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<mods:title id="0C3E8790262030FA477DB7BD1312B1FB">New Cenozoic Muricidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="9734F83BED454A7CA09B639869FB3A97">Muséum national dhistoire naturelle, Département Origines et Évolution (CR 2 P - MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) didier. merle @ mnhn. fr (corresponding author) jean-michel. pacaud @ mnhn. fr dnledon @ yahoo. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B9836CCFFC3E423FC7AF904FA98F95F" blockId="37.[962,1305,1746,1772]" box="[962,1305,1746,1772]" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">
<heading id="D0D081A0FFC3E423FC7AF904FA98F95F" box="[962,1305,1746,1772]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" reason="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC3E423FBB7F904FA98F95F" ID-CoL="7P2FY" authority="Merle, 1990" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[1039,1305,1746,1772]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC3E423FBB7F904FB0CF95F" box="[1039,1165,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">Crassimurex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC3E423FB2CF904FA98F95F" author="MERLE D." box="[1172,1305,1746,1772]" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" pagination="145 - 185" refId="ref46577" refString="MERLE D. 1990. - Revision des Muricidae du Cuisien de Gan et de Bos d'Arros (Bassin d'Aquitaine, France). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 4 eme ser., 11 (1989), sect. C, 3: 145 - 185." type="journal article" year="1990">Merle, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6547FFC3E423FC95F8DDFA25F8E4" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" type="materials_examined">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D7EA010FFC3E423FC95F8DDFCDCF892" baselines="1820,1821" box="[813,861,1803,1826]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">
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. —
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC3E423FC66F8DAFABFF890" authority="Lamarck, 1822" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1822" box="[990,1342,1803,1827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Murex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapoides">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC3E423FC66F8DAFB21F890" box="[990,1184,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">Murex calcitrapoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC3E423FB10F8DDFABFF890" author="LAMARCK J. - B." box="[1192,1342,1803,1827]" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" refId="ref45696" refString="LAMARCK J. - B. 1822. - Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent et Supplement a divers types de gasteropodes et de Trachelipodes comprenant l'indication des coquilles fossiles qui ne furent point citees dans leurs genres respectifs. Tome 7. Lamarck, Paris, 711 p." type="book" year="1822">Lamarck, 1822</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by original designation (synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC3E423FBA7F8F0FAD7F88E" authority="Lamarck, 1803" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1803" box="[1055,1366,1829,1853]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Murex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC3E423FBA7F8F0FB3DF88E" box="[1055,1212,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">Murex calcitrapa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC3E423FB78F8F3FAD7F88E" author="LAMARCK J. - B." box="[1216,1366,1829,1853]" pageId="37" pageNumber="530" pagination="217 - 227" refId="ref45566" refString="LAMARCK J. - B. 1803. - Memoires sur les fossiles des environs de Paris (suite 1). Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle 2 (9): 217 - 227." type="journal article" year="1803">Lamarck, 1803</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Middle Eocene (Lutetian and Bartonian): Paris and
<collectingRegion id="49E3F82EFFC3E423FB62F896FA8CF8EB" box="[1242,1293,1856,1880]" country="France" name="Pays de la Loire" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">Loire</collectingRegion>
basins,
<collectingCountry id="F330765CFFC3E423FAE4F896FA21F8E4" box="[1372,1440,1856,1879]" name="France" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">France</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9836CCFFC3E423FC95F847FB65F819" blockId="37.[813,1455,1937,2028]" box="[813,1252,1937,1963]" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">
<smallCapsWord id="8D7EA010FFC3E423FC95F847FC2DF819" baselines="1956,1957" box="[813,940,1937,1963]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Comments" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">COMMENTS</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D7EA010FFC3E423FC0BF841FC55F819" baselines="1957" box="[947,980,1943,1962]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="on" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">ON</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D7EA010FFC3E423FC63F841FBE1F819" baselines="1957" box="[987,1120,1943,1962]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="subfamilial" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">SUBFAMILIAL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D7EA010FFC3E423FBDFF841FB65F819" baselines="1957" box="[1127,1252,1943,1962]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="placement" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">PLACEMENT</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9836CCFFC3E423FC95F867FA2FF858" blockId="37.[813,1455,1937,2028]" pageId="37" pageNumber="530">Members of this genus display a biconic shell with a moderately high spire, spiny varices on P1, internal denticles</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9836CCFFC0E420FF3CFB7CFBAFFB4C" blockId="38.[132,1457,1194,1279]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">
<smallCapsWord id="8D7EA010FFC0E420FF3CFB7CFF1CFB09" baselines="1207,1207" box="[132,157,1194,1211]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 20. — Spiral cords and internal denticles of the outer lip in
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FD33FB7CFCF1FB08" authorityName="Merle &amp; Pacaud &amp; Ledon &amp; Goret" authorityYear="2024" box="[651,880,1194,1211]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Flexopteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="constantinense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FD33FB7CFCF1FB08" box="[651,880,1194,1211]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">Flexopteron constantinense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26057A5FFC0E420FCCCFB7CFC25FB08" box="[884,932,1194,1211]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FC14FB7CFC4FFB08" bold="true" box="[940,974,1194,1211]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">A -D</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FC43FB7CFBF5FB08" authorityName="Merle &amp; Pacaud &amp; Ledon &amp; Goret" authorityYear="2024" box="[1019,1140,1194,1211]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Flexopteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="liancurtense" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FC43FB7CFBF5FB08" box="[1019,1140,1194,1211]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">F. liancurtense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26057A5FFC0E420FBC1FB7CFB29FB08" box="[1145,1192,1194,1211]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FB08FB7CFB53FB08" bold="true" box="[1200,1234,1194,1211]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">E -H</emphasis>
):
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FB58FB7CFB6CFB08" bold="true" box="[1248,1261,1194,1211]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FB4FFB7CFA85FB08" bold="true" box="[1271,1284,1194,1211]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">B</emphasis>
, paratype:MNHN.F. A77761 (MNHN coll.),Carentan-les-Marais (Cauvin),Manche,France,late Eocene (Priabonian);
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FC31FB17FC16FB61" bold="true" box="[905,919,1217,1234]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FC18FB17FC2FFB61" bold="true" box="[928,942,1217,1234]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">D</emphasis>
, holotype:MNHN.F.A77760 (MNHN coll.),Carentan-les-Marais (Cauvin);
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FF76FB01FF5BFB5B" bold="true" box="[206,218,1239,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">E</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FF5BFB01FF6FFB5B" bold="true" box="[227,238,1239,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">F</emphasis>
, holotype:MNHN.F.J02578 (Cossmann coll.),Liancourt-Saint-Pierre,Oise Paris Basin,France,early Eocene (Ypresian);
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FB10FB01FB37FB5B" bold="true" box="[1192,1206,1239,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">G</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FB06FB01FB4DFB5B" bold="true" box="[1214,1228,1239,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">H</emphasis>
, paratype:MNHN.F.A77758 (
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FF31FB38FF39FB4C" authorityName="Merle &amp; Pacaud &amp; Ledon &amp; Goret" authorityYear="2024" box="[137,184,1262,1279]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="543" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Merle">Merle</taxonomicName>
coll.), Liancourt-Saint-Pierre. Scale bars: A, B, E-H, 3 mm; C, D, 5 mm. Credits: P. Loubry (MNHN/CNRS).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9836CCFFC0E420FF3CFAE5FD7EF95F" blockId="38.[131,776,1331,1772]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">
(D1 to D6), a broad and open siphonal canal, a sinus of P1, around 8-10 varices, and complex spiral sculpture including the primary cords P1 to P6 (convex part of the whorl) and ADP-MP (siphonal canal). In addition, their shape is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FF5EFA62FD82FA7E" authority="Jousseaume, 1880" authorityName="Jousseaume" authorityYear="1880" box="[230,515,1459,1485]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Poirieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FF5EFA62FEBFFA7E" box="[230,318,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">Poirieria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC0E420FEFDFA65FD82FA7E" author="JOUSSEAUME F. P." box="[325,515,1459,1485]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" pagination="335 - 338" refId="ref45378" refString="JOUSSEAUME F. P. 1880. - Division methodique de la famille des Purpurides. Le Naturaliste 2 (42): 335 - 338. http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 33928744" type="journal article" year="1880">Jousseaume, 1880</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FD99FA65FD17FA7E" authorityName="Shuto" authorityYear="1969" box="[545,662,1459,1485]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Flexopteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FD99FA65FD17FA7E" box="[545,662,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">Flexopteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC0E420FD7FFA65FF7CFA5E" author="MERLE D. &amp; GARRIGUES B. &amp; POINTIER J. - P." pageId="38" pageNumber="531" refId="ref47234" refString="MERLE D., GARRIGUES B. &amp; POINTIER J. - P. 2011. - Fossil &amp; Recent Muricidae of the World. Part Muricinae. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 652 p." type="book" year="2011">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FD7FFA65FC84FA7E" authorityName="Merle &amp; Pacaud &amp; Ledon &amp; Goret" authorityYear="2024" box="[711,773,1459,1485]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="543" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Merle">Merle</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FF3CFA02FF3AFA5E" box="[132,187,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). For these reasons,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC0E420FE5EFA05FD38FA5E" author="MERLE D. &amp; GARRIGUES B. &amp; POINTIER J. - P." box="[486,697,1491,1517]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" refId="ref47234" refString="MERLE D., GARRIGUES B. &amp; POINTIER J. - P. 2011. - Fossil &amp; Recent Muricidae of the World. Part Muricinae. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 652 p." type="book" year="2011">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FE5EFA05FDA7FA5E" authorityName="Merle &amp; Pacaud &amp; Ledon &amp; Goret" authorityYear="2024" box="[486,550,1491,1517]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="543" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Merle">Merle</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FD95FA02FDE5FA5E" box="[557,612,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FF3EFA25FE85F9BE" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[134,260,1523,1549]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FF3EFA25FE85F9BE" box="[134,260,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FEA8FA25FEB3F9BF" box="[272,306,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">s. s.</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FED4FA25FD6BF9BE" authority="Gurs, 2001" authorityName="Gurs" authorityYear="2001" box="[364,746,1523,1549]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eopaziella">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FED4FA25FE6BF9BE" box="[364,490,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">Crassimurex</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FE41FA25FDE5F9BE" box="[505,612,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">Eopaziella</emphasis>
) Gürs,
<quantity id="4CDF9B29FFC0E420FD0AFA25FD6BF9BE" box="[690,746,1523,1549]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08254" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" unit="in" value="2001.0">2001</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in an informal group named basal muricids. It is still impossible to place this genus within a subfamily using shell characters. Obervations on
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FE8DF985FE32F9DE" authorityName="Merle" authorityYear="1990" box="[309,435,1619,1645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Crassimurex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FE8DF985FE32F9DE" box="[309,435,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">Crassimurex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FE7BF985FE66F9DF" box="[451,487,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">s. s.</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FE4FF984FC86F9DF" authority="Lamarck, 1803" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1803" box="[503,775,1618,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Murex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcitrapa">
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FE4FF984FDDAF9DF" box="[503,603,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">calcitrapa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC0E420FDDBF984FC86F9DF" author="LAMARCK J. - B." box="[611,775,1618,1644]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" pagination="217 - 227" refId="ref45566" refString="LAMARCK J. - B. 1803. - Memoires sur les fossiles des environs de Paris (suite 1). Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle 2 (9): 217 - 227." type="journal article" year="1803">Lamarck, 1803</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
at La Ferme de lOrme (Lutetian, Paris Basin) suggest this species was a drilling predator (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B3DFFC0E420FE65F944FD1BF91F" author="MERLE D. &amp; GOLDSTEIN D. H. &amp; MCKINNEY M. L." box="[477,666,1682,1708]" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" pagination="457 - 470" refId="ref47421" refString="MERLE D., GOLDSTEIN D. H. &amp; MCKINNEY M. L. 2024. - First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France). Geodiversitas 46 (13): 457 - 470. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / geodiversitas 2024 v 46 a 13. http: // geodiversitas. com / 46 / 13" type="journal article" year="2024">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FE65F944FD9DF91F" authorityName="Merle &amp; Pacaud &amp; Ledon &amp; Goret" authorityYear="2024" box="[477,540,1682,1708]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="543" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Merle">Merle</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953EADEFFC0E420FD9DF945FDDBF91F" box="[549,602,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="531">et al.</emphasis>
2024
</bibRefCitation>
), but this ability occurs in different subfamilies (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FDDFF964FD56F97F" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[615,727,1714,1740]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Muricinae">Muricinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C274D4FFFC0E420FF3EF904FE93F95F" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1903" box="[134,274,1746,1772]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="38" pageNumber="531" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ocenebrinae">Ocenebrinae</taxonomicName>
) and does not help in subfamilial attribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>