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data/03/C8/3A/03C83A1CFF81C35DFF772F26567A457C.xml → data/03/C8/3A/03C83A1CFF81C35DFF772F2653B14438.xml
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@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
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@ -108,5 +108,40 @@
Superomarginals and inferomarginals 26 from armtip to armtip (13 per side) each with a distinct naked bald spot on the abactinal and lateral surface covered by granules. Spatulate pedicellariae present on proximal plates. Inferomarginals covered by granules with a similar bald spot on the actinal face-smaller in size than the corresponding superomarginal plate. Terminal plate large with a thimble-shaped tubercle. Actinal plates irregular, quadrate to hexagonal, covered by round granules. Weakly developed fasciolar grooves. Furrow spines, blunt tipped, 5 to 6 with subambulacrals in two series, set off from furrow spines, each composed of cylindrical spinelets, 3 to 4 per row, close-set. Mouth plates with 10 furrow spinelets, surface with granules similar to subambulacral spinelets on adambulacral plates.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF81C35DFF772A1A52524510" bold="true" box="[151,275,1107,1133]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Comment</emphasis>
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USNM 21164, the
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of
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF81C35DFDEB2AD5518B45C8" box="[523,714,1179,1205]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Tosia micropelta</emphasis>
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possesses the coarse, round, clustered, abactinal granulation diagnostic of
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Halpern 1970
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rather than
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF81C35DFC6C2AF650B045A4" box="[908,1009,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Peltaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF81C35DFC1B2AF657C645A4" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1019,1159,1215,1241]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="145 - 234" refId="ref23351" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031" type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill 1899</bibRefCitation>
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, which is defined based on the presence of secondary plates in addition to weakly fasciolar, tabulate plates; all of which are absent. The weakly stellate to stellate body shape (
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/r=1.93) and its depth,
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are also consistent with
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF81C35DFAE22B4E56DD445C" box="[1282,1436,1287,1313]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
species.
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@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Synonymy of
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Reassignment of
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@ -124,6 +124,66 @@ extends the range of this species from the Hawaiian Islands to the
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region
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FIGURE 9.
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Holotype USNM 21164. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of coarse abactinal granules. C. Armtip. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates, furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: B; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C; Scale bar=2.0 mm: E.
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Hawaiian Islands,
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USFC Steamer
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. 1 wet specimen. R=5.6 r=
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772A8052884599" bold="true" box="[151,457,1225,1252]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Sibogaster bathyheuretor</emphasis>
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Body stellate (R/r=2.07) with broadly curved to straight interradial arcs. Arms triangular with pointed tips.Abactinal plates flat, smooth bare, no embedded granules, peripheral granules large. Marginal plates similarly bare, surficial granules absent, 20–26 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip). Actinal plates covered by widely spaced granules.
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Furrow spines
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFF772FFD529340B6" ID-CoL="7PZMR" authority="Doderlein 1924: 63" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityPageNumber="63" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,466,435,460]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772FFD524240B1" box="[151,259,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Sibogaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF83C35FFEEA2FFD529340B6" author="Doderlein, L." box="[266,466,435,460]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="49 - 69" refId="ref20866" refString="Doderlein, L. (1924) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Exped. II. Pentagonasteridae. Siboga-Expedition, 46 (2), 49 - 69." type="journal article" year="1924">Döderlein 1924: 63</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF83C35FFE3C2FFD513640B1" author="Mah, C. L." box="[476,631,435,460]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016: 129</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF83C35FFF772FB053B1426D" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF83C35FFF772FB05251436E" blockId="30.[151,272,505,531]" box="[151,272,505,531]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772FB05251436E" bold="true" box="[151,272,505,531]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF83C35FFF772C0853B1426D" blockId="30.[151,1437,577,784]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<heading id="D0963C66FF83C35FFF772C0856DD43FD" bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772C0857534326" bold="true" box="[151,1042,577,604]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Abactinal plates smooth, bare, weakly convex, round to polygonal in outline</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFBFF2C0B56DD43FD" bold="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
Embedded glassy bosses present or absent. Marginal plates elongate, mostly smooth, bare (
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFCBA2C2F509F43FD" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[858,990,613,640]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFCBA2C2F509F43FD" bold="true" box="[858,990,613,640]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">S. digitatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has fewer than 6 granules on one or
</emphasis>
</heading>
two interradial superomarginals). Inferomarginals adjacent to actinal surface covered with variably abundant granules. Actinal plates covered by granules. Adambulacral plates rectangular in shape. Furrow spines numerous, 6 to 15. Subambulacrals. thickened relative to furrow spines, remaining granulation identical to others on actinal surface.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF83C35FFF772D28560A4505" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF83C35FFF772D28525F4206" blockId="30.[151,286,865,891]" box="[151,286,865,891]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<heading id="D0963C66FF83C35FFF772D28525F4206" bold="true" box="[151,286,865,891]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772D28525F4206" bold="true" box="[151,286,865,891]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF83C35FFF772DE350C34571" blockId="30.[151,1436,938,1144]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFF772DE3524E42B9" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,271,938,964]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772DE3524E42B9" box="[151,271,938,964]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Sibogaster</emphasis>
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includes 3 species, the low latitude tropical Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFC6F2DE357A142B9" authority="Doderlein, 1924" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[911,1248,938,964]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="digitatus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFC6F2DE3575242B9" box="[911,1043,938,964]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">S. digitatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF83C35FFBC12DE357A142B9" author="Doderlein, L." box="[1057,1248,938,964]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="49 - 69" refId="ref20866" refString="Doderlein, L. (1924) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Exped. II. Pentagonasteridae. Siboga-Expedition, 46 (2), 49 - 69." type="journal article" year="1924">Döderlein, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFA672DE352F94295" authority="Mah, 2020" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2020" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathyheuretor">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFA672DE352744295" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">S. bathyheuretor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF83C35FFEDD2D8752F94295" author="Mah, C. L." box="[317,440,974,1000]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref22341" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and the widely occurring
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFD042D8750964295" authority="Mah, 2016" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[740,983,974,1000]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFD042D8750104295" box="[740,849,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">S. nieseni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF83C35FFCB92D8750964295" author="Mah, C. L." box="[857,983,974,1000]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah, 2016</bibRefCitation>
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, which have been recorded from
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, but primarily from bathyal and abyssal depths (&gt;
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF83C35FFF272A5F560A4505" blockId="30.[151,1436,938,1144]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF83C35FFF272A5F520D454D" author="Mah, C. L." box="[199,332,1046,1072]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah (2016)</bibRefCitation>
observed morphological affinities with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFCEA2A5F50C7454D" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[778,902,1046,1072]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFCEA2A5F50C7454D" box="[778,902,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Plinthaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFC752A5F5771454D" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[917,1072,1046,1072]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Astroceramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFC752A5F5771454D" box="[917,1072,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Astroceramus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFB852A5E57B4454D" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[1125,1269,1047,1072]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pergamaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFB852A5E57B4454D" box="[1125,1269,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Pergamaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFAE22A5F524A4529" authority="Mah 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Okeanosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFAE22A5F56DD454D" box="[1282,1436,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Okeanosaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF83C35FFF772A73524A4529" author="Mah, C. L." box="[151,267,1082,1108]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah 2022</bibRefCitation>
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also displays affinities with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFDB32A73518A4529" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[595,715,1082,1108]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFDB32A73518A4529" box="[595,715,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Sibogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that it shows smooth, bare abactinal and marginal plates-but with much smaller peripheral granules and lacking glassy granules embedded in the abactinal plate surface.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772A8052884599" bold="true" box="[151,457,1225,1252]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Sibogaster bathyheuretor</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF83C35FFF772B7B52D84437" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,409,1330,1354]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathyheuretor">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772B7B52D84437" box="[151,409,1330,1354]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Sibogaster bathyheuretor</emphasis>
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2020: 234,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF83C35FFDF22B7B51CF4437" box="[530,654,1330,1354]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-24@36.[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A–B. Feeding on Narella (Chrysogorgiidae). Santa Rosa North 467.3 m, Lasers on B are 10 cm apart, others lacking scale. C. On bamboo coral, Lone Cone, 1543.8 m. D. On bamboo coral, Unamed Seamount, 1605.8 m E. Johnson Atoll site 1, 520 m. F. feeding on bamboo coral, Johnston Atoll region, 1582 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386830/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Figs 15A–E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF83C35FFD782B7B51A74437" box="[664,742,1330,1354]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-15@37.[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 16. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A.Feeding on Isididae, Johnston Atoll, 492 m. B–C. Feeding on Isididae, Santa Rosa North site, 467.3 m. Lasers are 10 cm apart. D. Feeding? on stoloniferous soft corals, Sibelius Seamount, 2489 m. Lasers=10cm apart." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386834/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">16A–D</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF83C35FFF772B3150924716" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF83C35FFF772B31525144EF" blockId="30.[151,272,1400,1426]" box="[151,272,1400,1426]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF772B31525144EF" bold="true" box="[151,272,1400,1426]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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Body stellate (R/r=2.07) with broadly curved to straight interradial arcs. Arms triangular with pointed tips.Abactinal plates flat, smooth bare, no embedded granules, peripheral granules large. Marginal plates similarly bare, surficial granules absent, 20–26 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip). Actinal plates covered by widely spaced granules.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF77286450D7473B" bold="true" box="[151,918,1580,1607]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
Furrow spines
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the Pacific specimen,
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the Atlantic
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFC44286450924716" bold="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Large paddle-shaped pedicellariae present on each adambulacral plate, prominent subambulacral spines absent.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF83C35FFF7728F5525F47AB" bold="true" box="[151,286,1724,1750]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF83C35FFF77294D574546D2" blockId="30.[151,1436,1796,1967]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
This represents the first occurrence of this species, which was described from the tropical Atlantic, in the North Pacific.Although superficially similar in terms of abactinal, marginal, and actinal plate morphology and arrangement, there is some character variation. Marginal plates, are approximately 25 superomarginals and 25 inferomarginals at
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF83C35FFF542938538646F6" box="[180,199,1905,1931]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">R</collectionCode>
=
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versus 20 superomarginals and 22 inferomarginals at
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF83C35FFC6B293850DF46F6" box="[907,926,1905,1931]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">R</collectionCode>
=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF83C35FFC4E293850BA46F6" box="[942,1019,1905,1931]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" unit="cm" value="2.7">2.7 cm</quantity>
in the Atlantic specimen and furrow spines are 4 to 5, at
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF83C35FFE9629DC52C846D2" box="[374,393,1941,1967]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">R</collectionCode>
=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF83C35FFE7929DC52A946D2" box="[409,488,1941,1967]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" unit="cm" value="3.2">3.2 cm</quantity>
, versus
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF83C35FFDA229DC51DF46D3" box="[578,670,1940,1967]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.905" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="1.778" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" unit="in" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7 to 8 in</quantity>
the Atlantic form, at
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF83C35FFC6E29DC50E046D2" box="[910,929,1941,1967]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">R</collectionCode>
=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF83C35FFC5029DC574146D2" box="[944,1024,1941,1967]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" unit="cm" value="2.7">2.7 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FF82C35EFF772823513C47B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386814" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386814" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386814/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" startId="31.[151,250,1642,1666]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1618]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF82C35EFF77282351E247FF" bold="true" box="[151,675,1641,1666]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
FIGURE 10.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF82C35EFEC5282051DF47FF" authority="Mah 2020" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2020" box="[293,670,1641,1666]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathyheuretor">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF82C35EFEC52820516D47FC" bold="true" box="[293,556,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Sibogaster bathyheuretor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF82C35EFDD2282351DF47FF" author="Mah, C. L." box="[562,670,1642,1666]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref22341" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
MCZ 154360. A.Abactinal B. Closeup of abactinal plates. C Actinal-lateral view. D. Actinal E. Adambulacral plates showing furrow, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF82C35EFF7729555268464B" blockId="31.[151,297,1820,1846]" box="[151,297,1820,1846]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF82C35EFF7729555268464B" bold="true" box="[151,297,1820,1846]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF82C35EFF77292D56794602" blockId="31.[151,1336,1892,1919]" box="[151,1336,1892,1919]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
Perdido Canyon and West
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FF82C35EFE21292D51534603" box="[449,530,1892,1918]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Florida</collectingRegion>
Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico.
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF82C35EFC87292D57434602" box="[871,1026,1892,1919]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.687" metricValueMax="2.777" metricValueMin="2.597" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="2687.0" valueMax="2777.0" valueMin="2597.0">2597–2777 m</quantity>
and North Pacific,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF82C35EFB3C292D56754602" box="[1244,1332,1892,1919]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.843" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" unit="m" value="2843.0">2843 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FFBDC361FF772BA05118477C" bold="true" box="[151,601,1513,1537]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
FIGURE 11.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBDC361FEC42BA05112477C" authority="Mah 2016" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[292,595,1513,1537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBDC361FEC42BA052A3477C" bold="true" box="[292,482,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFBDC361FE072BA05112477C" author="Mah, C. L." box="[487,595,1513,1537]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A–B. Abactinal, oral view of MCZ 37220 Galapagos Islands C.–D. Abactinal, oral view of NMST-E-13680, East off Mukojima, Japan. Scale bar=10.0 mm: A; Scale bar=5.0 mm; C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B, D.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FFBDC361FF77283E52CA47EC" bold="true" box="[151,395,1655,1681]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Material Examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBDC361FF772889509C4783" blockId="32.[151,1436,1727,1790]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FFBDC361FF772889527C47A4" bold="true" box="[151,317,1727,1754]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
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.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DBC72371FFBDC361FEA32889515247A7" box="[323,531,1727,1754]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">MCZ AST-154360</specimenCode>
<location id="8EBEDDD1FFBDC361FDFA28F6504147A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C83A1CFF83C361FF772A80509C4783:8EBEDDD1FFBDC361FDFA28F6504147A7" box="[538,768,1727,1754]" name="North Pacific Ocean" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">North Pacific Ocean</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFBDC361FCEA28F650E147A4" box="[778,928,1727,1753]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">22.14904616</geoCoordinate>
° -
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°,
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. Coll.
<collectorName id="2694EEDCFFBDC361FAE2288956D447A4" box="[1282,1429,1727,1754]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
R/V
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBDC361FAD628F6527C4780" authority=", ROV Hercules" authorityName="ROV Hercules" class="Cephalopoda" family="Nautilidae" genus="Nautilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nautilida" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBDC361FAD628F656D447A4" box="[1334,1429,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Nautilus</emphasis>
, ROV
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBDC361FF3928AA527C4780" box="[217,317,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Hercules</emphasis>
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with slurp gun.
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<collectingDate id="EF9B5422FFBDC361FE1428AD51D54783" box="[500,660,1764,1790]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" value="2021-12-18">Dec. 18, 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
. 1 wet spec. R=3.2 r=
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</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

142
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D5751404245" blockId="25.[151,513,798,825]" box="[151,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<heading id="D0963C66FF84C358FF772D5751404245" bold="true" box="[151,513,798,825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF772D5751404245" ID-CoL="7PS39" authority="Halpern, 1970 c" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,513,798,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D5751404245" bold="true" box="[151,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D57527B4244" bold="true" box="[151,314,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEA22D5651404245" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[322,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref21513" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 c) Biological Investigations of the deep sea. 53. New species and genera of goniasterid sea stars. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern, 1970c</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772D2A520542E7" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D2A520542E7" blockId="25.[151,1437,867,922]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FF772D2A520D4206" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[151,332,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref21513" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 c) Biological Investigations of the deep sea. 53. New species and genera of goniasterid sea stars. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern 1970c: 2</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEB82D2A51734206" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[344,562,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight 1973: 180</bibRefCitation>
; Downey in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FD562D2A50994206" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[694,984,867,892]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 258</bibRefCitation>
; McKnight 2001: 102 (key); Mah 2011: 1,4 (in key), 39.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772D8157C545A3" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D815251429F" blockId="25.[151,272,968,994]" box="[151,272,968,994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D815251429F" bold="true" box="[151,272,968,994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772A5957C545A3" blockId="25.[151,1436,1040,1247]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
Body pentagonal in most species, weakly stellate in some (R/r=1.4 to 2.0). Abactinal plates mound-like to flat, weakly tabulate, arranged irregularly.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FDD62A7D57A6450F" bold="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Abactinal surface densely covered by numerous, coarse, spherical granules forming close clusters, obscuring plate boundaries in some species. Secondary plates present.</emphasis>
Marginal plates numerous, 14 to 35 per interradius. Bald region, variably small to large present centrally on superomarginal plate surface, absent in one species. Furrow spines 2 to 10. Subambulacral spines 2 to 4, thick, widely spaced followed by small but coarse granules in irregular arrangement. Pedicellariae, when present, spatulate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772B7951E047F3" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772B79525F4437" blockId="25.[151,286,1328,1354]" box="[151,286,1328,1354]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<heading id="D0963C66FF84C358FF772B79525F4437" bold="true" box="[151,286,1328,1354]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772B79525F4437" bold="true" box="[151,286,1328,1354]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772B3151E047F3" blockId="25.[151,1437,1400,1678]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF772B31527044EF" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,305,1400,1426]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772B31527044EF" box="[151,305,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes seven species, which occur primarily in deep-sea (
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF84C358FC392B31572B44EF" box="[985,1130,1400,1426]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.064" metricValueMax="2.008" metricValueMin="0.12" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="m" value="1064.0" valueMax="2008.0" valueMin="120.0">120–2008 m</quantity>
) settings. Three species,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FA682B3052FD44CB" authority="McKnight 1973" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1973" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aoteanus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FA682B3053BD44CB" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. aoteanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEE52BD552FD44CB" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[261,444,1436,1462]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FE282BD4504244CB" authority="McKnight 2006" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="2006" box="[456,771,1436,1462]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indutilus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FE282BD4510644CB" box="[456,583,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. indutilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FDB02BD5504244CB" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[592,771,1436,1462]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref22788" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The marine fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata: Asteroidea (Sea-stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FCAD2BD4572744CB" authority="McKnight 1973" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1973" box="[845,1126,1436,1462]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maini">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FCAD2BD450EB44CB" box="[845,938,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. maini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FC522BD5572744CB" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[946,1126,1436,1462]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are known only from
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF84C358FA872BD453B444A7" name="New Zealand" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. Two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FE7F2B8851BA44A7" authority="Halpern 1970" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[415,763,1472,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="geographicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FE7F2B88511444A7" box="[415,597,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. geographicus</emphasis>
Halpern 1970
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FCD72B88575A44A7" authority="Mah 2011" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2011" box="[823,1051,1472,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calvus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FCD72B8850DF44A7" box="[823,926,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. calvus</emphasis>
Mah 2011
</taxonomicName>
were described from the tropical Atlantic and Burdwood Bank in the South Atlantic, respectively. Finally,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FC392BAD56DD4483" authority="Koehler 1910" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1910" box="[985,1436,1508,1534]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="annandaiei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FC392BAD57B84483" box="[985,1273,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster annandaiei</emphasis>
Koehler 1910
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF2A284052A0475E" authority="Ludwig, 1905" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[202,481,1544,1571]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ernesti">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF2A28405274475F" box="[202,309,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">P. ernesti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEA0284152A0475E" author="Ludwig, H." box="[320,481,1544,1571]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref21834" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
were collected from the Indian Ocean and the Cocos Islands, in the East Pacific, respectively. Mah (2011) briefly reviewed high-latitutde species of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FC4928655702473B" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[937,1091,1580,1606]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FC4928655702473B" box="[937,1091,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nothing is known regarding biology or ecology of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FE72281951234716" box="[402,610,1616,1643]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FE722819516D4717" box="[402,556,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
The new species described below represents a new farthest extent record for
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF5F283D521847F3" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[191,345,1652,1678]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF5F283D521847F3" box="[191,345,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Northern Hemisphere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D5751404245" blockId="25.[151,513,798,825]" box="[151,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<heading id="D0963C66FF84C358FF772D5751404245" bold="true" box="[151,513,798,825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF772D5751404245" ID-CoL="7PS39" authority="Halpern, 1970 c" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,513,798,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D5751404245" bold="true" box="[151,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D57527B4244" bold="true" box="[151,314,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEA22D5651404245" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[322,513,798,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref21513" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 c) Biological Investigations of the deep sea. 53. New species and genera of goniasterid sea stars. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern, 1970c</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D2A520542E7" blockId="25.[151,1437,867,922]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FF772D2A520D4206" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[151,332,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref21513" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 c) Biological Investigations of the deep sea. 53. New species and genera of goniasterid sea stars. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern 1970c: 2</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FEB82D2A51734206" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[344,562,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight 1973: 180</bibRefCitation>
; Downey in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF84C358FD562D2A50994206" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[694,984,867,892]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 258</bibRefCitation>
; McKnight 2001: 102 (key); Mah 2011: 1,4 (in key), 39.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772D8157C545A3" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772D815251429F" blockId="25.[151,272,968,994]" box="[151,272,968,994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772D815251429F" bold="true" box="[151,272,968,994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772A5957C545A3" blockId="25.[151,1436,1040,1247]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
Body pentagonal in most species, weakly stellate in some (R/r=1.4 to 2.0). Abactinal plates mound-like to flat, weakly tabulate, arranged irregularly.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FDD62A7D57A6450F" bold="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Abactinal surface densely covered by numerous, coarse, spherical granules forming close clusters, obscuring plate boundaries in some species. Secondary plates present.</emphasis>
Marginal plates numerous, 14 to 35 per interradius. Bald region, variably small to large present centrally on superomarginal plate surface, absent in one species. Furrow spines 2 to 10. Subambulacral spines 2 to 4, thick, widely spaced followed by small but coarse granules in irregular arrangement. Pedicellariae, when present, spatulate.
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<heading id="D0963C66FF84C358FF77289651894787" bold="true" box="[151,712,1759,1786]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF77289651894787" bold="true" box="[151,712,1759,1786]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF772896513E4787" authority="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityName="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,639,1759,1786]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyugaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF77289652884787" bold="true" box="[151,457,1759,1786]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster hyugaensis</emphasis>
Mah &amp; Fujita
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772905525F461B" bold="true" box="[151,286,1868,1894]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Etymology</emphasis>
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This species is named for the
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collection locality, the Hyuga Basin. Nomenclatural note: Toshihiko Fujita provided the specimen for study and is co-author of this species.
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FIGURE 8.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFEF82B9B51614497" bold="true" box="[280,544,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Pillsburiaster hyugaensis</emphasis>
Mah &amp; Fujita
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFD202B9B51B24497" bold="true" box="[704,755,1490,1514]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">n. sp</emphasis>
.
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NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFF7728E1525147BF" bold="true" box="[151,272,1704,1730]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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Body weakly pentagonal, R/r=1.67, interradial arcs curved to straight. Abactinal plates convex, covered with large, coarse, round granules (two to three granules per 1.0 mm), two to ten. Superomarginals 28 from armtip to armtip, both marginal plate surfaces completely covered by coarse granules, approximately 2 to 3 granules per 1.0 mm count, 200–300 total granules per surface. Actinal plates covered by 20 to 80 coarse, round granules with approximately five to 40 forming the perimeter of each plate.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFD7D29C9510946C3" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Furrow spines 7 to 10, each similar or identical in size and shape, in a straight to curved arrangement.</emphasis>
Subambulacrals with blunt tips, round to triangular in cross section, in three ordered to irregularly ordered rows.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF84C358FF772896513E4787" authority="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityName="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,639,1759,1786]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyugaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF77289652884787" bold="true" box="[151,457,1759,1786]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pillsburiaster hyugaensis</emphasis>
Mah &amp; Fujita
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772905525F461B" bold="true" box="[151,286,1868,1894]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Etymology</emphasis>
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This species is named for the
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collection locality, the Hyuga Basin. Nomenclatural note: Toshihiko Fujita provided the specimen for study and is co-author of this species.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFF772B9B51FA4497" bold="true" box="[151,699,1490,1514]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
FIGURE 8.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF87C35BFEF82B9B51FA4497" authority="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityName="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2024" box="[280,699,1490,1514]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyugaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFEF82B9B51614497" bold="true" box="[280,544,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Pillsburiaster hyugaensis</emphasis>
Mah &amp; Fujita
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF87C35BFD202B9B51B84497" box="[704,761,1490,1514]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFD202B9B51B24497" bold="true" box="[704,755,1490,1514]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">n. sp</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF87C35BFF7728E15169469E" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF87C35BFF7728E1525147BF" blockId="26.[151,272,1704,1730]" box="[151,272,1704,1730]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFF7728E1525147BF" bold="true" box="[151,272,1704,1730]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF87C35BFF7728B95169469E" blockId="26.[151,1437,1776,2019]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
Body weakly pentagonal, R/r=1.67, interradial arcs curved to straight. Abactinal plates convex, covered with large, coarse, round granules (two to three granules per 1.0 mm), two to ten. Superomarginals 28 from armtip to armtip, both marginal plate surfaces completely covered by coarse granules, approximately 2 to 3 granules per 1.0 mm count, 200–300 total granules per surface. Actinal plates covered by 20 to 80 coarse, round granules with approximately five to 40 forming the perimeter of each plate.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF87C35BFD7D29C9510946C3" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Furrow spines 7 to 10, each similar or identical in size and shape, in a straight to curved arrangement.</emphasis>
Subambulacrals with blunt tips, round to triangular in cross section, in three ordered to irregularly ordered rows.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF86C35AFF772EDE52ED4364" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF772EDE525F41CC" blockId="27.[151,286,151,177]" box="[151,286,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<heading id="D0963C66FF86C35AFF772EDE525F41CC" bold="true" box="[151,286,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF86C35AFF772EDE525F41CC" bold="true" box="[151,286,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF772E96512840F4" blockId="27.[151,1437,223,537]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
This species is distinguished from other
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF86C35AFD822E9650174184" box="[610,854,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF86C35AFD822E9651BD4184" box="[610,764,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in showing 7 to 10 furrow spines. All other known species possess seven or fewer furrow spines. Most possess five to seven with some species, such as the Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF86C35AFA682F4D53A2403C" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ernesti">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF86C35AFA682F4D53A2403C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. ernesti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or the South Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF86C35AFE012F615107403C" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2011" box="[481,582,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calvus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF86C35AFE012F615107403C" box="[481,582,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. calvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with four to five or two to three furrow spines per plate, respectively. This species also varies from other known species in that it lacks a bare convex patch on the superomarginal surface, which is completely covered by granules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF272FDA52ED4364" blockId="27.[151,1437,223,537]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Although this species occurs within the known depth range for
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF86C35AFC6D2FDA576640D0" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[909,1063,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF86C35AFC6D2FDA576640D0" box="[909,1063,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(339–2149 meters) the specimen was collected from relatively shallow water relative to other known species. This also represents the northernmost known occurrence of
<emphasis id="B9155718FF86C35AFE6C2F9251014088" box="[396,576,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF86C35AFE6C2F9251674088" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[396,550,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Pillsburiaster</taxonomicName>
w
</emphasis>
ith most other species occurring at or south of the equator (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF86C35AFB392F9253934364" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." pageId="27" pageNumber="478" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
; A.M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF86C35AFEFF2FB652E14364" author="Clark, A. M." box="[287,416,511,537]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref20685" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea Part 2: Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF86C35AFF772C22508746C4" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF772C22526943F8" blockId="27.[151,296,619,645]" box="[151,296,619,645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF86C35AFF772C22526943F8" bold="true" box="[151,296,619,645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF772CFA57E743B0" blockId="27.[151,1437,691,1978]" box="[151,1190,691,718]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Body weakly pentagonal in shape (
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF86C35AFDC02CFA517543B0" box="[544,564,691,717]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">R</collectionCode>
/r=1.67). Interradial arcs curved to straight (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF86C35AFBC02CFA57DB43B0" box="[1056,1178,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 8A, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF272C9E51EB42B4" blockId="27.[151,1437,691,1978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Abactinal surface level with superomarginals (dry specimen). Abactinal plates convex, covered with large, coarse, round granules (two to three granules per 1.0 mm), two to ten (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF86C35AFC442CB2577F4268" box="[932,1086,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 8B, C, D</figureCitation>
). Individual plates abutting one another. Each plate surrounded by two to four large, prominent papular pores distributed over radial and interradial regions. Papulae absent distally along edge of superomarginals. Carinal plates indistinct. Abactinal plate size relatively uniform, weakly developed fascioles present. Plate size smaller adjacent to the superomarginal contact. Madreporite with deep sulci flanked by 10 plates. Abactinal plates largest towards disk center becoming smaller towards disk edge adjacent to superomarginals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF272D9A51CE4428" blockId="27.[151,1437,691,1978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Superomarginals 28from armtip to armtip with1:1 correspondence to inferomarginals(
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF86C35AFB982D9A578E4290" box="[1144,1231,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig.8D</figureCitation>
).Superomarginals with rounded edge with weakly quadrate outline. Both superomarginals and inferomarginals with largest plates proximally (i.e., interradially) becoming smaller distally. Superomarginal plate surface completely covered by coarse, round granules (two granules per 1.0 mm) similar in overall appearance to those on abactinal plates (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF86C35AFA8F2A76539F4500" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 8B, D</figureCitation>
). No bare areas. Granules distribution dense but evenly spaced. Approximately 200–300 granules cover each superomarginal and inferomarginal plate surface, with approximately ten granules per side (~40 per plate). Contact between abactinal superomarginal facing and disk is concave. Superomarginal–inferomarginals with shallow fasciolar groove between them. Inferomarginal contact with superomarginals becomes more zig-zag in pattern among distal superomarginal/ inferomarginal plate pairs but more straight and 1:1 interradially. Contact between inferomarginals and actinal intermediate region, is straight to weakly convex. Terminals horseshoe shaped, larger than both adjacent abutting superomarginals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF272B1657724750" blockId="27.[151,1437,691,1978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Actinal intermediate area with approximately eight to 10 weakly developed chevrons (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF86C35AFB672B16579C4404" box="[1159,1245,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
). Plate series and individual plate shape well-developed and shape homogeneous adjacent to furrow spines becoming more irregular in both shape and order farther from the furrow. Actinal plate shapes vary, ranging from quadrate, hexagonal to irregularly polygonal. Those plates at center of intermediate area smallest and most irregular. Each actinal plate covered by 20 to 80 coarse, round granules with approximately five to 40 forming the perimeter of each plate. Granules identical in size and overall appearance to those on the abactinal surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF27287150D84657" blockId="27.[151,1437,691,1978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Furrow spines 7 to 10, each similar or identical in size and shape, in a straight to curved arrangement (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF86C35AFA8F287E53F94708" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
). Each spine blunt, oval to quadrate in cross-section. Proximalmost spines approximately half the length of the other furrow spines and slightly set apart from other furrow spines. Subambulacral spines with blunt tips, round to triangular in cross section, in three ordered to irregularly ordered rows. First row of subambulacral spines, four to eight, adjacent to furrow but set off by discrete space, only about 50% of height of other furrow spines. Second and third subambulacral rows low, closer in elevation to granules present on actinal intermediate region but approximately twice as thick, arranged in regular and irregular rows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF27297A527946E8" blockId="27.[151,1437,691,1978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
Oral region with furrow spines six (distally) to nine (proximally), and large oral spine, triangular in cross-section projecting into mouth (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF86C35AFE1C291E5116460C" box="[508,599,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
). These spines consistent in appearance with those mentioned above for furrow spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF86C35AFF2729E9508746C4" blockId="27.[151,1437,691,1978]" box="[199,966,1951,1978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">No pedicellariae observed on abactinal, marginal or actinal surfaces.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF81C35DFF772EDE57344063" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF81C35DFF772EDE52CA41CC" blockId="28.[151,395,151,177]" box="[151,395,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<heading id="D0963C66FF81C35DFF772EDE52CA41CC" bold="true" box="[151,395,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF81C35DFF772EDE52CA41CC" bold="true" box="[151,395,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Material Examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF81C35DFF772E9657344063" blockId="28.[151,1436,223,286]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FF81C35DFF772E9657304063" collectingDate="1999-12-16" collectionCode="NSMT" collectorName="R / V Tansei-Maru" elevation="799" latitude="32.576668" location="Hygua Basin" longLatPrecision="121" longitude="132.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" specimenCode="NSMT E-11392" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF81C35DFF772E9652424184" box="[151,259,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<specimenCode id="DBC72371FF81C35DFEED2E9652814184" box="[269,448,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">NSMT E-11392</specimenCode>
(CLM 1159)
<location id="8EBEDDD1FF81C35DFDB92EA951AC4184" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C83A1CFF84C35DFF77289657344063:8EBEDDD1FF81C35DFDB92EA951AC4184" box="[601,749,223,250]" latitude="32.576668" longLatPrecision="121" longitude="132.2" name="Hygua Basin" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Hygua Basin</location>
, 32º35.6’N,132º13.9’E to
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF81C35DFBF22E9657C84184" box="[1042,1161,223,249]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="34.6" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" precision="92" value="32.576668">32º34.6’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF81C35DFB6D2E96564C4184" box="[1165,1293,223,249]" degrees="132" direction="east" minutes="12.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" precision="92" value="132.2">132º12.0’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF81C35DFAF72E9656D94187" box="[1303,1432,223,250]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.99" metricValueMax="8.08" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="m" value="799.0" valueMax="808.0" valueMin="790.0">
<elevation id="004C6C39FF81C35DFAF72E9656D94187" box="[1303,1432,223,250]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.99" metricValueMax="8.08" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="m" value="799.0" valueMax="808.0" valueMin="790.0">790–808 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, Coll.
<collectorName id="2694EEDCFF81C35DFF352F4A52DA4060" box="[213,411,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
R/V
<emphasis id="B9155718FF81C35DFEEB2F4D52DA4060" box="[267,411,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Tansei-Maru</emphasis>
</collectorName>
. KT-99-18, St. BT-1,
<date id="FFDFADCAFF81C35DFD702F4A50684060" box="[656,809,259,286]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" value="1999-12-16">
<collectingDate id="EF9B5422FF81C35DFD702F4A50684060" box="[656,809,259,286]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" value="1999-12-16">16 Dec. 1999</collectingDate>
</date>
. 1 dry spec. R=9.2, r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF81C35DFBC12F4A57304063" box="[1057,1137,259,286]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="cm" value="5.5">5.5 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="341DCED1B66F6DF02A92C3D6EF113A3E">New genera and species of deep-sea Goniasteridae (Asteroidea) from the North Pacific</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0963C66FF88C354FF772B1752854405" bold="true" box="[151,452,1374,1401]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF88C354FF772B1752854405" ID-CoL="7NZZ4" authority="Fisher 1906" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,452,1374,1401]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772B1752854405" bold="true" box="[151,452,1374,1401]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772B17526A4404" bold="true" box="[151,299,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FED32B1752854405" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[307,452,1374,1400]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref21055" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher 1906</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF88C354FF772BEA519644A7" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF88C354FF772BEA529244C6" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[151,467,1443,1467]" page="1065" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" year="1906">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF88C354FF772BEA529244C6" ID-CoL="7NZZ4" authority="Fisher 1906: 1065" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="1065" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,467,1443,1467]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772BEA525544C6" box="[151,276,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FEFA2BEA529244C6" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[282,467,1443,1467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref21055" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher 1906: 1065</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF88C354FE3C2BEA51CF44C6" author="Koehler, R." box="[476,654,1443,1467]" page="96" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FE3C2BEA51CF44C6" author="Koehler, R." box="[476,654,1443,1467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref21798" refString="Koehler, R. (1909) An account of the deep-sea Asteroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 5, 115 - 131." type="book chapter" year="1909">Koehler 1909: 96</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FD772BEA50C944C6" author="Spencer, W. K. &amp; Wright, C. W." box="[663,904,1443,1467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" refId="ref23231" refString="Spencer, W. K. &amp; Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans. Part U. Echinodermata. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. 3 (1). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. U 4 - U 107." type="journal volume" year="1966">Spencer &amp; Wright 1966</bibRefCitation>
: U58;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF88C354FC292BEA57A344C6" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[969,1250,1443,1468]" page="241" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FC292BEA57A344C6" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[969,1250,1443,1468]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 241</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; A.M.
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF88C354FAC52BEA53B144A7" author="Clark, A. M." page="253" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FAC52BEA53B144A7" author="Clark, A. M." pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref20685" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea Part 2: Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993: 253</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Mah
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FECF2B8A521D44A7" box="[303,348,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">et al</emphasis>
., 2010: 278;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FE022B8B510C44A7" author="Mah, C. L." box="[482,589,1474,1498]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref22169" refString="Mah, C. L. (2015) A new Atlantic species of Evoplosoma with taxonomic summary and in situ observations of Atlantic deep-sea corallivorous Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea). Marine Biodiversity Records, 8 (5), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214001407" type="journal article" year="2015">Mah 2015</bibRefCitation>
b: 2; 2022: 42
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF88C357FF772841516540AC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF77284152B1475E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1544,2039]" box="[151,496,1544,1571]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772841524B475F" bold="true" box="[151,266,1544,1570]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FEB828415294475E" author="Mah, C. L." box="[344,469,1544,1571]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref22169" refString="Mah, C. L. (2015) A new Atlantic species of Evoplosoma with taxonomic summary and in situ observations of Atlantic deep-sea corallivorous Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea). Marine Biodiversity Records, 8 (5), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214001407" type="journal article" year="2015">Mah, 2015</bibRefCitation>
b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C357FF27286557D140F4" blockId="21.[151,1437,1544,2039]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,465]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
Body strongly stellate. Arm narrow, elongated. R/r ranges from 2.3–4.11 (most between 3.0–4.0). Interradial arcs straight to weakly curved.Abactinal plates, flat and platform-like. Carinal series poorly distinguished.Abactinal plates tightly articulated. Body covered by tissue layer with thick, rough texture that overlies plates and spines (seen more clearly in wet specimens).
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FDED28D152254787" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Prominent spines on abactinal, superomarginal, inferomarginal and actinal plates in most species. Spine morphology variable from blunt conical to pointed, to cylindrical or small and spinelet-like.</emphasis>
Granules with spiny tips in most
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FD0128A951AD4787" bold="true" box="[737,748,1760,1786]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">s</emphasis>
pecies, with some having rounded surfaces. Granules present but with variable abundance among species.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FD73294D566D463F" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Tong-like pedicellariae with serrated valves present or absent on abactinal, marginal or actinal surface, variably present on super or inferomarginal plate series.</emphasis>
Marginal plates generally quadrate in shape, some showing direct 1:1 superomarginal/inferomarginal correspondence but others being more offset.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FE5C293957BA46F7" bold="true" box="[444,1275,1904,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Marginals numerous ranging in number from 30–70 per interradius.</emphasis>
Some species with bare marginal plate surface, but most with even to dense granule covering. Granules varying from having rounded surface to pointed or prismatic edges. Large prominent spine or spines known in all but one species. Large single spines observed as a linear series in several species. Spinelets or multiple shorter spines observed on marginal plate surfaces of other species. Actinal intermediate regions relatively small with fewer than six rows present (three or four present in most species). Actinal plate boundaries obscured by pulpy tissue layer and/or granulation. Granules round or with spiny edges on all species. Primary spines on actinal plate surface in most species.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF162F4A57084061" bold="true" box="[246,1097,258,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Furrow spines varying in number from 2–3, to 7–12 but generally high.</emphasis>
Spines generally compressed, quadrate to polygonal in cross section. Tips varying from smooth and blunt to jagged with furrowed tips.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FACE2F6F57C24019" bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Felipedal (clamp-like bivalve) pedicellariae present among the subambulacrals in most species.</emphasis>
Subambulacrals variable with spination ranging from blunt spines, pointed spinelets to pointed or rounded granules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF272FDA516540AC" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
Based on
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FED72FDA523C40D1" box="[311,381,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">in situ</emphasis>
observations herein and from prior accounts (e.g. Mah
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FC122FDA576540D0" box="[1010,1060,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">et al</emphasis>
. 2010), the color of most species ranges from yellow to deep orange.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772C6B50B54524" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772C6B525F4341" blockId="22.[151,286,546,572]" box="[151,286,546,572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8BC357FF772C6B525F4341" bold="true" box="[151,286,546,572]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772C6B525F4341" bold="true" box="[151,286,546,572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772C2250174268" blockId="22.[151,1437,619,1113]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FF772C22526043F8" authorityName="Fisher 1906:" authorityYear="1065" box="[151,289,619,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772C22526043F8" box="[151,289,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes 14 species found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans and occurring primarily between 1000 and
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF8BC357FEE72CC6521C43D4" box="[263,349,655,681]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
depth.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FE512CC6517A43D4" box="[433,571,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evopolosma</emphasis>
was reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8BC357FCE92CC650CF43D4" author="Mah, C. L." box="[777,910,654,681]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref22169" refString="Mah, C. L. (2015) A new Atlantic species of Evoplosoma with taxonomic summary and in situ observations of Atlantic deep-sea corallivorous Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea). Marine Biodiversity Records, 8 (5), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214001407" type="journal article" year="2015">Mah (2015)</bibRefCitation>
and later augmented (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8BC357FB6A2CC6564043D4" author="Mah, C. L." box="[1162,1281,655,681]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref22341" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8BC357FAED2CC6560943D4" author="Mah, C. L." box="[1293,1352,655,681]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
, 2024). Definitions of most species show distinct diagnostic characters, but many are present at inaccessible sampling depths, which often precludes sufficient specimen samples that would permits a conventional assessment of morphological variation. An assessment of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FE322CB251D34268" box="[466,658,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FE322CB2511D4268" box="[466,604,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
is in preparation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF272D5657BF42B4" blockId="22.[151,1437,619,1113]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
Relatively few species are known from more than one individual, but those that do are apparently widely occurring (e.g Mah 2024).
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FE322D0A50A74220" authority="Aziz &amp; Jangoux 1985" authorityName="Aziz &amp; Jangoux" authorityYear="1985" box="[466,998,834,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FE322D0A519A4221" box="[466,731,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evoplosoma timorensis</emphasis>
Aziz &amp; Jangoux 1985
</taxonomicName>
, for example, has been reported from throughout the Central and South Pacific and the Indian Oceans and although only
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF8BC357FBA42D2E57AA42FC" box="[1092,1259,871,897]" count="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FAF22D2E53AA42D9" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="voratus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FAF22D2E53AA42D9" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evoplosoma voratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been recorded, occurrence suggests a presumptive range between the North Pacific, off Davidson Seamount and Ningaloo Canyon off the coast of
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FF8BC357FD5A2DE650C042B4" box="[698,897,943,969]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
in the Indian Ocean (Mah, 2024).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF272D9A50B54524" blockId="22.[151,1437,619,1113]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FF272D9A52104290" authorityName="Fisher 1906:" authorityYear="1065" box="[199,337,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF272D9A52104290" box="[199,337,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other related taxa in the
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FD2B2D9A50264290" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[715,871,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hippasterinae">Hippasterinae</taxonomicName>
have found increasing ecological relevance as submersibles have observed them feeding, in significant numbers, on deep-sea corals, notably “bamboo corals” in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FEF32A52522D4548" box="[275,364,1051,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Isididae</taxonomicName>
and related colonial octocorals (e.g.
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,
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). It is common for video observations of
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to be recorded rather than for specimens to have been collected.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772B17526A4404" bold="true" box="[151,299,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FE3C2BEA51CF44C6" author="Koehler, R." box="[476,654,1443,1467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref21798" refString="Koehler, R. (1909) An account of the deep-sea Asteroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 5, 115 - 131." type="book chapter" year="1909">Koehler 1909: 96</bibRefCitation>
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;
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: U58;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FC292BEA57A344C6" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[969,1250,1443,1468]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 241</bibRefCitation>
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; A.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF88C354FAC52BEA53B144A7" author="Clark, A. M." pageId="21" pageNumber="472" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref20685" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea Part 2: Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993: 253</bibRefCitation>
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; Mah
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FECF2B8A521D44A7" box="[303,348,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">et al</emphasis>
., 2010: 278;
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b: 2; 2022: 42
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772841524B475F" bold="true" box="[151,266,1544,1570]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(from
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b).
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Body strongly stellate. Arm narrow, elongated. R/r ranges from 2.3–4.11 (most between 3.0–4.0). Interradial arcs straight to weakly curved.Abactinal plates, flat and platform-like. Carinal series poorly distinguished.Abactinal plates tightly articulated. Body covered by tissue layer with thick, rough texture that overlies plates and spines (seen more clearly in wet specimens).
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FDED28D152254787" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Prominent spines on abactinal, superomarginal, inferomarginal and actinal plates in most species. Spine morphology variable from blunt conical to pointed, to cylindrical or small and spinelet-like.</emphasis>
Granules with spiny tips in most
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FD0128A951AD4787" bold="true" box="[737,748,1760,1786]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">s</emphasis>
pecies, with some having rounded surfaces. Granules present but with variable abundance among species.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FD73294D566D463F" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Tong-like pedicellariae with serrated valves present or absent on abactinal, marginal or actinal surface, variably present on super or inferomarginal plate series.</emphasis>
Marginal plates generally quadrate in shape, some showing direct 1:1 superomarginal/inferomarginal correspondence but others being more offset.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FE5C293957BA46F7" bold="true" box="[444,1275,1904,1930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Marginals numerous ranging in number from 30–70 per interradius.</emphasis>
Some species with bare marginal plate surface, but most with even to dense granule covering. Granules varying from having rounded surface to pointed or prismatic edges. Large prominent spine or spines known in all but one species. Large single spines observed as a linear series in several species. Spinelets or multiple shorter spines observed on marginal plate surfaces of other species. Actinal intermediate regions relatively small with fewer than six rows present (three or four present in most species). Actinal plate boundaries obscured by pulpy tissue layer and/or granulation. Granules round or with spiny edges on all species. Primary spines on actinal plate surface in most species.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF162F4A57084061" bold="true" box="[246,1097,258,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Furrow spines varying in number from 2–3, to 7–12 but generally high.</emphasis>
Spines generally compressed, quadrate to polygonal in cross section. Tips varying from smooth and blunt to jagged with furrowed tips.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FACE2F6F57C24019" bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Felipedal (clamp-like bivalve) pedicellariae present among the subambulacrals in most species.</emphasis>
Subambulacrals variable with spination ranging from blunt spines, pointed spinelets to pointed or rounded granules.
</paragraph>
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Based on
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FED72FDA523C40D1" box="[311,381,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">in situ</emphasis>
observations herein and from prior accounts (e.g. Mah
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FC122FDA576540D0" box="[1010,1060,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">et al</emphasis>
. 2010), the color of most species ranges from yellow to deep orange.
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" blockId="22.[151,490,1194,1257]" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" bold="true" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" bold="true" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FF772AE352E145B8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,416,1194,1221]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772AE352E145B8" bold="true" box="[151,416,1194,1221]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evoplosoma anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8BC357FE472AE252AB45B8" box="[423,490,1195,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772A8652E14594" box="[151,416,1231,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772A8652E14594" blockId="22.[151,490,1194,1257]" box="[151,416,1231,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8BC357FF772A8652054594" box="[151,324,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">FIGURE 7A–F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8BC357FEAF2A8652E14594" box="[335,416,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1815,1839]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-15@39.[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 18. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. holotype. A. Holotype observed in situ on prey item (Isididae). B. Other side of specimen showing stomach extended. Distance between lasers = 10.0 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386844/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">18A–B</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772B5E509944E0" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772B5E525F444C" blockId="22.[151,286,1303,1329]" box="[151,286,1303,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772B5E525F444C" bold="true" box="[151,286,1303,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772B16509944E0" blockId="22.[151,1436,1374,1437]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
This species name is derived from the Japanese kaiju
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FD082B16500E4404" box="[744,847,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Anguirus</emphasis>
, from the 1995 movie
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FBAB2B16567B4404" box="[1099,1338,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Godzilla Raids Again</emphasis>
alluding to the numerous spines present on this species. Noun is held in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772BA757FE4654" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772BA752514775" blockId="22.[151,272,1518,1544]" box="[151,272,1518,1544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772BA752514775" bold="true" box="[151,272,1518,1544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF77287E57FE4654" blockId="22.[151,1436,1591,1833]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
Body stellate, R/r=2.88, interracial arcs straight to weakly curved, arms elongate.Abactinal surface covered by thick granular covering composed of coarse, dense, round granules, polygonal to round in outline.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FB502813512B47C0" bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Disk and arms with different sized granules and spines. Abrupt shift between blunt, short cone-like granules on disk to distinct, and prominent pointed spines on arms.</emphasis>
Marginal plates approximately 40 per interradius, each with 1 to 3 large, prominent, cone-like spine, identical to those on the arm surface. Pedicellariae present, palmate. Actinal surface covered by coarse-grained granules with prominent paddle-shaped pedicellariae. Spines few. Furrow spines 8 or 9, 6 distally, compressed with blunt tips. Subambulacral spines 1 or 2 becoming enlarged distally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

253
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<mods:title id="658AD8156ACDE9FD528B93BF8BA72827">New genera and species of deep-sea Goniasteridae (Asteroidea) from the North Pacific</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" blockId="22.[151,490,1194,1257]" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" bold="true" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772AE352AB45B8" bold="true" box="[151,490,1194,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8BC357FF772AE352E145B8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,416,1194,1221]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772AE352E145B8" bold="true" box="[151,416,1194,1221]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Evoplosoma anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8BC357FE472AE252AB45B8" box="[423,490,1195,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772A8652E14594" box="[151,416,1231,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772A8652E14594" blockId="22.[151,490,1194,1257]" box="[151,416,1231,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8BC357FF772A8652054594" box="[151,324,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">FIGURE 7A–F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8BC357FEAF2A8652E14594" box="[335,416,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1815,1839]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-15@39.[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 18. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. holotype. A. Holotype observed in situ on prey item (Isididae). B. Other side of specimen showing stomach extended. Distance between lasers = 10.0 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386844/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">18A–B</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772B5E509944E0" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772B5E525F444C" blockId="22.[151,286,1303,1329]" box="[151,286,1303,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772B5E525F444C" bold="true" box="[151,286,1303,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772B16509944E0" blockId="22.[151,1436,1374,1437]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
This species name is derived from the Japanese kaiju
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FD082B16500E4404" box="[744,847,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Anguirus</emphasis>
, from the 1995 movie
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FBAB2B16567B4404" box="[1099,1338,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Godzilla Raids Again</emphasis>
alluding to the numerous spines present on this species. Noun is held in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8BC357FF772BA757FE4654" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF772BA752514775" blockId="22.[151,272,1518,1544]" box="[151,272,1518,1544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FF772BA752514775" bold="true" box="[151,272,1518,1544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8BC357FF77287E57FE4654" blockId="22.[151,1436,1591,1833]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
Body stellate, R/r=2.88, interracial arcs straight to weakly curved, arms elongate.Abactinal surface covered by thick granular covering composed of coarse, dense, round granules, polygonal to round in outline.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8BC357FB502813512B47C0" bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Disk and arms with different sized granules and spines. Abrupt shift between blunt, short cone-like granules on disk to distinct, and prominent pointed spines on arms.</emphasis>
Marginal plates approximately 40 per interradius, each with 1 to 3 large, prominent, cone-like spine, identical to those on the arm surface. Pedicellariae present, palmate. Actinal surface covered by coarse-grained granules with prominent paddle-shaped pedicellariae. Spines few. Furrow spines 8 or 9, 6 distally, compressed with blunt tips. Subambulacral spines 1 or 2 becoming enlarged distally.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF1EDB82FF8AC356FF77296D53EB46D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" startId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8AC356FF77296D53EB46D5" blockId="23.[151,1437,1828,1960]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8AC356FF77296D52BE4641" bold="true" box="[151,511,1828,1852]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
FIGURE 7.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8AC356FEFA296D52BE4641" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[282,511,1828,1852]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8AC356FEFA296D52BE4641" bold="true" box="[282,511,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Evoplosoma anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8AC356FDE7296D51014641" box="[519,576,1828,1852]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8AC356FDE7296D517B4641" bold="true" box="[519,570,1828,1852]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">n. sp</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF85C358FF772EDE571D4088" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF772EDE525F41CC" blockId="24.[151,286,151,177]" box="[151,286,151,177]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
<heading id="D0963C66FF85C359FF772EDE525F41CC" bold="true" box="[151,286,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FF772EDE525F41CC" bold="true" box="[151,286,151,177]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF772E9657D44063" blockId="24.[151,1437,223,754]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">This species is distinguished by the distinct change in abactinal surface texture of spination and granules at the transition of the disk and arms. The papulae abundant on the disk are absent from the arms.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF272F6E56C94364" blockId="24.[151,1437,223,754]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
This species and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FE752F6E513D403C" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[405,636,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claguei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FE752F6E513D403C" box="[405,636,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Evoplosoma claguei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares a very similar abactinal surface and body shape. The abrupt delineation between the elongate arms and the disk and the distinctly different spination between the disk and arms are very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FE882F39529840F4" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[360,473,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claguei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FE882F39529840F4" box="[360,473,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">E. claguei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FE072F26519A40F4" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[487,731,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FE072F26519A40F4" box="[487,731,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Evoplosoma anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF85C359FD012F39505C40F7" box="[737,797,368,394]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs significantly in that the arms show abruptly larger spines on the arms and smaller spines on the disk whereas those on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FC642FDD50B440D0" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[900,1013,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claguei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FC642FDD50B440D0" box="[900,1013,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">E. claguei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ more in shape with conical arm spines versus more blunted and cylindrical disk spines. The single subambulacral spine on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FB712FF1565540AC" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1169,1300,440,465]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FB712FF1565540AC" box="[1169,1300,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">E. anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinctly conical and pointed versus that of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FDCB2F9551DE4088" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[555,671,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claguei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FDCB2F9551DE4088" box="[555,671,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">E. claguei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is distinctly thick, broad and funnel shaped. Adambulacral pedicellariae are bivalve and clamp shaped in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FD7C2C49504C4364" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[668,781,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claguei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FD7C2C49504C4364" box="[668,781,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">E. claguei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus the narrower valves present in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FB5C2C49567E4364" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1212,1343,512,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FB5C2C49567E4364" box="[1212,1343,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">E. anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF85C359FAA52C4956C04367" box="[1349,1409,512,538]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF272C6A515C438C" blockId="24.[151,1437,223,754]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
This species also shares many characters with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FD392C6A50814340" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[729,960,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="voratus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FD392C6A50814340" box="[729,960,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Evoplosoma voratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including similar bullet-shaped abactinal spines and similar granules on the abactinal surface. This species differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FBE62C015738431C" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[1030,1145,584,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="voratus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FBE62C015738431C" box="[1030,1145,584,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">E. voratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the shape of the subambulacral spines which are thick with large, club like tips, which are polygonal in cross-section at the tip versus
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FF772CC652CD43D4" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,396,655,681]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FF772CC652CD43D4" box="[151,396,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Evoplosoma anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF85C359FE732CD9528F43D7" box="[403,462,656,682]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
which have elongate, pointed subambulacral spines which are round in cross section at the tip. Furrow spines in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FE4D2CFA51D343B0" authorityName="Mah, Nizinski &amp; Lundsten" authorityYear="2010" box="[429,658,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="voratus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FE4D2CFA51D343B0" box="[429,658,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Evoplosoma voratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
number four to six versus those in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF85C359FBFA2CFA564E43B0" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1050,1295,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FBFA2CFA564E43B0" box="[1050,1295,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Evoplosoma anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF85C359FAF62CFD561043B3" box="[1302,1361,692,718]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
which number eight or nine (six distally).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF772D0A52684220" blockId="24.[151,297,835,861]" box="[151,297,835,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
<heading id="D0963C66FF85C359FF772D0A52684220" bold="true" box="[151,297,835,861]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FF772D0A52684220" bold="true" box="[151,297,835,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF772DC5519142DB" blockId="24.[151,720,907,934]" box="[151,720,907,934]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
Juan de Fuca Ridge, North Pacific Ocean,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF85C359FD942DC2518D42DB" box="[628,716,907,934]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.269" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="m" value="2269.0">2269 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF772DBE5269456C" blockId="24.[151,296,1015,1041]" box="[151,296,1015,1041]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF85C359FF772DBE5269456C" bold="true" box="[151,296,1015,1041]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF772A7657DB4524" blockId="24.[151,1437,1087,2014]" box="[151,1178,1087,1114]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
Body stellate,
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF85C359FED82A76520A4524" box="[312,331,1087,1113]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">R</collectionCode>
/r=2.88, interracial arcs straight to weakly curved. Arms elongate (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF85C359FBD32A7657CC4524" box="[1075,1165,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF272A2A506E47E4" blockId="24.[151,1437,1087,2014]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
Abactinal surface covered by thick granular covering composed of coarse, dense, round granules, polygonal to round in outline (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF85C359FE9E2ACE529945DC" box="[382,472,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). Disk with different sized granules, abruptly changing to spines with sharp, conical tips (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF85C359FF322AE2526F45B8" box="[210,302,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
). Disk with granular cover interrupted by irregular but abundant strongly convex plates with bald surface bearing a large (up to 1.0 mm length x 1.0 mm width) bullet-shaped spine with a blunt tip. Abundantly small spines with 10 to 15 granules surrounding the plate periphery. Smaller plates with no plate surface around spine, larger plates showing bare surface between peripheral granules and central spine. Where larger plates are not present, coarse, round granules present in close contact (2 along a 2.0 mm line). Papulae large, one to three present between granules, each approaching 1.0 mm in length, broad based with pointed tip. Madreporite, large, approximately
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF85C359FEDF2BCA52CB44E3" box="[319,394,1411,1438]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
in diameter, strongly convex, approximately 2.0 mm above body surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF85C359FB252BCA565D44E0" box="[1221,1308,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). Periphery around madreporite covered by approximately 25–28 coarse granules and two to four bullet-shaped spines. Surface texture on arms changes abruptly from that of the disk surface. Abactinal spines on arms more elongate (length=2.0 mm) than those on disk (length=1.0 mm), more pointed and conical rather than bullet shaped. Spines sit on round to polygonal plates with bare surfaces, each with coarse-grained, flattened, round to polygonal shaped, peripheral granules, 15–30 (mostly 20–25) around each plate. Interstitial spaces between plates on arm filled by these granules. Arm surface lacking bullet shaped spination. Papulae absent from arm surface. Only one or two small palmate pedicellariae with four teeth per valve observed on surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF85C359FF2728EA528146A0" blockId="24.[151,1437,1087,2014]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
Marginal plates, wide, round directed laterally with no abactinal facing, approximately 40 per interradius, armtip to armtip. Superomarginal plate series in irregular, jumbled arrangement not in regular series, with no interradii showing complete plate series (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF85C359FD9028A2518D4678" box="[624,716,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). Most show abactinal plates encroaching onto and in-between superomarginal plates (see
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF85C359FE272946516A4654" box="[455,555,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,669,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-236@34.[151,1436,669,1891]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 13. Bathyceramaster smithi (Fisher 1913) feeding on glass sponges. A–B. Feeding on Waltheria sp. Teutana Seamount, 1317.7 m. C–D. Feeding on Farrea sp. Winslow reef Area, 1374.8 m. No scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386826/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
) in some cases forming up to three parallel series along the arm lateral surface, forming a “third” faux marginal plate series. These plates all show peripheral areas with coarse, widely spaced, round to irregular granules Superomarginals, inferomarginals and all adjacent abactinal (“faux superomarginal”) plates with a large prominent, pointed cone-shaped spine, one to three, (each about 3.0 mm in length) identical to those on the abactinal arms surface. Pedicellariae, palmate with teeth on valves present on indented pits below spines on inferomarginals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF272EDE56D74184" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Actinal surface covered by densely arranged, coarse-grained granules. Prominent pedicellariae (approximately 1.0 mm in length) present in abundance on actinal surface, especially adjacent to oral plates, fewer distally adjacent to inferomarginal plates. Few conical spines similar to those on the abactinal surface present on actinal plate surface.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF272F4A50FA40AC" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
Furrow spines eight or nine proximally, (six distally) compressed, with blunt tips, round to quadrate in outline. Subambulacral spines one or two with distal spine approximately 4–5x the length of the furrow spines (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF84C358FAD82F6E56CE403C" box="[1336,1423,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-15@23.[151,1436,181,1804]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. CASIZ 229351. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal spination and madreporite. C. Abactinal disk and arm spination. D. Lateral view showing spination on marginal plate surface. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral closeup showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=20.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: B, C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: D, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386800/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
). Enlarged subambulacral spines round in cross-section with pointed tip (approximately 3.0 mm in length). Proximally on the adambulacral plate is a large pedicellariae, paddle to palm shaped with four interlacing teeth. Oral plates with 15–17 furrow spines, angular in cross-section, quadrate to rectangular tips. Oral spine projecting into mouth, enlarged, one per plate (two per interradius), triangular in cross-section.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF272F92571D4088" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,501]" box="[199,1116,475,501]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
Color in life, disk white with orange highlights, arms bright orange (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF84C358FC262F9257114088" box="[966,1104,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1815,1839]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-15@39.[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 18. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. holotype. A. Holotype observed in situ on prey item (Isididae). B. Other side of specimen showing stomach extended. Distance between lasers = 10.0 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386844/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 18A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF84C358FF772C0F51AF43B0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772C0F52CA431D" blockId="25.[151,395,582,608]" box="[151,395,582,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<heading id="D0963C66FF84C358FF772C0F52CA431D" bold="true" box="[151,395,582,608]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF84C358FF772C0F52CA431D" bold="true" box="[151,395,582,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Material Examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF84C358FF772CC651AF43B0" blockId="25.[151,1436,654,717]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FF84C358FF772CC651AB43B0" collectingDate="2009-09-02" collectionCode="CASIZ" collectorName="D. Clague" latitude="45.04" location="Juan de Fuca Ridge" longLatPrecision="679" longitude="-130.17" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" specimenCode="CASIZ 229351" specimenCount="2269" specimenCount-male="2269" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF84C358FF772CC6524243D4" box="[151,259,655,681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<specimenCode id="DBC72371FF84C358FEF02CC6528043D4" box="[272,449,654,681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">CASIZ 229351</specimenCode>
,
<location id="8EBEDDD1FF84C358FE2E2CC651F543D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C83A1CFF8BC358FF772AE351AF43B0:8EBEDDD1FF84C358FE2E2CC651F543D4" box="[462,692,655,681]" latitude="45.04" longLatPrecision="679" longitude="-130.17" name="Juan de Fuca Ridge" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Juan de Fuca Ridge</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF84C358FD222CC7505F43D4" box="[706,798,654,681]" degrees="45.04" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" precision="555" value="45.04">45.04ºN</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF84C358FCC72CC650E143D4" box="[807,928,655,681]" degrees="130.17" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" precision="555" value="-130.17">130.17º W</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF84C358FC4E2CC6574D43D4" box="[942,1036,655,681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="male">
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF84C358FC4E2CC6574943D4" box="[942,1032,655,681]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.269" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="m" value="2269.0">2269 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll.
<collectorName id="2694EEDCFF84C358FBB62CC6578D43D4" box="[1110,1228,655,681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">D. Clague</collectorName>
, MBARI, sample, D80-A5.
<date id="FFDFADCAFF84C358FEE12CFA52D343B0" box="[257,402,691,717]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" value="2009-09-02">
<collectingDate id="EF9B5422FF84C358FEE12CFA52D343B0" box="[257,402,691,717]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" value="2009-09-02">2 Sept. 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
. 1 wet spec. R=10.4, r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF84C358FD7A2CFA51AB43B0" box="[666,746,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="cm" value="3.6">3.6 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

80
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8CC350FF772A2A52B04501" ID-CoL="5Z78M" authority="Mah, 2006" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,497,1122,1149]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pullus">
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<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FF772ACE521045DC" box="[151,337,1158,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-24@36.[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A–B. Feeding on Narella (Chrysogorgiidae). Santa Rosa North 467.3 m, Lasers on B are 10 cm apart, others lacking scale. C. On bamboo coral, Lone Cone, 1543.8 m. D. On bamboo coral, Unamed Seamount, 1605.8 m E. Johnson Atoll site 1, 520 m. F. feeding on bamboo coral, Johnston Atoll region, 1582 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386830/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">FIGURE 15A–F</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FF772A855207459E" box="[151,326,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Circeaster pullus</emphasis>
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, 2006: 940,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FE252A825179459E" box="[453,568,1227,1251]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Figs. 6D–F</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FDA22A825110459E" box="[578,593,1227,1251]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1490,1514]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[151,1436,181,1466]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pillsburiaster hyugaensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NSMT E-11392. Holotype, A. Abactinal B. Abactinal-lateral view. C. Abactinal Closeup showing coarse granules. D.Abactinal-lateral view showing surface superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Adambulacral plates showing furrow and subambulacral spination. Scale bar=20 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0: B, D; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386806/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">8</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FEBD2ACE52EE45DC" box="[349,431,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-15@37.[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 16. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A.Feeding on Isididae, Johnston Atoll, 492 m. B–C. Feeding on Isididae, Santa Rosa North site, 467.3 m. Lasers are 10 cm apart. D. Feeding? on stoloniferous soft corals, Sibelius Seamount, 2489 m. Lasers=10cm apart." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386834/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">16A–D</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8CC350FF772B10523F44A2" blockId="17.[151,1436,1369,1503]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R/r = 2.0–3.0. Abactinal arm plates bare, enlarged, at base of arm. Round, hemispherical granules on disk, marginal plate surface. Superomarginal plates abutted over arm midline. Enlarged subambulacral spine abradial to adambulacral pedicellaria, adjacent to actinal intermediate region. Bivalve pedicellariae present on actinal surface, adambulacral plates.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FF772878525F4736" bold="true" box="[151,286,1585,1611]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Comments</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FF77283353A347EE" box="[151,226,1658,1683]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">In situ</emphasis>
observations of what was identified as
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FD5B2833506547EE" box="[699,804,1657,1684]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">C. pullus</emphasis>
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were made based on the identification of the abutted superomarginal plates along the arm. None of the video observations showed the furrow spines which was another of the primary characters which distinguished this species from
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8CC350FC83288B509F47A6" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[867,990,1729,1756]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandrae">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FC83288B509F47A6" box="[867,990,1729,1756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">C. sandrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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Two color variants were observed that were consistent with the morphological definition of
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FB3428AF56D44782" box="[1236,1429,1765,1792]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Circeaster pullus</emphasis>
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, one a straw color with white highlights, with shorter, broader arms that was observed at relatively shallow depth (
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) (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FED82964529E4635" box="[312,479,1837,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-24@36.[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A–B. Feeding on Narella (Chrysogorgiidae). Santa Rosa North 467.3 m, Lasers on B are 10 cm apart, others lacking scale. C. On bamboo coral, Lone Cone, 1543.8 m. D. On bamboo coral, Unamed Seamount, 1605.8 m E. Johnson Atoll site 1, 520 m. F. feeding on bamboo coral, Johnston Atoll region, 1582 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386830/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig. 15A, B, E</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FE0B2964517F463A" box="[491,574,1837,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-15@37.[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 16. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A.Feeding on Isididae, Johnston Atoll, 492 m. B–C. Feeding on Isididae, Santa Rosa North site, 467.3 m. Lasers are 10 cm apart. D. Feeding? on stoloniferous soft corals, Sibelius Seamount, 2489 m. Lasers=10cm apart." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386834/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">16A–C</figureCitation>
) and a dark orange variant with more elongate arms present in deeper waters (
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) (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FEB3291852B94611" box="[339,504,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-24@36.[189,1399,181,1886]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A–B. Feeding on Narella (Chrysogorgiidae). Santa Rosa North 467.3 m, Lasers on B are 10 cm apart, others lacking scale. C. On bamboo coral, Lone Cone, 1543.8 m. D. On bamboo coral, Unamed Seamount, 1605.8 m E. Johnson Atoll site 1, 520 m. F. feeding on bamboo coral, Johnston Atoll region, 1582 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386830/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig. 15C, D, F</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FDE2291851764616" box="[514,567,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-15@37.[151,1436,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 16. Circeaster pullus Mah 2006 feeding observations. A.Feeding on Isididae, Johnston Atoll, 492 m. B–C. Feeding on Isididae, Santa Rosa North site, 467.3 m. Lasers are 10 cm apart. D. Feeding? on stoloniferous soft corals, Sibelius Seamount, 2489 m. Lasers=10cm apart." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386834/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">16D</figureCitation>
). The
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series for
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FCFF291B50C24616" box="[799,899,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">C. pullus</emphasis>
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was collected from depths more consistent with the shallow, yellow variant. Full data on videos is listed in the Appendix.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF772EDE526841CC" blockId="18.[151,297,151,177]" box="[151,297,151,177]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8FC353FF772EDE526841CC" bold="true" box="[151,297,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772EDE526841CC" bold="true" box="[151,297,151,177]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF772E96577B4063" blockId="18.[151,1082,223,286]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF8FC353FF772E96527D4184" box="[151,316,223,249]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Johnston Atoll</collectingCountry>
, North Pacific,
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. South Pacific Ocean,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF8FC353FE592F4D51404063" box="[441,513,260,286]" name="Tonga" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Tonga</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF8FC353FDED2F4D51FC4060" box="[525,701,259,286]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, Marquesas Islands.
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772F4D525F4063" bold="true" box="[151,286,260,286]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Etymology</emphasis>
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The species epithet is named for the word
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, the Hawaiian word for “point or tip” alluding to the elongate and pointed furrow spines.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772F9252514088" bold="true" box="[151,272,475,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<mods:detail id="193564F3F579AEB51FAB2EA600795E1B" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="123060E90DA6279591C326190B2B8348">2024-12-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="9A99B3E2871724DA52EC2F5F9E950547" type="volume">
<mods:number id="162CF9D33448221E6D355AB6E872DF32">5543</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="5932C5DABCF843FE061188CAA6DEC947" type="issue">
<mods:number id="47E1E82A6CB83770DB6AC877983327D0">4</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="2B08FBBD564A1C1FC4A383AC70412C3B" unit="page">
<mods:start id="F17A4350FD9CF56A343831959EDE8392">451</mods:start>
<mods:end id="51E68474705136DCF6B11F760DE45ADB">500</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="C515DEC5F324023B740EE4ECDEFE570E">
<mods:url id="9CBC948A30AF968788FB436F1BE75B9E">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="0F4D59442440407DA55A84483E069FD6">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="ED8D0205D1D6D6853DECE3626C78A079" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DAC462883A7E6B1BC74638A551FFF066" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4CDAB964E2906A086046DCB7765CC838" type="Zenodo-Dep">14386776</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4DB24CD3AD90C6180AACB965191C7A1E" type="ZooBank">E34AF3EF-4D03-4C08-8E11-C9514D42021B</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C83A1CFF8EC354FF772EDE515A4470" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C83A1CFF8EC354FF772EDE515A4470" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C83A1CFF8EC354FF772EDE515A4470" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="472" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8EC352FF772EDE52D141CF" box="[151,400,151,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772EDE52D141CF" blockId="19.[151,400,151,214]" box="[151,400,151,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8EC352FF772EDE52D141CF" bold="true" box="[151,400,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772EDE52D141CF" bold="true" box="[151,400,151,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FF772EDE520741CF" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,326,151,178]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772EDE520741CF" bold="true" box="[151,326,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Cladaster kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8EC352FEAE2ED152D141CF" box="[334,400,152,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8EC352FF772EF5520241A8" box="[151,323,187,214]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772EF5520241A8" blockId="19.[151,400,151,214]" box="[151,323,187,214]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8EC352FF772EF5520241A8" box="[151,323,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">FIGURE 6A–F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8EC352FF772F4D52D240F7" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772F4D525F4063" blockId="19.[151,286,260,286]" box="[151,286,260,286]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772F4D525F4063" bold="true" box="[151,286,260,286]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772F0552D240F7" blockId="19.[151,1436,332,394]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
The species epithet is named for the word
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FD9B2F0551EB401B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[635,682,332,358]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FD9B2F0551EB401B" box="[635,682,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the Hawaiian word for “point or tip” alluding to the elongate and pointed furrow spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8EC352FF772F92513F43FB" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772F9252514088" blockId="19.[151,272,475,501]" box="[151,272,475,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772F9252514088" bold="true" box="[151,272,475,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772C6A56DD4340" blockId="19.[151,1437,547,646]" box="[151,1436,547,574]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8EC352FF772C6A56DD4340" bold="true" box="[151,1436,547,574]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772C6A56DD4340" bold="true" box="[151,1436,547,574]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FF772C6A52444343" ID-CoL="7NSZH" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,261,547,574]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772C6A52444343" bold="true" box="[151,261,547,574]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Cladaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with two long curved and flattened furrow spines and an enlarged, thickened subambulacral spine.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772C01513F43FB" blockId="19.[151,1437,547,646]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Superomarginals 13–14, inferomarginal plates 19, distalmost superomarginals abutted, pre-terminal superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, strongly convex.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8EC352FF772C9E52D7442B" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772C9E525F438C" blockId="19.[151,286,727,753]" box="[151,286,727,753]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8EC352FF772C9E525F438C" bold="true" box="[151,286,727,753]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772C9E525F438C" bold="true" box="[151,286,727,753]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772D6951A142FF" blockId="19.[151,1437,800,1186]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FF772D69527D4247" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,316,800,826]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772D69527D4247" box="[151,316,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Cladaster kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8EC352FEA42D6952C14247" box="[324,384,800,826]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs most markedly from
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FD262D6950604247" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[710,801,800,826]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rudis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FD262D6950604247" box="[710,801,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. rudis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FCB82D6957584247" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[856,1049,800,826]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="katafractarius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FCB82D6957584247" box="[856,1049,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. katafractarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which both have multiple pairs of superomarginal plates abutted along the arm, three in the former, four in the latter.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FBA32D0D56454223" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[1091,1284,836,862]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="katafractarius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FBA32D0D56454223" box="[1091,1284,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. katafractarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has four furrow spines as opposed to the two in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FDAE2D2151DC42FF" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[590,669,872,898]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FDAE2D2151DC42FF" box="[590,669,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8EC352FD442D2151A142FF" box="[676,736,872,898]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF272DC5570F4527" blockId="19.[151,1437,800,1186]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FF272DC552EE42DB" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[199,431,908,934]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogous">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF272DC552EE42DB" box="[199,431,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Cladaster analogous</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the North Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FD7E2DC5504C42DB" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1919" box="[670,781,908,934]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="validus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FD7E2DC5504C42DB" box="[670,781,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. validus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share several characters with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FBAF2DC557B042DB" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1103,1265,908,934]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FBAF2DC557B042DB" box="[1103,1265,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Cladaster kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8EC352FB152DC5566F42DB" box="[1269,1326,908,934]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
including the presence of an enlarged single subambulacral spine and two or three furrow spines.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FBBA2DF957AE42B7" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1114,1263,944,970]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogous">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FBBA2DF957AE42B7" box="[1114,1263,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. analogous</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has three thick, blunt furrow spines proximally becoming two distally whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FC812D9D50924293" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1919" box="[865,979,980,1006]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="validus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FC812D9D50924293" box="[865,979,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. validus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two spatulate furrow spines through the series on its arm. However both of these species have raised platform like regions on their superomarginal plate surfaces whereas those on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FE232A555152454B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[451,531,1052,1078]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FE232A555152454B" box="[451,531,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8EC352FDFA2A555117454B" box="[538,598,1052,1078]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are flat with no raised areas. Furrow spines on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FB8C2A5557FD454B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1132,1212,1052,1078]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FB8C2A5557FD454B" box="[1132,1212,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also curved and have a narrowed and pointed tip whereas those in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FD282A0950784527" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1919" box="[712,825,1088,1114]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="validus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FD282A0950784527" box="[712,825,1088,1114]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. validus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are blunt and thickened.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF272A2D564345DF" blockId="19.[151,1437,800,1186]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FF272A2D522C4503" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,365,1124,1150]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF272A2D522C4503" box="[199,365,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Cladaster kiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8EC352FE962A2D52F54503" box="[374,436,1124,1150]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is among the most deeply occurring of the known
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FBE02A2D578A4503" box="[1024,1227,1124,1150]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FBE02A2D572F4503" box="[1024,1134,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Cladaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, which are known primarily from between
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF8EC352FE482ACE516B45DF" box="[424,554,1159,1186]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="m" value="350.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="100.0">
100–
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF8EC352FE3F2ACE516B45DF" box="[479,554,1159,1186]" count="600" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="generic">600 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8EC352FDD52AC151FC45DF" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[565,701,1160,1186]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FDD52AC151FC45DF" box="[565,701,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">C. analogus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected from
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF8EC352FC352ACE573145DF" box="[981,1136,1159,1186]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8455" metricValueMax="2.044" metricValueMin="1.6469999999999998" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="m" value="1845.5" valueMax="2044.0" valueMin="1647.0">1647–2044 m</quantity>
(Mah 2011).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772ABA52684470" blockId="19.[151,297,1267,1293]" box="[151,297,1267,1293]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8EC352FF772ABA52684470" bold="true" box="[151,297,1267,1293]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772ABA52684470" bold="true" box="[151,297,1267,1293]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772B7552D7442B" blockId="19.[151,406,1340,1366]" box="[151,406,1340,1366]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
North Pacific,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF8EC352FEDB2B7552D3442B" box="[315,402,1340,1366]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.199" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="m" value="1199.0">1199 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8EC354FF772BEE517E4548" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="472" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772BEE526944BC" blockId="19.[151,296,1447,1473]" box="[151,296,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8EC352FF772BEE526944BC" bold="true" box="[151,296,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF772BB957AD4777" blockId="19.[151,1437,1519,1870]" box="[151,1260,1519,1546]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
Body stout, stellate/weakly stellate (
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF8EC352FDCD2BA651004774" box="[557,577,1519,1545]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R</collectionCode>
/r=1.96), interradial arcs curved, armtip pointed (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8EC352FB862BB9579E4777" box="[1126,1247,1519,1546]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Fig. 6A, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8EC352FF27285D526F4633" blockId="19.[151,1437,1519,1870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
Abactinal plates round, oval to irregularly round or even triangular in shape, each plate weakly convex, shallow fasciolar grooves (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8EC352FE8E2871528D472C" box="[366,460,1591,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Plates larger proximally, becoming smaller distally adjacent to the superomarginal contact. Abactinal plates on disk and on arms up to abutted pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Each plate covered with distinctly, round granules, 10–20 (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8EC352FDBF28C951FD47E4" box="[607,700,1663,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Peripheral granules with pointed tips, bullet-shaped, even and widely spaced, 3 to 7 per side. Granules on central plate surface more rounded, without tip, 1 to 8, widely spaced. Abactinal plate surface otherwise smooth, bare. Granules readily abraded, when removed leaving convexity on plate surface. Papulae present only on most abactinal surface approximately six around each plate, with approximately two or three single papulae per side. Madreporite triangular, flanked by three plates, well-developed sulci. No pedicellariae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FF89C355FF772940508F4614" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" startId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF89C355FF772940508F4614" blockId="20.[151,1437,1801,1898]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF89C355FF77294052F4465C" bold="true" box="[151,437,1801,1825]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">
FIGURE 6.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF89C355FEFC294052F4465C" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[284,437,1801,1825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="471" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kiko" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF89C355FEFC294052F4465C" bold="true" box="[284,437,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">Cladaster kiko</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF89C355FE5C294352B1465F" bold="true" box="[444,496,1802,1826]" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">n. sp</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF89C355FC4A294350AA465C" box="[938,1003,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="471">In situ</emphasis>
observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF272EDE578C4088" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
Superomarginals 13 to 14, inferomarginals 19, interradial marginal plates with 1:1 association, but offset distally along arms. Individual superomarginal plates wide (W&gt;L), with convex surface, rounded dorsolateral edge. Inferomarginal plates more flattened but with rounded actinolateral edge. Superomarginals with cylindrical to pointed easily abraded granules 20–40, mostly 15–20, widely spaced on smooth surface with convexities on plate surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF88C354FF192F6E5239403C" box="[249,376,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Fig. 6C, D</figureCitation>
). Granules producing a superficial spiny layer over the abactinal/marginal plate surface. Pre-terminal superomarginal plates abutted over midline, strongly convex. Inferomarginal plates adjacent to the terminal plates much more convex than those along the arm, interradially. Granules most abundant on dorsolateral-lateral surface with proximal surface with fewer granules. Peripheral granules, 40, 10–15 per side, each round in shape, widely spaced. Shallow fasciolar groove present between marginal plates. Inferomarginal plates surface with 30–40 abundant, round granules, widely spaced. Peripheral granules 40–60, approximately 10 per side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF272FB656574364" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,1302,511,537]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">No pedicellariae. Terminal plate spherical with 2 to 4 granules on surface adjacent to pre-terminal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF272C6A578443B0" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Actinal surface with 1 to 2 full series with some irregular plates present distally adjacent to inferomarginal contact. Individual plates round variably oval to more oblong. weakly developed fasciolar grooves. Actinal plates covered with 6 to 20 pointed bullet-like granules, but easily abraded, leaving shallow convexities on actinal plate wall. Granules widely spaced. Peripheral granules also bullet-like close to widely spaced, approximately 3 to 6 per side. A single pedicellariae one to three present in three of the four actinal intermediate regions.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF272C9E5040456C" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
Adambulacral plates with three to four furrow spines, two with flattened, elongate, distinctly curved, blade-shaped furrow spines with the remaining spines, much shorter, approximately 10% of the length of the elongate spines (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF88C354FF0D2D5652024244" box="[237,323,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
). One or two large subambulacral spines, blunt, the largest was twice as thick as the furrow spines, elongate equal in length to the furrow spines. Remaining subambulacral surface with 6 to 8 granules, rounded to pointed in shape; two to three large pointed spines, three times as thick as the furrow spines but similar in size/shape to the granules on the actinal surface. Oral plates with three flattened, elongate blade-shaped furrow spines with the longest elongate spine projecting into the mouth. Four enlarged, elongate spines present on the oral plate surface (these equivalent to the subambulacral spines), with six to seven pointed granules present along the side of the fossae present between the two halves of the oral plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF272A52517E4548" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,575,1051,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
Living color was white (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF88C354FE392A5251734548" box="[473,562,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[151,1436,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cladaster kiko n. sp. MCZ 162797. Holotype. A. Abactinal B. In situ observation. C. Abactinal-lateral view. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing abactinal and superomarginal surface. E. Actinal F. Adambulacral plates showing large furrow spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=5.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF772ACF52CA45DD" blockId="21.[151,395,1158,1184]" box="[151,395,1158,1184]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
<heading id="D0963C66FF88C354FF772ACF52CA45DD" bold="true" box="[151,395,1158,1184]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772ACF52CA45DD" bold="true" box="[151,395,1158,1184]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Material Examined</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF88C354FF772A86515A4470" blockId="21.[151,1436,1230,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FF772A86524A4594" bold="true" box="[151,267,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF88C354FF772A8652474594" box="[151,262,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
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<specimenCode id="DBC72371FF88C354FEF52A8652EE4594" box="[277,431,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">MCZ 162797</specimenCode>
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,
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°
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°,
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF88C354FC102A86570C4594" box="[1008,1101,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="male">
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF88C354FC102A8657084594" box="[1008,1097,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.199" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" unit="m" value="1199.0">1199 m</quantity>
.
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Coll.
<collectorName id="2694EEDCFF88C354FB772A86566C4594" box="[1175,1325,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
E/V
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF88C354FB2E2A86566C4594" box="[1230,1325,1231,1257]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Nautilidae" genus="Nautilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nautilida" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF88C354FB2E2A86566C4594" box="[1230,1325,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Nautilus</emphasis>
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<date id="FFDFADCAFF88C354FADD2A8653924470" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" value="2022-04-14">
<collectingDate id="EF9B5422FF88C354FADD2A8653924470" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" value="2022-04-14">14 April 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
. 1 wet spec. R=5.5 r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF88C354FE272ABA51564470" box="[455,535,1267,1293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" unit="cm" value="2.8">2.8 cm</quantity>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FF772B7C52EC442D" ID-CoL="7NSZH" authority="Verrill, 1899" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,429,1333,1360]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772B7C524A442D" bold="true" box="[151,267,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Cladaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FEF22B7C52EC442D" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[274,429,1333,1360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="145 - 234" refId="ref23351" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031" type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772B3353BA44EF" box="[151,251,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Cladaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FE5F2B33512E44EF" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[447,623,1402,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref21085" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, i - xiii + 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911: 221</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF8FC353FD9A2B33501144EF" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[634,848,1402,1426]" page="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FD9A2B33501144EF" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[634,848,1402,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref20507" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1963) Asteroideos argentinos. 4. Familia Goniasteridae. Revista Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia. Zoologia, 9 (1), 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1963">Bernasconi 1963: 13</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF8FC353FCBC2B33508444EF" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[860,965,1402,1426]" page="255" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FCBC2B33508444EF" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[860,965,1402,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="241 - 277" refId="ref20542" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1964) Asteroideos argentinos. Claves para los ordenes, familias, subfamilies y generos. Physis Buenos Aires, 24, 241 - 277." type="journal article" year="1964">1964: 255</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF8FC353FC312B3357E144EF" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[977,1184,1402,1426]" page="179" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FC312B3357E144EF" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[977,1184,1402,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" refId="ref21474" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) A monographic revision of the goniasterid sea stars of the North Atlantic. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 252 pp." type="book" year="1970">Halpern 1970b: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF8FC353FB4B2B3353B144CC" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." page="238" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FB4B2B3353B144CC" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." pageId="18" pageNumber="469" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 238</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; A.M.
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF8FC353FED52BD0529C44CC" author="Clark, A. M." box="[309,477,1433,1457]" page="251" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FED52BD0529C44CC" author="Clark, A. M." box="[309,477,1433,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref20685" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea Part 2: Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993: 251</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Mah 2011: 19; 2018: 29
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8FC353FF772B96561F4718" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF772B96561F4718" blockId="18.[151,1436,1503,1638]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772B96524B4484" bold="true" box="[151,266,1503,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. (from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FEBE2B9652934484" author="Mah, C. L." box="[350,466,1503,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref22291" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah 2018</bibRefCitation>
) Body weakly stellate. Abactinal plates low tabulate with weakly to strongly expressed fasciolar channels.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FE90284A500F473C" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Hemispherical, coarse grained granules present on abactinal, marginal, and actinal plate surface which are easily abraded on preserved specimens</emphasis>
. Large, spatulate
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF8FC353FBFC2861570D473F" box="[1052,1100,1576,1602]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">type</typeStatus>
pedicellariae. Furrow spines, blunt to spatulate, oval in cross-section. Large, thick subambulacral spine present in addition to furrow spine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8FC353FF7728FE51F246F8" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF7728FE525F47AC" blockId="18.[151,286,1719,1745]" box="[151,286,1719,1745]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8FC353FF7728FE525F47AC" bold="true" box="[151,286,1719,1745]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF7728FE525F47AC" bold="true" box="[151,286,1719,1745]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF7728B651F246F8" blockId="18.[151,1437,1791,1998]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
Five species of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FEA428B652F34664" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[324,434,1791,1817]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FEA428B652F34664" box="[324,434,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Cladaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are accepted, including Pacific (
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FCFE294950A94664" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[798,1000,1791,1818]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macrobrachius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FCFE294950A94664" box="[798,1000,1791,1818]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. macrobrachius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FC14294957244664" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1919" box="[1012,1125,1791,1818]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="validus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FC14294957244664" box="[1012,1125,1791,1818]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. validus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Atlantic (
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FB042949567F4664" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[1252,1342,1791,1818]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rudis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FB042949567F4664" box="[1252,1342,1791,1818]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. rudis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Indian (
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FF41296D52214640" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[161,352,1827,1854]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="katafractarius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF41296D52214640" box="[161,352,1827,1854]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. katafractarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and sub-Antarctic (
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FDAA296D51904640" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[586,721,1827,1854]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FDAA296D51904640" box="[586,721,1827,1854]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. analogus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) settings.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FCA6296D50CD4640" box="[838,908,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">In situ</emphasis>
observations of the tropical Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FACE296A5390461C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rudis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FACE296A5390461C" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Cladaster rudis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed it perched on an apparently dead
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FD51290E5054461C" box="[689,789,1863,1889]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Lophelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FD51290E5054461C" box="[689,789,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Lophelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coral colony, suggesting predation of the coral polyps or epizoic forms on the coral skeleton (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FDCE292251E946F8" author="Mah, C. L." box="[558,680,1899,1925]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref22341" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8FC353FF2729C6517046B0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF2729C6517046B0" blockId="18.[151,1437,1791,1998]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF2729C6526946D4" bold="true" box="[199,296,1935,1961]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FED029D9510A46D4" authority="Fisher 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[304,587,1935,1962]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="analogus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FED029D952F846D4" box="[304,441,1935,1962]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. analogus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FE2129C6510A46D4" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[449,587,1935,1961]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref21228" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FDB729D950D646D4" authority="Mah 2018" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[599,919,1935,1962]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="katafractarius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FDB729D9505946D4" box="[599,792,1935,1962]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. katafractarius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FCC029C650D646D4" author="Mah, C. L." box="[800,919,1935,1961]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref22291" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FC4329D9567246D4" authority="H. L. Clark 1923" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[931,1331,1935,1962]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macrobrachius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FC4329D9572F46D4" box="[931,1134,1935,1962]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. macrobrachius</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FB5229C6567246D4" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1202,1331,1935,1961]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="221 - 435" refId="ref20834" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">Clark 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FAA129D9526046B0" authority="Verrill 1899" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rudis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FAA129D956DC46D4" box="[1345,1437,1935,1962]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. rudis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FF7729FA526046B0" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[151,289,1971,1997]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="145 - 234" refId="ref23351" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031" type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FECC29FD516D46B0" authority="Fisher 1919" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1919" box="[300,556,1971,1998]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="validus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FECC29FD52DC46B0" box="[300,413,1971,1998]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">C. validus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FE4429FA516D46B0" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[420,556,1971,1997]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 547" refId="ref21190" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1919) Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 3 (100), 1 - 547, 156 pls." type="journal article" year="1919">Fisher 1919</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF772B7C52EC442D" blockId="18.[151,429,1333,1360]" box="[151,429,1333,1360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8FC353FF772B7C52EC442D" bold="true" box="[151,429,1333,1360]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8FC353FF772B7C52EC442D" ID-CoL="7NSZH" authority="Verrill, 1899" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,429,1333,1360]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Cladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772B7C52EC442D" bold="true" box="[151,429,1333,1360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772B7C524A442D" bold="true" box="[151,267,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Cladaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FEF22B7C52EC442D" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[274,429,1333,1360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="145 - 234" refId="ref23351" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031" type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772B3353BA44EF" box="[151,251,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Cladaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FE5F2B33512E44EF" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[447,623,1402,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref21085" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, i - xiii + 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911: 221</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FD9A2B33501144EF" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[634,848,1402,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref20507" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1963) Asteroideos argentinos. 4. Familia Goniasteridae. Revista Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia. Zoologia, 9 (1), 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1963">Bernasconi 1963: 13</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
;
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</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF8FC353FB4B2B3353B144CC" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." page="238" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" year="1992">
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</treatmentCitation>
; A.M.
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF8FC353FED52BD0529C44CC" author="Clark, A. M." box="[309,477,1433,1457]" page="251" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FED52BD0529C44CC" author="Clark, A. M." box="[309,477,1433,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref20685" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea Part 2: Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993: 251</bibRefCitation>
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; Mah 2011: 19; 2018: 29
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772B96524B4484" bold="true" box="[151,266,1503,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. (from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FEBE2B9652934484" author="Mah, C. L." box="[350,466,1503,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref22291" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah 2018</bibRefCitation>
) Body weakly stellate. Abactinal plates low tabulate with weakly to strongly expressed fasciolar channels.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FE90284A500F473C" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Hemispherical, coarse grained granules present on abactinal, marginal, and actinal plate surface which are easily abraded on preserved specimens</emphasis>
. Large, spatulate
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF8FC353FBFC2861570D473F" box="[1052,1100,1576,1602]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">type</typeStatus>
pedicellariae. Furrow spines, blunt to spatulate, oval in cross-section. Large, thick subambulacral spine present in addition to furrow spine.
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8FC353FF272CC353B2426D" blockId="18.[151,1436,614,784]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Arm plates one to two times as large as disk plates, extending to arm tip. Granules round, low scattered over disk, arm base, disappearing near arm tip. Granules rounded, low, scattered over marginal plate surface. Subambulacral spine enlarged, laterally adjacent to pedicellariae, paddle-like, toothed.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772D28525F4206" bold="true" box="[151,286,865,891]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Comments</emphasis>
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The figured individuals were identified based on the presence of enlarged abactinal plates extending to the arm terminus. It represents a new occurrence to the Pacific Remote Islands Monument, north of the distribution outlined in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF8FC353FF542DBB527D4571" author="Mah, C. L." box="[180,316,1010,1036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" pagination="917 - 954" refId="ref22084" refString="Mah, C. L. (2006) Phylogeny and biogeography of the deep-sea goniasterid, Circeaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) including descriptions of six new species. Zoosystema, 28 (4), 917 - 954." type="journal article" year="2006">Mah (2006)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF8FC353FF772A145268450A" bold="true" box="[151,297,1117,1143]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Occurrence</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF8FC353FF772AEF526945BD" box="[151,296,1190,1216]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Baker Island</collectingCountry>
, Remote Pacific Islands, 674.–
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. South Pacific Ocean,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF8FC353FE592A8351404599" box="[441,513,1226,1252]" name="Tonga" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Tonga</collectingCountry>
,
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The species epithet,
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alludes to the depth occurrence of this species in the abyssal zone, between
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Body stellate, R/r=3.38, arms elongate, quadrate in cross-section with blunt tips. Interradial arcs weakly curved.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34EFF77299557CC41CD" bold="true" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Abactinal plates numerous, polygonal to irregularly round, surrounded by large peripheral granules, 4–15, each of the peripheral granules consisting of 20–30% of total plate+granule diameter.</emphasis>
Only a small number of disk plates encroaching on proximal arm region, only slightly larger than those on disk.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFB9B2EF351164185" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Marginal plates abutted over midline, approximately 15 pairs.</emphasis>
Marginal plates interradially lateral facing, not showing a dorsal face save on arms where they show a prominent part of the surface. Actinal intermediate plate surface covered by large, coarse granules. Furrow spines 5–6 per plate, subambulacral spine single large and prominent with a pointed, roughened tip, approximately 2 to 3X the thickness of furrow spines. Pedicellariae present.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFB2C2F0353A540AC" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Alveolar opening of large pedicellariae proximally located on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the subambulacral spines, variably bivalve to wide, paddle-shaped valves with 5 to 6 teeth on each, present on nearly all ambulacral plates.</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF772CB151B54253" blockId="14.[151,1106,759,814]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB71AC24FF93C34FFF772CB157134272" box="[151,1106,759,784]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF93C34FFF772CB152804272" author="Koehler, R." box="[151,449,759,783]" page="83" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" year="1909">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF93C34FFF772CB152804272" ID-CoL="7NSY6" authority="Koehler, 1909: 83" authorityName="Koehler" authorityPageNumber="83" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,449,759,783]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
@ -73,8 +73,6 @@
, 55, pl. 21A, B.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF93C34FFC1F2CBE57134272" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[1023,1106,759,783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp;</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF772D5F51B54253" blockId="14.[151,1106,759,814]" box="[151,756,790,814]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
Downey 1992: 237, A.M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF93C34FFE402D5F51094253" author="Clark, A. M." box="[416,584,790,814]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref20685" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea Part 2: Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993: 250</bibRefCitation>
;
@ -92,5 +90,26 @@ Body weakly stellate to stellate, R/r&gt; 2.5. Disk strongly arched, large. Arms
Superomarginal plates abutted over midline in several species. Marginal plates bare, but variably with spinelets or granules present along dorsolateral/ventrolateral edges and surfaces of marginal plates. Greater density of spinelets/granules on inferomarginals than on superomarginals. Pedicellariae uncommon. Adambulacral furrow spines 6–15. Enlarged subambulacral spine or spines present. Prominent, paddle-like, bivalve, or sunken pedicellariae with jagged teeth present on adambulacral plates.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF93C34FFF772B4550EA44A7" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" type="discussion">
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<heading id="D0963C66FF93C34FFF772B45525F445B" bold="true" box="[151,286,1292,1318]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF772B45525F445B" bold="true" box="[151,286,1292,1318]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF772B1D50EA44A7" blockId="14.[151,1436,1364,1499]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF93C34FFF772B1D524D4413" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,268,1364,1390]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF772B1D524D4413" box="[151,268,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Circeaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes, at present, 9 species distributed throughout the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans in deep-sea settings,
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. A new subfamily, the
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was recently established for
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF93C34FFB432B31565944EF" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1909" box="[1187,1304,1400,1426]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFB432B31565944EF" box="[1187,1304,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Circeaster</emphasis>
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and related genera (Mah 2024) which all share differently sized disk and arm plates, distinctly coarse granules, blocky marginal plates, large subambulacral spine or spines, and alveolar pedicellariae.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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269
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<heading id="D0963C66FF93C34FFF7728655291473B" bold="true" box="[151,464,1579,1606]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF7728655291473B" bold="true" box="[151,464,1579,1606]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF93C34FFF77286552C7473B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,390,1579,1606]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF77286552C7473B" bold="true" box="[151,390,1579,1606]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Circeaster abyssalis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF77281952064716" blockId="14.[151,464,1579,1643]" box="[151,327,1616,1643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF93C34FFF77281952064716" box="[151,327,1616,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@16.[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Circeaster abyssalis n. sp. SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E.Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">FIGURE 5A–G</figureCitation>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF93C34FFF7728D153B24662" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" type="etymology">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF7728D1525F47CF" bold="true" box="[151,286,1688,1714]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Etymology</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF7728A953B24662" blockId="14.[151,1436,1760,1823]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
The species epithet,
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFE6128A952A94787" box="[385,488,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">abyssalis</emphasis>
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alludes to the depth occurrence of this species in the abyssal zone, between
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.
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF93C34EFF77293953A540AC" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF772939525146F7" bold="true" box="[151,272,1904,1930]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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Body stellate, R/r=3.38, arms elongate, quadrate in cross-section with blunt tips. Interradial arcs weakly curved.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34EFF77299557CC41CD" bold="true" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Abactinal plates numerous, polygonal to irregularly round, surrounded by large peripheral granules, 4–15, each of the peripheral granules consisting of 20–30% of total plate+granule diameter.</emphasis>
Only a small number of disk plates encroaching on proximal arm region, only slightly larger than those on disk.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFB9B2EF351164185" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Marginal plates abutted over midline, approximately 15 pairs.</emphasis>
Marginal plates interradially lateral facing, not showing a dorsal face save on arms where they show a prominent part of the surface. Actinal intermediate plate surface covered by large, coarse granules. Furrow spines 5–6 per plate, subambulacral spine single large and prominent with a pointed, roughened tip, approximately 2 to 3X the thickness of furrow spines. Pedicellariae present.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFB2C2F0353A540AC" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Alveolar opening of large pedicellariae proximally located on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the subambulacral spines, variably bivalve to wide, paddle-shaped valves with 5 to 6 teeth on each, present on nearly all ambulacral plates.</emphasis>
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<heading id="D0963C66FF92C34EFF772C6B525F4341" bold="true" box="[151,286,546,572]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFF772C6B525F4341" bold="true" box="[151,286,546,572]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF772C22510043B0" blockId="15.[151,1437,619,1185]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFF772C22523D43F8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,380,619,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFF772C22523D43F8" box="[151,380,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Circeaster abyssalis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF92C34EFE652C22528243F8" box="[389,451,619,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is the first species in this genus to be recorded from the abyssal zone (
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) and the first to be recorded from this area in the central Pacific. It is the deepest known
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFB862CC6579A43D4" box="[1126,1243,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Circeaster</emphasis>
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from the Pacific, which occurs between
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.
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF272C9E53B14290" blockId="15.[151,1437,619,1185]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
This species invites comparison with other South Pacific
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFCA12C9E50F7438C" box="[833,950,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Circeaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFBD32C9E57B3438C" box="[1075,1266,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Circeaster pullus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFAC72C9E53B04268" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandrae">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFAC72C9E53B04268" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Circeaster sandrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which are similar in overall appearance, especially the adambulacral spination and accessories. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFF772D5652304244" box="[151,369,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssali">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFF772D5652304244" box="[151,369,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Circeaster abyssali</emphasis>
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s lacks large bivalve pedicellariae present in species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFBC82D5657CE4244" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[1064,1167,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pullus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFBC82D5657CE4244" box="[1064,1167,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">C. pullus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and displays numerous granules covering the actinal intermediate plate surfaces where those in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFC072D0A57274220" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[999,1126,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandrae">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFC072D0A57274220" box="[999,1126,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">C. sandrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are bare save for a single pedicellaria. Furrow spine number in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFDDE2D2E51F842FC" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[574,697,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandrae">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFDDE2D2E51F842FC" box="[574,697,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">C. sandrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to be higher, 12–14, but can range between 5 and 15 versus
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFF772DC2526242D8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,291,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssalis" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFF772DC2526242D8" box="[151,291,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">C. abyssalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF92C34EFECD2DC2522C42D8" box="[301,365,907,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
with only 5 to 6 furrow spines.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFD142DC2509A42D8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[756,987,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssalis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFD142DC2509A42D8" box="[756,987,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Circeaster abyssalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displays fewer abactinal plates on the arm surface and superomarginal plates are abutted across the midline, and lacks granules on the abactinal plates surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF272DBE575545DC" blockId="15.[151,1437,619,1185]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFF272DBE52D9456D" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[199,408,1015,1041]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFF272DBE52D9456D" box="[199,408,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has similar enlarged coarse grained granules present around the abactinal plates. However,
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFEE82A52528D4549" box="[264,460,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFEE82A5252CF4548" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[264,398,1051,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssalis" status="n. sp.">C. abyssalis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF92C34EFE722A52528D4549" box="[402,460,1051,1076]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
shows distinctly different adambulacral spination and pedicellariae, notably the presence of the enlarged subambulacral spine as well as enlarged tubercles on the superomarginal and inferomarginal plates versus the superomarginal plates on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFDD12A2A51E84500" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[561,681,1123,1149]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFDD12A2A51E84500" box="[561,681,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Sibogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which are bare and smooth. Superomarginal plates on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFAF42A2A56DC4500" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1300,1437,1123,1149]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssalis" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFAF42A2A56DC4500" box="[1300,1437,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">C. abyssalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF92C34EFF772ACE539245DC" box="[151,211,1159,1185]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are abutted along most of their length whereas those on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF92C34EFCAD2ACE50F945DD" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[845,952,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFCAD2ACE50F945DD" box="[845,952,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">S. nieseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF772ABB52684471" blockId="15.[151,297,1266,1292]" box="[151,297,1266,1292]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
<heading id="D0963C66FF92C34EFF772ABB52684471" bold="true" box="[151,297,1266,1292]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFF772ABB52684471" bold="true" box="[151,297,1266,1292]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF772B7257244428" blockId="15.[151,1125,1339,1365]" box="[151,1125,1339,1365]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
Central Pacific, between Utiroa, Buriki and east of Rongorongo,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF92C34EFC8F2B7250F94428" box="[879,952,1339,1365]" name="Nauru" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Nauru</collectingCountry>
, 4179–
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF92C34EFBEA2B7257204428" box="[1034,1121,1339,1365]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.188" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="m" value="3188.0">3188 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF772BEF526944BD" blockId="15.[151,296,1446,1472]" box="[151,296,1446,1472]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF92C34EFF772BEF526944BD" bold="true" box="[151,296,1446,1472]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF772BA652384750" blockId="15.[151,1436,1519,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
Disk thick. Body stellate,
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF92C34EFE582BA6528A4774" box="[440,459,1519,1545]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R</collectionCode>
/r=3.38, arms elongate, quadrate in cross-section with blunt tips. Interradial arcs weakly curved (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF92C34EFF13285A522D4750" box="[243,364,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@16.[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Circeaster abyssalis n. sp. SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E.Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Fig. 5A, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF92C34EFF27287E5079460C" blockId="15.[151,1436,1519,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
Abactinal plates numerous, approximately 12–15 across arm base, polygonal to irregularly round, arranged irregularly, mostly flat to weakly convex, sizes and shapes heterogeneous distributed across disk surface. Plates present on disk and proximal arm region, ending where superomarginals have abutted distally. Abactinal plates on arms large, strongly convex relative to adjacent plates on disk, surface smooth and convex. Most disk plates proximally, especially on disk, with peripheral granules, large polygonal 4 to 15, occupying approximately 20–30% of total plate surface plus granule diameter. Granular cover proximally, especially centrally on disk especially abundant, densely arranged (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF92C34EFE3C294651744654" box="[476,565,1806,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@16.[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Circeaster abyssalis n. sp. SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E.Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). Pedicellariae small, comparable in size to adjacent granules, paddle-shaped with mostly 2, in minority of instances 3 valves with blunt tips, mostly clustered around arm base. Madreporite sunken, surrounded by granules, 10–12, polygonal in shape.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FF8DC351FF77290550F946AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" startId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8DC351FF77290550F946AC" blockId="16.[151,1437,1868,2001]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8DC351FF77290551774618" bold="true" box="[151,566,1868,1893]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
FIGURE 5.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF8DC351FEFF290552B14619" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[287,496,1868,1892]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="abyssalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8DC351FEFF290552B14619" bold="true" box="[287,496,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Circeaster abyssalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF8DC351FE1A290451774618" box="[506,566,1869,1893]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8CC350FF272EDE57FA40D0" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
Marginal plates, 15 superomarginals per arm side, 30 per interradius, arm tip to arm tip, 18 inferomarginals, 36 per interradius, arm tip to arm tip. Superomarginals facing laterally on disk, but larger, broader dorsal-facing on arms where they gradually abut over midline at approximately 50% of the distance (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FBDD2E9657D44184" box="[1085,1173,222,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@16.[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Circeaster abyssalis n. sp. SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E.Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Approximately 10–12 distalmost superomarginals abutted along arm (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FD442F4A505D4060" box="[676,796,258,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@16.[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Circeaster abyssalis n. sp. SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E.Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
). Superomarginals and inferomarginals on disk with large granules, 2 to 10, most are widely spaced. A minority of superomarginals at arm base with a single tubercle raised on a central tumescence. Superomarginals and inferomarginals on arms with no surficial features, no granules, no spinelets or other features. Inferomarginal plates with small pedicellariae, 1 or 2, paddle-like, when present. Marginal plates with large peripheral granules, polygonal to quadrate in shape, 10–15 per side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8CC350FF272FFE50954364" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Actinal intermediate regions with 2 to 3 complete series, remaining 1 or 2 incomplete on disk. No series extending onto arm. Individual plates quadrate arranged in chevron formation, plate surface covered by granules, large, approximately 2 per 1.0 mm line count, obscuring plate boundaries.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8CC350FF272C6A53A143B0" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
Furrow spines
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF8CC350FE902C6B52934340" box="[368,466,546,573]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="in" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 6 in</quantity>
straight series, evenly spaced, quadrate in cross-section, blunt tipped. Subambulacral spine single, large, prominent, with pointed, roughened tips, approximately 2 to 3X the thickness of furrow spines (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FF7F2C2253BC43F8" box="[159,253,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@16.[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Circeaster abyssalis n. sp. SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E.Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
). Alveolar opening of large pedicellariae proximally located on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the subambulacral spines; valves wide, paddle-shaped with 5 to 6 teeth on each, present on nearly all adambulacral plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8CC350FF272C9E57274244" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
Oral plates with furrow spines, 10, widely spaced, blunt tipped, widely spaced with one plate directed into mouth, 2 large spines similar to those on the adambulacral plates per interradius, adjacent to the oral plates. Oral plates with short pointed, angular spines, 10 to 15 covering oral plate surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF8CC350FBE42D56571B4244" box="[1028,1114,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@16.[151,1436,181,1845]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Circeaster abyssalis n. sp. SIO E3465. Holotype A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of abactinal surface. C. Side view showing lateral surface, marginal plates along arm. D. Side view showing lateral surface, interradial marginal plates. E.Actinal. F. Closeup oral region, actinal surface. G. Adambulacral plates showing furrow spines, subambulacral spines and pedicellariae. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D, E.; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F, G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386792/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF8CC350FF772DC3573C456C" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8CC350FF772DC352CA42D9" blockId="17.[151,395,906,932]" box="[151,395,906,932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
<heading id="D0963C66FF8CC350FF772DC352CA42D9" bold="true" box="[151,395,906,932]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FF772DC352CA42D9" bold="true" box="[151,395,906,932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Material Examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF8CC350FF772D9A573C456C" blockId="17.[151,1437,978,1041]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FF8CC350FF772D9A573B456C" collectingDate="1999-02-07" collectionCode="SIO" collectorName="E. Pillard" country="Nauru" latitude="-1.3468" location="between Utiroa, Buriki and east of Rongorongo" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="175.3433" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" specimenCode="SIO E3465" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF8CC350FF772D9A52424290" box="[151,259,979,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<specimenCode id="DBC72371FF8CC350FEEC2D9A52C94290" box="[268,392,978,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">SIO E3465</specimenCode>
Central Pacific,
<location id="8EBEDDD1FF8CC350FDA12D9A57104290" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C83A1CFF93C350FF772865573C456C:8EBEDDD1FF8CC350FDA12D9A57104290" box="[577,1105,979,1005]" country="Nauru" latitude="-1.3468" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="175.3433" name="between Utiroa, Buriki and east of Rongorongo" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">between Utiroa, Buriki and east of Rongorongo</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF8CC350FBBB2D9A57E44290" box="[1115,1189,979,1005]" name="Nauru" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Nauru</collectingCountry>
.
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF8CC350FB4E2D9A565C4290" box="[1198,1309,979,1005]" degrees="1.3468" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" precision="5" value="-1.3468">1.3468° S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF8CC350FAC82D9B53EB456C" degrees="175.3433" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" precision="5" value="175.3433">175.3433° E</geoCoordinate>
, 4179–
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF8CC350FF1D2DBE5215456C" box="[253,340,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.188" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="m" value="3188.0">3188 m</quantity>
. Coll.
<collectorName id="2694EEDCFF8CC350FE7D2DBE514B456C" box="[413,522,1015,1041]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">E. Pillard</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFDFADCAFF8CC350FDF52DBE51D7456C" box="[533,662,1015,1041]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" value="1999-02-07">
<collectingDate id="EF9B5422FF8CC350FDF52DBE51D7456C" box="[533,662,1015,1041]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" value="1999-02-07">7 Feb 1999</collectingDate>
</date>
, R/V
<emphasis id="B9155718FF8CC350FD362DBE507B456C" box="[726,826,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Melville.</emphasis>
1 wet spec. R=4.4 r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF8CC350FBCB2DBE573B456C" box="[1067,1146,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="cm" value="1.3">1.3 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

87
data/03/C8/3A/03C83A1CFF96C34AFF772CC650C94500.xml
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF96C34AFF772B5E57E44404" blockId="11.[151,1437,1303,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFF772B5E52C2444C" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,387,1303,1329]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFF772B5E52C2444C" box="[151,387,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF96C34AFE6F2B5E528F444C" box="[399,462,1303,1329]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is based on the strongly tumid superomarginal plate dorsal surface, the absence of granulation from the superomarginal surfaces, slender furrow spines and large, trapezoidal granules on the abactinal plates. Peripheral abactinal granules are approximately twice the size of the central granules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF96C34AFF272BCA57E1479C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1303,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
Although a full overview of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFDEF2BCA518B44E0" box="[527,714,1411,1437]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFDEF2BCA51D244E0" box="[527,659,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
is beyond the scope herein, comparison of this species showed general morphological similarity with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFDB22BEE507344BC" box="[594,818,1447,1473]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFDB22BEE519744BC" box="[594,726,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
that most closely cluster with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFB7A2BEE560644BD" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1178,1351,1447,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFB7A2BEE560644BD" box="[1178,1351,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which displays tabulate abactinal plates, a bald area on the superomarginal plates as well as trapezoidal peripheral granules which vary in size relative to the granules on the central region of the abactinal plate. This includes, but is not limited to the recently described
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFDEB285A50104750" authority="Mah 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[523,849,1555,1581]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFDEB285A51974751" box="[523,726,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster vorax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFD3E285A50104750" author="Mah, C. L." box="[734,849,1555,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah 2022</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as well as other Pacific species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFAF8285A515C472C" authority="Clark &amp; McKnight 2001" authorityName="Clark &amp; McKnight" authorityYear="2001" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFAF8285A53B8472C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFEE2287E515C472C" author="Clark, H. E. S. &amp; McKnight, D. G." box="[258,541,1591,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="1 - 270" refId="ref20789" refString="Clark, H. E. S. &amp; McKnight, D. G. (2001) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (Sea-stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="2001">Clark &amp; McKnight 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFDCA287E50F4472C" authority="(Verrill 1909)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[554,949,1591,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arcticus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFDCA287E504E472D" box="[554,783,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster arcticus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFCFF287E50EC472C" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[799,941,1591,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref23408" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1909) Description of new genera and species of starfishes from the North Pacific coast of America. American Journal of Science, 28, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 4 - 28.163.59" type="journal article" year="1909">Verrill 1909</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFC22287E562C472C" authority="(Sladen, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[962,1389,1591,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFC22287E57FD472D" box="[962,1212,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster japonicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFB2C287E5624472C" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[1228,1381,1591,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref23200" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFF1A281251EA4708" authority="(Retzius 1783)" baseAuthorityName="Retzius" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[250,683,1627,1653]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granularis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFF1A281252BD4708" box="[250,508,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster granularis</emphasis>
(Retzius 1783)
</taxonomicName>
as well as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFCCB281250974709" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[811,982,1627,1653]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFCCB281250974709" box="[811,982,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself which is widely occurring at high latitudes. Other
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFEB02836517047E4" box="[336,561,1663,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFEB02836529547E4" box="[336,468,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, such as the deep-sea North Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFC342836561947E4" authority="Mah 2016" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[980,1368,1663,1689]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pointsurae">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFC342836579B47E5" box="[980,1242,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster pointsurae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFB032836561947E4" author="Mah, C. L." box="[1251,1368,1663,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
show strong morphological affinities with the Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFD2828EA57CD47C0" authority="(Perrier, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[712,1164,1699,1725]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grenadensis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFD2828EA509D47C0" box="[712,988,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster grenadensis</emphasis>
(Perrier, 1881)
</taxonomicName>
and based on character comparisons form a separate cluster from those which share characters with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFC0F288E57D8479D" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1007,1177,1735,1761]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFC0F288E57D8479D" box="[1007,1177,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF96C34AFF2728A252AC46A0" blockId="11.[151,1437,1303,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
This species is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFD8328A251894679" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[611,712,1771,1797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFD8328A251894679" box="[611,712,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. vorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based primarily on the completely bald superomarginal plate surface, which in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFEBC294652FA4655" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[348,443,1807,1833]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFEBC294652FA4655" box="[348,443,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. vorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is limited to a discrete region as well as the presence of pedicellariae, which were present in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFF53297A52524631" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[179,275,1843,1869]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFF53297A52524631" box="[179,275,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. vorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not observed on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFDE1297A51A94630" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[513,744,1843,1869]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFDE1297A51A94630" box="[513,744,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF96C34AFD0F297A506B4630" box="[751,810,1843,1869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Subambulacral spines in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFBA6297A57824630" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1094,1219,1843,1869]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFBA6297A57824630" box="[1094,1219,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF96C34AFB29297A56454630" box="[1225,1284,1843,1869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are similar in number and orientation to
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFE22291E5162460D" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[450,547,1879,1905]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFE22291E5162460D" box="[450,547,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. vorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but are smaller, more widely spaced and oriented in more regular series. Other shared characters between
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFE21293251E846E8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[449,681,1915,1941]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFE21293251E846E8" box="[449,681,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF96C34AFD4F293251AA46E8" box="[687,747,1915,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFCFF2932503E46E9" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[799,895,1915,1941]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFCFF2932503E46E9" box="[799,895,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. vorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including similar abactinal plate granule shapes and identical furrow spine numbers. Among the known tropical Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFC4F29D6571946C5" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[943,1112,1951,1977]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFC4F29D6571946C5" box="[943,1112,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF96C34AFBBD29D657CC46C4" box="[1117,1165,1951,1977]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">type</typeStatus>
species, these two show close morphological affinities.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FF91C34DFF7728CB5136479F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" startId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF91C34DFF7728CB5136479F" blockId="12.[151,1437,1666,1762]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFF7728CB517A47E7" bold="true" box="[151,571,1666,1690]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
FIGURE 4.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFEFE28CB52B747E7" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[286,502,1666,1690]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFEFE28CB52B747E7" bold="true" box="[286,502,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Ceramaster palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF91C34DFE1F28CB517A47E7" box="[511,571,1666,1690]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF91C34DFF27296E502F46F4" blockId="12.[151,1436,1831,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
Also similar, is the South African
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFDA4296E5753463C" authority="H. L. Clark, 1923" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[580,1042,1831,1858]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="trispinosus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFDA4296E500B463C" box="[580,842,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Ceramaster trispinosus</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF91C34DFC6B296E5753463C" author="Clark, H. L." box="[907,1042,1831,1857]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" pagination="221 - 435" refId="ref20834" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">Clark, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which differs in showing 3 furrow spines versus
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF91C34DFED7290252D84618" box="[311,409,1867,1894]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="in" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 7 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFE42290251634618" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[418,546,1867,1893]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFE42290251634618" box="[418,546,1867,1893]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF91C34DFDCB29055128461B" box="[555,617,1868,1894]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and showing a complete cover of granules on the superomarginal plate surface where
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFEDA292652F946F4" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[314,440,1903,1929]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFEDA292652F946F4" box="[314,440,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF91C34DFE5F293952BA46F7" box="[447,507,1904,1930]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
displays a prominent bald patch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF91C34DFF2729DA5279468B" blockId="12.[151,1436,1831,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
All of the other “
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFE7329DA510146D0" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[403,576,1939,1965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFE7329DA510146D0" box="[403,576,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” cluster species, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFC8D29DA575846D0" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[877,1049,1939,1965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFC8D29DA575846D0" box="[877,1049,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFBCB29DA57E646D0" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1067,1191,1939,1965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arcticus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFBCB29DA57E646D0" box="[1067,1191,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. arcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFB5929DA567E46D0" authorityName="Clark &amp; McKnight" authorityYear="2001" box="[1209,1343,1939,1965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFB5929DA567E46D0" box="[1209,1343,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFA6329DA524C46AC" baseAuthorityName="Retzius" baseAuthorityYear="1783" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granularis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFA6329DA524C46AC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. granularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, displayed substantially thicker, fewer and more elongate furrow and subambulacral spination than
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF91C34DFA6329FE53B54688" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmyra" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF91C34DFA6329FE53B54688" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C. palmyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF91C34DFF1C29955279468B" box="[252,312,2012,2038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF272EDE51FA41A8" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
Given the widely occurring distribution and relatively slight character differences between species, further molecular tests of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF90C34CFE852EF2515E41A8" box="[357,543,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF90C34CFE852EF252A841A8" box="[357,489,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Ceramaster</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
are desirable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF772F6F5268403D" blockId="13.[151,297,294,320]" box="[151,297,294,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
<heading id="D0963C66FF90C34CFF772F6F5268403D" bold="true" box="[151,297,294,320]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF90C34CFF772F6F5268403D" bold="true" box="[151,297,294,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF772F26529A40F4" blockId="13.[151,475,367,393]" box="[151,475,367,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
Near
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF90C34CFF352F26523240F4" box="[213,371,367,393]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Palmyra Atoll</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF90C34CFE9F2F26529640F4" box="[383,471,367,393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.373" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" unit="m" value="1373.0">1373 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF772F9352694089" blockId="13.[151,296,474,500]" box="[151,296,474,500]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF90C34CFF772F9352694089" bold="true" box="[151,296,474,500]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF772C6A53AD431C" blockId="13.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
Body stout, outline stellate (
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF90C34CFE312C6A52A44340" box="[465,485,547,573]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">R</collectionCode>
/r=2.0), arms triangular with blunt tips, armtips upturned. Interradial arcs curved(
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF90C34CFA922C6A539E431C" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4A, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF272C22512B42B4" blockId="13.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
Abactinal plates mostly hexagonal in shape, variably polygonal to round distally adjacent to superomarginal contact. Individual plates tabulate with broad base. Fasciolar grooves well developed cross all of disk surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF90C34CFA8F2CC653FA43B0" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Each plate with 3 to 30 granules on surface, peripheral granules on radial disk and arm plates two to three times larger than those on central plate surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF90C34CFD242C9E505E438C" box="[708,799,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Granules on interradial plates and distally adjacent to superomarginal contact more homogeneous in size. Larger papular radial plates with 35–50 (four to ten, mostly six to eight per side), large trapezoidal peripheral granules different from other coarse round granules. Abactinal plates distributed on disk and approximately midway along arm, the remainder of which occupied by abutted superomarginal plates (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF90C34CFE462D2E514542FC" box="[422,516,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). Interradii with closely arranged plates bearing homogeneously sized, closely distributed granules. Papulae present on radial regions, absent interradially. No pedicellariae. Madreporite quadrate in shape, flanked by four abactinal plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF272D9A577144E0" blockId="13.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
Superomarginals and inferomarginals, 24 (armtip to armtip), both series offset along complete series forming zigzag contact between them on lateral surface. Superomarginal plates with convex surface and strongly rounded dorsolateral edge, making plate rounded in cross-section. Superomarginal plates wide, almost completely with dorsal-facing with series forming distinct boundary around abactinal surface, occupying approximately 16% of the disk radius “r” (=0.4/2.4). Distalmost five superomarginal plates completely abutted over mid radius with sixth superomarginal plate partially abutted on all arms (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF90C34CFD352ACE506F45DC" box="[725,814,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). Round abactinal surface of each superomarginal plate bald, smooth, with nearly all granules absent. Lateral side of superomarginal plates with cluster of densely packed, round granules, approximately 15–50, mostly 20–25, with largest number interradially decreasing to approximately 10–15 distally becoming nearly absent near armtip. Superomarginal plates each with 15–30 closely packed quadrate granules forming periphery around each plate. Inferomarginal plates covered by a dense pavement of closely packed round, easily abraded granules, 100–800 completely covering plate surface. Distalmost three to five inferomarginal plates with irregular polygonal to triangular raised, smooth, bald surface. No pedicellariae on either marginal series observed. Terminal plate triangular, half the size of adjacent superomarginal plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34CFF272BEE5745479C" blockId="13.[151,1437,547,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
Actinal plate surface with three to four rows arranged in chevron-like series (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF90C34CFBF22BEE572D44BC" box="[1042,1132,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Individual plates quadrate to rectangular in shape with those distalmost interradially adjacent to the inferomarginal plate contact smallest and most irregular in shape. Plates covered by relatively coarse granules, approximately three count along a 1.0 mm line. Individual plates covered by granules, 8– 60 per plate, with granules differing in shape for peripheral and central plate regions with peripheral granules more quadrate versus those on central areas which are more round. All granules evenly but closely spaced. Actinal plates adjacent to the adambulacral plate series rectangular and relatively elongate compared to those occurring on the remainder of the actinal intermediate region. Granular cover becomes more homogeneous distally adjacent to the inferomarginal plate contact. Actinal granules approximately 1.5–2.0 the size of those on the inferomarginal plate surface. No pedicellariae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF90C34FFF2728A25655403C" blockId="13.[151,1437,547,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,393]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
Adambulacral plates with furrow spines, 4 to 7, with fewest furrow spines distally, two series of subambulacral thick spines, each with three spines per series and a series of granules, 2 to 4 which are similar in appearance to those on actinal intermediate plate surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF90C34CFD6F297A51A84630" box="[655,745,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1435,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. MCZ 153216. Holotype. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Armtip and superomarginal plates. D. Actinal. E. Adambulacral plates with furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386790/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Furrow spines with blunt, rounded tips, quadrate in cross-section, palmate arrangement with distinct space setting them apart from subambulacral spines. Subambulacral spines, three, each spine quadrate to polygonal in cross-section, approximately twice as thick as an individual furrow spine, approximately 70% of the height of the furrow spines. Third subambulacral series, three to four, short, approximately 50% of height of adjacent subambulacral spine with blunt to pointed tip. similar in height to actinal granules. Oral plates with 9 to 10 furrow spines, with two projecting into mouth per interradius. Oral spines triangular to quadrate in cross-section, with blunt or pointed tips. Oral plate surface with two or three short thick spines, triangular to polygonal in cross-section, similar in appearance to subambulacral spines on adambulacral plates. Fossae between two halves of the oral plate with short, thick spines, similar to the second and third series of subambulacral spines, polygonal to triangular in cross-section. Spines on oral plates all widely spaced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF272F02515140F4" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
Color of living individuals was yellow with white highlights along the disk inter radii and around the superomarginal plates (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF93C34FFE7D2F26514240F4" box="[413,515,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ahuastra and Ceramaster palmyra observed in situ. A. Ahuastra kupanaha nov. gen. nov. sp. in situ, showing apparent feeding. B. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386822/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF93C34FFF772F93519F431C" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF772F9352CA4089" blockId="14.[151,395,474,500]" box="[151,395,474,500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF772F9352CA4089" bold="true" box="[151,395,474,500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Material Examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF93C34FFF772C6A519F431C" blockId="14.[151,1436,546,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FF93C34FFF772C6A519B431C" collectingDate="2019-06-30" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="E / V Nautilus" location="Palmyra Atoll, South Pacific Ocean" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" specimenCode="MCZ 153216" specimenCount="1373" specimenCount-male="1373" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF93C34FFF772C6A52424340" box="[151,259,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<specimenCode id="DBC72371FF93C34FFEF22C6A52EF4340" box="[274,430,546,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">MCZ 153216</specimenCode>
Near
<location id="8EBEDDD1FF93C34FFE1B2C6A50DE4340" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C83A1CFF96C34FFF772CC6519F431C:8EBEDDD1FF93C34FFE1B2C6A50DE4340" box="[507,927,547,573]" name="Palmyra Atoll, South Pacific Ocean" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Palmyra Atoll, South Pacific Ocean</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF93C34FFC4F2C6B575A4340" box="[943,1051,546,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">5.620168</geoCoordinate>
°
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFF93C34FFBCF2C6A57F04340" box="[1071,1201,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">-161.74697</geoCoordinate>
°
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF93C34FFB212C6A56634340" box="[1217,1314,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" type="male">
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF93C34FFB212C6A565F4340" box="[1217,1310,547,573]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.373" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" unit="m" value="1373.0">1373 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll.
<collectorName id="2694EEDCFF93C34FFA902C6A53B7431C" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
E/V
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF93C34FFF772C0E53B7431C" box="[151,246,583,609]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Nautilidae" genus="Nautilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nautilida" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF93C34FFF772C0E53B7431C" box="[151,246,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Nautilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectorName>
<date id="FFDFADCAFF93C34FFF1D2C0E52D4431C" box="[253,405,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" value="2019-06-30">
<collectingDate id="EF9B5422FF93C34FFF1D2C0E52D4431C" box="[253,405,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" value="2019-06-30">30 June 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
, 1 wet spec. R=4.8 r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF93C34FFD6A2C0E519B431C" box="[650,730,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" unit="cm" value="2.4">2.4 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

272
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF97C34BFF772B7952874437" box="[151,454,1328,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF772B7952874437" blockId="10.[151,454,1328,1354]" box="[151,454,1328,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<heading id="D0963C66FF97C34BFF772B7952874437" bold="true" box="[151,454,1328,1354]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF97C34BFF772B7952874437" ID-CoL="7NS9D" authority="Verrill, 1899" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,454,1328,1354]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772B7952874437" bold="true" box="[151,454,1328,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772B7952624437" bold="true" box="[151,291,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Ceramaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFECB2B7952874437" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[299,454,1328,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="145 - 234" refId="ref23351" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031" type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill, 1899</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF97C34BFF772B3F52814738" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF772B3F514E44F0" blockId="10.[151,1437,1397,1605]" box="[151,527,1397,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB71AC24FF97C34BFF772B3F514E44F0" box="[151,527,1397,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFF772B3F514E44F0" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[151,527,1397,1421]" page="161" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1899">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF97C34BFF772B3F514E44F0" authority="Verrill, 1899: 161" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="161" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,527,1397,1421]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Ceramaster">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772B3F538C44F0" box="[151,205,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Tosia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF362B3C521444F1" box="[214,341,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Ceramaster)</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFEBC2B3C514E44F0" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[348,527,1397,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="145 - 234" refId="ref23351" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031" type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill, 1899: 161</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF772BDD51754775" blockId="10.[151,1437,1397,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB71AC24FF97C34BFF772BDD51754775" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFF772BDD529644D6" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[151,471,1427,1452]" page="1054" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1906">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF97C34BFF772BDD529644D6" ID-CoL="7NS9D" authority="Fisher, 1906: 1054" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="1054" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,471,1427,1452]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772BDD524E44D6" box="[151,271,1428,1451]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Ceramaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFEF52BDD529644D6" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[277,471,1427,1452]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref21055" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher, 1906: 1054</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFE012BDD510944D6" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[481,584,1427,1452]" page="162" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFE012BDD510944D6" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[481,584,1427,1452]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref21085" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, i - xiii + 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">1911: 162</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 204;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFD662BDD507C44D1" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[646,829,1428,1452]" page="289" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFD662BDD507C44D1" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[646,829,1428,1452]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="1 - 408" refId="ref23459" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1914) Monograph of the shallow-water starfishes of the North Pacific coast from the Arctic Ocean to California. Harriman Alaska series: U. S. National Museum, 14, 1 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 25926" type="journal article" year="1914">Verrill, 1914: 289</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Koehler, 1924: 173; Mortensen 1927: 80; Djakonov, 1950: 38; Tortonese &amp; A.M. Clark, 1956: 347;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFD9E2BFB500D44B7" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[638,844,1458,1482]" page="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFD9E2BFB500D44B7" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[638,844,1458,1482]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" refId="ref21474" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) A monographic revision of the goniasterid sea stars of the North Atlantic. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 252 pp." type="book" year="1970">Halpern, 1970b: 62</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFCBA2BFB509344B7" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[858,978,1458,1482]" page="212" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFCBA2BFB509344B7" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[858,978,1458,1482]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="193 - 286" refId="ref21438" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 a) Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the Straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20 (1), 193 - 286." type="journal article" year="1970">1970a: 212</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFC002BFA57E444B7" author="Downey, M. E." box="[992,1189,1458,1483]" page="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFC002BFA57E444B7" author="Downey, M. E." box="[992,1189,1458,1483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20893" refString="Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126" type="journal article" year="1973">Downey, 1973: 49</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFB532BFB56D944B7" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[1203,1432,1458,1482]" page="178" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFB532BFB56D944B7" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[1203,1432,1458,1482]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref22755" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight, 1973: 178</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFF272B9852C44494" author="Downey, M. E." box="[199,389,1489,1513]" page="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFF272B9852C44494" author="Downey, M. E." box="[199,389,1489,1513]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20893" refString="Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126" type="journal article" year="1973">Downey, 1973: 49</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; A.M.
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFE2B2B9850774494" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J." box="[459,822,1489,1513]" page="61" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFE2B2B9850774494" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J." box="[459,822,1489,1513]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" refId="ref20728" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976: 61</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFCA12B9857274494" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[833,1126,1489,1513]" page="231" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFCA12B9857274494" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[833,1126,1489,1513]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992: 231</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Downey in
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFB082B9852714775" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." page="231" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFB082B9852714775" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." pageId="10" pageNumber="461" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992: 231</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Mah, 2011:5, 2016: 112.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF77284757D9475B" blockId="10.[151,1437,1397,1605]" box="[151,1176,1550,1575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772847524C475B" box="[151,269,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Philonaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFEF42847528B475B" author="Koehler, R." box="[276,458,1550,1574]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref21798" refString="Koehler, R. (1909) An account of the deep-sea Asteroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 5, 115 - 131." type="book chapter" year="1909">Koehler, 1909: 78</bibRefCitation>
[
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF97C34BFE3728465144475A" box="[471,517,1551,1575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF97C34BFDBB284657CF475B" ID-CoL="76LS2" authority="Koehler, 1909" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1909" box="[603,1166,1550,1574]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pentagonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mortenseni" subGenus="Philonaster">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFDBB284650B2475B" box="[603,1011,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Pentagonaster (Philonaster) mortenseni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFC19284757CF475B" author="Koehler, R." box="[1017,1166,1550,1574]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref21798" refString="Koehler, R. (1909) An account of the deep-sea Asteroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 5, 115 - 131." type="book chapter" year="1909">Koehler, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF77286752814738" blockId="10.[151,1437,1397,1605]" box="[151,448,1581,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB71AC24FF97C34BFF77286752814738" box="[151,448,1581,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFF97C34BFF77286752FD4738" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[151,444,1581,1605]" page="1054" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF97C34BFF77286752FD4738" ID-CoL="BGSR3" authority="Verrill, 1914: 1054" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="1054" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,444,1581,1605]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF77286753B24738" box="[151,243,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Tosiaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFF19286452FD4738" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[249,444,1581,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="1 - 408" refId="ref23459" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1914) Monograph of the shallow-water starfishes of the North Pacific coast from the Arctic Ocean to California. Harriman Alaska series: U. S. National Museum, 14, 1 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 25926" type="journal article" year="1914">Verrill, 1914: 1054</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF97C34BFF77283A56424784" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF77283A50C247F0" blockId="10.[151,1436,1651,1785]" box="[151,899,1651,1678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF77283A524B47F0" bold="true" box="[151,266,1651,1677]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(Modified from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFE27283A518B47F0" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[455,714,1651,1678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
; Mah in review)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF2728DE56424784" blockId="10.[151,1436,1651,1785]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
Body outline pentagonal in most (i.e., R/r=1.1–1.5) with some becoming more stellate.Abactinal plates strongly tabulate, granules present on abactinal plates, marginals, actinal plates.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFC5228F256424784" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Fasciolar grooves well developed, present among abactinal, and marginal plates. Bare “patch” on dorsal facing of superomarginal plates.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF97C34AFF772902503F4340" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF772902525F4618" blockId="10.[151,286,1867,1893]" box="[151,286,1867,1893]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<heading id="D0963C66FF97C34BFF772902525F4618" bold="true" box="[151,286,1867,1893]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772902525F4618" bold="true" box="[151,286,1867,1893]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF7729DD513C4688" blockId="10.[151,1437,1939,2037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF97C34BFF7729DD525A46D3" authorityName="Fisher, 1906:" authorityYear="1054" box="[151,283,1940,1966]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF7729DD525A46D3" box="[151,283,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Ceramaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes 16 accepted extant and 4 fossil species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFCDB29DA508146D0" author="Mah, C. L." box="[827,960,1939,1965]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" refId="ref22555" refString="Mah, C. L. (2024 b) World Asteroidea Database. Ceramaster Verrill, 1899. Available from: https: // marinespecies. org / Asteroidea / aphia. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 123291 (accessed 9 September on 2024)" type="url" year="2024">Mah 2024b</bibRefCitation>
), which occur throughout all of the world’s oceans, including several in the North Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFD5E29FE500D46AC" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[702,844,1975,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref21085" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76, i - xiii + 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911</bibRefCitation>
). The most recent of these,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF97C34BFB7729F1562746AC" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[1175,1382,1976,2002]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFB7729F1562746AC" box="[1175,1382,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Ceramaster vorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFF97C34BFEA7299252AB4688" box="[327,490,2011,2037]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Johnston Atoll</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF97C34BFE18299251304688" author="Mah, C. L." box="[504,625,2011,2037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref22341" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF96C34AFF272EDE517640AC" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
The diagnosis follows a current account of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFD222EDE500741CC" authorityName="Fisher, 1906:" authorityYear="1054" box="[706,838,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFD222EDE500741CC" box="[706,838,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera (Mah, in press). The taxonomic difficulties in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFED62EF252FB41A8" authorityName="Fisher, 1906:" authorityYear="1054" box="[310,442,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFED62EF252FB41A8" box="[310,442,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFD1D2EF2502341A8" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[765,866,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFD1D2EF2502341A8" box="[765,866,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Peltaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFC7B2EF2570741A8" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[923,1094,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFC7B2EF2570741A8" box="[923,1094,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Sphaeriodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been outlined elsewhere (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFF342E96520C4184" author="Mah, C. L." box="[212,333,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref22291" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah 2018</bibRefCitation>
, and MS in press). For the purposes of species described herein, the definition is restricted to those taxa which most closely resemble the typological
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFCED2F4A574E4060" baseAuthorityName="Retzius" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[781,1039,259,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granularis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFCED2F4A574E4060" box="[781,1039,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster granularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specifically including
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFAF82F4A5261403D" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFAF82F4A5261403D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The use of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFE422F6E5167403C" authorityName="Fisher, 1906:" authorityYear="1054" box="[418,550,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFE422F6E5167403C" box="[418,550,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here specifies a combination of characters shared by
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFB8A2F6E57BF403C" baseAuthorityName="Retzius" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[1130,1278,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granularis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFB8A2F6E57BF403C" box="[1130,1278,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. granularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the related
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFA632F6E52614019" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFA632F6E52614019" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other similar
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFE0E2F02518C4018" box="[494,717,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFE0E2F0251334018" box="[494,626,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, but excluding
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFC942F0257C54018" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[884,1156,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grenadensis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFC942F0257C54018" box="[884,1156,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster grenadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related species, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFF562F26517740F4" authority="Mah 2016" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[182,566,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pointsurae">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFF562F2652FA40F5" box="[182,443,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster pointsurae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFE222F26517740F4" author="Mah, C. L." box="[450,566,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
which are assigned to a new genus, currently in description. Thus, treatment herein disagrees with the assignment of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFD8B2FDA50C340D1" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[619,898,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFD8B2FDA50C340D1" box="[619,898,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFB862FDA563A40D0" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1126,1403,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grenadensis">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFB862FDA563A40D0" box="[1126,1403,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster grenadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as outlined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFEFD2FFE517340AC" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[285,562,439,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" refId="ref20759" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF96C34AFF272F92503F4340" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">
Observed species, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFE0F2F92510E4089" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[495,591,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vorax">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFE0F2F92510E4089" box="[495,591,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. vorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFCD22F92509A4089" baseAuthorityName="Sladen" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[818,987,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFCD22F92509A4089" box="[818,987,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have been observed
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFB2B2F92564E4089" box="[1227,1295,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">in situ</emphasis>
as predators on sponges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFEC92FB652E34364" author="Mah, C. L." box="[297,418,511,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah 2022</bibRefCitation>
) and/or feeding on encrusting organisms or detritus on the substratum. This is similarly observed in the Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF96C34AFE492C6A51DE4340" box="[425,671,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulari">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFE492C6A51DE4340" box="[425,671,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">Ceramaster granulari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF96C34AFD592C6A50324340" author="Gale, K. S. P. &amp; Hamel, J. - F. &amp; Mercier, A." box="[697,883,547,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="462" pagination="25 - 36" refId="ref21378" refString="Gale, K. S. P., Hamel, J. - F. &amp; Mercier, A. (2013) Trophic Ecology of deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from eastern Canada. Deep-Sea Research I, 80, 25 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2013.05.016" type="journal article" year="2013">
Gale
<emphasis id="B9155718FF96C34AFD172C6A50694340" box="[759,808,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="462">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

95
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View file

@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF97C34BFF772F9952144253" blockId="10.[151,1437,464,814]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Body weakly pentagonal to stellate (R/r=1.75–2.0), arms broadly triangular.Abactinal plate surfaces hexagonal with central round granules, 5–50 (mostly 20–30), with slightly larger, polygonal to quadrate granules, 10 to 40 forming periphery of each plate. Shallow fasciolar grooves present. Marginal plates forming rolled edge along periphery, plates covered by round, densely but evenly packed granules in ordered series, similar to those on abactinal plates, approximately 10 along a 1.0 mm line. Plate surface covered by 10–30 coarse, evenly spaced granules, approximately four to five along a 1.0 mm line. Granules round to weakly polygonal, with flattened surface, larger centrally on plate, smaller around plate periphery in one to three rows. Granular cover dense, forming consistent covering over actinal plates, obscuring contact between them as well as between actinal and inferomarginal plates. Adambulacral spines, coarse 4–5 with 3–4 enlarged subambulacral spines. No pedicellariae observed (but pedicellariae present for other specimens)</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772DC9525F42E7" bold="true" box="[151,286,896,922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Comments</emphasis>
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Individuals in
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appear consistent with the description of this species from
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which show a stellate body, abactinal tabulate surface, crenulate marginal plate periphery, and granule covered marginal plates.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF97C34BFF772A115275450F" bold="true" box="[151,308,1112,1138]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Occurrences</emphasis>
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North Pacific. Remote Pacific Islands Monument region,
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Central Pacific.
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Passage to
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,
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772DBE52C8456F" bold="true" box="[151,393,1015,1042]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Ahuastra kupanaha</emphasis>
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n. sp.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772A2A525F4500" bold="true" box="[151,286,1123,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Etymology</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772AE252F84594" blockId="4.[151,1436,1195,1257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">The specific epithet is the Hawaiian word for “wonderful”, taken in apposition. The species name thus refers to “Wonderful Mound Star.”</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772B7252514428" bold="true" box="[151,272,1339,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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Body soft, weakly stellate to stellate (R/r=1.5–2.6),
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The second, remaining abactinal plates round to polygonal, smaller than those on papular regions. All plates covered by granules, becoming most abundant and densely arranged interradially. Superomarginal plates present on abactinal side, approximately 24–25 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip), inferomarginal plates forming actinolateral ledge below superomarginal plates. Actinal surface flat, interradial region covered by widely spaced short spinelets and pedicellariae, 2–6 per interradius. Furrow spines 9-10, subambulacrals 7-10, spread out on adambulacral plates surface.
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF99C345FF772A5252C34548" box="[151,386,1051,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772A5252C34548" blockId="4.[151,557,1015,1077]" box="[151,386,1051,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF99C345FF772A5252064548" box="[151,327,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">FIGURE 2A–E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF99C345FEB32A5252C34548" box="[339,386,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ahuastra and Ceramaster palmyra observed in situ. A. Ahuastra kupanaha nov. gen. nov. sp. in situ, showing apparent feeding. B. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386822/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">12A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF99C345FF772A2A52F84594" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772A2A525F4500" blockId="4.[151,286,1123,1149]" box="[151,286,1123,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772A2A525F4500" bold="true" box="[151,286,1123,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772AE252F84594" blockId="4.[151,1436,1195,1257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">The specific epithet is the Hawaiian word for “wonderful”, taken in apposition. The species name thus refers to “Wonderful Mound Star.”</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF99C345FF772B725297479C" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772B7252514428" blockId="4.[151,272,1339,1365]" box="[151,272,1339,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772B7252514428" bold="true" box="[151,272,1339,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772BCA5297479C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1411,1761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
Body soft, weakly stellate to stellate (R/r=1.5–2.6),
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FD1B2BCA56D444BC" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">disk thick, almost dome-like in shape, strongly convex proximally with short arms, triangular in cross-section and weakly curved to straight interradial arcs</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772B8253BB4750" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Abactinal plates composed of two discrete regions, a radial, papular region with large, pentagonal to polygonal plates, approximately 2X to 3X the size of the adjacent and non-radial plates and well-developed fasciolar grooves.</emphasis>
The second, remaining abactinal plates round to polygonal, smaller than those on papular regions. All plates covered by granules, becoming most abundant and densely arranged interradially. Superomarginal plates present on abactinal side, approximately 24–25 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip), inferomarginal plates forming actinolateral ledge below superomarginal plates. Actinal surface flat, interradial region covered by widely spaced short spinelets and pedicellariae, 2–6 per interradius. Furrow spines 9-10, subambulacrals 7-10, spread out on adambulacral plates surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF99C344FF77297A529C474C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF77297A525F4630" blockId="4.[151,286,1843,1869]" box="[151,286,1843,1869]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<heading id="D0963C66FF99C345FF77297A525F4630" bold="true" box="[151,286,1843,1869]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF77297A525F4630" bold="true" box="[151,286,1843,1869]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C344FF77293252A34060" blockId="4.[151,1437,1915,2014]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF99C345FF772932523446E8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,373,1915,1941]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kupanaha" status="n. gen.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772932523446E8" box="[151,373,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Ahuastra kupanaha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF99C345FE9F2935528C46EB" box="[383,461,1916,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp. appears morphologically distinct from
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF99C345FC3A293257C346E8" authorityName="MCZ" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[986,1154,1915,1941]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FC3A293257C346E8" box="[986,1154,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Ahuastra gfoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in that it shows a more stellate body shape, a more strongly arched disk, sharply tapering arms as well as abactinal plates covered by granules versus the latter
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF99C345FE22298A515D46A0" authorityName="MCZ" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[450,540,1987,2013]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FE22298A515D46A0" box="[450,540,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">A. gfoei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing a pentagonal body, relatively flat body with confluent arms, and an abactinal surface with bare plate center but with distinctly peripheral granules around each plate. Additional shared characters include the distinct bare patch on the superomarginal plate surface, inferomarginal plates which form an extended ledge out from the superomarginal plates as well as the distinct bare space on the adambulacral plates adjacent to the furrow spines.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FF98C344FF772B55507C4401" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" startId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" targetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF98C344FF772B55507C4401" blockId="5.[151,1436,1308,1405]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF98C344FF772B5551394448" bold="true" box="[151,632,1308,1333]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
FIGURE 2.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF98C344FEFA2B5552AA4449" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[282,491,1308,1332]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kupanaha" status="n. gen.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF98C344FEFA2B5552AA4449" bold="true" box="[282,491,1308,1332]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Ahuastra kupanaha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF98C344FE112B5451784448" box="[497,569,1309,1333]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp.
</emphasis>
Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF98C344FF772B8752684495" blockId="5.[151,297,1486,1512]" box="[151,297,1486,1512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<heading id="D0963C66FF98C344FF772B8752684495" bold="true" box="[151,297,1486,1512]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF98C344FF772B8752684495" bold="true" box="[151,297,1486,1512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF98C344FF77285E529C474C" blockId="5.[151,477,1558,1585]" box="[151,477,1558,1585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
North Pacific,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF98C344FEDB285F5298474C" box="[315,473,1558,1585]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.442" metricValueMax="3.627" metricValueMin="3.257" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="m" value="3442.0" valueMax="3627.0" valueMin="3257.0">3257–3627 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF98C347FF7728CB57DF4404" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF98C344FF7728CB526947E1" blockId="5.[151,296,1666,1692]" box="[151,296,1666,1692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF98C344FF7728CB526947E1" bold="true" box="[151,296,1666,1692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF98C344FF772882562E4674" blockId="5.[151,1437,1739,2017]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
Body weakly stellate to stellate (
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF98C344FE1C288251514798" box="[508,528,1739,1765]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">R</collectionCode>
/r=1.7–2.6), disk thick, almost dome-like in shape (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF98C344FBA3288257DB4798" box="[1091,1178,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF98C344FB44288257994798" box="[1188,1240,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ahuastra and Ceramaster palmyra observed in situ. A. Ahuastra kupanaha nov. gen. nov. sp. in situ, showing apparent feeding. B. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386822/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">12A</figureCitation>
), strongly convex proximally with short arms, triangular in cross-section and weakly curved to straight interradial arcs (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF98C344FAE828A656234674" box="[1288,1378,1775,1801]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF98C347FF27295A511A4088" blockId="5.[151,1437,1739,2017]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1401]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
Abactinal surface composed of two discrete areas, five radial regions with distinct hexagonal shaped plates covered by
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF98C344FEFE297E52CD462C" box="[286,396,1847,1873]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of widely spaced granule
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF98C344FD5E297E51B8462C" box="[702,761,1847,1873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">types</typeStatus>
and well-developed fasciolar channels (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF98C344FB26297E5605462C" box="[1222,1348,1847,1873]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
). These radial regions have approximately 12–25 round granules on the central plate region with trapezoid-shaped granules, 20–30 forming periphery around them. Granules on these discrete radial areas becomes more identical with those elsewhere on the disk at the contact between them. Single papulae present at the corners of each plate on these distinct radial areas (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF98C344FE61298E529B469C" box="[385,474,1991,2017]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Secondarily, abactinal plates on remainder of abactinal surface composed of closely arranged round to irregularly polygonal plates, covered by a dense coat of round granules. Granules in these areas are abundant, densely arranged, and include approximately 5 granules along a 1.0 mm line count. Granules become very dense interradially, especially adjacent to contact with superomarginal contact (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9BC347FBBD2E9657F64184" box="[1117,1207,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). When observed
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC347FA662E9653FE4061" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">in situ</emphasis>
, these plates and granules are such more widely spread from one another appearing like discrete round granular mounds (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9BC347FF1E2F6E5224403C" box="[254,357,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ahuastra and Ceramaster palmyra observed in situ. A. Ahuastra kupanaha nov. gen. nov. sp. in situ, showing apparent feeding. B. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386822/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
). Fasciolar grooves, if present, concealed by close-set plates and granules. Granules in some areas have been removed and on some proximal plates, are lost, leaving shallow convexities on the plate surface. Where granules are entirely absent from plates, surface weakly convex to flat. Madreporite irregular in outline, flat but appressed against a strongly convex plate. Anus centrally present, flanked by four ovoid to irregularly round plates, each covered by easily abraded granules. MCZ 162844 did not show pedicellariae in contrast to MCZ 162556 which showed several on the abactinal surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9BC347FF272FB6514F42B4" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates 24–25 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip). Marginal plates offset, forming zig-zag contact between them throughout. Superomarginal plates quadrate in shape, wide but present entirely on the abactinal surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9BC347FE532C0E514D431C" box="[435,524,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Inferomarginal plates also wide with upper surface approximately 50% present on abactinal surface, forming the actinolateral edge around the periphery. Superomarginal plates with distinct, weakly quadrate bald patch on surface. Other than this region, granules, 20–70 round with pointed tips cover peripheral surface of all superomarginal plates, sometimes forming two to three indistinct series. Distally, granules attenuate to only one or two series around plate periphery with bald area increasing in size adjacent to terminal plate. Inferomarginal surface completely covered by pointed but easily abraded granules, 20–200, evenly covering surface of plate. Single paddle-like pedicellariae present on plate surface near actinolateral surface. Actinolateral surface distinct, forming a distinct edge. Spinelets around upper surface inferomarginal plates pointed, forming a spine-like series along edge. Spinelets, modified from granules present, evenly spaced on actinal surface of inferomarginal plates. Single small 1.0 mm paddle-like pedicellariae on actinal surface of inferomarginal plate. Terminal plate diamond shaped, smooth surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9BC347FF272D9A57D54524" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
Actinal surface smooth, flat, with quadrate to irregular shaped plates in chevron formation, plate boundaries shallow. Spinelets, short, triangular shaped, pointed, 2–15, mostly 4–8, present on each plate, widely spaced along surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9BC347FF162A52520D4548" box="[246,332,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Prominent pedicellariae, 2–6, paddle-shaped varying in size from 1–3.0 mm in length on proximal plates in each actinal interradius, especially adjacent to adambulacral plate series (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9BC347FBD02A7657C94524" box="[1072,1160,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9BC347FF272A2A561F4428" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
Furrow spines 9–10, mostly 10, short, blunt-tipped in straight to weakly curved series (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9BC347FB742A2A57AA4500" box="[1172,1259,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1308,1332]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-70@5.[340,1247,309,1285]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ahuastra kupanaha n. gen. n. sp. Holotype MCZ 162844. A. Abactinal. B. Abactinal-lateral side showing lateral surface. C. Close up, abactinal plates. D. Actinal. E. Closeup of adambulacral region, including pedicellariae and spines. Scale bar=5.0 mm: A, D; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B; Scale bar=1.0 mm: C, E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Distinct space present on adambulacral plate surface. This surface with a distinct paddle-shaped pedicellariae (1–2.0 mm) on a single plate per arm, which is otherwise bare. A series of approximately 7 to 10 short spinelets, widely spaced, on adambulacral plate periphery on the actinal intermediate side. Oral plates with 20 furrow spines along each edge, with large two blunt spines projecting into the mouth. Oral plate surface covered by approximately 30–40 triangular spines identical to those on the actinal intermediate surface. Although paired spinelets, 6–8 and a bare space is present where the fossae created by the paired oral plates is located, there is region seems obscured by tissue.
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Living color is beige-white with a darker beige present on the radial regions (
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).
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC347FF772B8352CA4499" bold="true" box="[151,395,1482,1508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Material Examined</emphasis>
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.
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East of
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,
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,
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°
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°,
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. Coll.
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R/V
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, ROV
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. 1 wet spec. R=2.9 r=
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.
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West of the
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,
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°
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°,
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. Coll.
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R/V
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, ROV
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC347FDFC283651C147E4" box="[540,640,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Hercules</emphasis>
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with slurp gun.
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. 1 wet spec. R=5.6 r=
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9AC346FF772C2352BA43F8" authorityName="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,507,618,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="amamiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772C2352BA43F8" bold="true" box="[151,507,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Bathyceramaster amamiensis</emphasis>
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Mah &amp; Fujita, 2024
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772C9E525F438C" bold="true" box="[151,286,727,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Etymology</emphasis>
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The species epithet is named for the
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locality in the Amami Trough.
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF272D0A525E42FC" blockId="7.[151,1437,799,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Nomenclatural note: Toshihiko Fujita provided the specimen for this account and is credited as co-author for this species.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772D9B52514291" bold="true" box="[151,272,978,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772A5251F44470" blockId="7.[151,1437,1051,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Body stout, weakly stellate (R/r=1.82–2.2), broad weakly curved to straight interradii. Arms short, upturned. Plates tabulate, short, with surfaces covered by granules, 7–20, each polygonal to round in outline. Superomarginal plates wide to quadrate in shape, 30–34 per interradius, inferomarginals, 34–36, forming rolled or lateral facing margin, with superomarginal series sometimes obscured by overhang caused by abactinal surface. Furrow spines, 5 to 8, thick and blunt, triangular to polygonal or quadrate in cross-section, variably arranged in straight to convex series. Subambulacral spines, 4 to 8 total, in two series, 2 to 4 each row, three to four times as thick as furrow spines, with each row slightly shorter than the furrow spines.</paragraph>
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<mods:namePart id="1314D2FD6619FAC3DDAC990EF4686099">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7B29DC6FD432F01842EADD3FAE3C887F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AE662507AA24C6E14F78047356C60A80">
<mods:date id="101A66F7355534ED70871FEA2BDEEECE">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="B55E8DF588EEB65645195D197A2373AA" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="4AE8C02EE59C7FEBAE161F26BFE758AA">2024-12-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8371AD8A8924A66D3ABA0EFA01435005">5543</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B1C4356F0E26392C39A44B02AEC688C2">4</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E6A455FD377028CF21D2C7952E94DB90">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.1</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="8C442406BBF402320AFE7A7CBD299B72" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5543.4.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0DDDAA38E5B06B4D7E58D1DBA21DD15E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C83A1CFF9AC348FF772C2356034630" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14503258" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14503258" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C83A1CFF9AC348FF772C2356034630" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C83A1CFF9AC348FF772C2356034630" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9AC346FF772C23500543F9" box="[151,836,618,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772C23500543F9" blockId="7.[151,836,618,681]" box="[151,836,618,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<heading id="D0963C66FF9AC346FF772C23500543F9" bold="true" box="[151,836,618,645]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772C23500543F9" bold="true" box="[151,836,618,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9AC346FF772C2352BA43F8" authorityName="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,507,618,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="amamiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772C2352BA43F8" bold="true" box="[151,507,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Bathyceramaster amamiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9AC346FDE32C22510443F8" box="[515,581,619,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Mah &amp; Fujita, 2024
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9AC346FF772CC6520943D4" box="[151,328,655,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772CC6520943D4" blockId="7.[151,836,618,681]" box="[151,328,655,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9AC346FF772CC6520943D4" box="[151,328,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bathyceramaster amamiensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">FIGURE 3A–G</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9AC346FF772C9E50FA4244" box="[151,955,727,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772C9E525F438C" blockId="7.[151,286,727,753]" box="[151,286,727,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772C9E525F438C" bold="true" box="[151,286,727,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772D5650FA4244" blockId="7.[151,1437,799,897]" box="[151,955,799,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
The species epithet is named for the
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF9AC346FDD12D5651204244" box="[561,609,799,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">type</typeStatus>
locality in the Amami Trough.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9AC346FF272D0A525E42FC" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF272D0A525E42FC" blockId="7.[151,1437,799,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Nomenclatural note: Toshihiko Fujita provided the specimen for this account and is credited as co-author for this species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9AC346FF772D9B51F44470" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772D9B52514291" blockId="7.[151,272,978,1004]" box="[151,272,978,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772D9B52514291" bold="true" box="[151,272,978,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772A5251F44470" blockId="7.[151,1437,1051,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Body stout, weakly stellate (R/r=1.82–2.2), broad weakly curved to straight interradii. Arms short, upturned. Plates tabulate, short, with surfaces covered by granules, 7–20, each polygonal to round in outline. Superomarginal plates wide to quadrate in shape, 30–34 per interradius, inferomarginals, 34–36, forming rolled or lateral facing margin, with superomarginal series sometimes obscured by overhang caused by abactinal surface. Furrow spines, 5 to 8, thick and blunt, triangular to polygonal or quadrate in cross-section, variably arranged in straight to convex series. Subambulacral spines, 4 to 8 total, in two series, 2 to 4 each row, three to four times as thick as furrow spines, with each row slightly shorter than the furrow spines.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9AC348FF772B1752374774" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772B17525F4405" blockId="7.[151,286,1374,1400]" box="[151,286,1374,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<heading id="D0963C66FF9AC346FF772B17525F4405" bold="true" box="[151,286,1374,1400]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772B17525F4405" bold="true" box="[151,286,1374,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772BEE51494750" blockId="7.[151,1437,1446,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
A species distinguished primarily by abactinal granules of uniform size and shape, 15–20 per plate, with 30–34 marginal plates per interradius lacking pedicellariae on the actinal and adambulacral surface. This species and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9AC346FF772BA652E24774" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,419,1519,1545]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="smithi">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772BA652E24774" box="[151,419,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Bathyceramaster smithi</emphasis>
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share similar numbers of very similar shaped furrow spines and subambulacral spines as well as a “rolled” marginal edge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772837526847E5" blockId="7.[151,297,1662,1688]" box="[151,297,1662,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<heading id="D0963C66FF9AC346FF772837526847E5" bold="true" box="[151,297,1662,1688]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772837526847E5" bold="true" box="[151,297,1662,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF77288E5296479C" blockId="7.[151,471,1734,1761]" box="[151,471,1734,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
Amami Trough,
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946–
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF9AC346FE6A288F5292479C" box="[394,467,1734,1761]" count="957" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="generic">957 m</specimenCount>
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF77297B52694631" blockId="7.[151,296,1842,1868]" box="[151,296,1842,1868]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF77297B52694631" bold="true" box="[151,296,1842,1868]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF77293253A846C4" blockId="7.[151,1437,1915,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
Body stout, weakly stellate (
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFF9AC346FE3A293252AF46E8" box="[474,494,1915,1941]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">R</collectionCode>
/r=1.82–2.2), broad weakly curved to straight interradii. Arms short, upturned (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9AC346FA8F2932539D46C4" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bathyceramaster amamiensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3A, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FF95C349FF772939520E4689" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" startId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF95C349FF772939520E4689" blockId="8.[151,1437,1904,2036]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF95C349FF772939506C46F5" bold="true" box="[151,813,1904,1928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
FIGURE 3.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF95C349FEFA293951AD46F5" authority="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityName="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2024" box="[282,748,1904,1928]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="amamiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF95C349FEFA2939510F46F5" bold="true" box="[282,590,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Bathyceramaster amamiensis</emphasis>
Mah &amp; Fujita
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF95C349FD132939506C46F5" box="[755,813,1904,1928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF94C348FF272EDE527043F8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Abactinal surface flexible, likely inflated with water in life, forming overhang onto superomarginal surface. Plates tabulate, short, with surfaces covered by granules, 7–20, each polygonal to round in outline (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF94C348FB192EF2561341A8" box="[1273,1362,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bathyceramaster amamiensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Disk and proximal plates larger with more discrete polygonal shapes becoming smaller, rounder distally along arms and especially interradially adjacent to superomarginal contact. Plates forming shallow fasciolar groove, especially well developed along radial papular regions on arms but nearly absent interradially adjacent to superomarginals. Plate bases polygonal. Radiating ossicles absent. Peripheral granules, four to ten, about two to three times larger than central granules, one to eight. Granules on each plate variable, with some showing more homogeneity; peripheral and central nearly identical in shape and size versus those which are more heterogenous with quadrate or polygonal peripheral granules surrounding the central granules. Granulated surfaces ranging from flat to convex. Granulation is more discrete and widely spaced on proximal disk and arm regions, becoming more densely packed interradially. Pedicellariae, small (length=~
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF94C348FE152FB651154364" box="[501,596,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
), paddle-shaped, most abundant interradially; absent on radial regions. Madreporite convex, polygonal to round in shape, shallow sulci, flanked by six to 12 plates. Granules becoming densely packed, obscuring plate boundaries around madreporite edge in
<specimenCount id="9D674083FF94C348FC2E2C0E572D431C" box="[974,1132,583,609]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
. Papulae six per plate, one at each angle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF94C348FF272CC657C342D8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Superomarginal plates wide to quadrate in shape, 30–34 per interradius, inferomarginals, 34–36, forming rolled or lateral facing margin, with superomarginal series sometimes obscured by overhang caused by abactinal surface. Superomarginals distinctly offset with inferomarginals, forming strong zig-zag contact. Granules, 40–80 round to polygonal in shape, densely but evenly covering plate surface (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF94C348FC302CB2576B4268" box="[976,1066,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bathyceramaster amamiensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Granules homogenous with no distinction between peripheral and central series. Fasciolar grooves between marginal plates also absent. Marginal plate granules identical to those on actinal surface. One or two plates per interradius with tiny pedicellariae, identical to those on abactinal surface. Marginal plate surfaces otherwise devoid of pedicellariae. Distalmost superomarginal plates with tumid, smooth bare spot. Terminal plate large, triangular with smooth surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF94C348FF272DE652974524" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Actinal surface large, four to six chevron plate series, but covered by densely arranged granules, round to polygonal, 20–40 per plate which obscure boundaries between plates (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF94C348FC2C2D9A572F4290" box="[972,1134,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bathyceramaster amamiensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 3D, E, F</figureCitation>
). No distinctions between granules on peripheral and central regions. Granules become more densely arranged distally, adjacent to the inferomarginals. Pedicellariae, identical to those on abactinal, marginal surfaces, present on distal regions adjacent to inferomarginals (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF94C348FE942A7652884524" box="[372,457,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bathyceramaster amamiensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF94C348FF272A2A520E444C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Furrow spines, 5 to 8, thick and blunt, triangular to polygonal or quadrate in cross-section, variably arranged in straight to convex series (
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF94C348FE562ACE514D45DC" box="[438,524,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[151,1436,181,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bathyceramaster amamiensis Mah &amp; Fujita n. sp. NMST E 13674A. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup abactinal plates. C. Abactinal-lateral view showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. D. Closeup oral view. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral region, showing furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=10.0 mm, A, E; Scale bar=3.0 mm: C, D; Scale Bar=2.0 mm: B,F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
). Furrow spines separated by discrete space from adjacent subambulacrals series. Subambulacral spines in two series, two to four each row, three to four times as thick as furrow spines, with each row slightly shorter than the furrow spines. Final row of subambulacrals, most similar to, nearly identical with granules on actinal surface. This distalmost row of subambulacral granules slightly more widely spaced relative to actinal granules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF94C348FF272B7252374774" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Oral plates with nine to 13 furrow spines, blunt with rounded tip, similar in morphology to other furrow spines (
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). Triangular to quadrate in cross-section. One spine similar to other furrow spines directed into mouth. Oral plate surface with eight thick spines (~twice width of subambulacrals), widely spaced, adjacent to subambulacrals. Remainder of oral plate covered by eight to ten paired thickened spines along boundary along contact between two halves of oral plate. Spines on oral plates widely spaced forming discretely different surface texture from actinal surface granulation.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF94C348FF77281352E34709" bold="true" box="[151,418,1626,1652]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Specimens Examined</emphasis>
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CM0201
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, ORE beam Trawl 1 wet spec. R=5.3, r=2.4
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, ORE beam Trawl, 2 wet specs. R=5.1, r=2.6; R=5.1, r=2.8. NMNS 13678 Sulu Sea,
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1972 (1 wet spec.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC347FF77293C527346F2" bold="true" box="[151,306,1909,1935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Diagnosis (m</emphasis>
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).
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Bald patch on marginal plates present on a minority of taxa, absent on most. Body stellate, many species with well-developed arms (R/ r=1.8–4.0).
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<heading id="D0963C66FF9BC347FF7728A352B14679" bold="true" box="[151,496,1770,1797]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9BC347FF7728A352B14679" ID-CoL="7NSPW" authority="Mah, 2016" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,496,1770,1797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC347FF7728A352B14679" bold="true" box="[151,496,1770,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC347FF7728A352254678" bold="true" box="[151,356,1770,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Bathyceramaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9BC347FE8C28A252B14679" author="Mah, C. L." box="[364,496,1770,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah, 2016</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9BC347FF7729665273463A" author="Mah, C. L." box="[151,306,1839,1863]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016: 105</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9BC346FF77293C502541A8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9BC347FF77293C511146F2" blockId="6.[151,1437,1909,2007]" box="[151,592,1909,1935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC347FF77293C527346F2" bold="true" box="[151,306,1909,1935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Diagnosis (m</emphasis>
odified from
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9BC347FE26293C510546F2" author="Mah, C. L." box="[454,580,1909,1935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9BC346FF2729D0502541A8" blockId="6.[151,1437,1909,2007]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,213]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9BC346FF2729D052B041CC" bold="true" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Abactinal plates tabulate, low to moderate in height with fasciolar grooves, variably shallow to well-developed, plates lacking stellate bases. Abactinal, marginal, actinal surfaces covered by densely arranged polygonal to round granules.</emphasis>
Bald patch on marginal plates present on a minority of taxa, absent on most. Body stellate, many species with well-developed arms (R/ r=1.8–4.0).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9AC346FF772F6F50A24364" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9AC346FF772F6F52EE403D" blockId="7.[151,431,294,320]" box="[151,431,294,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<heading id="D0963C66FF9AC346FF772F6F52EE403D" bold="true" box="[151,431,294,320]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772F6F52EE403D" bold="true" box="[151,431,294,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Taxonomic Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9AC346FF772F26521740F4" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,342,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FF772F26521740F4" box="[151,342,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Bathyceramaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognized for
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9AC346FDCD2F2650D340F4" authority="Ludwig 1905" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[557,914,366,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Mediaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FDCD2F2651B840F4" box="[557,761,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Mediaster elegans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9AC346FD1C2F2650D340F4" author="Ludwig, H." box="[764,914,366,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref21834" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which lacked the diagnostic stellate projections at the base of the abactinal tabulae. Six species are now recognized, occurring in deep-sea settings (approximately
<quantity id="4C9926EFFF9AC346FF772FFE526640AC" box="[151,295,439,465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.04" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="0.6799999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="2040.0" valueMax="3400.0" valueMin="680.0">680–3400 m</quantity>
) from the Atlantic and the Pacific.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9AC346FD5E2FFE50F440AC" box="[702,949,439,465]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FD5E2FFE503C40AC" box="[702,893,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Bathyceramaster</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
shows a stellate to strongly stellate shape, tabulate plates with weak to strong fasciolar grooves, with granulation present on the abactinal and marginal plate surfaces. A key to
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9AC346FE852FB6513C4364" box="[357,637,511,537]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9AC346FE852FB651654364" box="[357,548,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Bathyceramaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
is presented by Mah, in review.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9EC342FF772EDE52AB41CC" authority="(Mah, 2022)" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[151,490,151,178]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772EDE520A41CC" bold="true" box="[151,331,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Ahuastra gfoei</emphasis>
(
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)
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<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9EC342FF772EF5520241AB" box="[151,323,188,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[416,1172,736,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-167@3.[416,1172,736,1704]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ahuastra gfoei (Mah 2022) MCZ 162564. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of radial papular region. C. Abactinal-lateral side showing superomarginal plates. D. Abactinal surface showing arm tip, superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral plates, including furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=3.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386780/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 1A–F</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772F48520D4065" box="[151,332,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Litonotaster gfoei</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772F0F5251401D" bold="true" box="[151,272,326,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772FC752A340D5" bold="true" box="[151,482,398,424]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Body pentagonal (R/r=1.3).</emphasis>
Abactinal plates irregular to polygonal in outline, with a bare central surface with irregularly shaped concavities surrounded by granules. Smaller plates and plates in the interradial regions are covered by granules. Papular pores, if present were not evident. Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates are identical in morphology and wider interradially. Superomarginals wide (W&gt;L) with approximately 50% of surface (abactinal facing) bare in weakly circular pattern, lower half covered by coarse granules, 20–40 (mostly about 30).
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF2C2C0B57AD4321" bold="true" box="[204,1260,578,604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Inferomarginal plates with distinct cone-shaped spines present along actinolateral edge.</emphasis>
Inferomarginal surface covered by coarse, round granules, 100–150, about 130–140 evenly distributed. Actinal plates covered by 3–20 short, pointed conical spinelets. Each plate irregular to polygonal in shape. Furrow spines four to six, tips blunt. Adambulacral plate surface with 7–20 short blunt spinelets similar to those on other actinal plate surfaces.
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<mods:title id="0FD176BFD27106E982B6F0B3CF2EDCC7">New genera and species of deep-sea Goniasteridae (Asteroidea) from the North Pacific</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9EC342FF772EDE52AB41CC" authority="(Mah, 2022)" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[151,490,151,178]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772EDE52AB41CC" bold="true" box="[151,490,151,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772EDE520A41CC" bold="true" box="[151,331,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Ahuastra gfoei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9EC342FEBB2EDE52A341CC" author="Mah, C. L." box="[347,482,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah, 2022</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9EC342FF772EF5520241AB" box="[151,323,188,214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9EC342FF772EF5520241AB" blockId="3.[151,490,151,214]" box="[151,323,188,214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9EC342FF772EF5520241AB" box="[151,323,188,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[416,1172,736,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-167@3.[416,1172,736,1704]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ahuastra gfoei (Mah 2022) MCZ 162564. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of radial papular region. C. Abactinal-lateral side showing superomarginal plates. D. Abactinal surface showing arm tip, superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral plates, including furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=3.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386780/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 1A–F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9EC342FF772F4851234065" blockId="3.[151,610,256,280]" box="[151,610,256,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9EC342FF772F4852A34065" ID-CoL="9FYBD" authority="Mah 2022: 53" authorityName="Mah" authorityPageNumber="53" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,482,256,280]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772F48520D4065" box="[151,332,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Litonotaster gfoei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9EC342FEB22F4952A34065" author="Mah, C. L." box="[338,482,256,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah 2022: 53</bibRefCitation>
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,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFF9EC342FE0D2F4951234065" box="[493,610,256,280]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1815,1839]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-15@39.[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 18. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. holotype. A. Holotype observed in situ on prey item (Isididae). B. Other side of specimen showing stomach extended. Distance between lasers = 10.0 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386844/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Fig. 18A–F</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772F0F5251401D" bold="true" box="[151,272,326,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9EC342FF772FC756C343B5" blockId="3.[151,1436,398,713]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772FC752A340D5" bold="true" box="[151,482,398,424]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Body pentagonal (R/r=1.3).</emphasis>
Abactinal plates irregular to polygonal in outline, with a bare central surface with irregularly shaped concavities surrounded by granules. Smaller plates and plates in the interradial regions are covered by granules. Papular pores, if present were not evident. Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates are identical in morphology and wider interradially. Superomarginals wide (W&gt;L) with approximately 50% of surface (abactinal facing) bare in weakly circular pattern, lower half covered by coarse granules, 20–40 (mostly about 30).
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF2C2C0B57AD4321" bold="true" box="[204,1260,578,604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Inferomarginal plates with distinct cone-shaped spines present along actinolateral edge.</emphasis>
Inferomarginal surface covered by coarse, round granules, 100–150, about 130–140 evenly distributed. Actinal plates covered by 3–20 short, pointed conical spinelets. Each plate irregular to polygonal in shape. Furrow spines four to six, tips blunt. Adambulacral plate surface with 7–20 short blunt spinelets similar to those on other actinal plate surfaces.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FF772889525247A5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1728,1752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9EC342FEFA288952F747A5" bold="true" box="[282,438,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Ahuastra gfoei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9EC342FE232889517347A5" author="Mah, C. L." box="[451,562,1728,1752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah 2022</bibRefCitation>
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MCZ
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162564. A. Abactinal. B. Closeup of radial papular region. C. Abactinal-lateral side showing superomarginal plates. D. Abactinal surface showing arm tip, superomarginal plates. E. Actinal. F. Closeup of adambulacral plates, including furrow and subambulacral spines. Scale bar=3.0 mm: A, E; Scale bar=2.0 mm: C, D; Scale bar=1.0 mm: B, F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF99C345FF772EDE50A643FB" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772EDE525F41CC" bold="true" box="[151,286,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772E96529140D0" blockId="4.[151,1436,223,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
MCZ 162564 resembles the
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of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF99C345FD902EA950FB4184" authority="Mah 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[624,954,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FD902EA9507A4184" box="[624,827,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Litonotaster gfoei</emphasis>
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Mah
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in most respects, save for the observable papular regions showing the more distinct fasciolar channels around the paired plates on each arm base. Furrow spine number in MCZ 162564, n=7 to 9, was also higher than in the
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, n=4 to 6. MCZ 162564, shows
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=2.1, versus the
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,
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=1.1. Character differences between these two individuals appear most easily attributed to the larger size of MCZ 162564. However, the limited number of specimens makes it difficult to test other sources of variation for this species.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772FB652684364" bold="true" box="[151,297,511,537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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North Pacific.
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,
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, Moki seamount, Utu seamount, Malulu seamount, Se Guyot, Johnson Atoll region, Mozart seamount, Musicians Seamount region,
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.
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF99C345FF772C9E52CA438C" bold="true" box="[151,395,727,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Material Examined</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF99C345FF772D5652D14223" blockId="4.[151,1436,799,934]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FF99C345FF772D5652CC4223" collectingDate="2021-12-12" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="E / V Nautilus" latitude="21.1883035" location="North Pacific Ocean" longitude="-162.6980645" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" specimenCode="MCZ 162564" specimenCount="2183" specimenCount-male="2183">
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°
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°
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Coll.
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E/V
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, 1 wet spec. R=2.1 r=
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<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FF772CC6525F43D4" bold="true" box="[151,286,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Etymology</emphasis>
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The genus name is composed of the Hawaiian word for mound,
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alluding to the strongly convex shape of the adults of this species plus the feminine Latin word “astra” alluding to “star.”
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Number of species:
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(
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nov. comb
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.,
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n. sp. (
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Body shape variably pentagonal to stellate (R/r=1.3–2.6), thick.
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Abactinal plates with granules, variable in size, some plates with bald central surface with granular periphery, some completely covering plate surface. Superomarginal plates covered by spiny granules, blocky in shape, present on abactinal surface in both known species. Inferomarginal plates covered by spiny granules, forming lateral edge, which is covered by knife-shaped spinelets, more prominent when observed alive.
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<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF772CC6525F43D4" blockId="2.[151,286,655,681]" box="[151,286,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FF772CC6525F43D4" bold="true" box="[151,286,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF772C9E50AF4268" blockId="2.[151,1436,727,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
The genus name is composed of the Hawaiian word for mound,
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FC952C9E50DE438C" box="[885,927,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ahu</emphasis>
alluding to the strongly convex shape of the adults of this species plus the feminine Latin word “astra” alluding to “star.”
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9FC343FF272D56539C4220" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF272D56539C4220" blockId="2.[151,1436,727,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Number of species:
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FE522D5651B54244" authority="(Mah, 2022)" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[434,756,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei" status="nov. gen.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FE522D56511B4244" box="[434,602,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra gfoei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9FC343FD8D2D5651AC4244" author="Mah, C. L." box="[621,749,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah, 2022</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FD1E2D5650B04244" bold="true" box="[766,1009,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FD1E2D56502B4244" box="[766,874,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">nov. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nov. comb
</emphasis>
.,
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FBE92D56539C4220" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FBE92D5657B54247" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1033,1268,799,826]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kupanaha" status="n. gen.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FBE92D5657B54247" bold="true" box="[1033,1268,799,826]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra kupanaha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FB1E2D5656114244" box="[1278,1360,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp. (
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FF9FC343FF7F2D0A53944220" box="[159,213,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">type</typeStatus>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9FC343FF772DE651EE4594" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF772DE6525142B4" blockId="2.[151,272,943,969]" box="[151,272,943,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FF772DE6525142B4" bold="true" box="[151,272,943,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF772DBE51EE4594" blockId="2.[151,1437,1015,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Body shape variably pentagonal to stellate (R/r=1.3–2.6), thick.
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FCBC2DBE50844524" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Abactinal plates composed of two separate areas, a distinct papular area with well-developed fasciolar grooves with pentagonal to irregular polygonal plates; remainder of disk and arm plates round to irregularly polygonal.</emphasis>
Abactinal plates with granules, variable in size, some plates with bald central surface with granular periphery, some completely covering plate surface. Superomarginal plates covered by spiny granules, blocky in shape, present on abactinal surface in both known species. Inferomarginal plates covered by spiny granules, forming lateral edge, which is covered by knife-shaped spinelets, more prominent when observed alive.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FF9FC343FF772B72564646E8" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF772B72525F4428" blockId="2.[151,286,1339,1365]" box="[151,286,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<heading id="D0963C66FF9FC343FF772B72525F4428" bold="true" box="[151,286,1339,1365]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FF772B72525F4428" bold="true" box="[151,286,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF772BCD57CF479F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1411,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
It was not until a second species,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FDF42BCA51B044E0" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[532,753,1411,1437]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kupanaha" status="n. gen.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FDF42BCA51B044E0" box="[532,753,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra kupanaha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FD192BCD500744E3" box="[761,838,1412,1438]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp., was discovered that morphological characters supporting a novel taxon could be established.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FD7C2BEE504244BC" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[668,771,1447,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FD7C2BEE504244BC" box="[668,771,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FCE82BE1501244BF" box="[776,851,1448,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FC3F2BE1572944BC" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[991,1128,1448,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FC3F2BE1572944BC" box="[991,1128,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Litonotaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that the abactinal surface in both genera are composed of circular to irregularly polygonal, abutted, flat plates. However, disk shape, including the high-aspect, the position of the marginal plates, with wider, nearly equidistant (L=W) shaped interradial marginal plates as well as having spines/spinelets present along the lateral edge of the inferomarginal plates are significantly different from the typological
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FE0A28715132472C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[490,627,1592,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FE0A28715132472C" box="[490,627,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Litonotaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FD6228715062472C" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[642,803,1591,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FD6228715062472C" box="[642,803,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">L. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a relatively weakly arched abactinal surface, and superomarginal/inferomarginal plates which are more lateral-facing, have more tumid superomarginal plate surfaces with a rounded actinolateral-edge, and are more elongate interradially. Spinelets are absent from the actinolateral edge along the inferomarginal plates in known
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FCAC28ED577647C0" box="[844,1079,1699,1725]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FCAC28ED509447C0" box="[844,981,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Litonotaster</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
Granular cover in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FAF328ED525A479C" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FAF328ED525A479C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Litonotaster intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consistent over the entire abactinal surface but irregular on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FC35288E577D479C" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[981,1084,1735,1761]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FC35288E577D479C" box="[981,1084,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FBA2288157CF479F" box="[1090,1166,1736,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFF9FC343FF2728A2564646E8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1411,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Different species within
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FE0928A551334678" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[489,626,1772,1797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FE0928A551334678" box="[489,626,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Litonotaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show differing levels of affinity with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FBDE28A257E44678" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[1086,1189,1771,1797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FBDE28A257E44678" box="[1086,1189,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FB5028A55642467B" box="[1200,1283,1772,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FAF328A552CE4657" authority="Ludwig 1905" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tumidus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FAF328A553B14654" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Litonotaster tumidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9FC343FF18294652CE4657" author="Ludwig, H." box="[248,399,1807,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="1 - 292" refId="ref21834" refString="Ludwig, H. (1905) Asteroidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 32, vii - xii + 1 - 292, pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Ludwig 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
demonstrates more affinity with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FCE7294650A24654" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[775,995,1807,1833]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kupanaha" status="n. gen.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FCE7294650A24654" box="[775,995,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra kupanaha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FC0B295957794657" box="[1003,1080,1808,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp. than with
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FB16294652624630" authority="(Mah 2022)" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Mah" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gfoei">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FB16294656DD4654" box="[1270,1436,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra gfoei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFF9FC343FF7F297A525A4630" author="Mah, C. L." box="[159,283,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref22447" refString="Mah, C. L. (2022) New Genera, Species and Occurrence of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the Tropical Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition. Zootaxa, 5164 (1), 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5164.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">Mah 2022</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FED1297D515C4630" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1905" box="[305,541,1843,1869]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Litonotaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tumidus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FED1297D515C4630" box="[305,541,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Litonotaster tumidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the spination along the actinolateral fringe and abactinal granulation is spinose (more round in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FE7C291E5142460C" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[412,515,1879,1905]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FE7C291E5142460C" box="[412,515,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FDE829115115460C" box="[520,596,1879,1906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
) but it does have a small papular region with enlarged plates similar to those in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FF9FC343FF542932525A46E8" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[180,283,1915,1941]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ahuastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FF9FC343FF542932525A46E8" box="[180,283,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Ahuastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FF9FC343FEC22935522F46EB" box="[290,366,1916,1942]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Phylogenetic tests are desirable in order to more fully delineate taxon boundaries.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

80
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB0C36CFF772EDF512941CD" authority="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityName="Mah &amp; Fujita" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,616,150,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="45" pageNumber="496" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyugaensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB0C36CFF772EDF52FA41CC" bold="true" box="[151,443,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="496">Pillsburiaster hyugaensis</emphasis>
Mah &amp; Fujita
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB0C36CFF772EF2511B41A8" authority="(Fisher 1906)" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[151,602,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="45" pageNumber="496" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="micropeltus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB0C36CFF772EF252FA41A8" box="[151,443,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="496">Pillsburiaster micropeltus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB0C36CFF772E96516C4184" ID-CoL="84D9F" authority="Mah 2020" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,557,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="45" pageNumber="496" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathyheuretor">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB0C36CFF772E9652F54184" box="[151,436,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="496">Sibogaster bathyheuretor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB0C36CFE5B2E96516C4184" author="Mah, C. L." box="[443,557,223,249]" pageId="45" pageNumber="496" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref22341" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FFB0C36CFF772F4A52244061" box="[151,357,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="496">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB0C36CFE8C2F4A529E4060" author="Mah, C. L." box="[364,479,259,285]" pageId="45" pageNumber="496" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBCC360FF77294852B94666" ID-CoL="4X6FF" authority="Mah 2016" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,504,1793,1820]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF77294852B94666" bold="true" box="[151,504,1793,1820]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF77294852354666" bold="true" box="[151,372,1793,1820]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="135A978FFFBCC360FF77296C52204642" box="[151,353,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1815,1839]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-15@39.[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 18. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. holotype. A. Holotype observed in situ on prey item (Isididae). B. Other side of specimen showing stomach extended. Distance between lasers = 10.0 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386844/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">FIGURES 18A–F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFFBCC360FE8C296C52F84642" box="[364,441,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-24@40.[234,1353,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 19. Sibogaster spp. A. Sibogaster bathyheuretor Mah 2020. MCZ AST-154360, North Pacific, 2843 m. Remaining are S. nieseni, B. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts, North Pacific, 3810.2 m. C. WAM Z100641, Western Australia, 2519.9 m. D. Wrapped around sponge stalk, Hawaiian Islands, 2411.9 m (R/V Nautilus). E. Johnston Atoll region, North Pacific, 3066 m. F. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts, North Pacific, 3830 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386848/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">19B–F</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF772923521346FC" box="[151,338,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF7729F9519F46B7" bold="true" box="[151,734,1968,1994]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Diagnosis (Modified from original description)</emphasis>
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Body stellate (R/r=1.88 to 3.0), arms elongate, triangular in shape. Interradial arcs curved to linear.
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FAC82EDF57974060" bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Abactinal plates round to polygonal, homogenous, flat and smooth with no surficial accessories (no granules, etc.). Each plate periphery surrounded by discrete ring of granules, 20–25, each oval to quadrate in outline, granules large occupying 25–30% of the total diameter of granule+plate. Glassy tubercles absent.</emphasis>
Papulae 3–6 per plate present at plate angles. Marginal plates 24–36 per interradius. Surface of each plate flattened, smooth, flat devoid of surficial accessories. Inferomarginal plates bare on lateral surface adjacent to superomarginals, but actinal surface covered by granules. Actinal intermediate regions covered by granules, 8–30, hemispherical to pointed. Pedicellariae variably present or absent on abactinal, marginal and actinal plate surfaces. Pedicellariae small (~
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFBFC363FA892FDB53FC40AC" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" unit="cm" value="0.25">0.25 cm</quantity>
), tong-like with blunt, paddle-like blades, inset into a shallow pit. Furrow spines 6–10, mostly 7 to 8, quadrate in cross-section with blunt tips. Subambulacral spines 3–5, round to polygonal in cross-section with variable morphology in Atlantic versus Pacific individuals.
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FD3A2FB7507543F9" bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Adambulacral pedicellariae one or two, elongate, tong-like in shape, thick with complementing valves, taller than furrow spines. Pedicellariae elongate valves, variably present on adambulacral plates sitting adjacent to subambulacral spines, occurring irregularly from the third adambulacral and distally along the furrow series.</emphasis>
Oral plates with 8–10 furrow spines.
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<mods:title id="CB8D34BAB504ADFA9C9CC91B6AC8BB19">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="74D3C778819A7E9CE4B3783B690EA7B8">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BED5E2179E5D23DF968A470FFA8C7C92">5543</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFBCC360FF77294852B94666" box="[151,504,1793,1820]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBCC360FF77294852B94666" blockId="33.[151,504,1793,1855]" box="[151,504,1793,1820]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
<heading id="D0963C66FFBCC360FF77294852B94666" bold="true" box="[151,504,1793,1820]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBCC360FF77294852B94666" ID-CoL="4X6FF" authority="Mah 2016" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,504,1793,1820]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF77294852B94666" bold="true" box="[151,504,1793,1820]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF77294852354666" bold="true" box="[151,372,1793,1820]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFBCC360FE9B294852B94666" author="Mah, C. L." box="[379,504,1793,1819]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFBCC360FF77296C52F84642" box="[151,441,1829,1855]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBCC360FF77296C52F84642" blockId="33.[151,504,1793,1855]" box="[151,441,1829,1855]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
<figureCitation id="135A978FFFBCC360FF77296C52204642" box="[151,353,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1815,1839]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-15@39.[151,1435,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 18. Evoplosoma anguirus n. sp. holotype. A. Holotype observed in situ on prey item (Isididae). B. Other side of specimen showing stomach extended. Distance between lasers = 10.0 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386844/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">FIGURES 18A–F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFFBCC360FE8C296C52F84642" box="[364,441,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-24@40.[234,1353,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 19. Sibogaster spp. A. Sibogaster bathyheuretor Mah 2020. MCZ AST-154360, North Pacific, 2843 m. Remaining are S. nieseni, B. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts, North Pacific, 3810.2 m. C. WAM Z100641, Western Australia, 2519.9 m. D. Wrapped around sponge stalk, Hawaiian Islands, 2411.9 m (R/V Nautilus). E. Johnston Atoll region, North Pacific, 3066 m. F. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts, North Pacific, 3830 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386848/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">19B–F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFBCC360FF772923506946FF" box="[151,808,1898,1922]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBCC360FF772923506946FF" blockId="33.[151,808,1898,1922]" box="[151,808,1898,1922]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB71AC24FFBCC360FF772923506946FF" box="[151,808,1898,1922]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC0AD1BFFBCC360FF77292352B446FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6055262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6055262" author="Mah, C. L." box="[151,501,1898,1922]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/953787B9FF90FFCC5CF0FDD181C7FA88" page="136" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" year="2016">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBCC360FF77292352B446FF" ID-CoL="4X6FF" authority="Mah 2016: 136" authorityName="Mah" authorityPageNumber="136" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,501,1898,1922]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF772923521346FC" box="[151,338,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFBCC360FEB8292352B446FF" author="Mah, C. L." box="[344,501,1898,1922]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" pagination="101 - 141" refId="ref22226" refString="Mah, C. L. (2016) Deep-sea (&gt; 1000 m) Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) from the North Pacific, including an overview of Sibogaster, Bathyceramaster n. gen. and three new species. Zootaxa, 4175 (2), 101 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.2.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Mah 2016: 136</bibRefCitation>
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,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFFBCC360FE1F2923513A46FF" box="[511,635,1898,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1513,1537]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-24@32.[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 11. Sibogaster nieseni Mah 2016. A–B. Abactinal, oral view of MCZ 37220 Galapagos Islands C.–D. Abactinal, oral view of NMST-E-13680, East off Mukojima, Japan. Scale bar=10.0 mm: A; Scale bar=5.0 mm; C; Scale bar=3.0 mm: B, D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386818/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Figs 11A–E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFFBCC360FD652923518E46FF" box="[645,719,1898,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ahuastra and Ceramaster palmyra observed in situ. A. Ahuastra kupanaha nov. gen. nov. sp. in situ, showing apparent feeding. B. Ceramaster palmyra n. sp. in situ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386822/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">12A–E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135A978FFFBCC360FD392923506546FF" box="[729,804,1898,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,669,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-236@34.[151,1436,669,1891]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 13. Bathyceramaster smithi (Fisher 1913) feeding on glass sponges. A–B. Feeding on Waltheria sp. Teutana Seamount, 1317.7 m. C–D. Feeding on Farrea sp. Winslow reef Area, 1374.8 m. No scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386826/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">13A–E</figureCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFBCC363FF7729F9579543F8" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="485" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBCC360FF7729F9519F46B7" blockId="33.[151,734,1968,1994]" box="[151,734,1968,1994]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBCC360FF7729F9519F46B7" bold="true" box="[151,734,1968,1994]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Diagnosis (Modified from original description)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBFC363FF772EDE579543F8" blockId="34.[151,1437,150,645]" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">
Body stellate (R/r=1.88 to 3.0), arms elongate, triangular in shape. Interradial arcs curved to linear.
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FAC82EDF57974060" bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Abactinal plates round to polygonal, homogenous, flat and smooth with no surficial accessories (no granules, etc.). Each plate periphery surrounded by discrete ring of granules, 20–25, each oval to quadrate in outline, granules large occupying 25–30% of the total diameter of granule+plate. Glassy tubercles absent.</emphasis>
Papulae 3–6 per plate present at plate angles. Marginal plates 24–36 per interradius. Surface of each plate flattened, smooth, flat devoid of surficial accessories. Inferomarginal plates bare on lateral surface adjacent to superomarginals, but actinal surface covered by granules. Actinal intermediate regions covered by granules, 8–30, hemispherical to pointed. Pedicellariae variably present or absent on abactinal, marginal and actinal plate surfaces. Pedicellariae small (~
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFBFC363FA892FDB53FC40AC" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" unit="cm" value="0.25">0.25 cm</quantity>
), tong-like with blunt, paddle-like blades, inset into a shallow pit. Furrow spines 6–10, mostly 7 to 8, quadrate in cross-section with blunt tips. Subambulacral spines 3–5, round to polygonal in cross-section with variable morphology in Atlantic versus Pacific individuals.
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FD3A2FB7507543F9" bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Adambulacral pedicellariae one or two, elongate, tong-like in shape, thick with complementing valves, taller than furrow spines. Pedicellariae elongate valves, variably present on adambulacral plates sitting adjacent to subambulacral spines, occurring irregularly from the third adambulacral and distally along the furrow series.</emphasis>
Oral plates with 8–10 furrow spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FFBFC363FF772933577146CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386826" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386826/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" startId="34.[151,250,1914,1938]" targetBox="[151,1436,669,1891]" targetPageId="34" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBFC363FF772933577146CA" blockId="34.[151,1436,1914,1975]" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FF77293350AA46EE" bold="true" box="[151,1003,1914,1939]" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">
FIGURE 13.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBFC363FECF2933518846EF" authority="(Fisher 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[303,713,1914,1938]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="smithi">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FECF2933516D46EF" bold="true" box="[303,556,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Bathyceramaster smithi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFBFC363FDDD2933518346EF" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[573,706,1914,1938]" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref21140" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1913) New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Proceedings of the Untied States National Museum, 46, 201 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.46 - 2022.201" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
feeding on glass sponges.
</emphasis>
A–B. Feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBFC363FB582932560246EF" box="[1208,1347,1915,1939]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FB582932565A46EE" box="[1208,1307,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Waltheria</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Teutana Seamount, 1317.7 m. C–D. Feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBFC363FDCA29D651D546CB" box="[554,660,1951,1974]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Farreidae" genus="Farrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBFC363FDCA29D6513046CB" box="[554,625,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Farrea</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Winslow reef Area, 1374.8 m. No scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FFBEC362FF772B615615443D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386828" box="[151,1364,1319,1344]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386828/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" startId="35.[151,250,1320,1344]" targetBox="[151,1436,198,1296]" targetPageId="35" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBEC362FF772B615615443D" blockId="35.[151,1364,1319,1344]" box="[151,1364,1319,1344]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBEC362FF772B6151B5443D" bold="true" box="[151,756,1319,1344]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
FIGURE 14.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBEC362FEC62B6E514B443D" box="[294,522,1319,1344]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Bathyceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBEC362FEC62B6E52964442" bold="true" box="[294,471,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">Bathyceramaster</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
feeding observations.
</emphasis>
A–C. Stalked crinoid. D. Glass sponge predation. No scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFBEC362FF772BDB57A446FD" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBEC362FF772BDB52D444D1" blockId="35.[151,405,1426,1452]" box="[151,405,1426,1452]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
<heading id="D0963C66FFBEC362FF772BDB52D444D1" bold="true" box="[151,405,1426,1452]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBEC362FF772BDB52D444D1" bold="true" box="[151,405,1426,1452]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FFBEC362FF772BDB525A44D1" box="[151,283,1426,1452]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
variation
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBEC362FF772B9350E447D5" blockId="35.[151,1437,1498,1705]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
A specimen from the
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FFBEC362FE9F2B9351084489" box="[383,585,1498,1524]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
showed variation largely tied to the adambulacral spination and pedicellariae. This specimen was
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFBEC362FE9B2BB752CF4764" box="[379,398,1534,1561]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">R</collectionCode>
=5.3 and smaller than most individuals used for the
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FFBEC362FC092BB657584764" box="[1001,1049,1535,1561]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">type</typeStatus>
series. Actinal pedicellariae were tong-like in shape with 1 to 5 small pedicellariae present per interradius, comparable tin size to the adjacent actinal granules. Furrow spines were fewer, 3 to 7, blunt tipped, quadrate in cross-section with subambulacral spines 4 to 6, single elongate.Adambulacral plates with tong-like pedicellariae on each plate, valves rectangular. Adambulacral plates displayed many more pedicellariae than on the
<typeStatus id="54DA35A8FFBEC362FD1128C6506047D4" box="[753,801,1679,1705]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">type</typeStatus>
specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBEC362FF7728B351AF4669" blockId="35.[151,750,1786,1812]" box="[151,750,1786,1812]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
<heading id="D0963C66FFBEC362FF7728B351AF4669" bold="true" box="[151,750,1786,1812]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBEC362FF7728B351AF4669" bold="true" box="[151,750,1786,1812]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">Variation in North Pacific (Japanese) specimens</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBEC362FF77290B57A446FD" blockId="35.[151,1436,1858,1921]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
NSMT E13675 displays numerous small, narrow paddle-shaped pedicellariae on superomarginal and inferomarginal plate surfaces. Furrow spines
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFBEC362FE05292F511146FD" box="[485,592,1894,1921]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.413" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" unit="in" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9 to 10 in</quantity>
straight series, quadrate in cross-section with notched tips.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FFB9C365FF77293C53F34684" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386830" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386830/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="487" startId="36.[151,250,1909,1933]" targetBox="[189,1399,181,1886]" targetPageId="36" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB9C365FF77293C53F34684" blockId="36.[151,1437,1909,2041]" pageId="36" pageNumber="487">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB9C365FF77293C500046F0" bold="true" box="[151,833,1909,1934]" pageId="36" pageNumber="487">
FIGURE 15.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB9C365FECB293F511946F3" authority="Mah 2006" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[299,600,1909,1934]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="487" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pullus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB9C365FECB293F52A146F0" bold="true" box="[299,480,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="487">Circeaster pullus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB9C365FE09293F511946F3" author="Mah, C. L." box="[489,600,1910,1934]" pageId="36" pageNumber="487" pagination="917 - 954" refId="ref22084" refString="Mah, C. L. (2006) Phylogeny and biogeography of the deep-sea goniasterid, Circeaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) including descriptions of six new species. Zoosystema, 28 (4), 917 - 954." type="journal article" year="2006">Mah 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
feeding observations
</emphasis>
. A–B. Feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB9C365FBEA293F571746F3" box="[1034,1110,1910,1934]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Narella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="487" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB9C365FBEA293F571746F3" box="[1034,1110,1910,1934]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="487">Narella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB9C365FB87293F565746F3" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1883" box="[1127,1302,1910,1934]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="487" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Chrysogorgiidae</taxonomicName>
). Santa Rosa North 467.3 m, Lasers on B are 10 cm apart, others lacking scale. C. On bamboo coral, Lone Cone, 1543.8 m. D. On bamboo coral, Unamed Seamount, 1605.8 m E. Johnson Atoll site 1, 520 m. F. feeding on bamboo coral, Johnston Atoll region, 1582 m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FFB8C364FF7728BC52FB4628" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386834/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" startId="37.[151,250,1781,1805]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1757]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB8C364FF7728BC52FB4628" blockId="37.[151,1437,1781,1877]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB8C364FF7728BC50724670" bold="true" box="[151,819,1781,1805]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">
FIGURE 16.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB8C364FEC628BC51084670" authority="Mah 2006" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[294,585,1781,1805]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pullus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB8C364FEC628BC52994670" bold="true" box="[294,472,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Circeaster pullus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB8C364FE3E28BC51084670" author="Mah, C. L." box="[478,585,1781,1805]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" pagination="917 - 954" refId="ref22084" refString="Mah, C. L. (2006) Phylogeny and biogeography of the deep-sea goniasterid, Circeaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) including descriptions of six new species. Zoosystema, 28 (4), 917 - 954." type="journal article" year="2006">Mah 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
feeding observations.
</emphasis>
A.Feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB8C364FC2728BC575B4670" box="[967,1050,1781,1805]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Isididae</taxonomicName>
, Johnston Atoll, 492 m. B–C. Feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB8C364FF56295052C3464C" authority=", Santa Rosa" authorityName="Santa Rosa" box="[182,386,1817,1841]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Isididae, Santa Rosa</taxonomicName>
North site, 467.3 m. Lasers are 10 cm apart. D. Feeding? on stoloniferous soft corals, Sibelius Seamount, 2489 m. Lasers=10cm apart.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FFBBC367FF772811514147E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386840" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386840/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" startId="38.[151,250,1624,1648]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1600]" targetPageId="38" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBBC367FF772811514147E9" blockId="38.[151,1437,1624,1685]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBBC367FF772811512A470D" bold="true" box="[151,619,1624,1649]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
FIGURE 17.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBBC367FEC928115127470D" authority="Mah 2006" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2006" box="[297,614,1624,1649]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Circeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandrae">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBBC367FEC9281152AE470D" bold="true" box="[297,495,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Circeaster sandrae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFBBC367FE1728105127470D" author="Mah, C. L." box="[503,614,1624,1649]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="917 - 954" refId="ref22084" refString="Mah, C. L. (2006) Phylogeny and biogeography of the deep-sea goniasterid, Circeaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) including descriptions of six new species. Zoosystema, 28 (4), 917 - 954." type="journal article" year="2006">Mah 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A–B. Feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBBC367FCCC2810577B470D" authority=", Karin Ridge" authorityName="Karin Ridge" box="[812,1082,1624,1648]" class="Anthozoa" family="Victorgorgiidae" genus="Victorgorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBBC367FCCC281050EA470D" box="[812,939,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Victorgorgia</emphasis>
, Karin Ridge
</taxonomicName>
, 1680.4 m, Scale bar=~5.0 cm. C. Occurrence, Baker Island, 674.3 m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFBBC368FF7728AF514B4340" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="492" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBBC367FF7728AF525F467D" blockId="38.[151,286,1766,1792]" box="[151,286,1766,1792]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
<heading id="D0963C66FFBBC367FF7728AF525F467D" bold="true" box="[151,286,1766,1792]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBBC367FF7728AF525F467D" bold="true" box="[151,286,1766,1792]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Comments</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBBC367FF77296652FF46C8" blockId="38.[151,1437,1839,1973]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBBC367FF77296652244635" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,357,1839,1865]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBBC367FF77296652244635" box="[151,357,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from material collected in the tropical Atlantic and the North Pacific, below
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFBBC367FA84296653EC4610" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
depth. Subsequent collections add to knowledge of this species’ presence at comparable depths throughout the Pacific and especially the Indian Ocean and indicating that it is widely occurring throughout bathyal and deeper settings (
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFBBC367FF1C29D252F346C8" box="[252,434,1946,1973]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" unit="m" value="3000.0" valueMax="5000.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000 to 5000 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FFBAC366FF77295E50C2462E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386844/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" startId="39.[151,250,1815,1839]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1791]" targetPageId="39" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFBAC366FF77295E50C2462E" blockId="39.[151,1436,1815,1876]" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBAC366FF77295E51FF464D" bold="true" box="[151,702,1815,1840]" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">
FIGURE 18.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBAC366FECA295E5151464D" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2024" box="[298,528,1815,1840]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anguirus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBAC366FECA295E5151464D" bold="true" box="[298,528,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Evoplosoma anguirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A226EA63FFBAC366FDF829515112464D" box="[536,595,1816,1840]" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
holotype.
</emphasis>
A. Holotype observed
<emphasis id="B9155718FFBAC366FC51295150B34652" box="[945,1010,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">in situ</emphasis>
on prey item (
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFBAC366FB6D295157A2464D" box="[1165,1251,1816,1840]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Isididae</taxonomicName>
). B. Other side of specimen showing stomach extended. Distance between lasers = 10.0 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1EDB82FFB5C369FF77293C50DC4685" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386848/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="491" startId="40.[151,250,1909,1933]" targetBox="[234,1353,181,1884]" targetPageId="40" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB5C369FF77293C50DC4685" blockId="40.[151,1437,1908,2041]" pageId="40" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB5C369FF77293C526046F0" bold="true" box="[151,289,1909,1933]" pageId="40" pageNumber="491">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB5C369FEC8293D52A446F0" box="[296,485,1908,1933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="40" pageNumber="491" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB5C369FEC8293D528B46F0" bold="true" box="[296,458,1908,1933]" pageId="40" pageNumber="491">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB5C369FEC8293D52D746F1" bold="true" box="[296,406,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="491">Sibogaster</emphasis>
spp.
</emphasis>
A
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB5C369FE10293C502346F0" authority="Mah 2020" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2020" box="[496,866,1909,1933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="40" pageNumber="491" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bathyheuretor">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB5C369FE10293C51B246F0" box="[496,755,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="491">Sibogaster bathyheuretor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB5C369FD1A293C502346F0" author="Mah, C. L." box="[762,866,1909,1933]" pageId="40" pageNumber="491" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref22341" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. MCZ AST-154360, North Pacific, 2843 m. Remaining are
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB5C369FF5F29D051BB46CC" authority=", B. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts" authorityName="B. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts" box="[191,762,1945,1969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="40" pageNumber="491" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB5C369FF5F29D0526346CC" box="[191,290,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="491">S. nieseni</emphasis>
, B. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts
</taxonomicName>
, North Pacific, 3810.2 m. C. WAM Z100641, Western Australia, 2519.9 m. D. Wrapped around sponge stalk, Hawaiian Islands, 2411.9 m (R/V
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB5C369FC4729F450BC46A8" box="[935,1021,1981,2005]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Nautilidae" genus="Nautilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nautilida" pageId="40" pageNumber="491" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB5C369FC4729F450BC46A8" box="[935,1021,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="491">Nautilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). E. Johnston Atoll region, North Pacific, 3066 m. F. Mozart Seamount, Musicians Seamounts, North Pacific, 3830 m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272EDE514B4340" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
The widespread distribution of this species invites questions regarding the extent of variation in morphology as well as ecology. Although variation was observed, the overall appearance of
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FBF42EF257A341A9" box="[1044,1250,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FBF42EF257A341A9" box="[1044,1250,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found to be surprisingly consistent. Abactinal, marginal and actinal surfaces as well as overall body shape (
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFB4C368FB5B2E96578E4184" box="[1211,1231,223,249]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">R</collectionCode>
/r=1.8 to 3.0), arm and disk shape were similar, especially at relatively large (
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFB4C368FCF02F4A50624060" box="[784,803,259,285]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">R</collectionCode>
&gt;2.0 cm) sizes. Only one goniasterid species,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FAF62F4A5285403C" authority="(Parelius, 1768)" baseAuthorityName="Parelius" baseAuthorityYear="1768" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FAF62F4A524B403C" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Hippasteria phrygiana</emphasis>
(Parelius, 1768)
</taxonomicName>
is known to show a comparably widespread distribution with individuals recorded from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB4C368FD8B2F0250734018" author="Foltz, D. &amp; Fatland, S. &amp; Eleaume, M. &amp; Markello, K. &amp; Howell, K. &amp; Neil, K. &amp; Mah, C." box="[619,818,331,357]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" pagination="1285 - 1296" refId="ref21248" refString="Foltz, D., Fatland, S., Eleaume, M., Markello, K., Howell, K., Neil, K. &amp; Mah, C. (2013) Global population divergence of the sea star Hippasteria phrygiana corresponds to onset of the last glacial period of the Pleistocene. Marine Biology, 160 (5), 1285 - 1296. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2180 - 1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Foltz
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FD512F0251A44018" box="[689,741,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB4C368FCA12F0257404018" author="Mah, C. L. &amp; Neill, K. &amp; Eleaume, M. &amp; Foltz, D." box="[833,1025,331,357]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" pagination="422 - 456" refId="ref22659" refString="Mah, C. L., Neill, K., Eleaume, M. &amp; Foltz, D. (2014) New Species and global revision of Hippasteria (Hippasterinae: Goniasteridae; Asteroidea; Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 171, 422 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12131" type="journal article" year="2014">
Mah
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FC9F2F0250F24018" box="[895,947,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Morphology in
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FB2E2F0256274018" baseAuthorityName="Parelius" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[1230,1382,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FB2E2F0256274018" box="[1230,1382,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">H. phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was highly variable, so much so that multiple species were recognized across its range. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FB2C2F2656DD40F5" box="[1228,1436,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nieseni">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FB2C2F2656DD40F5" box="[1228,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Sibogaster nieseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FF262FDA528440D0" baseAuthorityName="Parelius" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[198,453,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="phrygiana">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FF262FDA528440D0" box="[198,453,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Hippasteria phrygiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur at different bathymetric settings,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FC612FDA576340D0" box="[897,1058,402,429]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4074999999999998" metricValueMax="4.175" metricValueMin="0.64" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="2407.5" valueMax="4175.0" valueMin="640.0">640 to 4175 m</quantity>
versus
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FB962FDA564840D0" box="[1142,1289,403,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.154999999999999" metricValueMax="12.209999999999999" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="615.5" valueMax="1221.0" valueMin="10.0">10 to 1221 m</quantity>
respectively, dictating different environmental influences on their respective morphologies.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FC1C2FFE573340AC" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[1020,1138,439,465]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sibogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Sibogaster</taxonomicName>
nieseni’s overall life mode and observed presence on soft bottoms might suggest more similarity with other widely-occurring deep-sea asteroid species, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FEAF2FB651294364" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1883" box="[335,616,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Porcellanasteridae" genus="Porcellanaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caeruleus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FEAF2FB651294364" box="[335,616,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Porcellanaster caeruleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is cosmopolitan between
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FC362FB757C44364" box="[982,1157,510,537]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5965" metricValueMax="6.035" metricValueMin="1.158" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="3596.5" valueMax="6035.0" valueMin="1158.0">1158 to 6035 m</quantity>
(most collected between
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FF772C6A52084340" box="[151,329,547,573]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="2300.0" valueMax="3000.0" valueMin="1600.0">1600 to 3000 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0F6FBFFB4C368FE802C6A52BC4340" author="Madsen, J." box="[352,509,547,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" pagination="33 - 174" refId="ref22055" refString="Madsen, J. (1961) The Porcellanasteridae, a monographic revision of an abyssal group of sea-stars. Galathea Report, 4, 33 - 174." type="journal article" year="1961">Madsen 1961</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFB4C368FF772CC7500342B4" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF772CC7527143D5" blockId="41.[151,304,654,680]" box="[151,304,654,680]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FF772CC7527143D5" bold="true" box="[151,304,654,680]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF772C9E50EF4244" blockId="41.[151,1437,727,969]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FF772C9E527A438C" box="[151,315,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">North Pacific.</emphasis>
Taney Seamounts B and C, “NESCA” Clam sites (North Pacific), Patton Seamount and Patton Escarpment, Cascadia Plain, west of Cortez Bank, Hawaiian Islands and
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FBEB2CB257F44268" box="[1035,1205,763,789]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Johnston Atoll</collectingCountry>
regions, Musicians Seamount,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FEF52D5652144244" box="[277,341,799,825]" name="Japan" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FE832D5751424244" box="[355,515,798,825]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0235" metricValueMax="3.45" metricValueMin="2.597" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="3023.5" valueMax="3450.0" valueMin="2597.0">2597–3450 m</quantity>
),
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FFB4C368FDF72D5651314244" box="[535,624,799,825]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Celebes</collectingRegion>
Sea,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FD4D2D56505C4244" box="[685,797,799,825]" name="Indonesia" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, 2100–4175.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272D0A517F4220" blockId="41.[151,1437,727,969]" box="[199,574,835,861]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FF272D0A520E4220" box="[199,335,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">East Pacific</emphasis>
.
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FFB4C368FEBD2D0A52974220" box="[349,470,835,861]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FE012D0A51784220" box="[481,569,835,861]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0119999999999996" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="3012.0">3012 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272D2E570842D8" blockId="41.[151,1437,727,969]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FF272D2E51AC42FC" box="[199,749,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Australian Occurrence (mostly Indian Ocean).</emphasis>
Western Australia, Ningaloo, Gascoyne Marine Preserve, Balthazar Seamount off
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FE482DC2512642D8" box="[424,615,907,933]" name="Christmas Island" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
, off Fraser Island, Queensland. 2106–3747
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272DE6500342B4" blockId="41.[151,1437,727,969]" box="[199,834,943,969]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FF272DE652CD42B4" box="[199,396,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Tropical Atlantic.</emphasis>
off coast of
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FDF82DE651D742B4" box="[536,662,943,969]" name="Mauritania" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FD412DE6507F42B4" box="[673,830,943,969]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.638" metricValueMax="3.162" metricValueMin="2.114" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="2638.0" valueMax="3162.0" valueMin="2114.0">2114–3162 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37BD881FFB4C368FF772A5357BB4774" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF772A5352CA4549" blockId="41.[151,395,1050,1076]" box="[151,395,1050,1076]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<heading id="D0963C66FFB4C368FF772A5352CA4549" bold="true" box="[151,395,1050,1076]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FF772A5352CA4549" bold="true" box="[151,395,1050,1076]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Material Examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF772A2A504345DC" blockId="41.[151,1437,1122,1545]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FFB4C368FF772A2A51BE45DC" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
East Pacific.MCZ AST-3722
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FFB4C368FE3B2A2A51154500" box="[475,596,1123,1149]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Galapagos</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FDBC2A2A51FA4500" box="[604,699,1123,1149]" name="Ecuador" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FD232A2B51B24500" box="[707,755,1122,1149]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="mi" value="5.0">5 mi</quantity>
N of Albemarle Island,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FC112A2A57044500" box="[1009,1093,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0119999999999996" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="3012.0">3012 m</quantity>
, Coll.
<taxonomicName id="4C61F089FFB4C368FB692A2A525145DC" authority="Oceanographic Expedition" authorityName="Oceanographic Expedition" class="Malacostraca" family="Arcturidae" genus="Arcturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FB692A2A525145DC" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Arcturus Oceanographic Expedition</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFDFADCAFFB4C368FEFE2ACE52FC45DC" box="[286,445,1158,1185]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" value="1925-04-14">14 April 1925</date>
, 1 dry spec.
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFB4C368FDA92ACF511D45DC" box="[585,604,1158,1185]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">R</collectionCode>
=5.3 r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FD4F2ACE51BE45DC" box="[687,767,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="cm" value="2.1">2.1 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272AE251014594" blockId="41.[151,1437,1122,1545]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FFB4C368FF272AE2517D4594" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
North-Pacific-Japan. NMST E-13680. East off Mukojima,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FC8B2AE3574D45B8" box="[875,1036,1194,1221]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6035" metricValueMax="2.61" metricValueMin="2.597" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="2603.5" valueMax="2610.0" valueMin="2597.0">2597–2610 m</quantity>
. Coll.
<date id="FFDFADCAFFB4C368FBBB2AE257B345B8" box="[1115,1266,1195,1221]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" value="1997-06-07">June 7, 1997</date>
. KT-97-07, St. MKO 9, 1 wet spec.
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFB4C368FE602A8652D54594" box="[384,404,1231,1257]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">R</collectionCode>
=3.8, r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FE0D2A86517D4594" box="[493,572,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="cm" value="1.3">1.3 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272ABA53804428" blockId="41.[151,1437,1122,1545]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FFB4C368FF272ABA53FC4428" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
NMST E-13679. Nankai Trough, Southeast off Asizuri-misaki Cape,
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FFB4C368FBE82ABA57914470" box="[1032,1232,1267,1293]" country="Japan" name="Kochi" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Kochi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FB022ABA56644470" box="[1250,1317,1267,1293]" name="Japan" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FAD72ABA56DD4470" box="[1335,1436,1267,1293]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="9.3" orientation="latitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="92" value="32.155">32º9.3’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FF772B5E5246444C" box="[151,263,1303,1329]" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="3.4" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="92" value="134.05667">134º3.4’E</geoCoordinate>
to 32º8.9’
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FE672B5E514B444C" box="[391,522,1303,1329]" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="6.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="92" value="134.1">134º 6.0’ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FDF82B5E51F9444C" box="[536,696,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0085" metricValueMax="3.278" metricValueMin="2.739" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="3008.5" valueMax="3278.0" valueMin="2739.0">2739–3278 m</quantity>
. Coll.
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FCE52B5E50D5444D" box="[773,916,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Tansei Maru</emphasis>
, KT-00-8, st. 9 BT. 1 wet spec.
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFB4C368FAEB2B5E565E444C" box="[1291,1311,1303,1329]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">R</collectionCode>
=3.2, r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FA9A2B5E53FC4428" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="cm" value="1.3">1.3 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272B16521644BC" blockId="41.[151,1437,1122,1545]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FFB4C368FF272B16521544BC" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
NMST E-13675. South off Iriomote-Jima
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FD262B16504C4404" box="[710,781,1375,1401]" name="Iceland" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A545E8FFB4C368FCC02B1657464404" box="[800,1031,1375,1401]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Okinawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FBF52B1657194404" box="[1045,1112,1375,1401]" name="Japan" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FB8B2B1657AA4404" box="[1131,1259,1375,1401]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="41.3" orientation="latitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="92" value="23.688334">23º41.3’ N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FB1A2B1756364404" box="[1274,1399,1374,1401]" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="45.2" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="92" value="123.753334">123º45.2’E</geoCoordinate>
to
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FF772BCA524C44E0" box="[151,269,1411,1437]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="42.3" orientation="latitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="92" value="23.705">23º42.3’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FEF82BCB52CE44E0" box="[280,399,1410,1437]" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="45.8" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="92" value="123.763336">123º45.8E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FE7A2BCB517744E0" box="[410,566,1410,1437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.444" metricValueMax="3.4519999999999995" metricValueMin="3.436" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="3444.0" valueMax="3452.0" valueMin="3436.0">3436–3452 m</quantity>
, Coll.
<emphasis id="B9155718FFB4C368FD992BCA505844E0" box="[633,793,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Hakuho-Maru</emphasis>
, KH-73-2, st. 24, 5 March, 1973. Beam trawl. 1 wet spec.
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFB4C368FF772BEE53EA44BC" box="[151,171,1447,1473]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">R</collectionCode>
=6.6, r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FEE42BEE521544BC" box="[260,340,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="cm" value="3.2">3.2 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE8B0AFFB4C368FF272B8257BB4774" blockId="41.[151,1437,1122,1545]" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
<materialsCitation id="3B098157FFB4C368FF272B8257B74774" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">
MNHN-no number. Tropical Atlantic. North Atlantic, off the coast of
<collectingCountry id="F376CB9AFFB4C368FC282B8257064498" box="[968,1095,1483,1509]" name="Mauritania" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
.
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FBAF2B8257AF4498" box="[1103,1262,1483,1509]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="1" seconds="38.4" value="18.244">18°14’38.4”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55EDCDFFB4C368FB132B8256D64498" box="[1267,1431,1483,1509]" degrees="20" direction="west" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" precision="1" seconds="39.6" value="-20.560999">20°33’39.6”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FF772BA653AE4774" box="[151,239,1519,1545]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.162" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="m" value="3162.0">3162 m</quantity>
. Coll. Miriam Sibuet, IFREMER, Campagne EUMELI 2, CP 8. 1 dry spec.
<collectionCode id="ED7013CFFFB4C368FBA12BA757154774" box="[1089,1108,1518,1545]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="41" pageNumber="492">R</collectionCode>
=2.5 r=
<quantity id="4C9926EFFFB4C368FB482BA657B74774" box="[1192,1270,1519,1545]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="492" unit="cm" value="1.1">1.1 cm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

259
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<mods:title id="C3F15FA504BB67C666714660A0FB4173">A new species of the genus Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) from the Caribbean coast of Honduras</mods:title>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8B5C6CD6E63B60A24437ABCD2B664429" type="ORCID">0000-0001-8231-326X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="3D7EB04420B27090F4221E4D99AD11DA">Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, 79070 - 900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. &amp; Colección Privada y Centro de Rescate de Fauna Silvestre El Ocotal, Carretera CA- 5 hacia el sur de Honduras, km 42.3, Sabanagrande, Francisco Morazán, Honduras. &amp; Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Valle de Yeguare, Francisco Morazán, Honduras.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B886356316CB6481D3534D73C14275E2" type="email">cristopher.antunez@ufms.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E0D2BAD399181C722ABD60EF7CEB6B4" type="ORCID">0009-0001-2858-180X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="812FC09E09952E6929446DE67EF8CDCB">Grupo de Investigación de Reptiles y Anfibios de Honduras (GIRAH).</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B065AD1C4179270B792DCD43283F6B58" type="email">josueramos002@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="FC59FA8FF8A7B2C8E319F09C99E62FAC">
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C04F62DD2BE4CAE68809026F75A85A74" type="ORCID">0009-0001-2858-180X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="F4FE7874207A56D60E1D8E56D52DACD3">Grupo de Investigación de Reptiles y Anfibios de Honduras (GIRAH).</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="19794B041C3438D54074F24531124560" type="email">josueramos002@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="A85E67C86F3CD5D963C4B252BD44833D">Diaz-Ricaurte, Juan C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8F6C2320D1B844F6413148790438561E" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4659-0865</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4581269D9282EDEC3204A5F155BF3F80">Semillero de Investigación en Ecofisiología y Biogeografía de Vertebrados, Grupo de investigación en Biodiversidad y Desarrollo Amazónico (BYDA), Centro de investigaciones Amazónicas Macagual-Cesar Augusto Estrada Gonzales, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="60ED720322A992181B0F587E3DE0C59C" type="email">juan.diaz@alumni.usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="480DAED509C5E985CFA1C0B6D1F5B308">Wilson, Larry David</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="313C46C4B25B127220E9B645CC6574E2" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4969-0789</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="03C6C5C4BC5C6178435E1C01F3D82B75">Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Valle de Yeguare, Departamental de Francisco Morazán, Honduras; 1350 Pelican Court, Homestead, Florida 33035, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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Key to species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F71FF825ECF9188E357F966" ID-CoL="62YHZ" authority="Peters, 1881" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1881" box="[492,634,1672,1699]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825ECF9188E357F966" bold="true" box="[492,634,1672,1699]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Liotyphlops</emphasis>
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1. Number of subcaudals five or fewer...........................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F71FF825A2491CEE01CF8C5" authority="Number" authorityName="Number" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracasensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825A2491CEE4B1F926" box="[1287,1436,1742,1763]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">L. caracasensis</emphasis>
Number
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of subcaudals eight or more...................................................................... 2
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F71FF825FB49008E4B1F8FF" blockId="9.[151,1436,1741,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
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<keyStep id="48012E664F71FF825FB49008E4B1F8FF" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">2. Supralabials three......................................................................................3 Supralabials four...................................................................................... 4</keyStep>
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3. Four scales on first vertical row of body...........................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F71FF825A119043E4B1F89D" authorityName="Centeno, Sawaya &amp; Germano" authorityYear="2010" box="[1330,1436,1859,1880]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caissara">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825A119043E4B1F89D" box="[1330,1436,1859,1880]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">L. caissara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Three scales on first vertical row of body.......................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F71FF825A269061E467F8B0" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1285,1354,1888,1910]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825A269061E467F8B0" box="[1285,1354,1888,1910]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">L. pino</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825A739060E4B1F8B0" bold="true" box="[1360,1436,1888,1909]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F71FF825A739060E4B1F8B0" box="[1360,1436,1888,1909]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<keyLead id="480495F64F71FF825FB4907DE4B1F875" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<keyStep id="48012E664F71FF825FB4907DE4B1F875" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">4. Three scales contacting posterior edge of prefrontal.......................................................... 5 Four scales contacting posterior edge of prefrontal.......................................................... 12</keyStep>
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<keyLead id="480495F64F71FF825FB490B8E4B1F82F" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<keyStep id="48012E664F71FF825FB490B8E4B1F82F" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">5. One scale contacting posterior edge of nasal between second supralabial and prefrontal.............................. 6 Two scales contacting posterior edge of nasal between second supralabial and prefrontals........................... 10</keyStep>
</keyLead>
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB49797E4B1FF0F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyLead id="480495F64F72FF815FB49797E4B1FF0F" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyStep id="48012E664F72FF815FB49797E4B1FF0F" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
6. Scales around midbody 19–20.....................................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A6F9798E032FF0E" authority="Scales" authorityName="Scales" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haadi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A6F9798E4B0FF69" box="[1356,1437,151,173]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. haadi</emphasis>
Scales
</taxonomicName>
around midbody 22.............................................................................. 7
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB497D3E4B1FEC0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
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7. Five scales on first vertical row of body..........................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A0397D3E4B1FF22" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1951" box="[1312,1436,210,232]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A0397D3E4B1FF22" box="[1312,1436,210,232]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Four scales on first vertical row of body................................................................... 8
</keyStep>
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8. Posterior scale rows of body 20–21................................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A1C960DE4B1FEE7" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1343,1436,269,290]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" rank="species" species="wilderi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A1C960DE4B1FEE7" box="[1343,1436,269,290]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. wilderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Posterior scale rows of body 22.......................................................................... 9
</keyStep>
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB49648E4B1FEBF" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
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<keyStep id="48012E664F72FF815FB49648E4B1FEBF" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
9. Third supralabial scale does not contact ocular scale.................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A009648E03AFEBE" authority="Third" authorityName="Third" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A009648E4B1FE99" box="[1315,1436,327,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. bondensis</emphasis>
Third
</taxonomicName>
supralabial scale contacting the ocular scale....................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A189665E4B1FEBF" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1889" box="[1339,1436,357,378]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A189665E4B1FEBF" box="[1339,1436,357,378]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. petersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB49682E4B1FE70" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyLead id="480495F64F72FF815FB49682E4B1FE70" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyStep id="48012E664F72FF815FB49682E4B1FE70" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
10. Infralabials two.................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A609683E062FE70" authority="Infralabials" authorityName="Infralabials" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A609683E4B1FE52" box="[1347,1436,386,408]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. taylori</emphasis>
Infralabials
</taxonomicName>
three..................................................................................... 11
</keyStep>
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB496BDE4B0FE35" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyLead id="480495F64F72FF815FB496BDE4B0FE35" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyStep id="48012E664F72FF815FB496BDE4B0FE35" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
11. Nasal scale in contact with second supralabial......................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A0B96BDE034FE35" authority="Nasal" authorityName="Nasal" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" rank="species" species="schubarti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A0B96BDE4B0FE17" box="[1320,1437,445,466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. schubarti</emphasis>
Nasal
</taxonomicName>
scale separated from second supralabial by small accessory scale..................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A1796DBE4B0FE35" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1332,1437,475,496]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" rank="species" species="ternetzii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A1796DBE4B0FE35" box="[1332,1437,475,496]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. ternetzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyStep>
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB496F8E4B1FDEF" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyLead id="480495F64F72FF815FB496F8E4B1FDEF" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyStep id="48012E664F72FF815FB496F8E4B1FDEF" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
12. Four scales on first vertical row of body...........................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A1396F8E4B1FDC9" authorityName="Dixon &amp; Kofron" authorityYear="1984" box="[1328,1436,503,525]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" rank="species" species="argaleus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A1396F8E4B1FDC9" box="[1328,1436,503,525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. argaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Five to six scales on first vertical rows of body............................................................. 13
</keyStep>
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB49532E4B1FDA0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyLead id="480495F64F72FF815FB49532E4B1FDA0" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyStep id="48012E664F72FF815FB49532E4B1FDA0" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
13. Infralabials four...............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A1E9533E062FDA0" authority="Infralabials" authorityName="Infralabials" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trefauti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A1E9533E4B1FD82" box="[1341,1436,562,584]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. trefauti</emphasis>
Infralabials
</taxonomicName>
three..................................................................................... 14
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
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<paragraph id="F34A36C34F72FF815FB4956DE4B1FD65" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyLead id="480495F64F72FF815FB4956DE4B1FD65" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
<keyStep id="48012E664F72FF815FB4956DE4B1FD65" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">
14. Scales around midbody 24........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A69956DE032FD65" authority="Scales" authorityName="Scales" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A69956DE4B1FD47" box="[1354,1436,621,642]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. anops</emphasis>
Scales
</taxonomicName>
around midbody 26....................................................................
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F72FF815A31958BE4BAFD5A" box="[1298,1431,650,672]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F72FF815A31958BE4BAFD5A" box="[1298,1431,650,672]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="107">L. palauophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<mods:role id="67A1999028E3DB6BB7F387CAEE1854C8">
<mods:roleTerm id="6EC8B51083AE2D20F76359DCC109C412">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F4DD3F802E1B52D1E0BCE9AF91F40B78">Solís, José Mario</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="15EF0564662E0581526E94AAD63ED56A" type="ORCID">0009-0001-2858-180X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="E50D723061329502068E8106502DAC42">Grupo de Investigación de Reptiles y Anfibios de Honduras (GIRAH).</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="689F925FD68726CE087C9E08821D1A42" type="email">josueramos002@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B30BD1C5A36C7CDCF770563A04A8864F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AF7DA4540819A52C0B806BEB4D2B1EA4">
<mods:roleTerm id="98924827A31CCC6612C7C194A83448D9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AE6D65031255D842D81489C747DED4B9">Diaz-Ricaurte, Juan C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D9337195748CFBDB2733BA0367388E8" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4659-0865</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="5C421946422BD2BB9AC8475834C3C326">Semillero de Investigación en Ecofisiología y Biogeografía de Vertebrados, Grupo de investigación en Biodiversidad y Desarrollo Amazónico (BYDA), Centro de investigaciones Amazónicas Macagual-Cesar Augusto Estrada Gonzales, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6ED86E027850EF94E5E1BE2C0D271497" type="email">juan.diaz@alumni.usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="20C2473913D64AC974A0FC6321E9F64C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8106E4C2D8D14EA327B5CE5AD8705E1C">
<mods:roleTerm id="7C515D879965EC004CEFB98F204E00AB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0BA9FBF69018413D8C33B3FDEACF6893">Wilson, Larry David</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4E9488BF3D6A57FD4D4DF20C32F93520" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4969-0789</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DB8B76D06561D73C14E8F12942F6F4A6">Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Valle de Yeguare, Departamental de Francisco Morazán, Honduras; 1350 Pelican Court, Homestead, Florida 33035, USA.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0EBC5308EBC768237368CFAB07FA81DA" type="email">bufodoc@aol.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="26F75ABE7BADB939210B060C0AB6BB5D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7B9C48476CB15DB8272B99916AFAD2D9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="40D276AFB85A072C9399B9C0D3808C82">
<mods:date id="6ABB2D6EDD0BCEDE9627D0EEC50FEFF5">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5FE75B5FD78F8F87A479D25BA56D6FCB" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="B3A431CF779DE32C5092684773C16F3A">2024-12-02</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="CBE7B6CEC582C983EEDCA258429704B2" type="volume">
<mods:number id="8F027D9CD3C1F714E59ECB12CCDD40CF">5543</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="23BEBCB4974AD528F78E912460DA76EA" type="issue">
<mods:number id="3E0D32DC344DC4541DE9167BC7AE23AB">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="81AFA9A6592AD0C98A51EB9C88AA989B">97</mods:start>
<mods:end id="4F31925792213AC74637EDE794838A6A">110</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="5DC3FC7871AAE3A65BFD1E22571811E7">
<mods:url id="E4E48D678304FA3D3D0EEB247322AEC4">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.1.5</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="FBC1341B8C15CB7EB359A4D5DB2DCFBC">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="F0F692FAA87E60EDE255FB024ED0654E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5543.1.5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="87DCA76FDCE44B54398FD1DF33D2A3B7" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4F0261BACDC48273AB96919F21668410" type="Zenodo-Dep">14385228</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C5D8B2DAA78731AAFAF91897FB647CCB" type="ZooBank">6A6EA5E8-C50D-416A-AF82-185A113B69C7</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="7B5C87D54F7CFF825FB4925FE285F9F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7B5C87D54F7CFF825FB4925FE285F9F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B5C87D54F7CFF825FB4925FE285F9F3" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
<subSubSection id="BBEF65484F7CFF8F5FB4925FE0EAFABC" box="[151,455,1375,1402]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7CFF8F5FB4925FE0EAFABC" blockId="4.[151,455,1375,1438]" box="[151,455,1375,1402]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
<heading id="A80281AF4F7CFF8F5FB4925FE0EAFABC" bold="true" box="[151,455,1375,1402]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" reason="1">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7CFF8F5FB4925FE0EAFABC" bold="true" box="[151,455,1375,1402]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7CFF8F5FB4925FE04FFABC" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,354,1375,1402]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7CFF8F5FB4925FE04FFABC" bold="true" box="[151,354,1375,1402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F7CFF8F5E4A925FE0EAFABC" box="[361,455,1375,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BBEF65484F7CFF8F5FB49283E03FFA5B" box="[151,274,1411,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="description">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7CFF8F5FB49283E03FFA5B" blockId="4.[151,455,1375,1438]" box="[151,274,1411,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
(
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F7CFF8F5FBC9283E024FA5B" box="[159,265,1411,1438]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1529,1553]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1918,1942]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,1566,1590]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,632,1506]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1425,199,1881]" captionTargetBox-2="[180,1223,718,1524]" captionTargetId-0="figure-311@6.[151,1435,632,1506]" captionTargetId-1="figure-21@7.[151,1435,181,1894]" captionTargetId-2="figure-257@8.[151,1435,669,1543]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. General view in life of the Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. from buffer zone of Pico Bonito National Park, municipality of El Porvenir, department of Atlántida, Honduras. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photography by JRG." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Photos (left) and schematic draws (right) of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. (CZB-HSE056, displaying dorsal (A, B) dorsal, lateral (C, D), and ventral (E, F) views of the head. Bar = 1 mm. Photographs by CAAF." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Dorsolateral view of the preserved holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. (CZB-HSE056). Scale bar = 10 mm. Photography by CAAF." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385234" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385238" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385240" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14385234/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14385238/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14385240/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BBEF65484F7CFF8F5FB492CBE5D4F9E8" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7CFF8F5FB492CBE5D4F9E8" blockId="4.[151,1436,1483,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
<materialsCitation id="439D3C9E4F7CFF8F5FB492CBE5D4F9E8" collectingDate="2019-08-06" collectorName="Cristopher A. Antunez-Fonseca &amp; El Pino" country="Honduras" county="El Porvenir" elevation="42" latitude="15.704433" location="Pico Bonito National Park" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.91911" municipality="El Porvenir" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Atlantida" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7CFF8F5FB492CBE026FA20" bold="true" box="[151,267,1483,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
<typeStatus id="2C4E88614F7CFF8F5FB492CBE02BFA20" box="[151,262,1483,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
A
<specimenCount id="E5F3FD4A4F7CFF8F5E0F92CBE056FA20" box="[300,379,1483,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, CZB-HSE056 (field number EPA 02), collected by
<collectorName id="5E0053154F7CFF8F5CEF92CBE403FA20" box="[972,1326,1483,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Cristopher A. Antúnez-Fonseca</collectorName>
and team on
<date id="874B10034F7CFF8F5F9F92EFE05FF9CC" box="[188,370,1519,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" value="2019-08-06">
<collectingDate id="970FE9EB4F7CFF8F5F9F92EFE05FF9CC" box="[188,370,1519,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" value="2019-08-06">06 August 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
at 09:04 h in the
<location id="F62A60184F7CFF8F5D6292EFE243F9CC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7B5C87D54F7CFF825FB4925FE285F9F3:F62A60184F7CFF8F5D6292EFE243F9CC" box="[577,878,1519,1545]" country="Honduras" county="El Porvenir" latitude="15.704433" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.91911" municipality="El Porvenir" name="Pico Bonito National Park" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" stateProvince="Atlantida">Pico Bonito National Park</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="96C150044F7CFF8F5C5C92F1E501F9C9" box="[895,1068,1521,1548]" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" precision="1" seconds="15.96" value="15.704433">15°42′15.96″N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="96C150044F7CFF8F5B1A92F1E5C4F9C9" box="[1081,1257,1521,1548]" degrees="86" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" precision="1" seconds="08.82" value="-86.91911">86°55′08.82″W</geoCoordinate>
; WGS84;
<elevation id="78D8D1F04F7CFF8F5A4292EFE06BF9E8" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="42.0">
<quantity id="340D9B264F7CFF8F5A4292EFE4B1F9CF" box="[1377,1436,1519,1546]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="42.0">42 m</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
), village of
<collectorName id="5E0053154F7CFF8F5EE89113E30CF9E8" box="[459,545,1555,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">El Pino</collectorName>
, municipality of
<collectingMunicipality id="132EACB94F7CFF8F5DFC9113E24CF9E8" box="[735,865,1555,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">El Porvenir</collectingMunicipality>
, department of
<collectingRegion id="3131F8214F7CFF8F5B2D9113E554F9E8" box="[1038,1145,1555,1581]" country="Honduras" name="Atlantida" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Atlántida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="8BE276534F7CFF8F5BA79113E5D8F9E8" box="[1156,1269,1555,1581]" name="Honduras" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Honduras</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BBEF65484F7CFF8D5FE49137E380FDA5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7CFF8F5FE49137E460F850" blockId="4.[151,1436,1483,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7CFF8F5FE49137E06FF994" bold="true" box="[199,322,1591,1617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
We assign our specimen to the genus
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7CFF8F5DF19137E27BF994" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1881" box="[722,854,1591,1617]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7CFF8F5DF19137E27BF994" box="[722,854,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Liotyphlops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it presents the following unique combination of diagnostic features reported for the genus: enlarged, non-polygonal head scales with rounded posterior margins; the enlarged rostral joins a short and broad frontal shield, completely separating prefrontals; midbody scale rows 22 to 28; and a tail with a terminal spine.
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7CFF8F5D4F91A3E207F978" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[620,810,1699,1725]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7CFF8F5D4F91A3E207F978" box="[620,810,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7CFF8F5C1291A3E2A6F978" bold="true" box="[817,907,1699,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F7CFF8F5C1291A3E2A6F978" box="[817,907,1699,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be distinguished from its congeners by the unique combination of the following characters: three scales contacting the posterior border of the prefrontals; one scale in contact with posterior border of the nasal between second supralabial and prefrontal; three scales on the first vertical row of body; supralabials three; infralabials three; scale between prefrontal and ocular anterior absent; midbody rows of scales 22; 425 “dorsal” scales between rostral and terminal spine; 414 “ventral” scales; and 11 subcaudal scales. The color pattern on the frontal and gular region is pale brown, with a nuchal collar slightly lighter than the rest of the body, relatively dark brown body, which becomes slightly lighter on its posterior region.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A78A664B4F7DFF8E5FB496E4E72EFD77" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" startId="5.[151,239,484,510]" targetBox="[162,2022,717,1704]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7DFF8E5FB496E4E72EFD77" blockId="5.[151,2037,484,690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5FB496E4E021FE3B" bold="true" box="[151,268,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparison of external morphological characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5C5D96E4E519FE3B" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[894,1076,484,510]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5C5D96E4E519FE3B" box="[894,1076,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5B1F96E4E5BEFE3B" bold="true" box="[1084,1171,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F7DFF8E5B1F96E4E5BEFE3B" box="[1084,1171,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
with congeners based on data from
<bibRefCitation id="97644B324F7DFF8E590396E4E623FE3B" author="Santos, F. J. M. &amp; Reis, R. E." box="[1568,1806,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" pagination="507 - 514" refId="ref10426" refString="Santos, F. J. M. &amp; Reis, R. E. (2018) Two new blind snake species of the genus Liotyphlops (Serpentes: Anomalepididae), from Central and South Brazil. Copeia, 106 (3), 507 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CH- 18 - 081" type="journal article" year="2018">Santos &amp; Reis (2018)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="97644B324F7DFF8E583A96E4E6DCFE3B" author="Abegg, A. D. &amp; Azevedo, W. S. &amp; Franco, F. L. &amp; Duarte, M. R." box="[1817,2033,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" refId="ref8389" refString="Abegg, A. D., Azevedo, W. S., Franco, F. L. &amp; Duarte, M. R. (2019) Description of a second known Liotyphlops caissara specimen (Serpentes: Anomalepididae). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 91 (3), e 20181104. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765201920181104" type="journal volume" year="2019">
Abegg
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E584B96E4E68DFE3B" box="[1896,1952,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="97644B324F7DFF8E5FB49508E0E8FDE7" author="Linares-Vargas, C. A. &amp; Bolivar-Garcia, W. &amp; Herrera-Martinez, A. &amp; Osorio-Dominguez, D. &amp; Ospina, O. E. &amp; Thomas, R. &amp; Daza, J. D." box="[151,453,520,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" pagination="2264 - 2278" refId="ref9582" refString="Linares-Vargas, C. A., Bolivar-Garcia, W., Herrera-Martinez, A., Osorio-Dominguez, D., Ospina, O. E., Thomas, R. &amp; Daza, J. D. (2021) The status of the anomalepidid snake Liotyphlops albirostris and the revalidation of three taxa based on morphology and ecological niche models. The Anatomical Record, 304 (10), 2264 - 2278. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 24730" type="journal article" year="2021">
Linares-Vargas
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5E1C9508E058FDE7" box="[319,373,520,546]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="97644B324F7DFF8E5EDD9508E38EFDE7" author="Santos, F. J. M." box="[510,675,520,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" pagination="87 - 114" refId="ref10301" refString="Santos, F. J. M. (2023 a) A new species of the genus Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes, Anomalepididae) from Colombia and the synonymization of Liotyphlops beui (Amaral, 1924) with Liotyphlops ternetzii (Boulenger, 1896). ZooKeys, 1146, 87 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1146.94607" type="journal article" year="2023">Santos (2023a)</bibRefCitation>
. Abbreviations are as follows: LV = little visible; A = absent; E = evident; N = number of specimens; SPEP = number of scales contacting posterior edge of prefrontal; SPEN = number of scales contacting posterior edge of nasal between second supralabial and prefrontal; SFVRD = number of scales in the first vertical row of dorsals; SL = number of supralabial scales; IL = number of infralabial scales; ASR = number of anterior scale rows around body; MSR = number of scale rows around the midbody; PSR = number of posterior scale rows around body; DSR = number of dorsal scale rows; VSR = number of ventral scales rows; SC = number of subcaudal scales; TL = total length (mm). The numbers separated by hyphens represent the minimum and maximum ranges of each variable.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7DFF8E5F8195CDE6F4F96D" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<table id="81F5C4634F7D00745F8195CDE6CBF96D" box="[162,2022,717,1704]" gridcols="15" gridrows="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F8195CDE6CBFD23" box="[162,2022,717,742]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F8195CDE06CFD23" box="[162,321,717,742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F8195CDE1DCFD23" bold="true" box="[162,241,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Species</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E4595CDE052FD23" box="[358,383,717,742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5E4595CDE055FD23" bold="true" box="[358,376,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">N</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD95CDE0C2FD23" box="[414,495,717,742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5EBD95CDE0EAFD23" bold="true" box="[414,455,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Eye</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E95CDE376FD23" box="[541,603,717,742]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5D3E95CDE376FD23" bold="true" box="[541,603,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">SPEP</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D5895CDE391FD23" box="[635,700,717,742]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5D5895CDE391FD23" bold="true" box="[635,700,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">SPEN</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF895CDE202FD23" box="[731,815,717,742]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5DF895CDE202FD23" bold="true" box="[731,815,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">SFVRD</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C95CDE243FD23" box="[847,878,717,742]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5C6C95CDE243FD23" bold="true" box="[847,878,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">SL</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB995CDE298FD23" box="[922,949,717,742]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5CB995CDE298FD23" bold="true" box="[922,949,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">IL</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF95CDE506FD23" box="[1004,1067,717,742]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5CCF95CDE532FD23" bold="true" box="[1004,1055,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">ASR</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B5295CDE59CFD23" box="[1137,1201,717,742]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5B5295CDE584FD23" bold="true" box="[1137,1193,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">MSR</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B95CDE465FD23" box="[1288,1352,717,742]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5A2B95CDE415FD23" bold="true" box="[1288,1336,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">PSR</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A8395CDE4D4FD23" box="[1440,1529,717,742]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5A8395CDE4FEFD23" bold="true" box="[1440,1491,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">DSR</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B95CDE7BCFD23" box="[1592,1681,717,742]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E591B95CDE746FD23" bold="true" box="[1592,1643,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">VSR</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C395CDE60DFD23" box="[1760,1824,717,742]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E59C395CDE62DFD23" bold="true" box="[1760,1792,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">SC</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D0074584495CDE6CBFD23" box="[1895,2022,717,742]" gridcol="14" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E584495CDE6A4FD23" bold="true" box="[1895,1929,717,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">TL</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819417E6CBFCF5" box="[162,2022,791,816]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819417E06CFCF5" box="[162,321,791,816]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819417E00BFCF5" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1951" box="[162,294,791,816]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819417E00BFCF5" box="[162,294,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459417E052FCF5" box="[358,383,791,816]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">6</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9417E0C2FCF5" box="[414,495,791,816]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">LV or A</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9417E376FCF5" box="[541,603,791,816]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589417E391FCF5" box="[635,700,791,816]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89417E202FCF5" box="[731,815,791,816]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">5</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9417E243FCF5" box="[847,878,791,816]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99417E298FCF5" box="[922,949,791,816]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9417E506FCF5" box="[1004,1067,791,816]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">24–26</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529417E59CFCF5" box="[1137,1201,791,816]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9417E465FCF5" box="[1288,1352,791,816]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839417E4D4FCF5" box="[1440,1529,791,816]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">432–478</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9417E7BCFCF5" box="[1592,1681,791,816]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">417–453</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39417E60DFCF5" box="[1760,1824,791,816]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">12–17</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449417E6CBFCF5" box="[1895,2022,791,816]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">70.0–225.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819457E6CBFCB5" box="[162,2022,855,880]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819457E06CFCB5" box="[162,321,855,880]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819457E1D7FCB5" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[162,250,855,880]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819457E1D7FCB5" box="[162,250,855,880]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. anops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459457E052FCB5" box="[358,383,855,880]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9457E0C2FCB5" box="[414,495,855,880]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">A</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9457E376FCB5" box="[541,603,855,880]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589457E391FCB5" box="[635,700,855,880]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89457E202FCB5" box="[731,815,855,880]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">5–6</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9457E243FCB5" box="[847,878,855,880]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99457E298FCB5" box="[922,949,855,880]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9457E506FCB5" box="[1004,1067,855,880]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">26</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529457E59CFCB5" box="[1137,1201,855,880]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">24</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9457E465FCB5" box="[1288,1352,855,880]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">24</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839457E4D4FCB5" box="[1440,1529,855,880]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">562–597</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9457E7BCFCB5" box="[1592,1681,855,880]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">531–572</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39457E60DFCB5" box="[1760,1824,855,880]" gridcol="13" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">12–14</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449457E6CBFCB5" box="[1895,2022,855,880]" gridcol="14" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">186.0–337.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819496E6CBFC6A" box="[162,2022,918,943]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819496E06CFC6A" box="[162,321,918,943]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819496E038FC6A" authorityName="Dixon &amp; Kofron" authorityYear="1984" box="[162,277,918,943]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="argaleus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819496E038FC6A" box="[162,277,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. argaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459496E052FC6A" box="[358,383,918,943]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9496E0C2FC6A" box="[414,495,918,943]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">LV or A</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9496E376FC6A" box="[541,603,918,943]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589496E391FC6A" box="[635,700,918,943]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89496E202FC6A" box="[731,815,918,943]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9496E243FC6A" box="[847,878,918,943]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99496E298FC6A" box="[922,949,918,943]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9496E506FC6A" box="[1004,1067,918,943]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">25</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529496E59CFC6A" box="[1137,1201,918,943]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">23</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9496E465FC6A" box="[1288,1352,918,943]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839496E4D4FC6A" box="[1440,1529,918,943]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">497</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9496E7BCFC6A" box="[1592,1681,918,943]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">472</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39496E60DFC6A" box="[1760,1824,918,943]" gridcol="13" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">16</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449496E6CBFC6A" box="[1895,2022,918,943]" gridcol="14" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">208.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F8194D5E6CBFC2B" box="[162,2022,981,1006]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F8194D5E06CFC2B" box="[162,321,981,1006]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F8194D5E00FFC2B" baseAuthorityName="Griffin" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[162,290,981,1006]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F8194D5E00FFC2B" box="[162,290,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. bondensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E4594D5E052FC2B" box="[358,383,981,1006]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">17</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD94D5E0C2FC2B" box="[414,495,981,1006]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">E</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E94D5E376FC2B" box="[541,603,981,1006]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D5894D5E391FC2B" box="[635,700,981,1006]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF894D5E202FC2B" box="[731,815,981,1006]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C94D5E243FC2B" box="[847,878,981,1006]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB994D5E298FC2B" box="[922,949,981,1006]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF94D5E506FC2B" box="[1004,1067,981,1006]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">24</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B5294D5E59CFC2B" box="[1137,1201,981,1006]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B94D5E465FC2B" box="[1288,1352,981,1006]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A8394D5E4D4FC2B" box="[1440,1529,981,1006]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">363–449</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B94D5E7BCFC2B" box="[1592,1681,981,1006]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">347–434</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C394D5E60DFC2B" box="[1760,1824,981,1006]" gridcol="13" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">11–17</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074584494D5E6CBFC2B" box="[1895,2022,981,1006]" gridcol="14" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">79.0–204.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819314E6CBFBE8" box="[162,2022,1044,1069]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819314E06CFBE8" box="[162,321,1044,1069]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819314E03EFBE8" authorityName="Centeno, Sawaya &amp; Germano" authorityYear="2010" box="[162,275,1044,1069]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caissara">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819314E03EFBE8" box="[162,275,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. caissara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459314E052FBE8" box="[358,383,1044,1069]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9314E0C2FBE8" box="[414,495,1044,1069]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">LV</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9314E376FBE8" box="[541,603,1044,1069]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589314E391FBE8" box="[635,700,1044,1069]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89314E202FBE8" box="[731,815,1044,1069]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9314E243FBE8" box="[847,878,1044,1069]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99314E298FBE8" box="[922,949,1044,1069]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9314E506FBE8" box="[1004,1067,1044,1069]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22–23</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529314E59CFBE8" box="[1137,1201,1044,1069]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20–22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9314E465FBE8" box="[1288,1352,1044,1069]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839314E4D4FBE8" box="[1440,1529,1044,1069]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">296–326</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9314E7BCFBE8" box="[1592,1681,1044,1069]" gridcol="12" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">274–308</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39314E60DFBE8" box="[1760,1824,1044,1069]" gridcol="13" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">10–14</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449314E6CBFBE8" box="[1895,2022,1044,1069]" gridcol="14" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">138.5–195.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819353E6CBFBA9" box="[162,2022,1107,1132]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819353E06CFBA9" box="[162,321,1107,1132]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819353E06DFBA9" box="[162,320,1107,1132]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracasensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819353E06DFBA9" box="[162,320,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. caracasensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459353E052FBA9" box="[358,383,1107,1132]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">25</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9353E0C2FBA9" box="[414,495,1107,1132]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">LV</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9353E376FBA9" box="[541,603,1107,1132]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3–4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589353E391FBA9" box="[635,700,1107,1132]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89353E202FBA9" box="[731,815,1107,1132]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4–5</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9353E243FBA9" box="[847,878,1107,1132]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99353E298FBA9" box="[922,949,1107,1132]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9353E506FBA9" box="[1004,1067,1107,1132]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">24</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529353E59CFBA9" box="[1137,1201,1107,1132]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9353E465FBA9" box="[1288,1352,1107,1132]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839353E4D4FBA9" box="[1440,1529,1107,1132]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">–</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9353E7BCFBA9" box="[1592,1681,1107,1132]" gridcol="12" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">–</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39353E60DFBA9" box="[1760,1824,1107,1132]" gridcol="13" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4–5</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449353E6CBFBA9" box="[1895,2022,1107,1132]" gridcol="14" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">235.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819392E6CBFB6E" box="[162,2022,1170,1195]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819392E06CFB6E" box="[162,321,1170,1195]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819392E1DAFB6E" box="[162,247,1170,1195]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haadi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819392E1DAFB6E" box="[162,247,1170,1195]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. haadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459392E052FB6E" box="[358,383,1170,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9392E0C2FB6E" box="[414,495,1170,1195]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">A</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9392E376FB6E" box="[541,603,1170,1195]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589392E391FB6E" box="[635,700,1170,1195]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89392E202FB6E" box="[731,815,1170,1195]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9392E243FB6E" box="[847,878,1170,1195]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99392E298FB6E" box="[922,949,1170,1195]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9392E506FB6E" box="[1004,1067,1170,1195]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529392E59CFB6E" box="[1137,1201,1170,1195]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">19–20</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9392E465FB6E" box="[1288,1352,1170,1195]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">18–20</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839392E4D4FB6E" box="[1440,1529,1170,1195]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">333–384</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9392E7BCFB6E" box="[1592,1681,1170,1195]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">309–348</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39392E60DFB6E" box="[1760,1824,1170,1195]" gridcol="13" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">11–12</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449392E6CBFB6E" box="[1895,2022,1170,1195]" gridcol="14" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">155.0–180.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F8193D1E6CBFB2F" box="[162,2022,1233,1258]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F8193D1E06CFB2F" box="[162,321,1233,1258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F8193D1E003FB2F" box="[162,302,1233,1258]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F8193D1E003FB2F" box="[162,302,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. palauophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E4593D1E052FB2F" box="[358,383,1233,1258]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD93D1E0C2FB2F" box="[414,495,1233,1258]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">A</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E93D1E376FB2F" box="[541,603,1233,1258]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D5893D1E391FB2F" box="[635,700,1233,1258]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF893D1E202FB2F" box="[731,815,1233,1258]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">6</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C93D1E243FB2F" box="[847,878,1233,1258]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB993D1E298FB2F" box="[922,949,1233,1258]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF93D1E506FB2F" box="[1004,1067,1233,1258]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">28</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B5293D1E59CFB2F" box="[1137,1201,1233,1258]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">26</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B93D1E465FB2F" box="[1288,1352,1233,1258]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">26</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A8393D1E4D4FB2F" box="[1440,1529,1233,1258]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">573</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B93D1E7BCFB2F" box="[1592,1681,1233,1258]" gridcol="12" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">561</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C393D1E60DFB2F" box="[1760,1824,1233,1258]" gridcol="13" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">19</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074584493D1E6CBFB2F" box="[1895,2022,1233,1258]" gridcol="14" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">361.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819210E6CBFAEC" box="[162,2022,1296,1321]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819210E06CFAEC" box="[162,321,1296,1321]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819210E1C7FAEC" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[162,234,1296,1321]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819210E1C7FAEC" box="[162,234,1296,1321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5FD29210E06CFAEC" bold="true" box="[241,321,1296,1321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F7DFF8E5FD29210E06CFAEC" box="[241,321,1296,1321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459210E052FAEC" box="[358,383,1296,1321]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9210E0C2FAEC" box="[414,495,1296,1321]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">E</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9210E376FAEC" box="[541,603,1296,1321]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589210E391FAEC" box="[635,700,1296,1321]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89210E202FAEC" box="[731,815,1296,1321]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9210E243FAEC" box="[847,878,1296,1321]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99210E298FAEC" box="[922,949,1296,1321]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9210E506FAEC" box="[1004,1067,1296,1321]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529210E59CFAEC" box="[1137,1201,1296,1321]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9210E465FAEC" box="[1288,1352,1296,1321]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839210E4D4FAEC" box="[1440,1529,1296,1321]" gridcol="11" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">425</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9210E7BCFAEC" box="[1592,1681,1296,1321]" gridcol="12" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">414</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39210E60DFAEC" box="[1760,1824,1296,1321]" gridcol="13" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">11</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449210E6CBFAEC" box="[1895,2022,1296,1321]" gridcol="14" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">195.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F81924FE6CBFAAD" box="[162,2022,1359,1384]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F81924FE06CFAAD" box="[162,321,1359,1384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F81924FE024FAAD" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1889" box="[162,265,1359,1384]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F81924FE024FAAD" box="[162,265,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. petersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E45924FE052FAAD" box="[358,383,1359,1384]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD924FE0C2FAAD" box="[414,495,1359,1384]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">LV</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E924FE376FAAD" box="[541,603,1359,1384]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D58924FE391FAAD" box="[635,700,1359,1384]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF8924FE202FAAD" box="[731,815,1359,1384]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C924FE243FAAD" box="[847,878,1359,1384]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB9924FE298FAAD" box="[922,949,1359,1384]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF924FE506FAAD" box="[1004,1067,1359,1384]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">24</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B52924FE59CFAAD" box="[1137,1201,1359,1384]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B924FE465FAAD" box="[1288,1352,1359,1384]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A83924FE4D4FAAD" box="[1440,1529,1359,1384]" gridcol="11" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">–</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B924FE7BCFAAD" box="[1592,1681,1359,1384]" gridcol="12" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">–</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C3924FE60DFAAD" box="[1760,1824,1359,1384]" gridcol="13" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">–</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745844924FE6CBFAAD" box="[1895,2022,1359,1384]" gridcol="14" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">110.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F81928EE6CBFA62" box="[162,2022,1422,1447]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F81928EE06CFA62" box="[162,321,1422,1447]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F81928EE030FA62" authorityName="Vanzolini" authorityYear="1948" box="[162,285,1422,1447]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="schubarti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F81928EE030FA62" box="[162,285,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. schubarti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E45928EE052FA62" box="[358,383,1422,1447]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">5</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD928EE0C2FA62" box="[414,495,1422,1447]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">LV</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E928EE376FA62" box="[541,603,1422,1447]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D58928EE391FA62" box="[635,700,1422,1447]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF8928EE202FA62" box="[731,815,1422,1447]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">5</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C928EE243FA62" box="[847,878,1422,1447]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB9928EE298FA62" box="[922,949,1422,1447]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF928EE506FA62" box="[1004,1067,1422,1447]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22–24</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B52928EE59CFA62" box="[1137,1201,1422,1447]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20–22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B928EE465FA62" box="[1288,1352,1422,1447]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A83928EE4D4FA62" box="[1440,1529,1422,1447]" gridcol="11" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">417–463</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B928EE7BCFA62" box="[1592,1681,1422,1447]" gridcol="12" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">398–451</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C3928EE60DFA62" box="[1760,1824,1422,1447]" gridcol="13" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">11–14</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745844928EE6CBFA62" box="[1895,2022,1422,1447]" gridcol="14" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">85.0–99.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F8192CEE6CBFA22" box="[162,2022,1486,1511]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F8192CEE06CFA22" box="[162,321,1486,1511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F8192CEE02CFA22" box="[162,257,1486,1511]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F8192CEE02CFA22" box="[162,257,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E4592CEE052FA22" box="[358,383,1486,1511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD92CEE0C2FA22" box="[414,495,1486,1511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">LV</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E92CEE376FA22" box="[541,603,1486,1511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D5892CEE391FA22" box="[635,700,1486,1511]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF892CEE202FA22" box="[731,815,1486,1511]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">5</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C92CEE243FA22" box="[847,878,1486,1511]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB992CEE298FA22" box="[922,949,1486,1511]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF92CEE506FA22" box="[1004,1067,1486,1511]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B5292CEE59CFA22" box="[1137,1201,1486,1511]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B92CEE465FA22" box="[1288,1352,1486,1511]" gridcol="10" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A8392CEE4D4FA22" box="[1440,1529,1486,1511]" gridcol="11" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">455</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B92CEE7BCFA22" box="[1592,1681,1486,1511]" gridcol="12" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">441</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C392CEE60DFA22" box="[1760,1824,1486,1511]" gridcol="13" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">14</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074584492CEE6CBFA22" box="[1895,2022,1486,1511]" gridcol="14" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">239.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F81910DE6CBF9E3" box="[162,2022,1549,1574]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F81910DE06CF9E3" box="[162,321,1549,1574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F81910DE03DF9E3" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[162,272,1549,1574]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="ternetzii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F81910DE03DF9E3" box="[162,272,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. ternetzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E45910DE052F9E3" box="[358,383,1549,1574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">50</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD910DE0C2F9E3" box="[414,495,1549,1574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">E or LV</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E910DE376F9E3" box="[541,603,1549,1574]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D58910DE391F9E3" box="[635,700,1549,1574]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF8910DE202F9E3" box="[731,815,1549,1574]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">5–6</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C910DE243F9E3" box="[847,878,1549,1574]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB9910DE298F9E3" box="[922,949,1549,1574]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF910DE506F9E3" box="[1004,1067,1549,1574]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22–26</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B52910DE59CF9E3" box="[1137,1201,1549,1574]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20–23</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B910DE465F9E3" box="[1288,1352,1549,1574]" gridcol="10" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20–22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A83910DE4D4F9E3" box="[1440,1529,1549,1574]" gridcol="11" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">353–539</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B910DE7BCF9E3" box="[1592,1681,1549,1574]" gridcol="12" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">341–514</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C3910DE60DF9E3" box="[1760,1824,1549,1574]" gridcol="13" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">11–22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745844910DE6CBF9E3" box="[1895,2022,1549,1574]" gridcol="14" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">88.0–413.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F819150E6CBF9AC" box="[162,2022,1616,1641]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F819150E06CF9AC" box="[162,321,1616,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F819150E02AF9AC" box="[162,263,1616,1641]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trefauti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F819150E02AF9AC" box="[162,263,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. trefauti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E459150E052F9AC" box="[358,383,1616,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">2</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD9150E0C2F9AC" box="[414,495,1616,1641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">A</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E9150E376F9AC" box="[541,603,1616,1641]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D589150E391F9AC" box="[635,700,1616,1641]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF89150E202F9AC" box="[731,815,1616,1641]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">5</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C9150E243F9AC" box="[847,878,1616,1641]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB99150E298F9AC" box="[922,949,1616,1641]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF9150E506F9AC" box="[1004,1067,1616,1641]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B529150E59CF9AC" box="[1137,1201,1616,1641]" gridcol="9" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B9150E465F9AC" box="[1288,1352,1616,1641]" gridcol="10" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A839150E4D4F9AC" box="[1440,1529,1616,1641]" gridcol="11" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">520–543</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B9150E7BCF9AC" box="[1592,1681,1616,1641]" gridcol="12" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">499–531</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C39150E60DF9AC" box="[1760,1824,1616,1641]" gridcol="13" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">8</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007458449150E6CBF9AC" box="[1895,2022,1616,1641]" gridcol="14" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">362.0–385.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4DC534814F7D00745F81918FE6CBF96D" box="[162,2022,1679,1704]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<th id="0E145DFD4F7D00745F81918FE06CF96D" box="[162,321,1679,1704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7DFF8E5F81918FE028F96D" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[162,261,1679,1704]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" rank="species" species="wilderi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7DFF8E5F81918FE028F96D" box="[162,261,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">L. wilderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745E45918FE052F96D" box="[358,383,1679,1704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745EBD918FE0C2F96D" box="[414,495,1679,1704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">E</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D3E918FE376F96D" box="[541,603,1679,1704]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745D58918FE391F96D" box="[635,700,1679,1704]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">1</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745DF8918FE202F96D" box="[731,815,1679,1704]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745C6C918FE243F96D" box="[847,878,1679,1704]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">4</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CB9918FE298F96D" box="[922,949,1679,1704]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">3</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745CCF918FE506F96D" box="[1004,1067,1679,1704]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22–24</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745B52918FE59CF96D" box="[1137,1201,1679,1704]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">22</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A2B918FE465F96D" box="[1288,1352,1679,1704]" gridcol="10" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">20–21</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745A83918FE4D4F96D" box="[1440,1529,1679,1704]" gridcol="11" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">385–402</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D0074591B918FE7BCF96D" box="[1592,1681,1679,1704]" gridcol="12" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">371–383</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D007459C3918FE60DF96D" box="[1760,1824,1679,1704]" gridcol="13" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">12–19</td>
<td id="0E145DFD4F7D00745844918FE6CBF96D" box="[1895,2022,1679,1704]" gridcol="14" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">95.0–231.0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7EFF8D5FE49796E380FDA5" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5FE49796E040FF75" bold="true" box="[199,365,150,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Comparisons.</emphasis>
Among its congeners,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D5D9796E213FF75" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[638,830,150,176]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D5D9796E213FF75" box="[638,830,150,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5C6B9796E288FF75" bold="true" box="[840,933,150,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F7EFF8D5C6B9796E288FF75" box="[840,933,150,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is the only species to have three scales on the first vertical row of dorsals (vs. 4–6 scales in all other congeners); it is also distinguished by having one scale contacting the posterior border of the nasal between the second supralabial and prefrontal (vs. two in
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5A1197DFE4B8FF3D" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1330,1429,223,248]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5A1197DFE4B8FF3D" box="[1330,1429,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. anops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5FB49603E01FFED9" box="[151,306,258,284]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5FB49603E01FFED9" box="[151,306,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. palauophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E619603E0E6FED9" authorityName="Vanzolini" authorityYear="1948" box="[322,459,258,284]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="schubarti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E619603E0E6FED9" box="[322,459,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. schubarti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5EF99603E369FED9" box="[474,580,258,284]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5EF99603E369FED9" box="[474,580,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D5E9603E3D5FED9" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[637,760,259,284]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="ternetzii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D5E9603E3D5FED9" box="[637,760,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. ternetzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); three scales contacting the posterior line of the prefrontal (vs. four scales in
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E539627E0F9FE85" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[368,468,295,320]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E539627E0F9FE85" box="[368,468,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. anops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5EC69627E34AFE85" authorityName="Dixon &amp; Kofron" authorityYear="1984" box="[485,615,294,320]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="argaleus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5EC69627E34AFE85" box="[485,615,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. argaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D5B9627E231FE85" box="[632,796,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D5B9627E23AFE85" box="[632,791,294,320]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">L. palauophis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5C7B9627E2E7FE85" box="[856,970,294,320]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trefauti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5C7B9627E2E7FE85" box="[856,970,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. trefauti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); three supralabial scales (vs. four in
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5AA59627E026FEA1" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1951" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5AA59627E026FEA1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E3B964BE055FEA1" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[280,376,331,356]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E3B964BE055FEA1" box="[280,376,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. anops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5EA6964BE32EFEA1" authorityName="Dixon &amp; Kofron" authorityYear="1984" box="[389,515,330,356]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="argaleus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5EA6964BE32EFEA1" box="[389,515,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. argaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D33964BE3B1FEA1" baseAuthorityName="Griffin" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[528,668,330,356]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D33964BE3B1FEA1" box="[528,668,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. bondensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D89964BE27AFEA1" box="[682,855,331,356]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracasensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D89964BE27AFEA1" box="[682,855,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. caracasensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5C47964BE2ECFEA1" box="[868,961,330,356]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haadi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5C47964BE2ECFEA1" box="[868,961,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. haadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5CED964BE54BFEA1" box="[974,1126,330,356]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5CED964BE54BFEA1" box="[974,1126,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. palauophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5B57964BE5C8FEA1" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1889" box="[1140,1253,331,356]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5B57964BE5C8FEA1" box="[1140,1253,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. petersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5BD1964BE454FEA1" authorityName="Vanzolini" authorityYear="1948" box="[1266,1401,330,356]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="schubarti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5BD1964BE454FEA1" box="[1266,1401,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. schubarti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5AA5964BE1CFFE4D" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5AA5964BE1CFFE4D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5FCC966FE044FE4D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[239,361,367,392]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="ternetzii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5FCC966FE044FE4D" box="[239,361,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. ternetzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E55966FE0C1FE4D" box="[374,492,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E55966FE0CAFE4D" authorityName="Freire, Caramaschi &amp; Suzart Argolo" authorityYear="2007" box="[374,487,366,392]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="treufati">L. treufati</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D02966FE3A3FE4D" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[545,654,366,392]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="wilderi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D02966FE3A3FE4D" box="[545,654,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. wilderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); three infralabial scales (vs. two and four in
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5BAA966FE5DCFE4D" box="[1161,1265,366,392]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5BAA966FE5DCFE4D" box="[1161,1265,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5A04966FE4B8FE4D" authorityName="Freire, Caramaschi &amp; Suzart Argolo" authorityYear="2007" box="[1319,1429,366,392]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="treufati">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5A04966FE4B8FE4D" box="[1319,1429,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. treufati</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively); dorsal scale rows 22 around the body (vs. without 22 on the anterior region of body in
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5A279693E4BBFE69" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1951" box="[1284,1430,402,428]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5A279693E4BBFE69" box="[1284,1430,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5FB496B7E1D5FE15" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[151,248,439,464]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5FB496B7E1D5FE15" box="[151,248,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. anops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E2596B7E0A8FE15" authorityName="Dixon &amp; Kofron" authorityYear="1984" box="[262,389,438,464]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="argaleus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E2596B7E0A8FE15" box="[262,389,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. argaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5EB796B7E30FFE15" baseAuthorityName="Griffin" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[404,546,438,464]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5EB796B7E30FFE15" box="[404,546,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. bondensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D1396B7E380FE15" authorityName="Centeno, Sawaya &amp; Germano" authorityYear="2010" box="[560,685,439,464]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caissara">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D1396B7E380FE15" box="[560,685,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. caissara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D9896B7E247FE15" box="[699,874,439,464]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracasensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D9896B7E247FE15" box="[699,874,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. caracasensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5C5B96B7E2FBFE15" box="[888,982,438,464]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haadi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5C5B96B7E2FBFE15" box="[888,982,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. haadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5CC796B7E553FE15" box="[996,1150,438,464]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5CC796B7E553FE15" box="[996,1150,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. palauophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5BAE96B7E5D2FE15" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1889" box="[1165,1279,439,464]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petersii">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5BAE96B7E5D2FE15" box="[1165,1279,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. petersii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5A2E96B7E4B8FE15" authorityName="Vanzolini" authorityYear="1948" box="[1293,1429,438,464]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="schubarti">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5A2E96B7E4B8FE15" box="[1293,1429,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. schubarti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5FB496DBE02FFE31" box="[151,258,474,500]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5FB496DBE02FFE31" box="[151,258,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E6796DBE09EFE31" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[324,435,474,500]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="wilderi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E6796DBE09EFE31" box="[324,435,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. wilderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 425 rows of “dorsal” scales (vs.
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5C6596DAE2EAFE31" box="[838,967,474,500]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1557" metricValueMax="1.21412" metricValueMin="1.09728" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="in" value="455.0" valueMax="478.0" valueMin="432.0">432–478 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5CF396DBE549FE31" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1951" box="[976,1124,474,500]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5CF396DBE549FE31" box="[976,1124,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, above
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5BE396DAE427FE31" box="[1216,1290,474,500]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26238" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="in" value="497.0">497 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5A3096DBE458FE31" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1299,1397,475,500]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5A3096DBE458FE31" box="[1299,1397,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. anops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5AA596DBE1D5FDDD" authorityName="Dixon &amp; Kofron" authorityYear="1984" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="argaleus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5AA596DBE1D5FDDD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. argaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E2A96FFE08BFDDD" box="[265,422,510,536]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E2A96FFE08BFDDD" box="[265,422,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. palauophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E9B96FFE309FDDD" box="[440,548,510,536]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E9B96FFE309FDDD" box="[440,548,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D4496FFE3F4FDDD" authorityName="Freire, Caramaschi &amp; Suzart Argolo" authorityYear="2007" box="[615,729,510,536]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="treufati">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D4496FFE3F4FDDD" box="[615,729,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. treufati</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, below
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5C1A96FEE2A9FDDD" box="[825,900,510,536]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02108" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="in" value="402.0">402 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5CAD96FFE520FDDD" authorityName="Centeno, Sawaya &amp; Germano" authorityYear="2010" box="[910,1037,511,536]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caissara">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5CAD96FFE520FDDD" box="[910,1037,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. caissara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5B3C96FFE552FDDD" box="[1055,1151,510,536]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haadi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5B3C96FFE552FDDD" box="[1055,1151,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. haadi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5BE096FFE41EFDDD" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1219,1331,510,536]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="wilderi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5BE096FFE41EFDDD" box="[1219,1331,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. wilderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and 11 “subcaudal” scales (vs. 12 or more in
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D639523E3FFFDF9" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1951" box="[576,722,546,572]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D639523E3FFFDF9" box="[576,722,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5DFC9523E26DFDF9" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[735,832,547,572]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5DFC9523E26DFDF9" box="[735,832,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. anops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5C6D9523E2E1FDF9" authorityName="Dixon &amp; Kofron" authorityYear="1984" box="[846,972,546,572]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="argaleus">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5C6D9523E2E1FDF9" box="[846,972,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. argaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5CF99523E559FDF9" box="[986,1140,546,572]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palauophis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5CF99523E559FDF9" box="[986,1140,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. palauophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5BA09523E5C6FDF9" box="[1155,1259,546,572]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taylori">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5BA09523E5C6FDF9" box="[1155,1259,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. taylori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5A0B9523E4B8FDF9" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1320,1429,546,572]" genus="Liotyphlop" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="wilderi">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5A0B9523E4B8FDF9" box="[1320,1429,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. wilderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, eight or less in
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5E619547E0DCFDA5" box="[322,497,583,608]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracasensis">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5E619547E0DCFDA5" box="[322,497,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. caracasensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D0D9547E3B1FDA5" authorityName="Freire, Caramaschi &amp; Suzart Argolo" authorityYear="2007" box="[558,668,582,608]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="treufati">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D0D9547E3B1FDA5" box="[558,668,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">L. treufati</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="A78A664B4F7EFF8D5FB492F9E56AF9F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385234" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385234/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" startId="6.[151,250,1529,1553]" targetBox="[151,1435,632,1506]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7EFF8D5FB492F9E56AF9F3" blockId="6.[151,1436,1529,1590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5FB492F9E03EF9D4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1529,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
General view in life of the
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7EFF8D5D0F92FAE3FAF9D4" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[556,727,1530,1554]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5D0F92FAE3FAF9D4" box="[556,727,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5DFD92FAE202F9D7" bold="true" box="[734,815,1530,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F7EFF8D5DFD92FAE202F9D7" box="[734,815,1530,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from buffer zone of Pico Bonito National Park, municipality of El Porvenir, department of Atlántida, Honduras. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photography by JRG.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="BBEF65484F7EFF835FE49187E248F822" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" type="description">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7EFF835FE49187E3C2FD40" blockId="6.[151,1437,1671,2022]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7EFF8D5FE49187E332F967" bold="true" box="[199,543,1671,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="2C4E88614F7EFF8D5E929188E337F967" box="[433,538,1672,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Female specimen with 425 “dorsals”, 414 “ventrals”, and 11 “subcaudals”, midbody scale rows 22. TL
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5EED91ACE36FF903" box="[462,578,1708,1735]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.955" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="195.5">195.5 mm</quantity>
, SVL
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5DA491ACE3D4F903" box="[647,761,1708,1734]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.923" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="192.3">192.3 mm</quantity>
(98.3% TL), CL
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5C9991ACE522F903" box="[954,1039,1708,1734]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
(1.6% TL), midbody diameter
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5A4891ACE1EEF92F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="15.6">15.6 mm</quantity>
(8.0% TL), head width
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5EED91D0E30EF92F" box="[462,547,1744,1770]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
(1.4% TL), head height
<quantity id="340D9B264F7EFF8D5C1791D0E2BAF92F" box="[820,919,1744,1770]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.87" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="1.87">1.87 mm</quantity>
(1.0% TL) (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F7EFF8D5B0291D0E548F92F" box="[1057,1125,1744,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1529,1553]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,632,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-311@6.[151,1435,632,1506]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. General view in life of the Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. from buffer zone of Pico Bonito National Park, municipality of El Porvenir, department of Atlántida, Honduras. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photography by JRG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385234/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Cycloid scales are present throughout the body. Head scales comprise an elongate rostral scale, longer than wide, in contact anterolaterally with the nasals, laterally and dorsal with the prefrontal and ventral with the first supralabial, and posteriorly with a single relatively widened frontal (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F7EFF8D5D36903CE3B6F893" box="[533,667,1852,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[366,1229,208,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[338,1249,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Terminology and nomenclature of the head scales of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. We describe the cephalic shields or scales as follows: Rostral 1, prefrontal 2, frontal 3, nasal 4, first supralabial 5, second supralabial 6, third supralabial 7, mental 8, first supralabial 9, second supralabial 10, third supralabial 11, SPEP = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the prefrontal (scales 3, 12 and 13), SPEN = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the nasal between the second supralabial and prefrontal (scale 12) SFVRD = number of scales in the first vertical row of the dorsals (scales 6, 12 and 13)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385232/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Figs. 2A–B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F7EFF8D5D8B903CE394F893" box="[680,697,1852,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,199,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,1435,181,1894]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photos (left) and schematic draws (right) of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. (CZB-HSE056, displaying dorsal (A, B) dorsal, lateral (C, D), and ventral (E, F) views of the head. Bar = 1 mm. Photographs by CAAF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385238/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">4</figureCitation>
). A pair of triangular prefrontals border the rostral anterolaterally in the dorsal region, contacting in the lateral region with the nasals and the rostral posteriorly with the frontal, the anterior ocular and the second scale of the first vertical row of the dorsals. Two crescent-shaped nasal scales, where the nasal opening is on the border between the two; the anterior is bordered anteriorly by the rostral, dorsally by the prefrontal, posteriorly by the posterior nasal, ventrally by the first supralabial, and the posterior contacts anteriorly with the anterior nasal, contacting the prefrontal dorsally, posteriorly with the preocular and second supralabial, and ventrally with the first supralabial (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835D4297BBE3C5FF10" box="[609,744,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[366,1229,208,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[338,1249,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Terminology and nomenclature of the head scales of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. We describe the cephalic shields or scales as follows: Rostral 1, prefrontal 2, frontal 3, nasal 4, first supralabial 5, second supralabial 6, third supralabial 7, mental 8, first supralabial 9, second supralabial 10, third supralabial 11, SPEP = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the prefrontal (scales 3, 12 and 13), SPEN = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the nasal between the second supralabial and prefrontal (scale 12) SFVRD = number of scales in the first vertical row of the dorsals (scales 6, 12 and 13)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385232/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">Figs. 2A–B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835DD597BBE22AFF10" box="[758,775,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,199,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,1435,181,1894]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photos (left) and schematic draws (right) of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. (CZB-HSE056, displaying dorsal (A, B) dorsal, lateral (C, D), and ventral (E, F) views of the head. Bar = 1 mm. Photographs by CAAF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385238/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">4</figureCitation>
). The ocular point is evident, located between two scales that we consider the anterior ocular of semi-rounded shape and the posterior one of hexagonal shape, which are not separated from the prefrontal by any dorsally preocular scale. Three scales posteriorly surround the posterior ocular scale. A slightly rectangular scale between the frontal and ocular scales. Three supralabial scales, the first being longer than wide and increasing in width posteriorly, the second supralabial being twice as wide relative to length and third supralabial slightly longer than the second supralabial. Three scales on the first vertical line of the dorsal, formed by the second supralabial, infraocular and anterior ocular. One scale contacting the posterior line of the nasal between the second supralabial and prefrontal, which we are referring to as infraocular. Three scales contacting the posterior line of the prefrontal, referred to as infraocular, anterior ocular and frontal (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835A3B96DBE4BCFE30" box="[1304,1425,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[366,1229,208,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[338,1249,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Terminology and nomenclature of the head scales of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. We describe the cephalic shields or scales as follows: Rostral 1, prefrontal 2, frontal 3, nasal 4, first supralabial 5, second supralabial 6, third supralabial 7, mental 8, first supralabial 9, second supralabial 10, third supralabial 11, SPEP = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the prefrontal (scales 3, 12 and 13), SPEN = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the nasal between the second supralabial and prefrontal (scale 12) SFVRD = number of scales in the first vertical row of the dorsals (scales 6, 12 and 13)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385232/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">Fig. 2E–F</figureCitation>
). Three infralabial scales with the first being slightly larger than the second, which are rhomboidal in shape and the third relatively triangular, when closing the individual's mouth, the supralabials and infralabials appear to fit together of the same number (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835ECB9547E342FDA4" box="[488,623,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[366,1229,208,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[338,1249,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Terminology and nomenclature of the head scales of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. We describe the cephalic shields or scales as follows: Rostral 1, prefrontal 2, frontal 3, nasal 4, first supralabial 5, second supralabial 6, third supralabial 7, mental 8, first supralabial 9, second supralabial 10, third supralabial 11, SPEP = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the prefrontal (scales 3, 12 and 13), SPEN = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the nasal between the second supralabial and prefrontal (scale 12) SFVRD = number of scales in the first vertical row of the dorsals (scales 6, 12 and 13)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385232/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">Figs. 2A–D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835D599547E3A6FDA4" box="[634,651,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,199,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,1435,181,1894]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photos (left) and schematic draws (right) of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. (CZB-HSE056, displaying dorsal (A, B) dorsal, lateral (C, D), and ventral (E, F) views of the head. Bar = 1 mm. Photographs by CAAF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385238/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">4</figureCitation>
). The mental is triangular, not divided, wider than long and in contact with the first infralabial on each side (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835D62956BE3EBFD40" box="[577,710,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[366,1229,208,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[338,1249,181,1803]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Terminology and nomenclature of the head scales of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. We describe the cephalic shields or scales as follows: Rostral 1, prefrontal 2, frontal 3, nasal 4, first supralabial 5, second supralabial 6, third supralabial 7, mental 8, first supralabial 9, second supralabial 10, third supralabial 11, SPEP = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the prefrontal (scales 3, 12 and 13), SPEN = number of scales in contact with the posterior edge of the nasal between the second supralabial and prefrontal (scale 12) SFVRD = number of scales in the first vertical row of the dorsals (scales 6, 12 and 13)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385232/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">Figs. 2C–D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835DF2956BE3CFFD40" box="[721,738,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,199,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,1435,181,1894]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photos (left) and schematic draws (right) of the holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. (CZB-HSE056, displaying dorsal (A, B) dorsal, lateral (C, D), and ventral (E, F) views of the head. Bar = 1 mm. Photographs by CAAF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385238/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="A78A664B4F7FFF8C5FB4907EE5C1F87F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385238" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385238/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" startId="7.[151,250,1918,1942]" targetBox="[162,1425,199,1881]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F7FFF8C5FB4907EE5C1F87F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1918,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7FFF8C5FB4907EE039F853" bold="true" box="[151,276,1918,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Photos (left) and schematic draws (right) of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F7FFF8C5CA1907EE500F853" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[898,1069,1918,1942]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7FFF8C5CA1907EE500F853" box="[898,1069,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F7FFF8C5B16907EE5ABF853" bold="true" box="[1077,1158,1918,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F7FFF8C5B16907EE5ABF853" box="[1077,1158,1918,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(CZB-HSE056, displaying dorsal (A, B) dorsal, lateral (C, D), and ventral (E, F) views of the head. Bar = 1 mm. Photographs by CAAF.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A78A664B4F70FF835FB4911EE0A5F99F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385240" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385240/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" startId="8.[151,250,1566,1590]" targetBox="[180,1223,718,1524]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F70FF835FB4911EE0A5F99F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1566,1626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F70FF835FB4911EE038F9F3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1566,1590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Dorsolateral view of the preserved holotype of
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F70FF835C2F911EE297F9F3" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[780,954,1566,1590]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F70FF835C2F911EE297F9F3" box="[780,954,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F70FF835CE1911EE538F9F3" bold="true" box="[962,1045,1566,1590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F70FF835CE1911EE538F9F3" box="[962,1045,1566,1590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(CZB-HSE056). Scale bar = 10 mm. Photography by CAAF.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F70FF835FE491ACE248F822" blockId="8.[151,1437,1708,2023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
Pale mauve dorsal scales head with sepia border. The frontal region is pale brown, extending from the lower half of the rostral scale, much of the nasal scales, the first supralabial, and the ventral region of the head. Presence of a slightly paler nuchal collar separated from the body at least on the first ten scales from the frontal scale to the posterior part of the body, where it is observed that this region is paler because at least the anterior two thirds are of a tone like Salmon and the posterior third Warm Sepia. Warm Sepia shade along the body of uniform dorsal and ventral pattern, although as the scales approach the cloacal region, paler shades predominate over darker shades on each scale. The edge of the cloaca is salmon colored and in the subcaudal region, the predominant shade in the scales is dark over light (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835E4790A8E085F807" box="[356,424,1960,1986]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1529,1553]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,632,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-311@6.[151,1435,632,1506]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. General view in life of the Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. from buffer zone of Pico Bonito National Park, municipality of El Porvenir, department of Atlántida, Honduras. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photography by JRG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385234/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). After more than two years of preservation, the coloration of the
<typeStatus id="2C4E88614F70FF835BA790A8E5CBF807" box="[1156,1254,1960,1986]" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
does not appear to have changed significantly from that observed in life (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F70FF835C3090CCE27AF822" box="[787,855,1996,2023]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1566,1590]" captionTargetBox="[180,1223,718,1524]" captionTargetId="figure-257@8.[151,1435,669,1543]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dorsolateral view of the preserved holotype of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. (CZB-HSE056). Scale bar = 10 mm. Photography by CAAF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385240" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385240/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BBEF65484F71FF825FE49796E475FEA0" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F71FF825FE49796E475FEA0" blockId="9.[151,1437,150,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825FE49796E0D4FF75" bold="true" box="[199,505,150,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
Known only from the
<typeStatus id="2C4E88614F71FF825C2F9797E211FF74" box="[780,828,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">type</typeStatus>
locality (
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F71FF825C8D9797E2D2FF74" box="[942,1023,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,977,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-359@2.[151,1435,973,1847]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. The geographical location of the type locality of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. found in the buffer zone of the Pico Bonito National Park, municipality of El Porvenir, department of Atlántida, Honduras." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385230/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6BCE2A464F71FF825B329797E50CFF74" box="[1041,1057,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1278,1302]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1255]" captionTargetId="figure-124@9.[151,1435,381,1255]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Landscape view of the type locality of Liotyphlops pino sp. nov. showing the remnants of citrus crops. Photography by CAAF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">6</figureCitation>
). The environment of the site is characterized by the presence of herbaceous plants consisting of various bushes and trees scattered among some houses. Previously, this property was dedicated to the cultivation of citrus trees, of which few scattered trees remain. Although elements of the native vegetation largely have been cleared away, the
<typeStatus id="2C4E88614F71FF825B349603E56AFED8" box="[1047,1095,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">type</typeStatus>
locality is located in Lowland Moist Forest, which in
<collectingCountry id="8BE276534F71FF825EB89627E325FE84" box="[411,520,295,321]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Honduras</collectingCountry>
extends along the Atlantic versant from the western border with
<collectingCountry id="8BE276534F71FF825BFE9627E47BFE84" box="[1245,1366,295,321]" name="Guatemala" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
to the eastern border with
<collectingCountry id="8BE276534F71FF825E55964BE0C4FEA0" box="[374,489,331,357]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
and in the West-central Caribbean Lowlands area (
<bibRefCitation id="97644B324F71FF825B05964BE5F7FEA0" author="McCranie, J. R." box="[1062,1242,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" refId="ref9716" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras. Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie 2011</bibRefCitation>
: Map 110).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="A78A664B4F71FF825FB493FEE02DFAFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385242" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" startId="9.[151,250,1278,1302]" targetBox="[151,1435,381,1255]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F71FF825FB493FEE02DFAFF" blockId="9.[151,1436,1278,1338]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825FB493FEE03FFAD3" bold="true" box="[151,274,1278,1302]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Landscape view of the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="34F54D404F71FF825DB993FEE269FAD3" authorityName="Antúnez-Fonseca &amp; Ramos-Galdamez &amp; Solís &amp; Diaz-Ricaurte &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="2024" box="[666,836,1278,1302]" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pino" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825DB993FEE269FAD3" box="[666,836,1278,1302]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Liotyphlops pino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825C6993FEE2B4FAD3" bold="true" box="[842,921,1278,1302]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAB257AA4F71FF825C6993FEE2B4FAD3" box="[842,921,1278,1302]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
showing the remnants of citrus crops. Photography by CAAF.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="BBEF65484F71FF825FE4928CE285F9F3" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F34A36C34F71FF825FE4928CE285F9F3" blockId="9.[151,1436,1420,1591]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="C181EAD14F71FF825FE4928CE065FA63" bold="true" box="[199,328,1420,1446]" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Etymology</emphasis>
. The specific name ‘pino’ is applied as a noun in apposition and refers to village of El Pino (= “The Pine”), located in the municipality of El Porvenir, department of
<collectingRegion id="3131F8214F71FF825C9E92B0E505FA0F" box="[957,1064,1456,1482]" country="Honduras" name="Atlantida" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Atlántida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="8BE276534F71FF825B1692B0E58BFA0F" box="[1077,1190,1456,1482]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">Honduras</collectingCountry>
. In recognition of the inhabitants of the village of El Pino (especially the López-Orellana family), who have been supporting research projects for more than a decade and carrying out environmental education on the forests and the diversity and endemism that inhabit this protected area, in favor of its conservation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>