737 lines
97 KiB
XML
737 lines
97 KiB
XML
<document id="6C727F3981B100D40E7EF8404C9792F9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534805" ID-ZooBank="3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1652171733176" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pyron, R. Alexander & Beamer, David A." docDate="2022" docId="DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5134.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5134 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="179" masterDocId="2368FFC35329FFF4FFCF8D6DFFA9D37F" masterDocTitle="A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology" masterLastPageNumber="196" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="174" updateTime="1734705238574" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C4CDF261E3F259ACDB0C250C2C4C609C">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="79D0CE962695C2EE028DC8056DC16195">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7CD5D8EE5F1AF607C094052581295A14">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0911461EC56F71BC1E4003AF4C200FC2" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9CD3E4E299B606C1994C9400FDE4BE8F">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="84FD04C9B7D78B1966E7653EDC549511">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="4DE994399D560A182E84591AEF74CEE1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0CFC98406958EBB50655C57D6A8F7108">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E5BF446CD090702E8D8B00383D7B31E0">5134</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526533EFFE3FF588B86FD56D47A" box="[151,767,1770,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF588B86FD56D47A" blockId="23.[151,1437,1770,2013]" box="[151,767,1770,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF588B86FD1AD47A" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e: 65" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,691,1770,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FF588B86FE60D47A" box="[151,457,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE1F8B86FD1AD47A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[464,691,1770,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e:65</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 21
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526533EFFE8FF088A62FEE8D47A" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFECFF088A62FC89D2D2" blockId="23.[151,1437,1770,2013]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FF088A62FE38D456" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,401,1807,1833]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
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described the Dwarf Salamander,
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||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FCD98A62FBB4D456" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[790,1053,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FCD98A62FBB4D456" box="[790,1053,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Eurycea quadridigitata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FB968A62FAB8D455" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[1113,1297,1807,1834]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman 1967</bibRefCitation>
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), based on a series of specimens (primary
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<typeStatus id="8843880F533EFFE3FE118A5EFDEDD432" box="[478,580,1843,1869]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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), including some that he apparently collected himself in the “middle section” of
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FF778A3AFECED40E" box="[184,359,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
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South
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FECB8A3AFECED40E" box="[260,359,1879,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
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</collectingRegion>
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, others that were received from “
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B533EFFE3FD248A3AFCDDD40E" box="[747,884,1879,1905]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Mr. Couper</collectorName>
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” (James Hamilton Couper, 1794–1866) and
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B533EFFE3FAB68A3AFF40D4EA" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Dr. Harden</collectorName>
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from
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FEFB8A16FE27D4EA" box="[308,398,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Georgia</collectingRegion>
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(presumably from their homesteads; see below), and still others from unnamed collectors from unknown localities in
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FE008AF2FD8DD4C6" box="[463,548,1951,1977]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Florida</collectingRegion>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FDE08AF2FD77D4C6" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[559,734,1950,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
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later restricted the type locality to the “vicinity of Charleston,
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FF588AAEFEEBD4A2" box="[151,322,1987,2013]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
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South
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF108AAEFEEBD4A2" box="[223,322,1987,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
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</collectingRegion>
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” without presenting further evidence. As noted elsewhere, Schmidt did this for many of Holbrook’s taxa based primarily on Holbrook’s residence in Charleston (
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFC838DFAFC7BD3CD" author="Adler, K." box="[844,978,151,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
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). Holbrook noted a modest resemblance of this new species to
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFE678DD6FC3CD3AA" authority="Holbrook, 1838 a" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1838" box="[424,917,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttolineata">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFE678DD6FD6DD3AA" box="[424,708,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Salamandra guttolineata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFD1F8DD6FC3CD3AA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[720,917,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook, 1838a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but elaborated that “it differs in many and important characters.” He further noted that it is “the only one of our Salamanders with which I am acquainted that has four fingers and four toes, and from this circumstance is its specific name derived.” This is remarkable given that
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFEC08C4AFDC6D23E" authority="Temminck" authorityName="Temminck" box="[271,623,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutata">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFEC08C4AFE59D23F" box="[271,496,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Salamandra scutata</emphasis>
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Temminck
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFDB88C4AFD24D23F" box="[631,653,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFD5B8C4AFC43D23E" author="Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H." box="[660,1002,295,321]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref35962" refString="Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H. (1838) Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japonianum, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava Imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1823 - 1830 colleget, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustratis. Vol. 3. Chelonia, Ophidia, Sauria, Batrachia. J. G. Lalau, Leiden, 144 pp." type="book" year="1838">Temminck and Schlegel, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFC348C4AFA84D23F" box="[1019,1325,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFBC58C4AFA80D23F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck in Temminck & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1034,1321,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hemidactylium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatum">Hemidactylium scutatum</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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the Fourtoed Salamander) had been described four years earlier, and several specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFB8F8C26FB60D21B" baseAuthorityName="Temminck in Temminck & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1088,1225,331,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hemidactylium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatum">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFB8F8C26FB60D21B" box="[1088,1225,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">H. scutatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in extant museum collections are attributed to Holbrook (ANSP 10590; MCZ A-1199, A-4400, and A-120827), though these likely post-date the publication of
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFE1E8CFEFCB0D2D2" box="[465,793,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
|
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<location id="522760765331FFECFE1E8CFEFCB0D2D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765331FFECFE1E8CFEFCB0D2D2" box="[465,793,403,429]" name="North American Herpetology" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" stateProvince="South Carolina">North American Herpetology</location>
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</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="038766255331FFECFF588A19FB62D4AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534827/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" startId="24.[151,250,1908,1932]" targetBox="[170,1395,454,1863]" targetPageId="24">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5331FFECFF588A19FB62D4AA" blockId="24.[151,1436,1908,2005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFF588A19FEBBD4F2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1908,1933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
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Illustration by (a) J. W. Hill (De Kay 1842e) and J. H. Richard (
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFC5B8A18FB95D4F2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[916,1084,1909,1933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e</bibRefCitation>
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) in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views of the lectotype (USNM 3981) of
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFE3F8AF4FC83D4CE" authority="De Kay" authorityName="De Kay" box="[496,810,1945,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFE3F8AF4FD7FD4CE" box="[496,726,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Salamandra granulata</emphasis>
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||
De Kay
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFCFE8AF4FCECD4CF" box="[817,837,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFC848AF4FC50D4CE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[843,1017,1945,1969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
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, type locality “from the northern districts of New York.” This specimen is the larger of the two in the lot, which is still extant at the NMNH (Fig. 8).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="038766255330FFEDFF588A01FB6AD48F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534830" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534830/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" startId="25.[151,250,1900,1924]" targetBox="[168,1418,181,1876]" targetPageId="25">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5330FFEDFF588A01FB6AD48F" blockId="25.[151,1437,1900,2033]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
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||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5330FFEDFF588A01FEBFD4FB" bold="true" box="[151,278,1900,1924]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
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Lot (USNM 3981) containing the lectotype (larger specimen) of
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5330FFEDFC048A01FAA7D4FA" authority="De Kay" authorityName="De Kay" box="[971,1294,1900,1925]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5330FFEDFC048A01FB1DD4FB" box="[971,1204,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Salamandra granulata</emphasis>
|
||
De Kay
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5330FFEDFAD78A00FA85D4FB" box="[1304,1324,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFAFA8A01FF7ED4D7" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, type locality “from the northern districts of New York,” in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen was illustrated (Fig. 7) in both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFEF68AD9FE46D4B3" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[313,495,1972,1996]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFDED8AD8FD17D4B3" author="De Kay, J. E." box="[546,702,1972,1997]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref29961" refString="De Kay, J. E. (1842) Zoology of New-York, or, The New-York Fauna: Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals Hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of those Occasionally Found Near its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations. Part III. Reptiles and Amphibia. W. & A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, 98 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13735" type="book" year="1842">De Kay (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The smaller specimen, part of the original lot and described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFA818AD8FF74D48F" author="De Kay, J. E." pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref29961" refString="De Kay, J. E. (1842) Zoology of New-York, or, The New-York Fauna: Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals Hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of those Occasionally Found Near its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations. Part III. Reptiles and Amphibia. W. & A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, 98 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13735" type="book" year="1842">De Kay (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, thereby becomes a paralectotype. Images adapted courtesy of the NMNH. Ruler is marked in cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="038766255333FFEEFF588A2FFD11D495" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534834/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" startId="26.[151,250,1858,1882]" targetBox="[203,1384,181,1835]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5333FFEEFF588A2FFD11D495" blockId="26.[151,1437,1858,2027]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5333FFEEFF588A2FFEBAD424" bold="true" box="[151,275,1858,1883]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Lectotype (ANSP 490) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5333FFEEFDEC8A2EFC45D424" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[547,1004,1859,1883]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5333FFEEFDEC8A2EFC9ED424" box="[547,823,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFCF18A2EFC45D424" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[830,1004,1859,1883]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, type locality in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. The remaining primary syntypes, of unknown number and disposition, thereby become paralectotypes. This specimen was erroneously considered the holotype by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFDFD8AE6FD41D4DC" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[562,744,1931,1955]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFD3C8AE6FC3DD4DC" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[755,916,1931,1955]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFC058AE6FB20D4DC" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[970,1161,1931,1955]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5333FFEEFBC68AE6FB94D4DC" box="[1033,1085,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who declared it destroyed and designated a neotype (UF 178833), which we reverse here. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label, but it appears modern and may be Malnate. Ruler is in mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088DFAFB78D28A" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF088DFAFE9BD3CE" box="[199,306,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Holbrook</collectorName>
|
||
described only a single individual, presumably that illustrated in pl. 21 by
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFB718DFAFA80D3CE" box="[1214,1321,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">J. Queen</collectorName>
|
||
, which is nevertheless still a primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFE148DD6FD9BD3AA" box="[475,562,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
rather than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD3F8DD6FCFCD3AA" box="[752,853,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, since reference is made to multiple specimens in
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF588DB2FEBCD386" box="[151,277,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Holbrook’s</collectorName>
|
||
possession.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFE6D8DB2FE7DD386" box="[418,468,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">This</collectorName>
|
||
specimen (ANSP 490) is extant and was incorrectly regarded as the “type” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA828DB2FEF4D262" author="Fowler, H. W. & Dunn, E. R." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="7 - 28" refId="ref30622" refString="Fowler, H. W. & Dunn, E. R. (1917) Notes on Salamanders. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 69, 7 - 28." type="journal article" year="1917">Fowler and Dunn (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE558C6EFD99D261" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[410,560,259,286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the “
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD678C6EFCA6D262" box="[680,783,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFC858C6EFBBFD261" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[842,1046,259,286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFBEA8C6EFB71D262" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[1061,1240,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFAD68C6EFF4CD23E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFAAE8C6EFA34D262" box="[1377,1437,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF3E8C4AFECDD23E" box="[241,356,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Erroneous</collectorName>
|
||
reference to ANSP 490 as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD098C4AFC81D23E" box="[710,808,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
does not constitute a valid
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFBAB8C4AFB62D23E" box="[1124,1227,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation under
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF588C26FF4CD21A" box="[151,229,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Article</collectorName>
|
||
74.5 or 74.7.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE4D8C26FDF8D21A" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[386,593,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE088C26FE56D21A" box="[455,511,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
then declared ANSP 490 “destroyed” and designated UF 178833 (field tag KW0004) as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFE9D8C02FE07D2F6" box="[338,430,367,393]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. We provide evidence that this designation did not fulfill the necessary criteria of the Code, and that ANSP 490 is extant, in good condition, can reliably be demonstrated to be a primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFB628CFEFAA1D2D2" box="[1197,1288,403,429]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFA8B8CFEFA34D2D2" box="[1348,1437,403,429]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation of UF178833 is consequently invalid under Article 75, and we hereby reverse it and designate ANSP 490 as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFEDF8CB6FEDED28A" box="[272,375,475,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFE538CB6FC3FD28A" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[412,918,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE538CB6FD67D28A" box="[412,718,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD1B8CB6FC3FD28A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[724,918,475,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our evidence is as follows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088C92FC47D046" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
First, Article 75.1 states that “A
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFDE08C92FD21D166" box="[559,648,511,537]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is the name-bearing type of a nominal species-group taxon designated under conditions specified in this Article when no name-bearing type specimen (i.e.
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFB928F4EFB6BD142" box="[1117,1218,547,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFB008F4EFA90D142" box="[1231,1337,547,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFA8A8F4EFA35D142" box="[1349,1436,547,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
or prior
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFF398F2AFEF9D11E" box="[246,336,583,609]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) is believed to be extant and an author considers that a name-bearing type is necessary to define the nominal taxon objectively.” However, a putative name-bearing type was known to be extant at the time, and all four four-toed “dwarf” salamander species in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFD5E8FE2FCE2D1D6" box="[657,843,655,681]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Florida, Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFC4E8FE2FC4FD1D6" box="[897,998,655,681]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
were objectively well-defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA908FE2FE8DD1B2" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFF588FDEFF78D1B2" box="[151,209,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
even without the existence of a type specimen for
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFCA38FDEFBD5D1B2" box="[876,1148,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFCA38FDEFBDED1B2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[876,1143,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">Eurycea quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
There was no taxonomic dispute as to which of the four species-level genetic lineages this name applied, and there was therefore no objective need for a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFEDC8F96FEC5D06A" box="[275,364,763,789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation. The description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD2E8F96FC05D06A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[737,940,763,789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
contained not only diagnostic color-pattern characteristics, but also specific attributes of the illustrated primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFC5F8E72FC42D046" box="[912,1003,799,825]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088E2EFD41D7BA" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
Specifically,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE978E2EFD89D022" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[344,544,835,861]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave the measurements of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFCBA8E2EFC65D022" box="[885,972,835,861]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
as “Length of head, 4 lines [
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFACA8E2EFA2ED022" box="[1285,1415,835,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="0.33">0.33 inches</quantity>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFF588E0BFF45D0FE" box="[151,236,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5mm</quantity>
|
||
]; length of body,
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE688E0AFE42D0FE" box="[423,491,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="1.0">1 inch</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE388E0BFDF5D0FE" box="[503,604,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="25.4">25.4mm</quantity>
|
||
]; length of tail,
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFCCA8E0AFCC9D0FE" box="[773,864,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="2.0">2 inches</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFCA38E0BFC7BD0FE" box="[876,978,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="50.8">50.8mm</quantity>
|
||
]: total length,
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFBA48E0AFB6ED0FE" box="[1131,1223,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="3.0">3 inches</quantity>
|
||
4 lines [
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFAEF8E0BFA21D0FE" box="[1312,1416,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.47" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="84.7">84.7mm</quantity>
|
||
].” While the tail of ANSP 490 is broken off (apparently after preservation given the jagged or ragged edges around the break;
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A285332FFEFFF2A8EC2FE83D0B6" box="[229,298,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,181,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-19@26.[203,1384,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Lectotype (ANSP 490) of Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook, 1842e, type locality in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. The remaining primary syntypes, of unknown number and disposition, thereby become paralectotypes. This specimen was erroneously considered the holotype by Mittleman (1967), Malnate (1971), and Wray et al. (2017), who declared it destroyed and designated a neotype (UF 178833), which we reverse here. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label, but it appears modern and may be Malnate. Ruler is in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534834/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), our measurements of the specimen match Holbrook’s almost exactly, with a head length of
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFA818EC3FA35D0B6" box="[1358,1436,942,969]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5mm</quantity>
|
||
and a body length of
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE448EBFFE41D092" box="[395,488,978,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="25.4">25.4mm</quantity>
|
||
(SVL=33.9) occurring essentially in the middle of any reasonable range of starting and ending points for taking those measurements on the specimen. Furthermore, some authors have described the specimen as “partially dissected” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFDEF8976FD72D74A" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[544,731,1051,1077]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; repeated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFCBA8976FB92D74A" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[885,1083,1051,1077]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC748976FC5CD74A" box="[955,1013,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Examination of the specimen does not reveal an abdominal dissection as might ordinarily be assumed from the wording, but rather incisions at the jaw commissures allowing the dentary to be retracted to examine the maxilla, palate, and lingual apparatus. Indeed,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF3E89EAFE12D7DE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[241,443,1159,1185]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a detailed description of these structures, which could only have been allowed by a microscopic examination of this style of preparation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF0889A2FDDFD69A" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF0889A2FE09D796" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[199,416,1231,1257]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFEC089A2FEE2D796" box="[271,331,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
disputed the type status of ANSP 490 because it was not explicitly designated as such by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF71899EFE24D672" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[190,397,1267,1293]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and was only cataloged later under a different genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFBD8899EFAB0D671" authority="Cope, 1869" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[1047,1305,1267,1294]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Manculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFBD8899EFB2CD672" box="[1047,1157,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Manculus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFB5F899EFAB0D671" author="Cope, E. D." box="[1168,1305,1267,1294]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="93 - 118" refId="ref29689" refString="Cope, E. D. (1869) A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 21, 93 - 118." type="journal article" year="1869">Cope, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, numerically cataloging specimens was not common practice in Holbrook’s time, and very few of his types were deposited prior to publication (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFDF88856FD17D62A" author="Adler, K." box="[567,702,1339,1365]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD008856FC6ED62A" author="Burbrink, F. T. & Pyron, R. A. & Gehara, M. C. & Mckelvy, A. D. & Myers, E. A." box="[719,967,1339,1365]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="537 - 547" refId="ref29310" refString="Burbrink, F. T., Pyron, R. A., Gehara, M. C., Mckelvy, A. D. & Myers, E. A. (2021) The corrected taxonomic history of the North American ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus complex). Herpetological Review, 53, 537 - 547." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Burbrink
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC8E8856FCD7D62A" box="[833,894,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Later accessioning by a worker using prevailing nomenclature is not evidence against the type status of the specimen, particularly when it can be linked to the original description by historical tradition and the documentary evidence of physical characteristics. Thus, we reliably conclude that ANSP 490 is indeed a primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD3F88CAFCEED6BE" box="[752,839,1447,1473]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFCA188CAFAC1D6BE" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[878,1384,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFCA188CAFB09D6BE" box="[878,1184,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFB6888CAFAC1D6BE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1191,1384,1447,1473]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and presumably the specimen figured in pl. 21.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088882FC2CD456" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF088882FE33D576" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[199,410,1519,1545]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFEC28882FEEED576" box="[269,327,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also suggested that a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD598882FD46D576" box="[662,751,1519,1545]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is necessary to clarify potential taxonomic ambiguity in the allocation of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFE5B8B7EFC2ED552" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[404,903,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE5B8B7EFD6CD552" box="[404,709,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD058B7EFC2ED552" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[714,903,1555,1581]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the two parapatric species occurring in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFA948B7EFF53D52E" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
South
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFF588B5AFF53D52E" box="[151,250,1591,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and the three other species distributed parapatrically to the west from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFB988B5AFB01D52E" box="[1111,1192,1591,1617]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Panhandle to eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFF588B36FEA0D50A" box="[151,265,1627,1653]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
. However, Holbrook’s description is thorough, and contained the diagnostic character of “abdomen is bluish silvery-white” which distinguishes it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFD008B12FB7FD5E6" authority="Harrison and Guttman, 2003" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[719,1238,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFD008B12FC2CD5E6" box="[719,901,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFC408B12FB7FD5E6" author="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I." box="[911,1238,1663,1689]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="159 - 178" refId="ref31850" refString="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I. (2003) A new species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist, 2, 159 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 1528 - 7092 (2003) 002 [0159: ANSOEC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">Harrison and Guttman, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a yellowish venter. These are the “dark” and “light” morphs originally noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFC7E8BCEFBD5D5C2" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[945,1148,1699,1725]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="209 - 224" refId="ref34027" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1947) American Caudata. I. Geographic Variation in Manculus quadridigitatus. Herpetologica, 3, 209 - 224." type="journal article" year="1947">Mittleman (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in part. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFA4B8BCEFE85D59E" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA4B8BCEFE85D59E" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically has 17 vertebrae and costal grooves while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFC5C8BAAFBF1D59E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[915,1112,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC5C8BAAFBF1D59E" box="[915,1112,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 19, and previous X-ray photographs of ANSP 490 revealed 19 apparent vertebrae (
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFCEB8B86FC0AD47A" box="[804,931,1771,1797]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">R. Highton</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC628B86FB9DD47B" box="[941,1076,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">pers. comm.</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFB998B86FA38D47A" author="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I." box="[1110,1425,1771,1797]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="159 - 178" refId="ref31850" refString="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I. (2003) A new species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist, 2, 159 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 1528 - 7092 (2003) 002 [0159: ANSOEC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">Harrison and Guttman 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our count of the specimen also reveals 19 apparent costal grooves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFE8FF088A5EFD93D3AA" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
The measurements of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFE298A5EFD94D432" box="[486,573,1843,1869]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
also distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFC848A5EFC56D432" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[843,1023,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC848A5EFC56D432" box="[843,1023,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the smaller
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFB798A5EFF66D40E" authority="Wray et al., 2017" authorityName="Wray" authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hillisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFB798A5EFABDD432" box="[1206,1300,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. hillisi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFAD58A5EFF66D40E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA918A5EFA3FD432" box="[1374,1430,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFEC88A3AFDD4D40E" authority="Wray et al., 2017" authorityName="Wray" authorityYear="2017" box="[263,637,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFEC88A3AFE19D40E" box="[263,432,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. sphagnicola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE778A3AFDD4D40E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[440,637,1879,1905]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE328A3AFD9FD40E" box="[509,566,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These are the other species of four-toed “dwarf” salamander that also occur in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFF358A16FEE7D4EA" box="[250,334,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFE958A16FE1ED4EA" box="[346,439,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFE3D8A16FD33D4EA" box="[498,666,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||
South
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFDF58A16FD33D4EA" box="[570,666,1915,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
with which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFCE78A16FC40D4EA" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[808,1001,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFCE78A16FC40D4EA" box="[808,1001,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could potentially be confused
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA8C8A16FEAFD4C6" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA478A16FF1DD4C6" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Using Holbrook’s measurements of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD1B8AF2FC82D4C6" box="[724,811,1951,1977]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
compared to the morphometric analysis given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA908AF2FE8AD4A2" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFF588AAEFF66D4A2" box="[151,207,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, an SVL of
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE668AAEFDACD4A2" box="[425,517,1987,2013]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3899999999999997" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="33.9">33.9mm</quantity>
|
||
is slightly larger than the range of 20.8–33.8 given for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFBBF8AAEFA98D4A2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[1136,1329,1987,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFBBF8AAEFA98D4A2" box="[1136,1329,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA8E8AAEFACBD4A3" box="[1345,1378,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">n=</emphasis>
|
||
136), but significantly outside the ranges of 18.0–29.5 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD3B8DFAFCFCD3CE" box="[756,853,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hillisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FD3B8DFAFCFCD3CE" box="[756,853,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. hillisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FCA78DFAFC21D3CF" box="[872,904,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n=</emphasis>
|
||
20), 16.4–25.7 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FBAE8DFAFAA2D3CE" box="[1121,1291,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FBAE8DFAFAA2D3CE" box="[1121,1291,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. sphagnicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FAD28DFAFA97D3CF" box="[1309,1342,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n=</emphasis>
|
||
36), and 22.6–32.3 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEF98DD6FE43D3AA" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[310,490,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEF98DD6FE43D3AA" box="[310,490,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE348DD6FDB2D3AB" box="[507,539,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n=</emphasis>
|
||
7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088DB2FECED166" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEC88DB2FD0CD386" authority="Mittleman, 1947" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" box="[263,677,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEC88DB2FE4AD386" box="[263,483,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Eurycea paludicola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FE258DB2FD0CD386" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[490,677,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="209 - 224" refId="ref34027" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1947) American Caudata. I. Geographic Variation in Manculus quadridigitatus. Herpetologica, 3, 209 - 224." type="journal article" year="1947">Mittleman, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found west of the Pascagoula River in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FBAF8DB2FB49D386" box="[1120,1248,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
also obtains this size;
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485335FFE8FF1D8C6EFEC7D262" box="[210,366,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.975" metricValueMax="3.72" metricValueMin="2.23" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="29.75" valueMax="37.2" valueMin="22.3">22.3–37.2mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEB18C6EFE25D263" box="[382,396,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n</emphasis>
|
||
=20).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FE008C6EFD37D262" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[463,670,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FDDB8C6EFDE4D262" box="[532,589,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted several morphometric ratios that can discriminate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FA4B8C6EFEA6D23E" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FA4B8C6EFEA6D23E" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. paludicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE878C4AFDB8D23E" box="[328,529,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FE878C4AFDA7D23E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[328,526,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but these were not given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC928C4AFB81D23E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[861,1064,295,321]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and we therefore do not attempt to calculate them here. However, while the two species may occur parapatrically in southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FB138C26FAE3D21A" box="[1244,1354,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FA968C26FEC9D2F6" author="Lamb, T. & Beamer, D. A." pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="37544" refId="ref33321" refString="Lamb, T. & Beamer, D. A. (2012) Digits lost or gained? Evidence for pedal evolution in the Dwarf Salamander complex (Eurycea, Plethodontidae). PLoS ONE, 7, e 37544. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037544" type="journal article" year="2012">Lamb and Beamer 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this is outside the original areas given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC8E8C02FBA3D2F6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[833,1034,367,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
which contain only the four species listed above. Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEB68CFEFDBAD2D2" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" box="[377,531,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEB68CFEFDBAD2D2" box="[377,531,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. paludicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not relevant to any taxonomic ambiguity in the nomenclatural allocation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FF588CDAFD23D2AE" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,650,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF588CDAFE61D2AE" box="[151,456,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FE018CDAFD23D2AE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[462,650,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Rather, the data given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC7E8CDAFBD0D2AE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[945,1145,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the original description are sufficient to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FE168CB6FD35D28A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[473,668,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE168CB6FD35D28A" box="[473,668,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all other similar or related species in its geographic range as originally defined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088F4EFAEFD06A" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
Of the calculable ratios used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FDE48F4EFD50D142" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[555,761,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FDA18F4EFD0FD142" box="[622,678,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, values of SVL/total length (33.9/84.7=40%) and tail length/ total length (50.8/84.7=60%) for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FDF68F2AFD39D11E" box="[569,656,583,609]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
are inconclusive, occurring within the ranges given for all 5 species. Finally, the value for head length/SVL (8.5/33.9=25%) dramatically exceeds the range given for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FB298F06FA35D1FA" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1254,1436,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FB298F06FA35D1FA" box="[1254,1436,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(18.0–21.7), while also modestly exceeding those for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD208FE2FC06D1D6" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[751,943,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FD208FE2FC06D1D6" box="[751,943,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(15.4–24.4),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FB898FE2FB74D1D6" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" box="[1094,1245,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FB898FE2FB74D1D6" box="[1094,1245,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. paludicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(17.3–24.7), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FF588FDEFF5FD1B2" box="[151,246,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hillisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF588FDEFF5FD1B2" box="[151,246,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. hillisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(18.9–24.4), matching only that given for the much smaller
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FC5B8FDEFB92D1B2" box="[916,1083,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC5B8FDEFB92D1B2" box="[916,1083,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. sphagnicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(20.0–28.7). We do not attempt to re-measure the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FE938FBAFE1AD18E" box="[348,435,727,753]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
here for these or other critical variables, but nevertheless conclude that it is clearly a rather large adult, female
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEA08F96FD9FD06A" box="[367,566,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEA08F96FD9AD06A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[367,563,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and that Holbrook’s description unambiguously refers to this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088E72FB96D74A" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
Second, Article 75.3 lays out 7 qualifying conditions for a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FC8E8E72FC34D046" box="[833,925,799,825]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, of which 75.3.4 requires “the author’s reasons for believing the name-bearing type specimen(s) (i.e.
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FD218E2EFCFAD022" box="[750,851,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, or
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCB38E2EFC4FD022" box="[892,998,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, or all
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FBFE8E2EFB3FD022" box="[1073,1174,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, or prior
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FB338E2EFAFFD022" box="[1276,1366,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) to be lost or destroyed, and the steps that had been taken to trace it or them.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC618E0AFBD0D0FE" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[942,1145,871,897]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC3E8E0AFB80D0FE" box="[1009,1065,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that “this specimen [ANSP 490] is in very poor shape, partially dissected, and essentially destroyed,” but did not examine it personally and instead relied on published or secondhand accounts. On the contrary, it is clearly extant and in fairly good shape for a 180-year-old specimen. The documentary evidence provided above (including the dissection damage and morphometric data) allow it to be unambiguously assigned to both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FCB18E9AFB2AD76E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[894,1155,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FCB18E9AFB2AD76E" box="[894,1155,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Eurycea quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FAED8E9AFF4BD74A" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FAAA8E9AFA34D76E" box="[1381,1437,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD8E8976FB95D74A" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[577,1084,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FD8E8976FCDAD74A" box="[577,883,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FCB58976FB95D74A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[890,1084,1051,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088952FD3ED6BE" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FF088952FEA1D726" box="[199,264,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Third</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FEDC8952FEC8D726" box="[275,353,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Article</collectorName>
|
||
75.3.6 requires “evidence that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FD208952FCE1D726" box="[751,840,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
came as nearly as practicable from the original type locality.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FECF890EFE6CD702" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[256,453,1123,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE8E890EFEDFD702" box="[321,374,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
restated the range of localities given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FCBD890EFB91D702" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[882,1080,1123,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FBA7890EFAB1D702" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1128,1304,1122,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s restriction but did not examine potential sites.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FDE189EAFD27D7DE" box="[558,654,1159,1185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Whether</collectorName>
|
||
ANSP 490 was collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FC1289EAFBE1D7DE" box="[989,1096,1159,1185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Holbrook</collectorName>
|
||
himself in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FB0489EAFAD1D7DE" box="[1227,1400,1159,1185]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
South
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FADA89EAFAD1D7DE" box="[1301,1400,1159,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, or was received from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FEBD89C6FE6AD7BA" box="[370,451,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FE2389C6FDE0D7BA" box="[492,585,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, remains unclear.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FCD789C6FC29D7BA" box="[792,896,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">However</collectorName>
|
||
, the specimens from
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FBBA89C6FB6ED7BA" box="[1141,1223,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Couper</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FACE89C6FAFAD7BA" box="[1281,1363,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Harden</collectorName>
|
||
likely originated from their plantations at Hopeton-On-The-Altamaha (GA:
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FC6089A2FC51D796" box="[943,1016,1231,1257]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Glynn</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FBCA89A2FBFCD796" box="[1029,1109,1231,1257]" degrees="31.308" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="31.308">31.308</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FBAD89A2FB13D795" box="[1122,1210,1231,1258]" degrees="81.460" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="-81.46">-81.460</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FB3489A2FA35D796" box="[1275,1436,1231,1257]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Woodmanston</collectorName>
|
||
(GA:
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FF15899EFE99D672" box="[218,304,1267,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Liberty</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FEF2899EFE24D672" box="[317,397,1267,1293]" degrees="31.701" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="31.701">31.701</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FE55899FFE5BD672" box="[410,498,1266,1293]" degrees="81.475" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="-81.475">-81.475</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) from which they sent
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75335FFE8FCCF899EFCC2D672" box="[768,875,1267,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Holbrook</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
specimens (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FBE7899EFB7BD672" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[1064,1234,1267,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="447 - 458" refId="ref35801" refString="Stephens, L. D. (1997) John Edwards Holbrook (1794 - 1871) and Lewis Reeve Gibbes (1810 - 1894): exemplary naturalists in the Old South. In: Pietsch, T. W. & Anderson, W. D. (Eds.), Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology, Special Publication No. 3. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 447 - 458." type="book chapter" year="1997">Stephens 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FB27899EFAF8D672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FB27899EFAF8D672" box="[1256,1361,1267,1293]" county="Leon County" latitude="31.701" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.475" municipality="Holbrook" name="Similarly" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" stateProvince="South Carolina">Similarly</location>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FF58887AFED9D64E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[151,368,1303,1329]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF10887AFEB2D64E" box="[223,283,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that “the middle section” of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FCDE887AFC14D64E" box="[785,957,1303,1329]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
South
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FC92887AFC14D64E" box="[861,957,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
contains both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FBA3887AFAC0D64E" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1132,1385,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FBA3887AFAC0D64E" box="[1132,1385,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Eurycea chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF588856FEC8D62A" box="[151,353,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FF588856FEF7D62A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,350,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the “vicinity of Charleston,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FD628856FCF2D62A" box="[685,859,1339,1365]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
South
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD378856FCF2D62A" box="[760,859,1339,1365]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
” as restricted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FBE88856FB71D62A" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1063,1240,1338,1365]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
contains only
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FA4B8856FEE9D606" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FA4B8856FE95D606" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with numerous recent localities based on
|
||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FCC68832FCC9D606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FCC68832FCC9D606" box="[777,864,1375,1401]" county="Leon County" latitude="31.701" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.475" municipality="Holbrook" name="VertNet" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" stateProvince="South Carolina">VertNet</location>
|
||
and iNaturalist records.
|
||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FBA38832FB2AD606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FBA38832FB2AD606" box="[1132,1155,1375,1401]" county="Leon County" latitude="31.701" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.475" municipality="Holbrook" name="In" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" stateProvince="South Carolina">In</location>
|
||
contrast, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FAFE8832FF47D6E2" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported receiving specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FD4B88EEFD71D6E2" box="[644,728,1411,1437]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, it is unclear that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC6F88EEFBDDD6E2" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[928,1140,1411,1437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC2A88EEFBB7D6E2" box="[997,1054,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FB4588EEFB4AD6E2" box="[1162,1251,1411,1437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in
|
||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215335FFE8FAAC88EEFF42D6BE" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Leon County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FF3988CAFEEED6BE" box="[246,327,1447,1473]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
was considered by Holbrook.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF0888A6FEE8D47A" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||
We provide strong supporting evidence that the specimen ANSP 490, regarded as a type for at least 100 years prior to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FF3D8882FE68D576" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[242,449,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEF98882FEC6D576" box="[310,367,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is, in fact, an original primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCEF8882FCDED576" box="[800,887,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FC528882FA3CD576" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[925,1429,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC528882FB79D576" box="[925,1232,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FB188882FA3CD576" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1239,1429,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Article 75.8 provides that “if, after the designation of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCC28B7EFCC0D552" box="[781,873,1555,1581]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the name-bearing type ... of the nominal speciesgroup taxon that was ... presumed lost is ... found still to exist, on publication of that discovery the rediscovered material again becomes the name-bearing type and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCCC8B36FCF5D50A" box="[771,860,1627,1653]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is set aside.” Thus, we conclude that UF 178833 is to be set aside as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FE448B12FE4ED5E6" box="[395,487,1663,1689]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and ANSP 490 again becomes a name-bearing type, of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FBA68B12FEF2D5C2" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FBA68B12FA35D5E6" box="[1129,1436,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FF588BCEFEF2D5C2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[151,347,1699,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the type locality “vicinity of
|
||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FD3C8BCEFCC6D5C2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FD3C8BCEFCC6D5C2" box="[755,879,1699,1725]" municipality="South Carolina'" name="Charleston" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Charleston</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75335FFE8FCB38BCEFB9BD5C2" box="[892,1074,1699,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">South Carolina’</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
’ following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FB798BCEFAC2D5C2" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1206,1387,1698,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FAB78BCEFA34D5C2" box="[1400,1437,1699,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">We</collectorName>
|
||
hereby designate it the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FE5B8BAAFE57D59E" box="[404,510,1735,1761]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, rendering the other primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCF38BAAFC37D59E" box="[828,926,1735,1761]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of unknown number, locality, and disposition,
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FF588B86FE95D47A" box="[151,316,1771,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |