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<mods:title id="CA6EE1A651BCB78A91866D39A56A928A">New genera and species of deep-sea Goniasteridae (Asteroidea) from the North Pacific</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772D5751404245" box="[151,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D5751404245" blockId="25.[151,513,798,825]" box="[151,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<heading id="D0963C66FF84C358FF772D5751404245" bold="true" box="[151,513,798,825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF772D5751404245" ID-CoL="7PS39" authority="Halpern, 1970 c" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,513,798,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D5751404245" bold="true" box="[151,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D57527B4244" bold="true" box="[151,314,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEA22D5651404245" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[322,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref21513" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 c) Biological Investigations of the deep sea. 53. New species and genera of goniasterid sea stars. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern, 1970c</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772D2A520542E7" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D2A520542E7" blockId="25.[151,1437,867,922]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FF772D2A520D4206" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[151,332,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref21513" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 c) Biological Investigations of the deep sea. 53. New species and genera of goniasterid sea stars. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern 1970c: 2</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEB82D2A51734206" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[344,562,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight 1973: 180</bibRefCitation>
; Downey in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FD562D2A50994206" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[694,984,867,892]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 258</bibRefCitation>
; McKnight 2001: 102 (key); Mah 2011: 1,4 (in key), 39.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772D8157C545A3" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D815251429F" blockId="25.[151,272,968,994]" box="[151,272,968,994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D815251429F" bold="true" box="[151,272,968,994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772A5957C545A3" blockId="25.[151,1436,1040,1247]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
Body pentagonal in most species, weakly stellate in some (R/r=1.4 to 2.0). Abactinal plates mound-like to flat, weakly tabulate, arranged irregularly.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FDD62A7D57A6450F" bold="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Abactinal surface densely covered by numerous, coarse, spherical granules forming close clusters, obscuring plate boundaries in some species. Secondary plates present.</emphasis>
Marginal plates numerous, 14 to 35 per interradius. Bald region, variably small to large present centrally on superomarginal plate surface, absent in one species. Furrow spines 2 to 10. Subambulacral spines 2 to 4, thick, widely spaced followed by small but coarse granules in irregular arrangement. Pedicellariae, when present, spatulate.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772B7951E047F3" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772B79525F4437" blockId="25.[151,286,1328,1354]" box="[151,286,1328,1354]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<heading id="D0963C66FF84C358FF772B79525F4437" bold="true" box="[151,286,1328,1354]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772B79525F4437" bold="true" box="[151,286,1328,1354]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772B3151E047F3" blockId="25.[151,1437,1400,1678]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF772B31527044EF" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,305,1400,1426]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772B31527044EF" box="[151,305,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes seven species, which occur primarily in deep-sea (
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF84C358FC392B31572B44EF" box="[985,1130,1400,1426]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.064" metricValueMax="2.008" metricValueMin="0.12" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="m" value="1064.0" valueMax="2008.0" valueMin="120.0">1202008 m</quantity>
) settings. Three species,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FA682B3052FD44CB" authority="McKnight 1973" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1973" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aoteanus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FA682B3053BD44CB" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. aoteanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEE52BD552FD44CB" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[261,444,1436,1462]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FE282BD4504244CB" authority="McKnight 2006" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="2006" box="[456,771,1436,1462]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indutilus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FE282BD4510644CB" box="[456,583,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. indutilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FDB02BD5504244CB" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[592,771,1436,1462]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref22788" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The marine fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata: Asteroidea (Sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FCAD2BD4572744CB" authority="McKnight 1973" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1973" box="[845,1126,1436,1462]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maini">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FCAD2BD450EB44CB" box="[845,938,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. maini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FC522BD5572744CB" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[946,1126,1436,1462]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are known only from
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF84C358FA872BD453B444A7" name="New Zealand" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. Two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FE7F2B8851BA44A7" authority="Halpern 1970" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[415,763,1472,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="geographicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FE7F2B88511444A7" box="[415,597,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. geographicus</emphasis>
Halpern 1970
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FCD72B88575A44A7" authority="Mah 2011" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2011" box="[823,1051,1472,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calvus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FCD72B8850DF44A7" box="[823,926,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. calvus</emphasis>
Mah 2011
</taxonomicName>
were described from the tropical Atlantic and Burdwood Bank in the South Atlantic, respectively. Finally,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FC392BAD56DD4483" authority="Koehler 1910" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1910" box="[985,1436,1508,1534]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="annandaiei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FC392BAD57B84483" box="[985,1273,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster annandaiei</emphasis>
Koehler 1910
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF2A284052A0475E" authority="Ludwig, 1905" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[202,481,1544,1571]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ernesti">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF2A28405274475F" box="[202,309,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. ernesti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEA0284152A0475E" author="Ludwig, H." box="[320,481,1544,1571]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref21834" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
were collected from the Indian Ocean and the Cocos Islands, in the East Pacific, respectively. Mah (2011) briefly reviewed high-latitutde species of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FC4928655702473B" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[937,1091,1580,1606]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FC4928655702473B" box="[937,1091,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nothing is known regarding biology or ecology of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FE72281951234716" box="[402,610,1616,1643]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FE722819516D4717" box="[402,556,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
The new species described below represents a new farthest extent record for
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF5F283D521847F3" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[191,345,1652,1678]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF5F283D521847F3" box="[191,345,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Northern Hemisphere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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