Taita</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1402,1468,1431,1453]" name="Kenya" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[840,1479,1286,1956]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,1008,1460,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type locality.</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B76E487AFFFFFFD6FC81042DFD8913ED:3A18AFB7FFFFFFD4FBC00498FBA4129C" box="[1033,1072,1459,1481]" country="Kenya" latitude="-9.716666" longitude="9.3" name="Ndi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Taita">Ndi</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1082,1136,1459,1481]" country="Kenya" name="Taita/Taveta" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Taita</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1146,1212,1459,1481]" name="Kenya" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1223,1335,1458,1481]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1235,1244,1458,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">°</emphasis>
|
||
46
|
||
<emphasis box="[1275,1283,1458,1480]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">'</emphasis>
|
||
43
|
||
<emphasis box="[1313,1321,1458,1480]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">"</emphasis>
|
||
S
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1347,1474,1458,1481]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
38
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1371,1380,1458,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">°</emphasis>
|
||
<date box="[1387,1449,1458,1481]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1946-09-18">
|
||
46
|
||
<emphasis box="[1411,1419,1458,1480]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">'</emphasis>
|
||
18
|
||
</date>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1449,1457,1458,1480]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">"</emphasis>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; elevation
|
||
<quantity box="[935,997,1487,1509]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="390.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[935,997,1487,1509]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="390.0">390 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
asl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[840,1479,1286,1956]" lastBlockId="18.[155,794,164,1208]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,976,1516,1535]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Individuals from two localities in Kenya, including the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[921,962,1543,1565]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of Taita District, had a peak frequency of 42 kHz [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jones G & Van Parijs SM" box="[927,955,1571,1593]" journalOrPublisher="Series B Biological Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="119 - 1258" part="251" refId="ref21229" refString="15. Jones G, Van Parijs SM (1993) Bimodal echolocation in pipistrelle bats: are cryptic species present? Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 251: 119 - 1258." title="Bimodal echolocation in pipistrelle bats: are cryptic species present? Proceedings of the Royal Society" type="journal article" year="1993">15</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Intermediate in body and cranial size, with the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1437,1478,1571,1593]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and co-type overlapping in cranial dimensions with members of Clade 2 from which they are however easily distinguished genetically based on sequences from three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene (cytochrome b uncorrected genetic divergence 7.7–9.0%). Although there is minor overlap in individual cranial and forearm variables (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1093,1178,1738,1760]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="17.[153,217,487,508]" captionText="Table 5. Matrix showing diagnostic traits and distribution of seven evolutionary lineages within the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
), they can be distinguished completely by PCA of cranial dimensions from other members of Clade1 which are distinctly smaller (Lineages 1d, 1e) or larger (Lineages 1a, 1b) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1026,1098,1822,1844]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[155,220,1403,1422]" captionTargetBox="[159,791,166,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-699@9.[155,795,162,1369]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Canonical variates analysis (CVA) (a) of 10 cranial variables in five groups of the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex defined by molecular analysis; and PCA (b) of five cranial variables for sample in (a) with type series of hildebrandtii (‘‘H¹’’) and eloquens (‘‘E¹’’) added. Open circles = Clade 1a (= cohenae sp. nov.); closed circles = Clade 1b (= mabuensis sp. nov.); shaded circles = Clade 1d (= smithersi sp. nov.; Pafuri); asterisk enclosed in circle = Clade 1e (= smithersi sp. nov.; Zimbabwe); open squares = Clade 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.; Mozambique); shaded squares = Clade 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.; Lutopeı Zimbabwe); open diamonds = R. eloquens type series (Clade 3); crosses in circles = R. hildebrandtii type and co-type (Clade 1c). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g005" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4244570/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior upper premolar, when present is moderate-sized but situated external to the toothrow (with the canine and P
|
||
<quantity box="[1064,1100,1873,1900]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="4.0">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1064,1073,1873,1887]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
contact) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Csorba G & Ujhelyip P & Thomas N" box="[1198,1227,1878,1900]" journalOrPublisher="Shropshire: Alana books" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref21181" refString="12. Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books." title="Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. In this respect, they are distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill" authorityYear="2012" box="[1045,1106,1906,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cohenae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1106,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">cohenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which have relatively conspicuous anterior premolars within the toothrow and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill" authorityYear="2012" box="[1276,1347,1934,1955]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithersi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1276,1347,1934,1955]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">smithersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the anterior premolar is small to minute and external to the toothrow. Genotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[292,423,192,214]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,423,192,214]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are members of Clade 1c (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[694,750,192,214]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[155,220,1881,1900]" captionTargetBox="[160,1475,167,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[155,1480,162,1848]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Map of southern, central and eastern Africa indicating localities of individuals of R. hildebrandtii species-complex included in this study. Grey-shaded area represents elevations in excess of 600 m a.s.l. Closed squares indicate museum specimens from which craniometric data were obtained. Open symbols indicate specimens genotyped in this study. The distribution of the three major clades is based on cytochrome b (see Figure 2): open circles = Clade 1; open squares = Clade 2; open diamonds = Clade 3. Closed squares enclosed in open symbols indicate localities where both molecular and morphological data were available for selected specimens. Numbers refer to respective localities listed in Table S1. ‘‘T’’ indicates the type localities of R. eloquens in Uganda and R. hildebrandtii in Kenyaı respectively. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g002" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4244564/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption box="[153,1540,487,508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<paragraph box="[153,1540,487,508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[153,246,487,508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Matrix showing diagnostic traits and distribution of seven evolutionary lineages within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[1188,1439,487,508]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1188,1439,487,508]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rhinolophus hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table box="[153,1929,572,1445]" gridcols="13" gridrows="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,572,656]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[153,204,572,656]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[153,204,639,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Clade</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[260,383,572,656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Species name (& holotype number)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[403,555,572,656]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[403,511,639,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[581,652,572,656]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Freq. (kHz)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[670,777,572,656]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[670,712,639,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">NLW</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[795,869,572,656]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[795,816,639,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FL</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[884,984,572,656]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[884,919,639,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">GSL</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1009,1102,572,656]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1009,1044,639,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">CCL</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1133,1313,572,656]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Relative height of rostral chamber and sagittal crest in lateral view (Fig. 6)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1347,1475,572,656]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Depth of cranial profile overall (Fig. 6)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1490,1612,572,656]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Frontal depression in dorsal view (Fig. 6)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1668,1745,572,656]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1668,1745,617,656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Baculum (Fig. 8)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1775,1929,572,656]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Relative size and position of anterior upper premolar</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,679,741]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[153,204,679,741]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1a</th>
|
||
<td box="[260,383,679,741]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill, 2012" authorityName="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill" authorityYear="2012" box="[260,324,679,696]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cohenae" status="sp. nov">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,324,679,696]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">cohenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,679,741]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mpumalanga Provinceı South Africa</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,679,741]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">33</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,679,741]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.3; 13.5–16.3 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,984,679,741]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">66.4; 29.8; 66–68 (10) 29–30 (10)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,679,741]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.3; 24–26 (10)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,679,741]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rostral chamber. = sagittal crest</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,679,741]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Flatter</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,679,741]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Conspicuous& deep</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,679,741]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type 1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,679,741]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Prominentı in toothrow (or absent)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,758,820]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[260,383,758,820]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(DM 8626)</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,758,820]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mountainland Nature Reserveı Barberton</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,758,820]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">33</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,758,820]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,758,820]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">65.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,758,820]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">29.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,758,820]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,758,820]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,758,820]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,758,820]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,758,820]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type 1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,758,820]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Prominent in toothrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,836,876]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[153,204,836,876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1b</th>
|
||
<td box="[260,383,836,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill, 2012" authorityName="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill" authorityYear="2012" box="[260,341,836,853]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mabuensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,341,836,853]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">mabuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,836,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mts Mabu & Inagoı N Mozambique</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,836,876]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">38</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,836,876]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.0; 15.0–15.1(2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,836,876]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">67.5; 66–69 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,836,876]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">29.7–30.3 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,836,876]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.6; 25–26 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,836,876]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rostral chamber. = sagittal crest</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,836,876]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Flatter</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,836,876]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Conspicuous & deep</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,836,876]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type 2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,836,876]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Prominent - smallı internal-external</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,892,931]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[260,383,892,931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(DM 10842)</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,892,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mt Mabu</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,892,931]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,599,892,909]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ca</emphasis>
|
||
38*
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,892,931]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">15.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,892,931]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">66.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,892,931]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">29.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,892,931]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,892,931]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,892,931]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,892,931]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,892,931]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type 2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,892,931]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Prominentı partially in toothrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,947,987]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[153,204,947,987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1c</th>
|
||
<td box="[260,383,947,987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[260,356,947,964]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,356,947,964]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,947,987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">East Africa (Kenyaı Tanzania)</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,947,987]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">42</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,947,987]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11.0; 9.8–13.1 (9)</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,947,987]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">62.5 60–68 (8)</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,947,987]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">28.0 27–29 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,947,987]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">24.0 23–25 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,947,987]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,947,987]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,947,987]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Shallow to moderate [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Csorba G & Ujhelyip P & Thomas N" box="[1576,1597,970,987]" journalOrPublisher="Shropshire: Alana books" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref21181" refString="12. Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books." title="Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,947,987]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,947,987]" gridcol="12" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Moderate - smallı external</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,1003,1020]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[260,383,1003,1020]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(ZMB 5378)</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,1003,1020]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ndiı Taitaı Kenya</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,1003,1020]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ca 42 **</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,1003,1020]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,1003,1020]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">63.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,1003,1020]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">27.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,1003,1020]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,1003,1020]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,1003,1020]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,1003,1020]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,1003,1020]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,1003,1020]" gridcol="12" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,1036,1099]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[153,204,1036,1099]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1d/e</th>
|
||
<td box="[260,383,1036,1099]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill, 2012" authorityName="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill" authorityYear="2012" box="[260,328,1036,1053]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithersi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,328,1036,1053]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">smithersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,1036,1099]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pafuriı South Africa & Lutope- Ngolangola Gorge</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,1036,1099]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">44–46</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,1036,1099]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11.3; 10.1–14.4 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,1036,1099]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">62.6; 61–64 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,1036,1099]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">27.3; 27–28 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,1036,1099]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">23.5 23–24 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,1036,1099]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sagittal crest. rostral chamber</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,1036,1099]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Intermediate</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,1036,1099]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Weakly developed</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,1036,1099]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,1036,1099]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Smallı external</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,1115,1154]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[260,383,1115,1154]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(NMBZ 33647)</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,1115,1154]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lutope-Ngolangola Gorgeı Zimbabwe</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,1115,1154]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">46</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,1115,1154]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">14.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,1115,1154]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">60.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,1115,1154]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">26.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,1115,1154]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">23.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,1115,1154]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,1115,1154]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,1115,1154]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,1115,1154]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,1115,1154]" gridcol="12" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,1170,1233]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[153,204,1170,1233]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2</th>
|
||
<td box="[260,383,1170,1233]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill, 2012" authorityName="Peter J. Taylor & Samantha Stoffberg & Ara Monadjem & Martinus Corrie Schoeman & Julian Baylis & Fenton P. D. Cotterill" authorityYear="2012" box="[260,362,1171,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,362,1171,1188]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">mossambicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[260,323,1193,1210]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,1170,1233]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mozambiqueı extending to NW Zimbabwe</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,1170,1233]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">35–38</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,1170,1233]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">13.5; 12.9–14.2(3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,1170,1233]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">62.8; 60–65 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,1170,1233]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">28.1; 27–29 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,1170,1233]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">24.4; 24–25 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,1170,1233]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sagittal crest» rostral chamber</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,1170,1233]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Higher & domed</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,1170,1233]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reduced</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,1170,1233]" gridcol="11" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type 2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,1170,1233]" gridcol="12" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Minuteı external</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,1249,1311]" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[260,383,1249,1311]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(DM 8578)</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,1249,1311]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Niassa Game Reserveı N Mozambique</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,1249,1311]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,599,1249,1266]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ca</emphasis>
|
||
35–38 ***
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,1249,1311]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">14.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,1249,1311]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">63.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,1249,1311]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">28.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,1249,1311]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,1249,1311]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,1249,1311]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,1249,1311]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,1249,1311]" gridcol="11" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,1249,1311]" gridcol="12" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">As above</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,1327,1367]" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[153,204,1327,1367]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3</th>
|
||
<td box="[260,383,1327,1367]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1905" box="[260,327,1327,1344]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eloquens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,327,1327,1344]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">eloquens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,1327,1367]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">East Africa</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,1327,1367]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,1327,1367]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.7; 9.4–10.6(4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,1327,1367]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">55.5; (54–57(4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,1327,1367]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.2; 25.1–25.3(3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,1327,1367]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">22.0; 21.7–22.2(5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,1327,1367]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,1327,1367]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,1327,1367]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Shallow[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Csorba G & Ujhelyip P & Thomas N" box="[1558,1576,1327,1344]" journalOrPublisher="Shropshire: Alana books" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref21181" refString="12. Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books." title="Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,1327,1367]" gridcol="11" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,1327,1367]" gridcol="12" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Minuteı external</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[153,1929,1383,1445]" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[260,383,1383,1445]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(BM 1899.8.4.4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[403,555,1383,1445]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Entebbeı Uganda</td>
|
||
<td box="[581,652,1383,1445]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[670,777,1383,1445]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[795,869,1383,1445]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">56.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[884,984,1383,1445]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1009,1102,1383,1445]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">21.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1133,1313,1383,1445]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sagittal crest» rostral chamber</td>
|
||
<td box="[1347,1475,1383,1445]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">High and domed</td>
|
||
<td box="[1490,1612,1383,1445]" gridcol="10" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Moderately developed and deep</td>
|
||
<td box="[1668,1745,1383,1445]" gridcol="11" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[1775,1929,1383,1445]" gridcol="12" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Minuteı external</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Freq.= peak (time expansion or full-spectrum detector) or maximum (ANABAT detector) frequency; NLW = nasal width; FL = forearm length; GSL = greatest skull length; CCL = condylo-canine skull length. *Echolocation frequency of holotype not measured but assumed on basis of two released individuals of the same species at Mt Mabu recorded during the same month (October 2008). **We assume the holotype and paratype specimens from the Taita District may have had a CF frequency of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1020,1038,1520,1537]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ca</emphasis>
|
||
42 kHz based on recent recordings from the type locality. ***The holotype was not recorded but we assume a CF frequency of 35–38 kHz based on recordings of four bats taken from nearby localities in northern Mozambique. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.t005
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[155,794,164,1208]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2908237303" collectingDate="1877" collectionCode="BM" collectorName="S. Hildebrandt" country="Kenya" location="Taita" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCode="BM 79.1.21.1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Taita" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,281,222,241]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[177,276,222,241]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[305,440,221,243]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BM 79.1.21.1</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[450,502,221,243]" country="Kenya" name="Taita/Taveta" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Taita</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount box="[515,600,221,243]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">un-sexed</specimenCount>
|
||
individual collected in
|
||
<collectingDate box="[182,230,249,271]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1877</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName box="[269,417,249,271]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. Hildebrandt</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[155,794,164,1208]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,311,278,297]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Follows the general description for the species [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Csorba G & Ujhelyip P & Thomas N" box="[162,190,306,328]" journalOrPublisher="Shropshire: Alana books" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref21181" refString="12. Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books." title="Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; however,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[308,411,305,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[308,411,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[420,448,306,328]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as defined here (restricted to East Africa) is intermediate-sized in most external and cranial dimensions and varies from the range of values reported previously for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[189,319,390,412]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,319,390,412]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[326,352,391,413]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Csorba G & Ujhelyip P & Thomas N" box="[365,393,391,413]" journalOrPublisher="Shropshire: Alana books" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref21181" refString="12. Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books." title="Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], for example noseleaf width in nine East African specimens examined varied from
|
||
<quantity box="[563,671,419,441]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10–14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, rather than
|
||
<quantity box="[155,261,448,470]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
given by previous description [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Csorba G & Ujhelyip P & Thomas N" box="[569,598,448,470]" journalOrPublisher="Shropshire: Alana books" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref21181" refString="12. Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books." title="Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[155,794,164,1208]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,317,477,496]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
As here defined, and based only on limited material examined from Kenya and Tanzania in the Natural History Museum, London and Berlin Museum in this study (n = 11; mensural data reported in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[531,614,561,583]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="17.[153,217,487,508]" captionText="Table 5. Matrix showing diagnostic traits and distribution of seven evolutionary lineages within the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
), we restrict the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[295,398,589,611]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,398,589,611]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[404,432,590,612]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
to East Africa, whilst recognising that northern populations in Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia and southern Sudan (now South Sudan) are possibly referable to this species (as discussed by Koopman 1975, [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Monadjem A & Taylor PJ & Cotterill FPD & Schoeman MC" box="[589,617,675,697]" editor="Wilson DE Reeder DM" journalOrPublisher="Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="313 - 529" refId="ref21181" refString="13. Monadjem A, Taylor PJ, Cotterill FPD, Schoeman MC (2010 a) Bats of Southern and Central Africa: A Biogeographic and Taxonomic Synthesis. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. 14. Simmons NB (2005) Order Chiroptera. In Wilson DE Reeder DM (eds.) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd edition). Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 313 - 529." title="Bats of Southern and Central Africa: A Biogeographic and Taxonomic Synthesis. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. 14. Simmons NB (2005) Order Chiroptera" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd edition)" year="2010">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Moreover, given that two individuals with peak frequency of 37 kHz from Lutope-Ngolangola in NW Zimbabwe grouped genetically with individuals from coastal Mozambique assigned to Clade 2, it seems probable that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[304,407,788,810]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,407,788,810]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as here defined (coinciding with the divergent Lineage 1c) does not occur in southern Africa. Nevertheless, the taxonomic affinities of material from Zambia and Malawi remain unclear as craniometric analysis was unable to differentiate molecular clades and lineages at this scale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[711,782,902,924]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[155,220,1881,1900]" captionTargetBox="[160,1475,167,1843]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[155,1480,162,1848]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Map of southern, central and eastern Africa indicating localities of individuals of R. hildebrandtii species-complex included in this study. Grey-shaded area represents elevations in excess of 600 m a.s.l. Closed squares indicate museum specimens from which craniometric data were obtained. Open symbols indicate specimens genotyped in this study. The distribution of the three major clades is based on cytochrome b (see Figure 2): open circles = Clade 1; open squares = Clade 2; open diamonds = Clade 3. Closed squares enclosed in open symbols indicate localities where both molecular and morphological data were available for selected specimens. Numbers refer to respective localities listed in Table S1. ‘‘T’’ indicates the type localities of R. eloquens in Uganda and R. hildebrandtii in Kenyaı respectively. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g002" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4244564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4244564/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Future studies need to incorporate molecular and bacular data from central, equatorial and northeastern Africa (particularly Zambia, Malawi, DRC and Ethiopia) to test the species limits of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petersi" authorityYear="1878" box="[155,258,1015,1037]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,258,1015,1037]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is possible that yet more cryptic species remain to be discovered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[155,794,164,1208]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,267,1074,1093]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was recorded from montane and submontane forests in the Usambara Mountains of the Eastern Arc Range in Tanzania; means and ranges given for external and cranial measurements for four individuals from this population conform very closely to our data [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stanley WT & Goodman SM" box="[488,530,1186,1208]" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="34 - 52" part="4" refId="ref25558" refString="119. Stanley WT, Goodman SM (2011) Small mammal inventories in the east and west Usambara and south Pare Mountains, Tanzania. 3. Chiroptera. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences 4: 34 - 52." title="Small mammal inventories in the east and west Usambara and south Pare Mountains, Tanzania. 3. Chiroptera" type="journal article" year="2011">119</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |