164 lines
15 KiB
XML
164 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4882baaf-3747-4865-87e1-49e725955118" ID-PMC="PMC3361087" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-195-1" ID-PubMed="22679386" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-195-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 195" ModsDocTitle="The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)" checkinTime="1451249010182" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Miller, Jeremy A., Griswold, Charles E., Scharff, Nikolaj, Řezac, Milan, Szűts, Tamas & Marhabaie, Mohammad" docDate="2012" docId="6EFE2138C2097CBD092B860ADEB51047" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 195: 1-144" docOrigin="ZooKeys 195" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342" docTitle="Dresserus Simon" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FFABFFD09B65FF5EFFA6FFE4FFE1FFC2" masterDocTitle="The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1668153919305" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Miller, Jeremy A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Griswold, Charles E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Scharff, Nikolaj</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Řezac, Milan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Szűts, Tamas</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Marhabaie, Mohammad</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>195</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>144</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-195-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152035678" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6EFE2138C2097CBD092B860ADEB51047" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6EFE2138C2097CBD092B860ADEB51047" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dresserus" authority="Simon" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus Simon</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Simon 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: LXXXVII [87]. Type species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus fuscus" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscus">Dresserus fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Simon, 1876.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="note">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Note.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains 24 recognized species from eastern and southern Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick, N" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" title="The world spider catalog, Version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http: // research. amnh. org / iz / spiders / catalog" url="10.5531/db.iz.0001." year="2011">Platnick 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We examined specimens of multiple unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. O
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">bservations</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of the male plus the female spinneret spigot morphology is based on specimens from Mazumbai, West Usambara Mts., Tanzania (CASENT 9025746, CAS and CASENT 9025747, CAS); other observations of the female based on specimens from Klein Kariba (CASENT 9025745, CAS) and Drummond (CASENT 9037024, CAS), South Africa; other observations of the male based on specimens from Manga Forest Reserve, Tanzania (Frontier Tanzania, ZMUC), Hluhluwe Game Reserve, South Africa (TM 19739, TMSA), and Witbank, South Africa (TM 19738, TMSA).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Distinguished from other eresids except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the position of the PLE which are both advanced (<0.28) and widely spaced (PER/AER> 0.95; Fig. 8J); other eresids with advanced PLE (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paradonea</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have them closer together (PER/AER <0.90) than the ALE (Figs 10B, 11B, D, F, H, J, L). Generally distinguished from other eresids by the distinctive 4-part cribellum (Fig. 36F), although some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens show signs of this characteristic. Males distinguished from other eresids by the prominent tubercles bearing the ALE (Figs 8J, 33A), which are much more pronounced from those in other genera with ALE tubercles (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paradonea</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Further distinguished from other eresids except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the more or less ventral-dorsal axis of the palpal bulb with the embolus encircling the ventral part (Figs 12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 33
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 34
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
; proximal-ventral in other eresids with the embolus encircling the distal part); distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the smooth conductor (Fig. 34C, D; fringed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Fig. 55C, E). The cephalic region may be wider than long (e.g., TM 19738, TMSA, Frontier Tanzania, ZMUC) or longer than wide (e.g., TM 19739, TMSA). Female further distinguished from other eresids except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Eresus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eresus walckenaeri" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walckenaeri">Eresus walckenaeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the copulatory openings, which are broadly separated by hirsute cuticle (Figs 16C, 37D; separated by a glabrous median lobe in other eresids, e.g., Figs 16B, 29C);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
together distinguished from other eresids including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Eresus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eresus walckenaeri" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walckenaeri">Eresus walckenaeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the vulva, which have the spermatheca extending anterior of the spermathecal heads, together subtended by helical copulatory ducts (Figs 16F, 37E; other eresids have the spermathecal head anterior, spermatheca posterior, and copulatory ducts other than helical), and by the subdivided PMS (entire in other eresids) with numerous short, conical, cylindrical(?) gland spigots (Fig. 36C, D; this spigot morphology absent in other eresids); distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the somewhat less prominent paired atria and possibly by having a single loop of the copulatory duct (Fig. 37E; three in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although this character has been investigated in few
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="distinguishing species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Distinguishing species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Thetaxonomic literature on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is fragmentary and rarely comparative. This genus is ripe for revision. We have been unable to confidently assign species names to the specimens used in this study. Lehtinen (1967: 231) indicated that he was working on a taxonomic revision, but none was ever published. According to him, all but one of the described species (including the type species) had been checked and verified as congeneric based on primary types and other material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Known from Savanna, stony semidesert, and forest habitats. They build a silken tube under stones. Prey is mainly beetles (Milan
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Řezáč">Řezac</normalizedToken>
|
||
, personal observa
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">tion</pageBreakToken>
|
||
). Clutches consist of tens of juveniles (Martin Forman, personal observation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus kannemeyeri" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kannemeyeri">Dresserus kannemeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Juveniles do not feed on their
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="mother’s">mother's</normalizedToken>
|
||
corpse. Mature females can live for several years in captivity and can produce a number of sequential clutches (Martin Forman, personal observation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus kannemeyeri" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kannemeyeri">Dresserus kannemeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |