Add updates up until 2024-12-20 14:34:59
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<mods:title id="CB15B96AB18AA3865E0E6AFD4ACA088E">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7AA4672FDDB824227D02535C14842D0C">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BAF8D6A4ECF3C144BD6F275BB7FCC164">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFF588F2AFE29D11E" box="[151,384,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Salamandra fasciata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFE488F2AFDB8D11E" author="Green, J." box="[391,529,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFDFE8F2AFC49D11E" authority="Gravenhorst, 1807" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1807" box="[561,992,582,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opaca">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFDFE8F2AFCACD11F" box="[561,773,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Salamandra opaca</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFCC28F2AFC49D11E" author="Gravenhorst, J. L. C." box="[781,992,582,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref31037" refString="Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1807) Vergleichende Uebersicht des Linneischen und einiger neuern zoologischen Systeme ... Nebst dem eingeschalteten Verzeichnisse der zoologischen Sammlung des Verfassers und den Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, die in derselben vorhanden sind. H. Dieterich, Gottingen, 476 pp." type="book" year="1807">Gravenhorst, 1807</bibRefCitation>
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]
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFF088F06FE15D1FA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,444,619,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b:103</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 23) provided a brief account of the Marbled Salamander (
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFBAE8F06FAEBD1FB" baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[1121,1346,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacum">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFBAE8F06FAEBD1FB" box="[1121,1346,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Ambystoma opacum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), which was widely known Green’s name until
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFD808FE2FD49D1D6" author="Baird, S. F." box="[591,736,654,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
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properly restored
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFC608FE2FB39D1D6" author="Gravenhorst, J. L. C." box="[943,1168,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref31037" refString="Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1807) Vergleichende Uebersicht des Linneischen und einiger neuern zoologischen Systeme ... Nebst dem eingeschalteten Verzeichnisse der zoologischen Sammlung des Verfassers und den Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, die in derselben vorhanden sind. H. Dieterich, Gottingen, 476 pp." type="book" year="1807">Gravenhorst (1807)</bibRefCitation>
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’s description. Holbrook noted its broad distribution from
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFDCA8FDEFD0ED1B2" box="[517,679,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
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to
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFD068FDEFCDAD1B2" box="[713,883,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
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South
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFCDF8FDEFCDAD1B2" box="[784,883,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
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</collectingRegion>
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, all the way to the “western” state of
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFAC28FDEFAE1D1B2" box="[1293,1352,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Ohio</collectingRegion>
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, stating that the specimen on which
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFE168FBAFDFCD18E" box="[473,597,727,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">T.W. Hill’s</collectorName>
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plate is based was from
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFCB98FBAFC5BD18E" box="[886,1010,727,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Dr. Binney</collectorName>
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in
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFBD68FBAFBD4D18E" box="[1049,1149,727,753]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Vermont</collectingRegion>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFB458FBAFADBD18E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1162,1394,727,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:71</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 23) reprinted the account essentially verbatim, but replaced Hill’s somewhat crude drawing with a more lifelike stone lithograph by
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFEB68E72FD86D046" box="[377,559,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">J. Queen. Based</collectorName>
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on the color pattern, both illustrations are of the same animal, but Hill’s may have been done from life, while Queen’s shows the legs contorted, as if in preservative. A specimen of
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFAD58E2EFF59D0FF" baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1807" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacum">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFAD58E2EFF59D0FF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Ambystoma opacum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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attributed to Holbrook is extant in Paris (MNHN-RA 0.4701). This specimen does not appear to match the illustrations from
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and was likely preserved and donated later, likely hand-delivered by Holbrook during his 1842 visit to Paris.
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<mods:affiliation id="4315812C689ABA412A73A1A84B2065E8">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="C26D2A781C67E78B3A01703CC33D7B42">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="14A52C5F0B88E04EA5632F27FA7657C2">
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<mods:date id="05C0272864B7AEBF20739BD012241665">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="93C33D87F62DA10CB080BA7AD8BE80A0">2022-05-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C591F7B7B4EACFF420F39D82725A463B">5134</mods:number>
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|
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<mods:number id="94F26FF9CF4E352AD6DACD0DC990E6FA">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="909DF7EF7C793730B24BF7C3C0F6D79E">151</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="6374639315A2C8109E6E74BF8B0647B5" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9CAD3C8AAB1B6567FDF5D5CFC44AF0DD" type="Zenodo-Dep">6534805</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="DF5187BB5321FFFFFF588E9AFD02D23E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5321FFFFFF588E9AFD02D23E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB5321FFFFFF588E9AFD02D23E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265321FFFCFF588E9AFC01D76E" box="[151,936,1014,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5321FFFCFF588E9AFC01D76E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1014,2014]" box="[151,936,1014,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFF588E9AFD86D76E" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[151,559,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFF588E9AFE26D76F" box="[151,399,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Salamandra venenosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFE598E9AFD86D76E" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[406,559,1015,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin, 1803</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFD808E9AFC0BD76E" authority="Shaw, 1802" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" box="[591,930,1014,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFD808E9AFCBCD76E" box="[591,789,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Lacerta maculata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFCD38E9AFC0BD76E" author="Shaw, G." box="[796,930,1014,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref35444" refString="Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. III. Amphibia. G. Kearsley, London, 615 pp." type="book" year="1802">Shaw, 1802</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265321FFFFFF088976FD02D23E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5321FFFCFF088976FCB6D606" blockId="8.[151,1437,1014,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFF088976FE17D74A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,446,1050,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b:105</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 24) provided an account of what is now regarded as a junior subjective synonym of the Spotted Salamander,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFE658952FD07D726" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[426,686,1087,1113]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFE658952FD07D726" box="[426,686,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Ambystoma maculatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFD748952FC09D726" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[699,928,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:67</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 22) reprinted this account nearly verbatim but replaced the relatively crude illustration by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFD7A890EFCB6D702" box="[693,799,1123,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">T.W. Hill</collectorName>
|
||||
with a new stone lithograph by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFB5D890EFA99D702" box="[1170,1328,1123,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">J. Queen. The</collectorName>
|
||||
naturally posed drawing by Hill seemingly represents a live animal; Holbrook noted seeing it in the
|
||||
<location id="522760765321FFFCFB4E89EAFAEDD7DE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5321FFFFFF588E9AFD02D23E:522760765321FFFCFB4E89EAFAEDD7DE" box="[1153,1348,1159,1185]" name="White Mountains" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="New Hampshire">White Mountains</location>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFAA889EAFEBCD7BA" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, which may be the model. Based on the contorted position of the legs, the Queen etching seems to be of a preserved specimen. The only known extant specimens of this taxon associated with Holbrook are ANSP 1383 and ANSP 4076 (both from “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFE61899EFD83D671" box="[430,554,1267,1294]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||||
”), and MNHN-RA 0.4696 (from “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFC68899EFBC8D671" box="[935,1121,1267,1294]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Caroline du sud</collectingRegion>
|
||||
”). Additionally, ANSP 1322 from “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFF10887AFECFD64E" box="[223,358,1303,1329]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||||
” is listed as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFE3C887AFDDAD64F" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[499,627,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFE3C887AFDDAD64F" box="[499,627,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">A. tigrinum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the ANSP catalog but is also actually
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFBF1887AFB4BD64E" box="[1086,1250,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFBF1887AFB74D64E" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1086,1245,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">A. maculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We were unable to locate ANSP 4076 (cataloged as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFDD48856FD16D62A" box="[539,703,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
A. “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFD8C8856FD16D62A" box="[579,703,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatum">punctatum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFD098856FD7FD62A" box="[710,726,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">”</emphasis>
|
||||
see below), which bears a note in the electronic catalog “Donor:
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFF588832FED7D606" box="[151,382,1375,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Dr. Holbrook. Taken</collectorName>
|
||||
from Penna. State Colln.
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5321FFFCFD6F8832FCB9D606" box="[672,784,1374,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="1895-01">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855321FFFCFD6F8832FCB9D606" box="[672,784,1374,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="1895-01">Jan. 1895</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5321FFFCFF0888EEFDC0D52E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1014,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
In the account, Holbrook listed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFDFE88EEFC4CD6E2" authority="Barton, 1804" authorityName="Barton" authorityYear="1804" box="[561,997,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subviolacea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFDFE88EEFCE0D6E2" box="[561,841,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Salamandra subviolacea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFC9E88EEFC4CD6E2" author="Barton, B. S." box="[849,997,1411,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="108 - 112" refId="ref28608" refString="Barton, B. S. (1804) Some account of a new species of North American lizard. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 6 (1), 108 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1004778" type="journal article" year="1804">Barton, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a synonym, the name by which the species was also commonly known to other early workers such as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFCA888CAFBA3D6BE" author="Green, J." box="[871,1034,1446,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="116 - 118" refId="ref31208" refString="Green, J. (1825 a) Description of a new species of salamander. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 116 - 118." type="journal article" year="1825">Green (1825a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Holbrook included some seemingly critical words directed at Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815) regarding his role in the nomenclatural history of this species. That history includes some complexities that have never been fully explored in print to our knowledge. Thus, while Holbrook himself was likely unaware of some of these convolutions, contextualizing his comments requires us to explore them in detail here.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5321FFFCFF088B36FD97D4EA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1014,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
The Spotted Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFE2A8B36FD48D50A" box="[485,737,1627,1653]" genus="Ambysoma" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFE2A8B36FD48D50A" box="[485,737,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Ambysoma maculatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) was first described by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFC2C8B36FB00D50A" author="Catesby, M." box="[995,1193,1627,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747:10</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 10, fig. 2), figured in the beak of the heron
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFE608B12FCF4D5E6" box="[431,861,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFE768B12FCFAD5E6" authority="Maxima Americana" authorityName="Maxima Americana" box="[441,851,1663,1689]" class="Aves" family="Ardeidae" genus="Ardea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">Ardea Cristata Maxima Americana</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFCB18B12FB4ED5E6" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[894,1255,1662,1689]" class="Aves" family="Ardeidae" genus="Ardea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herodias">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFCB18B12FB82D5E6" box="[894,1067,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Ardea herodias</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFBFC8B12FB4ED5E6" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1075,1255,1662,1689]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]. Catesby’s pre-Linnaean work referred to the species as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFD938BCEFDCED5C2" box="[604,615,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">“</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFDA88BCEFB68D5C2" authority="Americanus. The Spotted Eft." box="[615,1217,1699,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aquaticus" subSpecies="minor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFDA88BCEFBAAD5C2" box="[615,1027,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Stellio aquaticus minor Americanus.</emphasis>
|
||||
The Spotted Eft.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” The description of an animal
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485321FFFCFEC28BABFEC2D59E" box="[269,363,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="in" value="5.0">5 inches</quantity>
|
||||
long, with a large head and double row of white, round spots from head to tail clearly refers to the Spotted Salamander. The illustration also clearly shows a Spotted Salamander. However, a reddish coloration of the plate in some editions or printings such as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFD6D8A62FCDED456" author="Catesby, M." box="[674,887,1806,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref29561" refString="Catesby, M. (1754) The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. Volume I. C. Marsh and T. Wilcox, London, vii + 122 pp." type="book" year="1754">Catesby (1754:110</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 110, fig. 2, in the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFBBF8A62FAB0D456" box="[1136,1305,1807,1833]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
North
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFB768A62FAB0D456" box="[1209,1305,1807,1833]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Collection, Wilson Library, University of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFE258A5EFD3AD432" box="[490,659,1843,1869]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
North
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFDFC8A5EFD3AD432" box="[563,659,1843,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
at Chapel Hill), and possibly Catesby’s use of the word “eft,” caused some later workers such as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFE118A3AFDF7D40E" author="Say, T." box="[478,606,1879,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
to mistakenly identify the
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFC528A3AFBADD40E" box="[925,1028,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFC678A3AFC51D40E" box="[936,1016,1879,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFBFE8A3AFACDD40E" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1073,1380,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFBFE8A3AFACDD40E" box="[1073,1380,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Notophthalmus viridescens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see account for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFED28A16FD87D4EB" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[285,558,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFED28A16FD87D4EB" box="[285,558,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Salamandra symmetrica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5321FFFDFF088AF2FC0DD2D2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1014,2014]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,2014]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
Subsequently,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFEA38AF2FDFED4C6" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[364,599,1950,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758:209)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
erected
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFD768AF2FCD2D4C7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[697,891,1951,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFD768AF2FCD2D4C7" box="[697,891,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Lacerta punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for a skink from Asia and Africa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFAC88AF2FA38D4C6" author="Bauer, A. M." box="[1287,1425,1951,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref28654" refString="Bauer, A. M. (2003) On the identity of Lacerta punctata Linnaeus 1758, the type species of the genus Euprepis Wagler 1830, and the generic assignment of Afro-Malagasy skinks. African Journal of Herpetology, 52 (1), 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2003.9635472" type="journal article" year="2003">Bauer 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). He later reprinted this description verbatim (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFD458AAEFCC1D4A1" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[650,872,1987,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref33741" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1766) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 68927" type="book" year="1766">Linnaeus 1766:369</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); both entries clearly refer to an Old-World lizard. Curiously, he then described
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE2C8DFAFCE4D3CE" authority="Linnaeus, 1767: 370" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="370" authorityYear="1767" box="[483,845,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE2C8DFAFDCCD3CF" box="[483,613,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFDA28DFAFCE4D3CE" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[621,845,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767:370</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with explicit reference to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFBB38DFAFAEFD3CE" author="Catesby, M." box="[1148,1350,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747:10</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 10, fig. 2)’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFF388DD6FECDD3AA" box="[247,356,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFECD8DD6FEFCD3AA" box="[258,341,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Thus,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE7D8DD6FD4ED3AA" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[434,743,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE7D8DD6FD9BD3AB" box="[434,562,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFDF58DD6FD4ED3AA" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[570,743,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a junior primary homonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFBAF8DD6FA31D3AA" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1120,1432,186,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFBAF8DD6FB49D3AB" box="[1120,1248,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB278DD6FA31D3AA" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1256,1432,186,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and is therefore permanently invalid (Article 57.2; ICZN 1999). In a final posthumous edition (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB158DB2FAD3D386" author="Catesby M." box="[1242,1402,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29599" refString="Catesby M. (1771) The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. Volume II. Benjamin White, London, vii + xliv + 100 pp., 100 pls." type="book" year="1771">Catesby 1771</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), a later reviser (“Mr. Edwards, of the Royal College of Physicians, London”) added a “Linnaean Index of the Animals and Plants” which listed “The Spotted Eft.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFD438C4AFB87D23E" authority="Americanus." authorityName="Americanus." box="[652,1070,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aquaticus" subSpecies="minor">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFD438C4AFB87D23E" box="[652,1070,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Stellio aquaticus minor Americanus.</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFBF88C4AFB51D23E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1079,1272,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">Lacerta punctata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFACB8C4AFAB2D23F" box="[1284,1307,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L.</emphasis>
|
||||
” (Edwards
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFF588C26FF04D21B" box="[151,173,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF7A8C26FEC1D21A" author="Catesby M." box="[181,360,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29599" refString="Catesby M. (1771) The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. Volume II. Benjamin White, London, vii + xliv + 100 pp., 100 pls." type="book" year="1771">Catesby 1771:2</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). As the ICZN was not in effect in the 18th or early 19th centuries,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFBA88C26FA35D21A" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1127,1436,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFBA88C26FB4ED21B" box="[1127,1255,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB208C26FA35D21A" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[1263,1436,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was thereafter used for the salamander by many subsequent authors (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFC038C02FB02D2F6" author="Lacepede, B. G. E." box="[972,1195,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33264" refString="Lacepede, B. G. E. (1788) Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupedes Ovipares et des Serpens, des Poisson et des Cetaces. 12 mo Edition. Vol. II. Hotel de Thou, Paris, 462 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5036" type="book" year="1788">Lacépède 1788:237</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB798C02FA31D2F6" author="Bonnaterre, P. - J." box="[1206,1432,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29105" refString="Bonnaterre, P. - J. (1789) Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique des Trois Regnes de la Nature. Erpetologie. Panckouke, Paris, XXVIII + 71 pp., 35 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11660" type="book" year="1789">Bonnaterre 1789:63</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF588CFEFEC4D2D2" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[151,365,403,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin 1789:1076</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFEB68CFEFC31D2D2" author="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. S. & Latreille, P. A." box="[377,920,402,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref35599" refString="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. S. & Latreille, P. A. (1801 a) Histoire naturelle des Reptiles. Tome 2. Premiere partie. Quadrupedes et Bipedes Ovipares. Deterville, Paris, iii + 332 pp., 19 pls." type="book" year="1801">Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille 1801a:252</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5320FFFDFF088CDAFE71D1F9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
Even then, the problem of preoccupation was obvious to some workers, leading
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB4B8CDAFAD3D2AE" author="Bechstein, J. M." box="[1156,1402,438,465]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref28840" refString="Bechstein, J. M. (1800) Herrn De la Cepede's Naturgeschichte der Amphibien oder der eyerlengenden vierfussigen Thiere und der Schlangen. Eine Fortsetzung von Buffon's Naturgeschichte aus dem Franzosischen ubersetzt und mit Anmerkungen und Zusatsen versehen. Vol. 2. Industrie Comptoir, Weimar, XX + 552 pp." type="book" year="1800">Bechstein (1800:544)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
to erect
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFF1A8CB6FE61D28A" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1799" box="[213,456,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palustris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFF1A8CB6FE61D28A" box="[213,456,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Salamandra palustris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a replacement name for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFD308CB6FBDED28A" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[767,1143,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFD308CB6FC69D28B" box="[767,960,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Lacerta punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFC088CB6FBDED28A" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[967,1143,475,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Ironically, this name was also already preoccupied by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE108C92FCEFD166" authority="Schneider, 1799: 60" authorityName="Schneider" authorityPageNumber="60" authorityYear="1799" box="[479,838,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palustris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE108C92FDF6D166" box="[479,607,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. palustris</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFDA78C92FCEFD166" author="Schneider, J. G." box="[616,838,511,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref35362" refString="Schneider, J. G. (1799) Historiae Amphibiorum Naturalis et Literarariae. Fasciculus Primus. Continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros in Genera et Species Descriptos Notisque suis Distinctos. Friederici Frommanni, Jena, 264 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1799">Schneider, 1799:60</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The next replacement name erected for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFAD48C92FEEED142" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFAD48C92FA35D167" box="[1307,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF588F4EFEEED142" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[151,327,547,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE498F4EFD7BD142" authority="Shaw, 1802: 304" authorityName="Shaw" authorityPageNumber="304" authorityYear="1802" box="[390,722,547,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE498F4EFDA6D142" box="[390,527,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. maculata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFDD68F4EFD7BD142" author="Shaw, G." box="[537,722,547,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref35444" refString="Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. III. Amphibia. G. Kearsley, London, 615 pp." type="book" year="1802">Shaw, 1802:304</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, again based explicitly on
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFBC48F4EFB17D142" author="Catesby, M." box="[1035,1214,547,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFB188F4EFAEDD142" box="[1239,1348,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFB2D8F4EFA9CD142" box="[1250,1333,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
This is consequently the senior-most available, valid name for the species, but was not recognized as such until much later (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF508F06FEE5D1FA" author="Stejneger, L." box="[159,332,619,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="239 - 240" refId="ref35692" refString="Stejneger, L. (1902) A salamander new to the District of Columbia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 15, 239 - 240." type="journal article" year="1902">Stejneger 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; see below).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5320FFFDFF088FE2FED9D0DA" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
On
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5320FFFDFF3F8FE3FE27D1D6" box="[240,398,654,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" value="1803-04-15">15 April 1803</date>
|
||||
, Barton read a paper to the American Philosophical Society describing a Spotted Salamander he had found near Philadelphia and considered to be a new species. Prior to the Society’s meeting, he also apparently informed Rafinesque of his discovery, who relayed it to Daudin in a letter on
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5320FFFDFBC58FBAFB34D18E" box="[1034,1181,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" value="1803-04-02">2 April 1803</date>
|
||||
, calling it the
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFA8F8FBAFEAED06B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">“Lézard aquatique</emphasis>
|
||||
.” Daudin then published a description in his own volume as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFC098F96FA31D06A" authority="Daudin, 1803: 229" authorityName="Daudin" authorityPageNumber="229" authorityYear="1803" box="[966,1432,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFC098F96FB69D06B" box="[966,1216,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Salamandra venenosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB068F96FA31D06A" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[1225,1432,763,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin, 1803:229</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, based on Barton’s notes from Rafinesque’s letter. We must assume that Barton had not yet named his species, as Daudin writes (translated):
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE1D8E2EFD40D022" box="[466,745,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">“... and it was from him</emphasis>
|
||||
[Barton]
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFC948E2EFB84D023" box="[859,1069,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">that I called her a</emphasis>
|
||||
poisonous salamander,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFA8D8E2EFE2BD0FE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">because of a liquor which he</emphasis>
|
||||
[Barton]
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE3A8E0AFAC1D0FE" box="[501,1384,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">believed to be poisonous, and which oozing from all the warts spilled on his</emphasis>
|
||||
[the specimen’s]
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFEEB8EE6FED9D0DA" box="[292,368,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">back.”</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5320FFFDFF088EC2FAFFD64D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
Daudin apparently gave no consideration to priority, as he listed the senior names
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFB868EC2FAAED0B7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1097,1287,943,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFB868EC2FAAED0B7" box="[1097,1287,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Lacerta punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFA878EC2FF4BD092" author="Gmelin, J. F." pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin (1789)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFECD8EBEFD92D092" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[258,571,978,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFECD8EBEFE2BD093" box="[258,386,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFE468EBEFD92D092" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[393,571,978,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
],
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFD828EBEFD57D092" author="Catesby, M." box="[589,766,979,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFCDC8EBEFC29D092" box="[787,896,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFCD08EBEFCD8D092" box="[799,881,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and other usages of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFBA68EBEFA35D092" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1129,1436,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFBA68EBEFB41D093" box="[1129,1256,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB208EBEFA35D092" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[1263,1436,979,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF178E9AFE03D76E" author="Daubenton, L. J. - M." box="[216,426,1015,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29893" refString="Daubenton, L. J. - M. (1782) Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle. Les Animaux Quadrupedes Ovipaires, et les Serpens. Tome I. Panckouke, Paris, 691 pp." type="book" year="1782">Daubenton (1782)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFE758E9AFDD5D76E" author="Lacepede, B. G. E." box="[442,636,1015,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33264" refString="Lacepede, B. G. E. (1788) Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupedes Ovipares et des Serpens, des Poisson et des Cetaces. 12 mo Edition. Vol. II. Hotel de Thou, Paris, 462 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5036" type="book" year="1788">Lacépède (1788)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFD708E9AFB65D76E" author="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. S. & Latreille, P. A." box="[703,1228,1015,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref35599" refString="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. S. & Latreille, P. A. (1801 a) Histoire naturelle des Reptiles. Tome 2. Premiere partie. Quadrupedes et Bipedes Ovipares. Deterville, Paris, iii + 332 pp., 19 pls." type="book" year="1801">Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille (1801a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
in synonymy. He stated (translated):
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFEBD8976FCD1D702" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“The poisonous salamander is doubtless very similar to the preceding one. It is here that the punctuated salamander described by Gmelin, Daubenton and Lacépède, from a figure published by Catesby, in his work on the natural history of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE2E890EFDE1D702" box="[481,584,1123,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, must be brought together.”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
In a later account for
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFBAB890EFA35D702" box="[1124,1436,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFBA1890EFA27D702" box="[1134,1422,1123,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="salamandra" subSpecies="ponctuee">La salamandra ponctuée</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF5889EAFEC4D7DE" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[151,365,1158,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin (1803:257)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
then allocated
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFDD789EAFC1FD7DE" authority="Latreille, 1800" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1800" box="[536,950,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFDD789EAFCA3D7DF" box="[536,778,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Salamandra punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFCDE89EAFC1FD7DE" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[785,950,1159,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33377" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1800) Histoire naturelle des salamandres de France, precedee d'un tableau methodique des autres reptiles. Villier, Paris, xlvii + 63 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5045" type="book" year="1800">Latreille, 1800</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(itself originally intended as a replacement name for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFECD89C6FDCAD7B9" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[258,611,1195,1222]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parisinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFECD89C6FE1FD7BB" box="[258,438,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Triton parisinus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFE7289C6FDCAD7B9" author="Laurenti, J. N." box="[445,611,1195,1222]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33428" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Joan Thomae nob. de Trattnern, Viennae, ii + 215 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5108" type="book" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) to “var. B” of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFCDF89C6FB95D7BB" box="[784,1084,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
L. “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFCF789C6FC60D7BA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[824,969,1195,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salamandra">salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFC1589C6FB95D7BB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[986,1084,1195,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquatica">aquatica</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB4F89C6FACCD7B9" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[1152,1381,1195,1222]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin (1789:1066)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFA4989C6FE1BD796" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquatica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFA4989C6FF50D797" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. aquatica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFECF89A2FE1BD796" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[256,434,1230,1257]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]. All of these are junior subjective synonyms of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFC0789A2FB5FD796" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[968,1270,1230,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Calyptocephalellidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFC0789A2FBE8D796" box="[968,1089,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB8889A2FB5FD796" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1095,1270,1230,1257]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, now placed in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFF58899EFE25D672" authority="Bell, 1839" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,396,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFF58899EFEB9D673" box="[151,272,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Lissotriton</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFED7899EFE25D672" author="Bell, T." box="[280,396,1267,1293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref28953" refString="Bell, T. (1839) A History of British Reptiles. John van Voorst, London, xxiv + 142 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10835" type="book" year="1839">Bell, 1839</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE63899EFD87D672" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[428,558,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Calyptocephalellidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE63899EFD87D672" box="[428,558,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Li. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). This is a European newt; Daudin’s use of the specific epithet
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFB3C899EFADDD672" box="[1267,1396,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFB31899EFAC3D672" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1800" box="[1278,1386,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">punctata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
for this species was distinct from his use of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFD95887AFC24D64E" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[602,909,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFD95887AFD73D64F" box="[602,730,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFD2E887AFC24D64E" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[737,909,1303,1329]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for the Spotted Salamander (see below).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5320FFFDFF088856FC14D5E6" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
Daudin finally noted that Barton had submitted his paper for publication for the following year in the sixth volume of the Academy’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE078832FDF0D607" box="[456,601,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Transactions</emphasis>
|
||||
. Thereafter,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFD218832FB0CD606" authority="Barton, 1804: 108" authorityName="Barton" authorityPageNumber="108" authorityYear="1804" box="[750,1189,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Calyptocephalellidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subviolacea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFD218832FC7DD606" box="[750,980,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Lacerta subviolacea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFC118832FB0CD606" author="Barton, B. S." box="[990,1189,1375,1401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="108 - 112" refId="ref28608" refString="Barton, B. S. (1804) Some account of a new species of North American lizard. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 6 (1), 108 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1004778" type="journal article" year="1804">Barton, 1804:108</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
became the name by which the Spotted Salamander was known to most American naturalists (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFBEA88EEFB06D6E2" author="Green, J." box="[1061,1199,1411,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB7288EEFB51D6E2" author="Green, J." box="[1213,1272,1411,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="150 - 151" refId="ref31303" refString="Green, J. (1830) Reclamation of salamanders - in a letter to the Baron F. Cuvier. Transactions of the Albany Institute, 1, 150 - 151." type="journal article" year="1830">1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFAC888EEFA31D6E2" author="Harlan, R." box="[1287,1432,1411,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="317 - 372" refId="ref31677" refString="Harlan, R. (1827) Genera of North American Reptilia, and synopsis of the species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 317 - 372." type="journal article" year="1827">Harlan 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF5888CBFF7AD6BE" author="Harlan, R." box="[151,211,1446,1473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref31741" refString="Harlan, R. (1835) Medical and physical researches, or, Original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology, geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy. L. R. Bailey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 107564" type="book" year="1835">1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Barton claimed that his species is distinct from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFD3288CAFC07D6BE" author="Catesby, M." box="[765,942,1447,1473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFC0C88CAFB83D6BE" box="[963,1066,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFC0088CAFBB6D6BE" box="[975,1055,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFBAE88CAFA31D6BE" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1121,1432,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFBAE88CAFB48D6BF" box="[1121,1249,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB2788CAFA31D6BE" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[1256,1432,1447,1473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but this was based only on minor disagreements with Catesby’s somewhat crude illustration. He did not, however, seem to think that either represented a newt. He also reported tasting the milky white fluid that his specimen exuded (and inducing his students and colleagues to do so), finding it astringent, caustic, and corrosive, the taste lasting nearly a day, and inducing excessive salivation. This was clearly communicated by Rafinesque to Daudin, resulting in the latter’s name for the species. In contrast, Barton’s name was based on the animal’s purportedly dark purple coloration, but this was apparently not mentioned in Rafinesque’s letter.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5320FFFEFF088BCEFE69D262" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2014]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
Confusion began to arise with
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFDE68BCEFD00D5C2" author="Say, T." box="[553,681,1699,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, who stated that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFCA18BCEFBBFD5C2" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[878,1046,1699,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin (1803)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, for reasons unknown to Say, had intentionally substituted
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE648BAAFCEBD59E" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[427,834,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE648BAAFD0AD59F" box="[427,675,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Salamandra venenosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFD658BAAFCEBD59E" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[682,834,1735,1761]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin, 1803</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFCBF8BAAFB46D59E" authority="Barton, 1804" authorityName="Barton" authorityYear="1804" box="[880,1263,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Calyptocephalellidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subviolacea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFCBF8BAAFBFDD59E" box="[880,1108,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Lacerta subviolacea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFB958BAAFB46D59E" author="Barton, B. S." box="[1114,1263,1735,1761]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="108 - 112" refId="ref28608" refString="Barton, B. S. (1804) Some account of a new species of North American lizard. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 6 (1), 108 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1004778" type="journal article" year="1804">Barton, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Obviously, the dates contradict this as 1803 is before 1804; the impetus for Say’s statement is therefore unclear. Contrariwise, it seems most likely that Daudin was unaware of Barton’s intended name, and merely erected his own in its absence. Say then noted that Daudin considered Barton’s species the same as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFC678A5EFBF3D432" author="Catesby, M." box="[936,1114,1843,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFBBE8A5EFB71D432" box="[1137,1240,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFBB38A5EFB65D432" box="[1148,1228,1843,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(i.e., the Spotted Salamander) and asserted that Daudin had therefore assigned the name
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFC7F8A3AFB69D40E" box="[944,1216,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFC768A3AFB1FD40E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[953,1206,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">Salamandra punctata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFACC8A3AFA35D40E" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[1283,1436,1879,1905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin, 1789</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFF7F8A16FE4AD4EA" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[176,483,1914,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFF7F8A16FE86D4EB" box="[176,303,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFEFB8A16FE4AD4EA" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[308,483,1914,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
] to “var. B” of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFD478A16FC18D4EB" box="[648,945,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
|
||||
L. “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFD618A16FC96D4EA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[686,831,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salamandra">salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFC808A16FC18D4EB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[847,945,1915,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquatica">aquatica</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFC3C8A16FB25D4EA" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[1011,1164,1915,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin, 1789</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFB658A16FF7DD4C6" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquatica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFB658A16FA80D4EB" box="[1194,1321,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. aquatica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFAE08A16FF7DD4C6" author="Linnaeus, C." pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
], i.e., a European newt referred to by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFDBB8AF2FCF5D4C5" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[628,860,1951,1978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin (1789:1066)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. However, Say confused the name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFB2E8AF2FAF6D4C7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1249,1375,1951,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFB2E8AF2FAF6D4C7" box="[1249,1375,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFF588AAEFED9D4A2" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[151,368,1987,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin, 1789:1076</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFDFE408AAEFD6BD4A2" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[399,706,1986,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFDFE408AAEFDA7D4A3" box="[399,526,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5320FFFDFDDB8AAEFD6BD4A2" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[532,706,1986,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
] (the Spotted Salamander) with the junior secondary homonym
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5320FFFEFA488AAEFE0DD3CE" authority="Latreille, 1800" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1800" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="161" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5320FFFEFA488AAEFF50D3CF" italics="true" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">S. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF308DFAFE0DD3CE" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[255,420,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33377" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1800) Histoire naturelle des salamandres de France, precedee d'un tableau methodique des autres reptiles. Villier, Paris, xlvii + 63 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5045" type="book" year="1800">Latreille, 1800</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFE0C8DFAFD58D3CE" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[451,753,150,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Calyptocephalellidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFE0C8DFAFD95D3CE" box="[451,572,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD8D8DFAFD58D3CE" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[578,753,150,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
] (the Smooth Newt), which Daudin had synonymized with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFA498DFAFE18D3AA" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquatica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFA498DFAFF50D3AB" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. aquatica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFECE8DD6FE18D3AA" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[257,433,186,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. In reality, Daudin considered
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFCC58DD6FB99D3AA" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[778,1072,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFCC58DD6FC26D3AB" box="[778,911,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">S. venenosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC588DD6FB99D3AA" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[919,1072,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin, 1803</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFBA88DD6FA35D3AA" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1127,1436,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFBA88DD6FB4ED3AB" box="[1127,1255,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFB208DD6FA35D3AA" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[1263,1436,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be the same species—the Spotted Salamander—while Say erroneously concluded that Daudin had allocated the latter to the Smooth Newt.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5323FFFEFF088C4AFD9CD142" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
Compounding the confusion,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFDDD8C4AFD24D23E" author="Say, T." box="[530,653,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also rejected
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFCE88C4AFC67D23E" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[807,974,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin (1803)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s acceptance of the prevailing conclusion that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFF0A8C26FD90D21A" authority="Barton, 1804" authorityName="Barton" authorityYear="1804" box="[197,569,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Calyptocephalellidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subviolacea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFF0A8C26FE0FD21A" box="[197,422,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Lacerta subviolacea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFE658C26FD90D21A" author="Barton, B. S." box="[426,569,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="108 - 112" refId="ref28608" refString="Barton, B. S. (1804) Some account of a new species of North American lizard. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 6 (1), 108 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1004778" type="journal article" year="1804">Barton, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFDA28C26FCB3D21A" author="Catesby, M." box="[621,794,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFCE28C26FC3AD21A" box="[813,915,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFCF78C26FC21D21A" box="[824,904,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFC7E8C26FB49D21A" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[945,1248,330,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFC7E8C26FB84D21B" box="[945,1069,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFBFE8C26FB49D21A" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[1073,1248,330,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
],and agreed with
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF588C02FE9CD2F6" author="Barton, B. S." box="[151,309,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="108 - 112" refId="ref28608" refString="Barton, B. S. (1804) Some account of a new species of North American lizard. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 6 (1), 108 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1004778" type="journal article" year="1804">Barton (1804)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
that they were distinct species. Say then described his belief (as noted in the account for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFADC8C02FEB1D2D3" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFADC8C02FEB1D2D3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Salamandra symmetrica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) that Catesby’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFE1E8CFEFD91D2D2" box="[465,568,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFE138CFEFD85D2D2" box="[476,556,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is the red eft stage of the Eastern Newt (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFBC18CFEFA96D2D2" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1038,1343,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFBC18CFEFA96D2D2" box="[1038,1343,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Notophthalmus viridescens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), which was then thought to be a different species. He stated that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFCDE8CDAFBB6D2AE" authority="Shaw, 1802" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" box="[785,1055,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFCDE8CDAFC3FD2AE" box="[785,918,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. maculata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC528CDAFBB6D2AE" author="Shaw, G." box="[925,1055,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref35444" refString="Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. III. Amphibia. G. Kearsley, London, 615 pp." type="book" year="1802">Shaw, 1802</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was also this species (the red eft), and that its name should therefore be
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFDF28CB6FCE7D28A" box="[573,846,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFD898CB6FCEDD28A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[582,836,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">Salamandra punctata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC5D8CB6FB91D28A" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[914,1080,475,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin (1789)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFB978CB6FA3BD28A" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[1112,1426,474,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFB978CB6FB71D28B" box="[1112,1240,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFB108CB6FA3BD28A" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[1247,1426,474,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]. Finally, he resurrected
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFE5B8C92FD46D166" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[404,751,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parisinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFE5B8C92FDEFD167" box="[404,582,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Triton parisinus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD838C92FD46D166" author="Laurenti, J. N." box="[588,751,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33428" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Joan Thomae nob. de Trattnern, Viennae, ii + 215 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5108" type="book" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for “var. B” of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFC568C92FB6BD167" box="[921,1218,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
L. “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFC708C92FBF9D166" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[959,1104,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salamandra">salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFBAF8C92FB6BD167" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1120,1218,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquatica">aquatica</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFACB8C92FA35D166" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[1284,1436,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin, 1789</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFF7F8F4EFD83D142" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[176,554,546,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquatica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFF7F8F4EFED9D143" box="[176,368,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Lacerta aquatica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFEB88F4EFD83D142" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[375,554,546,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5323FFFEFF088F2AFE9AD022" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF088F2AFE3BD11E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,402,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
noted this mixup by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD4A8F2AFCAAD11E" author="Say, T." box="[645,771,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, stating that the red eft had apparently been confused with
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF588F06FEEFD1FA" author="Catesby, M." box="[151,326,619,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFE958F06FE68D1FA" box="[346,449,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFEAA8F06FE1CD1FA" box="[357,437,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(i.e., by Say) until the description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFC958F06FAA4D1FA" authority="Harlan, 1825 c" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[858,1293,618,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFC958F06FBC0D1FB" box="[858,1129,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Salamandra symmetrica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFBA08F06FAA4D1FA" author="Harlan, R." box="[1135,1293,618,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="154 - 158" refId="ref31565" refString="Harlan, R. (1825 c) Description of a variety of the Coluber fulvius, Linn. a new species of Scincus, and two new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 154 - 158." type="journal article" year="1825">Harlan, 1825c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see account above), but that the two were clearly distinct. Subsequently,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC848FE2FBB1D1D5" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[843,1048,655,682]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
noted that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFB558FE2FAEBD1D6" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[1178,1346,655,681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin (1803)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFA9F8FE2FF72D1B2" author="Harlan, R." pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="317 - 372" refId="ref31677" refString="Harlan, R. (1827) Genera of North American Reptilia, and synopsis of the species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 317 - 372." type="journal article" year="1827">Harlan (1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF288FDFFE8BD1B2" author="Harlan, R." box="[231,290,690,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref31741" refString="Harlan, R. (1835) Medical and physical researches, or, Original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology, geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy. L. R. Bailey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 107564" type="book" year="1835">1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and others considered Catesby’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFD658FDEFCB8D1B2" box="[682,785,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFD7A8FDEFCACD1B2" box="[693,773,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
to represent
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFC6A8FDEFB62D1B2" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[933,1227,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFC6A8FDEFB80D1B3" box="[933,1065,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">S. venenosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFBFD8FDEFB62D1B2" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[1074,1227,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin, 1803</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, while
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFAEF8FDEFA35D1B2" author="Say, T." box="[1312,1436,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and others considered Catesby’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFDC38FBAFDDAD18E" box="[524,627,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFDD88FBAFDCED18E" box="[535,615,727,753]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
to represent
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFCC68FBAFB89D18E" authority="Harlan, 1829" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1829" box="[777,1056,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFCC68FBAFC28D18E" box="[777,897,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">S. dorsalis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC468FBAFB89D18E" author="Harlan, R." box="[905,1056,727,753]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="101" refId="ref31712" refString="Harlan, R. (1829) Description of a new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 101." type="journal article" year="1829">Harlan, 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Holbrook then incorrectly stated that it is neither, but a third, distinct, as-yet unnamed species “peculiar to the south” that he had only observed “about the Sea Islands of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5323FFFEFE7C8E72FDCBD046" box="[435,610,799,825]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFE348E72FDCBD046" box="[507,610,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.” No further reference to this supposed new species appears in Holbrook’s later writings.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5323FFFEFF088E0AFD0BD702" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF088E0AFE31D0FD" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,408,871,898]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
then took seemingly unwarranted aim at Barton, beginning by describing the history (enumerated in part above) of Barton’s address to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia and Rafinesque’s subsequent letter to Daudin. Holbrook apparently concluded that it was Barton who gave the species the name
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFF158EBEFEC0D092" box="[218,361,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFF2A8EBEFEF0D092" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[229,345,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">venenosa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
stating that Daudin had published Barton’s description “under the name it now bears, which was probably given by Barton, and communicated through Rafinesque to Daudin, for the latter gives the specific name, as imposed by Barton.” However, as noted above, it seems from Daudin’s account as though Barton’s description communicated to him through Rafinesque lacked a name, and that Daudin himself christened it
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFB018952FAFFD726" box="[1230,1366,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFB178952FAE3D726" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[1240,1354,1087,1113]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">venenosa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
based on Barton’s anecdote of its noxious secretions.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5323FFFEFF0889EAFBEAD576" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
Holbrook finally stated that Barton published his description six years after Daudin in the sixth volume of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFF0B89C6FCB4D7BA" box="[196,797,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,</emphasis>
|
||||
though it was in 1804 and not 1809 that part I of this volume appeared with Barton’s paper. Finally, Holbrook stated that Barton “had no right to change a name, even though imposed by himself, after it had been once published to the scientific world.” Yet it seems likely that Barton was unaware of Daudin’s intention to establish a different name, as Volume VI, Part I of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFB0D887AFDABD62A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</emphasis>
|
||||
was published on
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5323FFFEFD168856FC23D62A" box="[729,906,1339,1365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" value="1804-03-23">23 March 1804</date>
|
||||
, less than a year after Barton’s first address to the American Philosophical Society. Accordingly,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD098832FCC3D606" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[710,874,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin (1803)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
was published sometime after
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5323FFFEFB0E8832FAFBD606" box="[1217,1362,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" value="1803-07-11">11 July 1803</date>
|
||||
, likely August or September (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFE5A88EEFD80D6E2" author="Harper, F." box="[405,553,1411,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="692 - 723" refId="ref31799" refString="Harper, F. (1940) Some works of Bartram, Daudin, Latreille, and Sonnini, and their bearing upon North American herpetological nomenclature. American Midland Naturalist, 23 (3), 692 - 723. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2420453" type="journal article" year="1940">Harper 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), wherein Daudin was already aware that Barton’s paper was going to press in the forthcoming sixth volume of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFDFF88CAFBD3D6BE" box="[560,1146,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.</emphasis>
|
||||
Thus, the blame might be placed instead on Daudin for inadvertently “scooping” Barton’s name, or even that Daudin knew of Barton’s name and gave his own anyway, given Daudin’s evident lack of consideration for priority.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5323FFFEFF088B7EFE6AD4EA" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
Few if any subsequent authors followed
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD418B7EFCFAD552" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[654,851,1555,1581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC918B7EFC01D552" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[862,936,1555,1581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)’s lead in recognizing
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFB6B8B7EFE9BD52E" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venenosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFB6B8B7EFA35D553" box="[1188,1436,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Salamandra venenosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF588B5AFE9BD52E" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[151,306,1591,1617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin, 1803</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as the correct name for this species.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD2C8B5AFCDFD52E" author="Baird, S. F." box="[739,886,1590,1617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
correctly reinstated
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFBAD8B5AFF66D50A" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFBAD8B5AFA8CD52F" box="[1122,1317,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Lacerta punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFAE08B5AFF66D50A" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as the senior-most valid, available subjective synonym; no widely accepted Code forbidding homonymy was in force at the time. Consequently,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFDD68B12FCB1D5E7" box="[537,792,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFDD68B12FCB1D5E7" box="[537,792,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Ambystoma punctatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
became widely applied to this taxon thereafter (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFAAC8B12FF7AD5C2" author="Seiss, C. F." pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="329" refId="ref35411" refString="Seiss, C. F. (1881) The Spotted Amblystome. Scientific American, 45, 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / scientificamerican 11191881 - 329" type="journal article" year="1881">Seiss 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFF278BCEFE0DD5C2" author="Stejneger, L." box="[232,420,1699,1725]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="239 - 240" refId="ref35692" refString="Stejneger, L. (1902) A salamander new to the District of Columbia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 15, 239 - 240." type="journal article" year="1902">Stejneger (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
was the first to note the invalidity of the junior primary homonym
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFB6A8BCEFF66D59E" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFB6A8BCEFA8FD5C3" box="[1189,1318,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFAE08BCEFF66D59E" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and restored
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFEAC8BAAFDC7D59E" authority="Shaw, 1802" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" box="[355,622,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFEAC8BAAFE4ED59E" box="[355,487,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. maculata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFE228BAAFDC7D59E" author="Shaw, G." box="[493,622,1735,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref35444" refString="Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. III. Amphibia. G. Kearsley, London, 615 pp." type="book" year="1802">Shaw, 1802</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as the senior-most available, valid synonym for the species under modern nomenclatural rules. However, use of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFD878B86FD76D47B" box="[584,735,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFD878B86FD76D47B" box="[584,735,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">A. punctatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
nonetheless persists over a century later, occurring in at least 725 studies since 1902 (Google Scholar
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5323FFFEFD938A62FCB1D456" box="[604,792,1807,1833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" value="2022-01-29">29 January 2022</date>
|
||||
) as recently as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC0B8A62FB7AD456" author="Huysseune, A. & Cerny, R. & Witten, P. E." box="[964,1235,1807,1833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="414 - 447" refId="ref32856" refString="Huysseune, A., Cerny, R. & Witten, P. E. (2022) The conundrum of pharyngeal teeth origin: the role of germ layers, pouches, and gill slits. Biological Reviews, 97 (1), 414 - 447. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / brv. 12805" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Huysseune
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFB898A62FBD6D456" box="[1094,1151,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2022)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Many are simply repeating citations from older literature and are from fields such as organ regeneration that are far-removed from the complexities of herpetological nomenclature, but this nevertheless underscores the importance thereof for accurate communication in science.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5323FFFFFF088AF2FD02D23E" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,321]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||||
Finally, several authors (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFDEE8AF2FD79D4C6" author="Stejneger, L." box="[545,720,1951,1977]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="239 - 240" refId="ref35692" refString="Stejneger, L. (1902) A salamander new to the District of Columbia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 15, 239 - 240." type="journal article" year="1902">Stejneger 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD118AF2FC26D4C5" author="Anderson, J. D." box="[734,911,1951,1978]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref28044" refString="Anderson, J. D. (1967) Ambystoma maculatum. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 51, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1967">Anderson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) discussing the nomenclatural history of this species erroneously cited
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFE0C8AAEFCEBD4A2" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[451,834,1987,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFE0C8AAEFD2ED4A3" box="[451,647,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Lacerta punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFD5D8AAEFCEBD4A2" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[658,834,1987,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33741" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1766) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 68927" type="book" year="1766">Linnaeus, 1766</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5323FFFEFCA98AAEFB03D4A2" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[870,1194,1986,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5323FFFEFCA98AAEFC40D4A3" box="[870,1001,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFEFC3B8AAEFB03D4A2" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1012,1194,1986,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
], a lizard (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5323FFFFFA968AAEFF7AD3CE" author="Bauer, A. M." lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref28654" refString="Bauer, A. M. (2003) On the identity of Lacerta punctata Linnaeus 1758, the type species of the genus Euprepis Wagler 1830, and the generic assignment of Afro-Malagasy skinks. African Journal of Herpetology, 52 (1), 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2003.9635472" type="journal article" year="2003">Bauer 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), when they clearly intended to reference
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFD698DFAFC70D3CE" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[678,985,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFD698DFAFC8FD3CF" box="[678,806,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">L. punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFCE38DFAFC70D3CE" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[812,985,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFB868DFAFB50D3CE" author="Catesby, M." box="[1097,1273,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFAC18DFAFADCD3CE" box="[1294,1397,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFAD68DFAFAC0D3CE" box="[1305,1385,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
for the Spotted Salamander. This caused considerable confusion for recent authors attempting to untangle the complex series of names applied to this species as enumerated above (Darrel R. Frost,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFC368DB2FB28D387" box="[1017,1153,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">pers. comm.</emphasis>
|
||||
). We propose this to be a complete accounting of the possible synonyms and homonyms with correct citations, but it is nevertheless possible that additional details will emerge in the future.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
157
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2.xml
Normal file
157
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
|
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<mods:title id="2CD424CF8600A1A04CF3AF9CCF1C44D9">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F39419AFBC3284790B9A0496045A5CBD">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1FD66751D2681994E80AD9390071800F">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7CD1578BE4CE1FF7E5AFCD84A152C2B0">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CBEB68E0B73690FD6A4A2C1F2B206C93">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
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<subSubSection id="1FE265265322FFFFFF588B12FDDCD5E6" box="[151,629,1663,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5322FFFFFF588B12FDDCD5E6" blockId="11.[151,1437,1662,2013]" box="[151,629,1663,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFF588B12FDDCD5E6" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,629,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythronota">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFF588B12FE03D5E6" box="[151,426,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Salamandra erythronota</emphasis>
|
||||
Rafinesque, 1818
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265322FFFFFDB38B12FC36D5E6" box="[636,927,1662,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5322FFFFFDB38B12FC36D5E6" blockId="11.[151,1437,1662,2013]" box="[636,927,1662,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFD5A8B12FC30D5E6" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[661,921,1662,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinerea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFD5A8B12FCADD5E7" box="[661,772,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. cinerea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFCC48B12FC30D5E6" author="Green, J." box="[779,921,1662,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="1FE265265322FFF8FF088BCEFEF1D2D2" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="multiple">
|
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<paragraph id="574736AD5322FFFFFF088BCEFD7BD4EA" blockId="11.[151,1437,1662,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFF088BCEFE15D5C2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,444,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b:113</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 27) gave a brief description of the Red-backed Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFB438BCEFACDD5C3" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1164,1380,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFB438BCEFACDD5C3" box="[1164,1380,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Plethodon cinereus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and cited only
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFEC08BAAFE0CD59E" author="Green, J." box="[271,421,1735,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green (1818)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for the names
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFD818BAAFCF8D59E" box="[590,849,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFD978BAAFCEFD59E" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[600,838,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinerea">Salamandra cinerea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFC468BAAFBE6D59E" box="[905,1103,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFC5A8BAAFBE9D59E" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[917,1088,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythronota">S. erythronota</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
along with
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFB1A8BAAFADDD59E" author="Harlan, R." box="[1237,1396,1734,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref31741" refString="Harlan, R. (1835) Medical and physical researches, or, Original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology, geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy. L. R. Bailey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 107564" type="book" year="1835">Harlan (1835)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for his expanded accounts thereof.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFE348B86FD4BD47A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[507,738,1771,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:43</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 16) expanded the account slightly, and both editions used the same drawing by T.W. Hill, which Holbrook clarified in the second edition was facilitated by De Kay showing Hill a live animal. In both editions, Holbrook stated that he has never seen this species alive, which seems unusual given its widespread distribution and exceptional abundance. Accordingly, we found no evidence of any Red-backed Salamanders among Holbrook’s extant collections.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5322FFF8FF088AF2FEF1D2D2" blockId="11.[151,1437,1662,2013]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
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<collectingCounty id="BE264E215322FFFFFF088AF2FE9BD4C6" box="[199,306,1951,1977]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Holbrook</collectingCounty>
|
||||
was aware that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFE398AF2FD39D4C6" author="Green, J." box="[502,656,1951,1977]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green (1818)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
credited
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75322FFFFFCCF8AF2FCD7D4C6" box="[768,894,1951,1977]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Rafinesque</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
(1818) for the name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFBB18AF2FA88D4C6" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[1150,1313,1951,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythronota">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFBB18AF2FA88D4C6" box="[1150,1313,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. erythronota</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
but stated that “he [Green] informed me that Rafinesque afterwards told him that the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFC318AAEFAA4D4A2" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[1022,1293,1987,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythronota">Salamandra erythronota</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was not the animal he (Rafinesque) had in view, and which, indeed, he had published, under some other name.”
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FADA8DFAFA8FD3CE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2:522760765325FFF8FADA8DFAFA8FD3CE" box="[1301,1318,151,177]" county="Holbrook" municipality="Rafinesque" name="It" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" stateProvince="New York">It</location>
|
||||
is unclear what
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FF198DD6FEFDD3AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2:522760765325FFF8FF198DD6FEFDD3AA" box="[214,340,187,213]" county="Holbrook" municipality="Rafinesque" name="Rafinesque" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" stateProvince="New York">Rafinesque</location>
|
||||
meant by this, as no “other name” has ever been uncovered to our knowledge, and
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FAD88DD6FE8FD386" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFF8FF588B12FEF1D2D2:522760765325FFF8FAD88DD6FE8FD386" county="Holbrook" municipality="Rafinesque" name="Red-backed Salamanders" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" stateProvince="New York">Red-backed Salamanders</location>
|
||||
are the only species of this description found in “the state of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5325FFF8FC268DB2FBF5D386" box="[1001,1116,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||||
on the Highlands, etc.,” the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FF588C6EFF6ED262" box="[151,199,259,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FE888C6EFD1AD262" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[327,691,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythronota">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FE888C6EFE4FD262" box="[327,486,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">S. erythronota</emphasis>
|
||||
Rafinesque, 1818
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Regardless, this statement by Holbrook was offered by Huheey
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FA498C6EFA35D263" box="[1414,1436,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FF588C4AFE11D23D" author="Huheey, J. E. & Smith, H. M." box="[151,440,295,322]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="26" refId="ref32806" refString="Huheey, J. E. & Smith, H. M. (1962) Comments on the proposed suppression of Salamandra erythronota Rafinesque, 1818. Z. N. (S.) 1467. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 19 (1), 26." type="journal article" year="1962">Huheey and Smith (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
in support of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FD9B8C4AFCBDD23D" author="Highton, R." box="[596,788,295,322]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="221 - 222" refId="ref31938" refString="Highton, R. (1961) Erythronota (Salamandra) Rafinesque, 1818; proposed suppression under the plenary powers (Amphibia, Caudata). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 18, 221 - 222." type="journal article" year="1961">Highton’s (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
petition to the ICZN for the suppression of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FB328C4AFEF7D21A" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythronota">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FB328C4AFA35D23E" box="[1277,1436,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">S. erythronota</emphasis>
|
||||
Rafinesque,
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485325FFF8FEE98C26FEF7D21A" box="[294,350,331,357]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.61772" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" unit="in" value="1818.0">1818</quantity>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in favor of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FE238C26FD5DD21A" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[492,756,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinerea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FE238C26FDF7D21B" box="[492,606,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">S. cinerea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FDA88C26FD5DD21A" author="Green, J." box="[615,756,331,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The nomenclatural history of this species is complex (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FF588C02FEB1D2F6" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[151,280,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FEEA8C02FE79D2F6" author="Goodwin, G. H." box="[293,464,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="35 - 36" refId="ref30998" refString="Goodwin, G. H. (1960) Unrecorded papers of Rafinesque and Jacob Green. Systematic Zoology, 9 (1), 35 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411540" type="journal article" year="1960">Goodwin 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE138C02FDD2D2F6" author="Highton, R." box="[476,635,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="236" refId="ref31917" refString="Highton, R. (1960) The scientific name of the Red-Backed Salamander. Herpetologica, 16, 236." type="journal article" year="1960">Highton 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FD498C02FD68D2F6" author="Highton, R." box="[646,705,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="235 - 367" refId="ref31976" refString="Highton, R. (1962) Revision of North American salamanders of the Genus Plethodon. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, 6 (3), 235 - 367." type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FD018C02FCE3D2F6" author="Reed, C. F." box="[718,842,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="207 - 213" refId="ref35028" refString="Reed, C. F. (1960) Plethodon erythronotus (Raf.), the Red-Backed Salamander. Herpetologica, 16, 207 - 213." type="journal article" year="1960">Reed 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FC988C02FC75D2F6" author="Smith P. W." box="[855,988,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref35575" refString="Smith P. W. (1963) Plethodon cinereus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 5, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1963">Smith 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FC268C02FB54D2F6" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[1001,1277,367,393]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and need not be revisited here.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
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</document>
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86
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFF08887AFE15D64E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,444,1303,1329]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b:111</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 26) gave a brief account of the Long-tailed Salamander (
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFBA0887AFAFBD64E" box="[1135,1362,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Eurycea longicauda</emphasis>
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), with a simple drawing by T.W. Hill. He cited
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incorrect subsequent spelling
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFB938856FA29D62A" box="[1116,1408,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Salamandra longicaudata</emphasis>
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in synonymy.
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, pl. 19) reprinted a slightly expanded version of this account, with a new illustration by J.H. Richard that is not markedly superior to Hill’s. Similarities in the position of the rear legs suggests the same specimen, or at least the initial illustration, was used as a model. We found no specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFB6488CAFAE1D6BE" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1195,1352,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFB6488CAFAE1D6BE" box="[1195,1352,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">E. longicauda</emphasis>
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among Holbrook’s extant collections.
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFE2288A6FD19D69A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[493,688,1483,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFD7488A6FCA9D69A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[699,768,1483,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">1842e</bibRefCitation>
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) described numerous observations of the species from other researchers at various localities, nearly approximating its modern range. Oddly, he did not seem to imply ever having collected it himself or observed it in the wild, despite its abundance in regions he explored, and seemed to describe the same specimen in both editions.
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182
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<mods:extent id="5B8333E55329A737E0CB73F233343CA9" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="0CB5DEBD798B99C26CCD0E9177F8DAE8">151</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="F01FAA4C1F79E4AD4BF3FFD180C3A7B2">196</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="22F5539EB81BA0BCE53FC0BFCA597F37">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="3B2CCC248C491581999D83637810C1E7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="71224053241DAE6E59FBCC1456A5BD6C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="09F46434C626F2F7A6740EE4F4EA34A3" type="Zenodo-Dep">6534805</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="C96426F2195F72E5FAA938BB31D1AF3D" type="ZooBank">3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="DF5187BB5322FFFFFF588C02FDB2D7BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFFFFF588C02FDB2D7BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB5322FFFFFF588C02FDB2D7BA" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265322FFFFFF588C02FDEBD2F6" box="[151,578,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5322FFFFFF588C02FDEBD2F6" blockId="11.[151,1437,366,1221]" box="[151,578,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFF588C02FDEBD2F6" authority="Green, 1825 a: 116" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,578,366,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrina">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFF588C02FEDAD2F7" box="[151,371,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Salamandra tigrina</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFEB58C02FDEBD2F6" author="Green, J." box="[378,578,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="116 - 118" refId="ref31208" refString="Green, J. (1825 a) Description of a new species of salamander. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 116 - 118." type="journal article" year="1825">Green, 1825a:116</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265322FFFFFF088CFEFDB2D7BA" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5322FFFFFF088CFEFAADD1B2" blockId="11.[151,1437,366,1221]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFF088CFEFE6BD2D2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,450,403,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b:109</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 25) gave a brief account of the Tiger Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFB908CFEFAE4D2D3" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1119,1357,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFB908CFEFAE4D2D3" box="[1119,1357,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ambystoma tigrinum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), with reference to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFEE88CDAFE77D2AE" author="Green, J." box="[295,478,438,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="116 - 118" refId="ref31208" refString="Green, J. (1825 a) Description of a new species of salamander. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 116 - 118." type="journal article" year="1825">Green’s (1825a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
original description and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFD318CDAFC18D2AE" author="Harlan, R." box="[766,945,438,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref31741" refString="Harlan, R. (1835) Medical and physical researches, or, Original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology, geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy. L. R. Bailey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 107564" type="book" year="1835">Harlan’s (1835)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
expansion thereof. As with many plates in the first edition,
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5322FFFFFE9B8CB6FE66D28A" box="[340,463,475,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">T.W. Hill’s</collectorName>
|
||||
illustration was very basic and not particularly accurate or life-like. The account was reprinted by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFEE38C92FDBFD166" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[300,534,511,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:79</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 26) with relatively few changes as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFC2D8C92FB07D166" box="[994,1198,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFC238C92FB37D166" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1004,1182,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinus">Triton tigrinus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and a more detailed drawing by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5322FFFFFEEF8F4EFE17D142" box="[288,446,547,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">J.W. Richards</collectorName>
|
||||
of an apparently preserved specimen with legs askew. In both versions of the account, Holbrook noted the species’ range as
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5322FFFFFD8C8F2AFD6FD11E" box="[579,710,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5322FFFFFD228F2AFC3BD11E" box="[749,914,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||||
; the extensive distribution of this taxon in the eastern and central
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5322FFFFFEBC8F06FE0DD1FA" box="[371,420,619,645]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||||
was not known at the time. Other populations from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5322FFFFFC388F06FBC1D1FA" box="[1015,1128,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5322FFFFFBBA8F06FB19D1FA" box="[1141,1200,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5322FFFFFB248F06FAF7D1FA" box="[1259,1374,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||||
were considered a separate species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFE338FE2FCC3D1D6" authority="Green 1831" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1831" box="[508,874,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFE338FE2FD71D1D7" box="[508,728,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Salamandra ingens</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFD2C8FE2FCC3D1D6" author="Green, J." box="[739,874,655,681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="253 - 255" refId="ref31336" refString="Green, J. (1831) Description of two new species of salamander. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 253 - 255." type="journal article" year="1831">Green 1831</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFC6C8FE2FBDAD1D6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[931,1139,655,681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Other synonyms such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFF588FDEFD90D1B2" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,569,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neocaesariensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFF588FDEFE0ED1B3" box="[151,423,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Proteus neocaesariensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFE618FDEFD90D1B2" author="Green, J." box="[430,569,691,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were not discussed by Holbrook (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5322FFFFFC2C8FDEFB51D1B2" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[995,1272,691,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5322FFFFFF088FBAFDB2D7BA" blockId="11.[151,1437,366,1221]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215322FFFFFF088FBAFE5AD18E" box="[199,499,727,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Several Tiger Salamanders</collectingCounty>
|
||||
attributed to
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75322FFFFFD478FBAFD5AD18E" box="[648,755,727,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Holbrook</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
are in the ANSP and MCZ.
|
||||
<location id="522760765322FFFFFBE28FBAFBEDD18E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFFFFF588C02FDB2D7BA:522760765322FFFFFBE28FBAFBEDD18E" box="[1069,1092,727,753]" county="Several Tiger Salamanders" municipality="Holbrook" name="In" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" stateProvince="New Jersey">In</location>
|
||||
the former, ANSP 1322 (listed as a female from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5322FFFFFE908F96FE4DD06A" box="[351,484,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||||
) was cataloged around the same time as
|
||||
<location id="522760765322FFFFFC788F96FB9CD06A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFFFFF588C02FDB2D7BA:522760765322FFFFFC788F96FB9CD06A" box="[951,1077,763,789]" county="Several Tiger Salamanders" municipality="Holbrook" name="Holbrook's" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" stateProvince="New Jersey">Holbrook’s</location>
|
||||
other specimens but is actually an
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFF768E72FE69D046" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[185,448,799,825]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFF768E72FE69D046" box="[185,448,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ambystoma maculatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see above).
|
||||
<location id="522760765322FFFFFD978E72FDC6D046" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5322FFFFFF588C02FDB2D7BA:522760765322FFFFFD978E72FDC6D046" box="[600,623,799,825]" county="Several Tiger Salamanders" municipality="Holbrook" name="In" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" stateProvince="New Jersey">In</location>
|
||||
the latter, a series of
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245322FFFFFCAB8E72FC54D046" box="[868,1021,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
originally cataloged as lots MCZ A-245 (
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245322FFFFFF1D8E2EFEC7D021" box="[210,366,835,862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="generic">14 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
) and MCZ A-246 (
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245322FFFFFD838E2EFD70D021" box="[588,729,835,862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
) putatively origination from
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5322FFFFFBEA8E2EFB74D022" box="[1061,1245,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Charleston, S.C.</collectorName>
|
||||
were entered
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5322FFFFFA4F8E2EFEE8D0FE" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1862-02-20">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855322FFFFFA4F8E2EFEE8D0FE" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1862-02-20">20 February 1862</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, donated by Agassiz. The lot MCZ A-245 also contained two
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFBC08E0AFA80D0FF" baseAuthorityName="Temminck in Temminck & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1039,1321,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hemidactylium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFBC08E0AFA80D0FF" box="[1039,1321,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Hemidactylium scutatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and three
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFF588EE6FE79D0DA" box="[151,464,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFF588EE6FE64D0DA" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[151,461,907,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens">Notophthalmus viridescens</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
later re-cataloged in 1875 as MCZ A-1199 (and MCZ A-
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485322FFFFFBA68EE6FB75D0DA" box="[1129,1244,907,933]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0690058" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" unit="in" value="120827.0">120827 in</quantity>
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5322FFFFFB298EE6FAF4D0DA" box="[1254,1373,906,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1995-06">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855322FFFFFB298EE6FAF4D0DA" box="[1254,1373,906,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1995-06">June 1995</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
), and MCZ A-1122 (and A-125873–
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485322FFFFFE208EC3FDB2D0B6" box="[495,539,942,969]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5322FFFFFDEC8EC2FD76D0B5" box="[547,735,943,970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1996-09">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855322FFFFFDEC8EC2FD76D0B5" box="[547,735,943,970]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1996-09">September 1996</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
), respectively. This was recorded by subsequent catalog notes in pencil suggesting that two series of three from lot MCZ A-245 were later exchanged, and that only 8 of the original
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245322FFFFFF388E9AFE39D76E" box="[247,400,1015,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="generic">14 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
remained. This also implies the existence of a third specimen of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFBB98E9AFAAFD76F" box="[1142,1286,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFBB98E9AFAABD76F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck in Temminck & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1142,1282,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hemidactylium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatum">H. scutatum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
which might be the missing MCZ A-4400. The remaining 14
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5322FFFFFD708976FC96D74B" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[703,831,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5322FFFFFD708976FC96D74B" box="[703,831,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">A. tigrinum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimens were re-catalogued as MCZ A-245–6 and A-99284–95 on
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5322FFFFFE838952FD86D726" box="[332,559,1087,1113]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1980-01-17" valueMax="1980-01-18" valueMin="1980-01-17">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855322FFFFFE838952FD86D726" box="[332,559,1087,1113]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1980-01-17" valueMax="1980-01-18" valueMin="1980-01-17">17–18 January 1980</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, and MCZ A-99289–90 were cleared and stained in
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5322FFFFFBA38952FAADD726" box="[1132,1284,1086,1113]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1985-01">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855322FFFFFBA38952FAADD726" box="[1132,1284,1086,1113]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" value="1985-01">January 1985</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
. Examination revealed
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245322FFFFFF31890EFE3FD702" box="[254,406,1123,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
under the numbers A-245–246, A-99284–99288, and A-99291–99295, ranging from larvae to transformed adults. We did not examine the cleared and stained specimens MCZ A-99289–90, but they are listed as extant in the catalog as of 1985.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
604
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6.xml
Normal file
604
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
|
|||
<document id="9D34670D0ACE1EB3A73BCACE08908BA1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534805" ID-ZooBank="3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1652171733176" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pyron, R. Alexander & Beamer, David A." docDate="2022" docId="DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5134.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5134 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Salamandra auriculata Holbrook 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="164" masterDocId="2368FFC35329FFF4FFCF8D6DFFA9D37F" masterDocTitle="A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology" masterLastPageNumber="196" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="163" updateTime="1734705238574" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BAEF1111A518F4EDE69E7D36153988A9">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F74408FF9EC4D22E8A1A242240A2F9C3">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2861C06BB3B6ED700E09E7CE89FF9A81">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6970D10F28A63256CFCDB0E29ADE9B00">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="97E0F3D60E68843E0C8906D4A3C4DC62">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FF588CB6FD3CD28A" authority="Holbrook, 1838 b: 115" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityPageNumber="115" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,661,474,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculata">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FF588CB6FE35D28A" box="[151,412,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Salamandra auriculata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE6C8CB6FD3CD28A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[419,661,474,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook, 1838b:115</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 28
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</paragraph>
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FF088C92FE9BD166" box="[199,306,511,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Holbrook</collectorName>
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authored the original description (
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FD7F8C92FCC3D165" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[688,874,511,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook 1838b</bibRefCitation>
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) of the species currently recognized as
|
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FAD18C92FE70D142" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
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Holbrook’s
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</collectorName>
|
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,
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FE2B8F4EFCBBD142" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[484,786,547,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FE2B8F4EFCBBD142" box="[484,786,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Desmognathus auriculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(see
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FC838F4EFC70D142" author="Means, D. B." box="[844,985,547,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref33927" refString="Means, D. B. (1999) Desmognathus auriculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 681, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1999">Means 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FC2A8F4EFB06D142" author="Means, D. B. & Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J." box="[997,1199,547,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="467 - 506" refId="ref33952" refString="Means, D. B., Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J. (2017) A new species of dusky salamander (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and a redescription of D. auriculatus. Zootaxa, 4263 (3), 467 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4263.3.3" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
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Means
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FBF98F4EFBC7D142" box="[1078,1134,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
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2017
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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) with a brief account and an illustration by
|
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FE5E8F2AFDA0D11E" box="[401,521,583,609]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. Rogers.</collectorName>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FDDE8F2AFD50D11E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[529,761,583,609]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:47</bibRefCitation>
|
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, pl. 12) reprinted the account with an expanded description and the same drawing, recolored.
|
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FDD08F06FDE2D1FA" box="[543,587,619,645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">The</collectorName>
|
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characters and drawing leave little doubt that this is the swamp-dwelling
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75325FFF8FF588FE2FE72D1D6" box="[151,475,655,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Southern Dusky Salamander</collectingMunicipality>
|
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(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE248FE2FD3DD1D6" author="Petranka, J. W." box="[491,660,655,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref34319" refString="Petranka, J. W. (2010) Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, 592 pp." type="book" year="2010">Petranka 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FD6F8FE2FCDCD1D5" author="Powell, R. & Conant, R. & Collins, J. T." box="[672,885,655,682]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref34383" refString="Powell, R., Conant, R. & Collins, J. T. (2016) Peterson field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, 512 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
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Powell
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FD388FE2FC98D1D6" box="[759,817,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2016
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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), though this name has historically been applied to at least three distinct species, at least two of which occur near the
|
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<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FC568FDEFC60D1B2" box="[921,969,691,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality in southeastern
|
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<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FB148FDEFA9CD1B2" box="[1243,1333,691,717]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
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(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FA8C8FDEFEE2D18E" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="143 - 153" refId="ref28714" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2008) Dusky salamanders (Desmognathus, Plethodontidae) from the Coastal Plain: Multiple independent lineages and their bearing on the molecular phylogeny of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, 143 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.01.015" type="journal article" year="2008">Beamer and Lamb 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE988FBAFD8CD18E" author="Means, D. B. & Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J." box="[343,549,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="467 - 506" refId="ref33952" refString="Means, D. B., Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J. (2017) A new species of dusky salamander (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and a redescription of D. auriculatus. Zootaxa, 4263 (3), 467 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4263.3.3" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Means
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FE658FBAFE4AD18E" box="[426,483,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FDFE8FBAFCAED18D" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. & Holzheuser, C. R. & Lemmon, E. M. & Lemmon, A. R. & Wynn, A. H. & O'Connell, K. A." box="[561,775,727,754]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="375 - 386" refId="ref34624" refString="Pyron, R. A., Beamer, D. A., Holzheuser, C. R., Lemmon, E. M., Lemmon, A. R., Wynn, A. H. & O'Connell, K. A. (2022 a) Contextualizing enigmatic extinctions using genomic DNA from fluid-preserved museum specimens of Desmognathus salamanders. Conservation Genetics, 23, 375 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 021 - 01424 - 4" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
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Pyron
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FDB38FBAFD1CD18E" box="[636,693,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2022a
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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,b). Most crucially for the purposes of allocation, Holbrook stated: “The specimens from which the above description was taken came from Riceborough, in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FB008F96FA85D06A" box="[1231,1324,763,789]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
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, and were furnished me by my friend
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FE068E72FDE6D046" box="[457,591,799,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Dr. Harden.</collectorName>
|
||||
” This is present-day Riceboro, in
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215325FFF8FC028E72FBD3D046" box="[973,1146,799,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Liberty County</collectingCounty>
|
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,
|
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<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FB4A8E72FB4BD046" box="[1157,1250,799,825]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
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.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5325FFF8FF088E2EFADBD726" blockId="12.[151,1437,474,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FF088E2EFDF3D022" box="[199,602,835,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Dr. John McPherson Berrien Harden</collectorName>
|
||||
(1810–1848) was a renowned physician of the mid-19th century in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FA8C8E2EFA34D022" box="[1347,1437,835,861]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
who resided, after 1833, with his wife Jane LeConte at Woodmanston, the family plantation in
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215325FFF8FB278E0AFA30D0FE" box="[1256,1433,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Liberty County</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FF588EE6FF5DD0DA" box="[151,244,907,933]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, near Riceboro (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE678EE6FDF8D0DA" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[424,593,906,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="402 - 415" refId="ref35762" refString="Stephens, L. D. (1975) Of Mercury, Moses, and Medicine: Views of Dr. John M. B. Harden. The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 59, 402 - 415." type="journal article" year="1975">Stephens 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The LeConte family produced numerous well-known naturalists (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FAF78EE6FF7AD0B6" author="Barnhart, J. H." pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="135 - 138" refId="ref28548" refString="Barnhart, J. H. (1917) John Eatton Le Conte. The American Midland Naturalist, 5, 135 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2992778" type="journal article" year="1917">Barnhart 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Indeed, there are specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FD948EC2FC24D0B6" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[603,909,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FD948EC2FC24D0B6" box="[603,909,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Desmognathus auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
collected by “LeConte” in both Philadelphia (ANSP 14005–19) and Paris (MNHN-RA 0.4665), most likely from Maj. John
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FBE88EBEFAADD092" box="[1063,1284,979,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Eatton LeConte, Jr.</collectorName>
|
||||
Accordingly, it seems likely that any specimens of Harden’s were likely collected at or near his home (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FB668E9AFAFFD76E" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[1193,1366,1015,1041]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="447 - 458" refId="ref35801" refString="Stephens, L. D. (1997) John Edwards Holbrook (1794 - 1871) and Lewis Reeve Gibbes (1810 - 1894): exemplary naturalists in the Old South. In: Pietsch, T. W. & Anderson, W. D. (Eds.), Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology, Special Publication No. 3. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 447 - 458." type="book chapter" year="1997">Stephens 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), now preserved as LeConte-Woodmanston Plantation and Botanical Gardens National Historic Site (NRHP 73000626), ~
|
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<quantity id="90009B485325FFF8FF6A8953FF70D726" box="[165,217,1086,1113]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
|
||||
SW of present-day Riceboro. Therefore, we regard this as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FC5A8952FC6CD726" box="[917,965,1087,1113]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality under Recommendation 76A.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5325FFF8FF08890EFECAD6BE" blockId="12.[151,1437,474,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FF08890EFE3CD701" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,405,1123,1150]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
clearly referred to a series of primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FC91890EFC69D702" box="[862,960,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
(“[t]he specimens from which the above description was taken...”), but their disposition is currently unknown.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FC0089EAFB3DD7DE" author="Hallowell, E." box="[975,1172,1158,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="337 - 366" refId="ref31433" refString="Hallowell, E. (1858) On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batrachians. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 337 - 366." type="journal article" year="1858">Hallowell (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stated that there were “
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245325FFF8FF6C89C6FE99D7BA" box="[163,304,1195,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
in Mus. Acad. [ANSP], presented by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FD2689C6FCFAD7BA" box="[745,851,1195,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Dr. Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
and Prof. Holbrook.” Examination of the holdings of the ANSP reveals
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245325FFF8FE4489A2FD9AD796" box="[395,563,1231,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
from “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FD4989A2FD5FD796" box="[646,758,1231,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Dr. Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
” with the locality “
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FC1889A2FB91D796" box="[983,1080,1231,1257]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,” but none from
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FB3289A2FE28D672" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Holbrook. Dr. William Louis Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
(1827–1914) was raised on a plantation adjacent to
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FC16899EFBD4D672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FC16899EFBD4D672" box="[985,1149,1267,1293]" country="Georgia" county="Jones" municipality="Upon" name="Woodmanston" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Woodmanston</location>
|
||||
, and often collected with the older
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FEC8887AFEF0D64E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FEC8887AFEF0D64E" box="[263,345,1303,1329]" country="Georgia" county="Jones" municipality="Upon" name="Harden" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Harden</location>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FEA4887AFDB1D64E" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[363,536,1303,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="447 - 458" refId="ref35801" refString="Stephens, L. D. (1997) John Edwards Holbrook (1794 - 1871) and Lewis Reeve Gibbes (1810 - 1894): exemplary naturalists in the Old South. In: Pietsch, T. W. & Anderson, W. D. (Eds.), Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology, Special Publication No. 3. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 447 - 458." type="book chapter" year="1997">Stephens 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FDE1887AFDE6D64E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FDE1887AFDE6D64E" box="[558,591,1303,1329]" country="Georgia" county="Jones" municipality="Upon" name="He" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">He</location>
|
||||
donated many amphibian and reptile specimens to the ANSP, MCZ, and USNM, but only beginning after
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FDC08856FDDDD62A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FDC08856FDDDD62A" box="[527,628,1339,1365]" country="Georgia" county="Jones" municipality="Upon" name="Harden's" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Harden’s</location>
|
||||
death, and was only 11 years old when
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FBF58856FAB1D629" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1082,1304,1339,1366]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook’s (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
description was published.
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75325FFF8FE868832FE2ED606" box="[329,391,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Upon</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
examination, the
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215325FFF8FD998832FD3DD606" box="[598,660,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Jones</collectingCounty>
|
||||
specimens (ANSP 938–939) are clearly referable to
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FB398832FE26D6E2" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FB398832FEBED6E2" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="auriculatus">Desmognathus auriculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7EBF57C45325FFF8FED188EEFE26D6E2" box="[286,399,1411,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
but lack precise locality data beyond “
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FC8D88EEFC08D6E2" box="[834,929,1411,1437]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
” and cannot be assigned to a specific genetic lineage at present.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5325FFF8FF0888A6FAFFD5E6" blockId="12.[151,1437,474,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
||||
Subsequently,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FEA588A6FE5ED699" author="Cope, E. D." box="[362,503,1483,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="93 - 118" refId="ref29689" refString="Cope, E. D. (1869) A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 21, 93 - 118." type="journal article" year="1869">Cope (1869)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
referred to
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245325FFF8FDB388A6FCBDD69A" box="[636,788,1483,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
in the lot USNM 3901 labeled “Riceboro, Ga., Dr. Jones,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FF588882FE92D576" box="[151,315,1519,1545]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" rank="variety" variety="auriculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FF588882FE92D576" box="[151,315,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">var. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” in his account of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FDC78882FCABD576" box="[520,770,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FDC78882FD57D576" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[520,766,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">Desmognathus fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FCC88882FC03D576" author="Yarrow, H. C." box="[775,938,1519,1545]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref36526" refString="Yarrow, H. C. (1882) Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with catalogue of specimens in U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 24, 1 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.24.1" type="journal article" year="1882">Yarrow (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
listed the collections of the USNM, of which those received by Dr. W. L. Jones range in date from 1851 to 1861, and for which he also only records
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245325FFF8FADC8B7EFA34D552" box="[1299,1437,1555,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
cataloged under USNM 3901.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE228B5AFDD4D52E" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[493,637,1591,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="393 - 433" refId="ref30235" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1917) The salamanders of the genera Desmognathus and Leurognathus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 53, 393 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.53 - 2211.393" type="journal article" year="1917">Dunn (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stated that the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FCE98B5AFCFFD52E" box="[806,854,1591,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
is “not known to exist,” noting that he examined
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245325FFF8FA4F8B5AFEA5D50A" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
in USNM 3901 from Riceboro and recording that they were from the “(type-locality).”
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FB188B36FACFD509" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[1239,1382,1627,1654]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
then stated unequivocally that USNM 3901, consisting of
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245325FFF8FD248B12FC2AD5E6" box="[747,899,1663,1689]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
he examined, represented the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FB188B12FAAED5E6" box="[1239,1287,1663,1689]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
series.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5325FFF9FF088BCEFC97D3A9" blockId="12.[151,1437,474,2014]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FF088BCEFF71D5C2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FF088BCEFF71D5C2" box="[199,216,1699,1725]" country="Georgia" county="Adler" municipality="Article" name="It" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">It</location>
|
||||
is possible that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE568BCEFD92D5C1" author="Cope, E. D." box="[409,571,1699,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="93 - 118" refId="ref29689" refString="Cope, E. D. (1869) A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 21, 93 - 118." type="journal article" year="1869">Cope’s (1869)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
identification of USNM 3901 as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FC0A8BCEFB25D5C2" box="[965,1164,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FC008BCEFB28D5C2" box="[975,1153,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" rank="variety" variety="auriculata">var. auriculata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
in a table of numerous
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5325FFF8FF588BAAFE23D59E" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[151,394,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FF588BAAFE23D59E" box="[151,394,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Desmognathus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimens formed the basis of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FD298BAAFCD3D59D" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[742,890,1735,1762]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s identification of that material as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FAD08BAAFAE6D59E" box="[1311,1359,1735,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
series.
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FF588B86FF64D47A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FF588B86FF64D47A" box="[151,205,1771,1797]" country="Georgia" county="Adler" municipality="Article" name="Note" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Note</location>
|
||||
that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FEC78B86FE3CD479" author="Cope, E. D." box="[264,405,1771,1798]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="93 - 118" refId="ref29689" refString="Cope, E. D. (1869) A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 21, 93 - 118." type="journal article" year="1869">Cope (1869)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
did not identify them as
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FD7B8B86FD5AD47A" box="[692,755,1771,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FD318B86FC8AD47A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FD318B86FC8AD47A" box="[766,803,1771,1797]" country="Georgia" county="Adler" municipality="Article" name="We" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">We</location>
|
||||
find no reference in
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FBDD8B86FBCAD47A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FBDD8B86FBCAD47A" box="[1042,1123,1771,1797]" country="Georgia" county="Adler" municipality="Article" name="Dunn's" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Dunn’s</location>
|
||||
writings between 1917 and 1926 to explain his sudden reversal and acceptance of USNM 3901 as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FC3D8A62FB8FD456" box="[1010,1062,1807,1833]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<location id="522760765325FFF8FBFD8A62FBFAD456" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765325FFF8FBFD8A62FBFAD456" box="[1074,1107,1807,1833]" country="Georgia" county="Adler" municipality="Article" name="He" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">He</location>
|
||||
may have intended a sort of “neosyntype” designation, though this would not be valid under
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75325FFF8FCB18A5EFC65D432" box="[894,972,1843,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Article</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
75.3, as there was no explicit statement of intent or characters.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FE6F8A3AFDF8D40D" author="Cochran, D. M." box="[416,593,1879,1906]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 291" refId="ref29637" refString="Cochran, D. M. (1961) Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 220, 1 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26967" type="journal article" year="1961">Cochran (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
did not list USNM
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485325FFF8FCF98A3AFC24D40E" box="[822,909,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.90854" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" unit="in" value="3901.0">3901 in</quantity>
|
||||
her catalog of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FBF58A3AFBDCD40E" box="[1082,1141,1879,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
held at the USNM.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FA938A3AFF4BD4E9" author="Adler, K." pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
states that the catalog entry for USNM 3901 lists “Riceboro,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5325FFF8FC5A8A16FC5BD4EA" box="[917,1010,1915,1941]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
” without a date or collector, while the species card entry lists “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FE6E8AF2FDF9D4C6" box="[417,592,1951,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Dr. W. L. Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
” as the collector (
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5325FFF8FCD98AF2FC26D4C6" box="[790,911,1951,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">R.L. Crom</collectorName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5325FFF8FC408AF2FBAED4C7" box="[911,1031,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">bie, pers. c</emphasis>
|
||||
omm. to
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215325FFF8FBA78AF2FB03D4C6" box="[1128,1194,1951,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Adler</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5325FFF8FB7B8AF2FAE5D4C5" box="[1204,1356,1951,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" value="1976-05-17">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855325FFF8FB7B8AF2FAE5D4C5" box="[1204,1356,1951,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" value="1976-05-17">17 May 1976</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FA938AF2FF4BD4A1" author="Adler, K." pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
discounted the possibility that USNM 3901 represents the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5325FFF8FCA08AAEFC36D4A2" box="[879,927,1987,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
series, because of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5325FFF8FBA08AAEFA8BD4A1" author="Cochran, D. M." box="[1135,1314,1987,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 291" refId="ref29637" refString="Cochran, D. M. (1961) Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 220, 1 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26967" type="journal article" year="1961">Cochran (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s omission thereof, and the discrepancy between Holbrook’s assertion that “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FCB68DFAFC55D3CE" box="[889,1020,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Dr. Harden</collectorName>
|
||||
” furnished him with the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FAD38DFAFAE5D3CE" box="[1308,1356,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
series, while “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FF288DD6FEFDD3AA" box="[231,340,187,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Dr. Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
” collected the USNM material (see below).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5324FFF9FF088DB2FB85D2D2" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
Our examination of USNM 3901 revealed only a single specimen in the jar, clearly referable to
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FB398DB2FE3ED262" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FB398DB2FEBED262" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="auriculatus">Desmognathus auriculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7EBF57C45324FFF9FED18C6EFE3BD262" box="[286,402,259,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
with the collection information as listed above: “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FC0D8C6EFBC2D262" box="[962,1131,259,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Dr. W.L. Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
—Riceboro,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FB338C6EFAF5D262" box="[1276,1372,259,285]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.” The original lot of 12 was cataloged
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5324FFF9FE348C4AFD09D23E" box="[507,672,294,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" value="1858-08-02">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855324FFF9FE348C4AFD09D23E" box="[507,672,294,321]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" value="1858-08-02">2 August 1858</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, and the 12
|
||||
<superScript id="A08D9BE55324FFF9FCD28C4BFC83D24B" attach="left" box="[797,810,294,308]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">th</superScript>
|
||||
specimen was later marked by Cope as being destroyed. The remaining
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245324FFF9FE8E8C26FE77D21A" box="[321,478,331,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="generic">ten specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
were re-catalogued as USNM 271136–45 on
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5324FFF9FC158C26FB19D21A" box="[986,1200,331,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" value="1986-12-30">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855324FFF9FC158C26FB19D21A" box="[986,1200,331,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" value="1986-12-30">30 December 1986</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
. It seems improbable that ANSP 938–9 or USNM 3901 are Harden’s specimens on which the description is based but were instead collected and donated by Jones much later, albeit from at or near the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FC548CFEFC62D2D2" box="[923,971,403,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5324FFF9FF088CDAFD8ED1B2" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
As
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FF228CDAFE11D2AD" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[237,440,439,466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
mentions only the few specimens received from Harden and no further collections of his own in subsequent editions, discovery of any contemporaneous
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FCBC8CB6FB0AD28A" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[883,1187,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FCBC8CB6FB0AD28A" box="[883,1187,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Desmognathus auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimens associated with Holbrook would likely represent primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FD6E8C92FCAED166" box="[673,775,511,537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
. No specimens in the ANSP or MCZ collections are known to have originated with Harden or Holbrook. We previously stated (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FC508F4EFB10D142" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[927,1209,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) that a specimen of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FF588F2AFEBED11E" box="[151,279,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FF6C8F2AFEA5D11E" box="[163,268,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">D. niger</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from Holbrook (ANSP 14001) was probably the specimen referred to by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FBB68F2AFA97D11E" author="Hallowell, E." box="[1145,1342,582,609]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="337 - 366" refId="ref31433" refString="Hallowell, E. (1858) On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batrachians. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 337 - 366." type="journal article" year="1858">Hallowell (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, but we now conclude this is incorrect. Rather, ANSP 14001 is most probably the exemplar of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FBAD8F06FAA1D1FA" box="[1122,1288,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FBA38F06FB54D1FA" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1132,1277,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">Triton niger</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
illustrated in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FF588FE2FECAD1D6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[151,355,655,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, which represents in part what is now called
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FC908FE2FBEFD1D6" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[863,1094,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FC908FE2FBEFD1D6" box="[863,1094,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">D. quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see accounts for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FADC8FE2FEF0D1B2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FADC8FE2FEF0D1B2" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FE5F8FDEFDBED1B3" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[400,535,691,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FE5F8FDEFDBED1B3" box="[400,535,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5324FFF9FF088FBAFE99D702" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
Fortuitously, a specimen in Paris is probably referable to the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FC438FBAFC15D18E" box="[908,956,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
series. As noted above,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FB168FBAFA35D18E" author="Hallowell, E." box="[1241,1436,726,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="337 - 366" refId="ref31433" refString="Hallowell, E. (1858) On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batrachians. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 337 - 366." type="journal article" year="1858">Hallowell (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
listed
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245324FFF9FF138F96FE38D06A" box="[220,401,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FE778F96FD75D06A" box="[440,732,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FE0D8F96FD7BD06A" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[450,722,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatum">Plethodon auriculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
in the ANSP, presented by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FBDA8F96FBD6D06A" box="[1045,1151,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Dr. Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FB788F96FA34D06A" box="[1207,1437,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Prof. Holbrook. The</collectorName>
|
||||
ANSP catalog notes only two (ANSP 938–9) from
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FD2A8E72FCFAD046" box="[741,851,799,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Dr. Jones</collectorName>
|
||||
, in an entry completed in the 1890’s at the earliest (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FF018E2EFEC7D022" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[206,366,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FEB28E2EFD33D022" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[381,666,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FD618E2EFD73D022" box="[686,730,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">The</collectorName>
|
||||
third specimen from
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FC198E2EFBE8D022" box="[982,1089,835,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Holbrook</collectorName>
|
||||
is unaccounted for but would undoubtedly be considered a
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FE178E0AFDA1D0FE" box="[472,520,871,897]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
if extant.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FDBC8E0AFD6ED0FE" box="[627,711,871,897]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Among</collectorName>
|
||||
the specimens sent to the MNHN by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FB928E0AFB62D0FE" box="[1117,1227,871,897]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Hallowell</collectorName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5324FFF9FB238E0AFA35D0FE" box="[1260,1436,870,897]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" value="1856-12">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855324FFF9FB238E0AFA35D0FE" box="[1260,1436,870,897]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" value="1856-12">December 1856</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
is one recorded in the MNHN exchange ledger (“
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FD098EE6FC5FD0D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FD098EE6FC5FD0D9" box="[710,1014,907,934]" country="Georgia" county="Rather" municipality="Hallowell" name="Inventaire des Collections" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Inventaire des Collections</location>
|
||||
”) vol. 42 (2), page 82 as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FAD58EE6FE99D0B6" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FAEB8EE6FE8FD0B6" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatum">Plethodon auriculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FEBA8EC2FDADD0B6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FEBA8EC2FDADD0B6" box="[373,516,943,969]" country="Georgia" county="Rather" municipality="Hallowell" name="Philadelphia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Philadelphia</location>
|
||||
, cataloged as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FD6D8EC2FC46D0B6" box="[674,1007,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FD638EC2FC4FD0B6" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[684,998,943,969]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Cylindrosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Callipodida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auriculatum">Cylindrosoma auriculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FBDB8EC2FBE6D0B6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FBDB8EC2FBE6D0B6" box="[1044,1103,943,969]" country="Georgia" county="Rather" municipality="Hallowell" name="Paris" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Paris</location>
|
||||
, with a locality of “Georgie.”
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FF588EBEFF6AD092" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FF588EBEFF6AD092" box="[151,195,979,1005]" country="Georgia" county="Rather" municipality="Hallowell" name="The" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">The</location>
|
||||
MNHN catalog vol. 1, page 123 lists it as MNHN-RA 0.4675, a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FC7C8EBEFB4BD092" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[947,1250,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FC7C8EBEFB4BD092" box="[947,1250,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Desmognathus auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from “
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FAFC8EBEFA3BD092" box="[1331,1426,979,1005]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgie</collectingCountry>
|
||||
” with
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FF008E9AFE94D76E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FF008E9AFE94D76E" box="[207,317,1015,1041]" country="Georgia" county="Rather" municipality="Hallowell" name="Hallowell" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Hallowell</location>
|
||||
as the collector.
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FE398E9AFDBCD76E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FE398E9AFDBCD76E" box="[502,533,1015,1041]" country="Georgia" county="Rather" municipality="Hallowell" name="As" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">As</location>
|
||||
described previously, it does not appear that
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75324FFF9FBC68E9AFBDED76E" box="[1033,1143,1015,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Hallowell</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
himself actually collected salamanders in southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FE648976FDA1D74A" box="[427,520,1051,1077]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215324FFF9FDDD8976FDF7D74A" box="[530,606,1051,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Rather</collectingCounty>
|
||||
, some of the specimens he sent from the ANSP likely lacked collector data or labels, and the MNHN did not distinguish between collector and donor in such instances (
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FB5E8952FAAAD726" box="[1169,1283,1087,1113]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">A. Dubois</collectorName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FAF98952FA30D726" box="[1334,1433,1087,1113]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">A. Ohler</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FF58890EFE89D703" box="[151,288,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">pers. comm.</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5324FFF9FF0889EAFD64D576" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
Thus, it seems very likely that this specimen, MNHN-RA 0.4675, is the third specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FB3989EAFEBED7BA" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FB3989EAFEBED7BA" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Desmognathus auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
listed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FE4689C6FDE4D7BA" author="Hallowell, E." box="[393,589,1194,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="337 - 366" refId="ref31433" refString="Hallowell, E. (1858) On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batrachians. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 337 - 366." type="journal article" year="1858">Hallowell (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, from Holbrook (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A285324FFF9FCD989C6FCF5D7BA" box="[790,860,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,201,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-17@15.[207,1380,181,1823]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Illustration of a primary syntype of Salamandra auriculata Holbrook, 1838b, and a specimen (MNHN-RA 0.4675) from “Georgie [Woodmanston Plantation near Riceboro, Liberty County, Georgia],” here designated as lectotype, in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. The remaining primary syntypes of unknown number and disposition thereby become paralectotypes. This is a “type by association” (Bell 1996; Pyron and Beamer 2020), as we infer that it is the ANSP specimen from Holbrook described by Hallowell (1858), sent by Hallowell from Philadelphia to the MNHN in Paris in December 1856. Grid is in cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534816/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Therefore, we conclude that it is part of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FAA389C6FA35D7BA" box="[1388,1436,1195,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
series from Woodmanston, collected by Harden and donated by Holbrook to the ANSP, before being transferred to the MNHN by Hallowell in
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5324FFF9FE1E899EFD2FD672" box="[465,646,1266,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" value="1856-12">December 1856</date>
|
||||
. The specimen is shorter (~
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485324FFF9FC76899FFB84D671" box="[953,1069,1266,1294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="3.5">3.5 inches</quantity>
|
||||
) than the total length of
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485324FFF9FA8F899FFA34D672" box="[1344,1437,1266,1293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="5.0">5 inches</quantity>
|
||||
given in the description, but this was based on a series. Furthermore, we suggest that this specimen may be the one illustrated in pl. 28, given that it matches the description of color pattern, and that Holbrook apparently preferentially preserved and deposited his illustrated specimens in Philadelphia. Specifically, the diagnostic white “portholes” on the lateral surfaces of the tail and body that characterize many populations of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FBCC88EEFB0CD6E2" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1027,1189,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FBCC88EEFB0CD6E2" box="[1027,1189,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">D. auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are reduced or absent in both MNHN-RA 0.4765 and the specimen figured in pl. 28. The specimen is well-preserved, to the extent that other color pattern features are visible on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and the absence of the portholes does not appear to be a consequence of age or preservation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5324FFF9FF088B7EFC6ED4EA" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
Therefore, we designate MNHN-RA 0.4675 as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FCCB8B7EFCC2D552" box="[772,875,1555,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FC5E8B7EFAF6D552" authority="Holbrook, 1838 b" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1838" box="[913,1375,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FC5E8B7EFB3FD552" box="[913,1174,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Salamandra auriculata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FB528B7EFAF6D552" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1181,1375,1555,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook, 1838b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with the type locality of Woodmanston Plantation near Riceboro,
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215324FFF9FC878B5AFC64D52E" box="[840,973,1591,1617]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Liberty Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FC158B5AFB9ED52E" box="[986,1079,1591,1617]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FB1A8B5AFA8ED52E" box="[1237,1319,1591,1617]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Harden</collectorName>
|
||||
sometime between 1833 and 1838.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5324FFF9FE738B36FE41D50A" box="[444,488,1627,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">The</collectorName>
|
||||
remaining primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FD1F8B36FC9BD50A" box="[720,818,1627,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
of unknown number and disposition thereby become
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5324FFF9FF588B12FE95D5E6" box="[151,316,1663,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FE858B12FDA5D5E6" author="Hallowell, E." box="[330,524,1662,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="337 - 366" refId="ref31433" refString="Hallowell, E. (1858) On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batrachians. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 337 - 366." type="journal article" year="1858">Hallowell (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
recorded the “habitat” of the species as “Riceboro’,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FBBC8B12FB79D5E6" box="[1139,1232,1663,1689]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FAE78B12FA27D5E6" box="[1320,1422,1663,1689]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,” apparently the first reference to populations outside of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FCCC8BCEFCC9D5C2" box="[771,864,1699,1725]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FCA58BCEFC20D5C2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FCA58BCEFC20D5C2" box="[874,905,1699,1725]" country="Georgia" county="Liberty Co." municipality="Populations" name="As" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">As</location>
|
||||
MNHN-RA 0.4675 bears a locality of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FA8C8BCEFA34D5C2" box="[1347,1437,1699,1725]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
dating to at least 1856, it is possible that this “South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FD008BAAFC9BD59E" box="[719,818,1735,1761]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” reference is simply to
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FBFE8BAAFA84D59E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FBFE8BAAFA84D59E" box="[1073,1325,1735,1761]" country="Georgia" county="Liberty Co." municipality="Populations" name="Holbrook's Charleston" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Holbrook’s Charleston</location>
|
||||
residence as with many of his specimens, that the
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FDAE8B86FD36D47A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FDAE8B86FD36D47A" box="[609,671,1771,1797]" country="Georgia" county="Liberty Co." municipality="Populations" name="Jones" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Jones</location>
|
||||
specimens are actually from
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FC218B86FB86D47A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FC218B86FB86D47A" box="[1006,1071,1771,1797]" country="Georgia" county="Liberty Co." municipality="Populations" name="South" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">South</location>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FBF78B86FB31D47A" box="[1080,1176,1771,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
rather than
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5324FFF9FAEC8B86FAD4D47A" box="[1315,1405,1771,1797]" name="Georgia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
as recorded in the later ANSP catalogue, or simply that
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FCCD8A62FCD9D456" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FCCD8A62FCD9D456" box="[770,880,1807,1833]" country="Georgia" county="Liberty Co." municipality="Populations" name="Hallowell" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Hallowell</location>
|
||||
had received reports from elsewhere.
|
||||
<location id="522760765324FFF9FAFF8A62FA31D456" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765324FFF9FAFF8A62FA31D456" box="[1328,1432,1807,1833]" country="Georgia" county="Liberty Co." municipality="Populations" name="However" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">However</location>
|
||||
, this does not solve the problem of allocating this name to a species-level genetic lineage.
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75324FFF9FB578A5EFAB5D432" box="[1176,1308,1843,1869]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Populations</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
referred to this taxon have a complex nomenclatural history (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FD088A3AFCDCD40E" author="Grobman, A. B." box="[711,885,1878,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref31367" refString="Grobman, A. B. (1950) The distribution of the races of Desmognathus fuscus in the Southern States. Natural History Miscellanea, 70, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1950">Grobman 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FC4E8A3AFB83D40E" author="Rossman, D. A." box="[897,1066,1878,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="149 - 155" refId="ref35056" refString="Rossman, D. A. (1959) Ecosystematic Relationships of the Salamanders Desmognathus fuscus auriculatus Holbrook and Desmognathus fuscus carri Neill. Herpetologica, 15, 149 - 155." type="journal article" year="1959">Rossman 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FBFA8A3AFB48D40D" author="Valentine, B. D." box="[1077,1249,1879,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="130 - 139" refId="ref36141" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1963) The salamander genus Desmognathus in Mississippi. Copeia, 1963, 130 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441280" type="journal article" year="1963">Valentine 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), but it was long treated as a single, distinct species by most recent authors (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FCE48A16FC12D4EA" author="Means, D. B." box="[811,955,1915,1941]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref33927" refString="Means, D. B. (1999) Desmognathus auriculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 681, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1999">Means 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5324FFFAFF088AF2FAA4D2F6" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215324FFF9FF088AF2FEE1D4C6" box="[199,328,1951,1977]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Subsequent</collectingCounty>
|
||||
genetic analyses have shown that populations historically included in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5324FFF9FBA18AF2FA34D4C6" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1134,1437,1951,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5324FFF9FBA18AF2FA34D4C6" box="[1134,1437,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Desmognathus auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
comprise multiple distinct taxa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5324FFF9FDC28AAEFC83D4A2" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." box="[525,810,1987,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="143 - 153" refId="ref28714" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2008) Dusky salamanders (Desmognathus, Plethodontidae) from the Coastal Plain: Multiple independent lineages and their bearing on the molecular phylogeny of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, 143 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.01.015" type="journal article" year="2008">Beamer and Lamb 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2020).
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75324FFF9FC448AAEFC13D4A2" box="[907,954,1987,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">One</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
species-level lineage from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5324FFFAFB348AAEFEBED3CE" isEnumeration="true" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Louisiana and Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||||
was recently described as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFD9D8DFAFB2ED3CE" authority="Means, Lamb, and Bernardo, 2017" authorityName="Means, Lamb, and Bernardo" authorityYear="2017" box="[594,1159,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valentinei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFD9D8DFAFD4FD3CE" box="[594,742,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">D. valentinei</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFD3E8DFAFB2ED3CE" author="Means, D. B. & Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J." box="[753,1159,151,177]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="467 - 506" refId="ref33952" refString="Means, D. B., Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J. (2017) A new species of dusky salamander (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and a redescription of D. auriculatus. Zootaxa, 4263 (3), 467 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4263.3.3" type="journal article" year="2017">Means, Lamb, and Bernardo, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<location id="522760765327FFFAFB5B8DFAFAA6D3CE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765327FFFAFB5B8DFAFAA6D3CE" box="[1172,1295,151,177]" county="Subsequent" municipality="One" name="Remaining" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" stateProvince="Louisiana and Mississippi">Remaining</location>
|
||||
populations comprise at least two candidate species (
|
||||
<location id="522760765327FFFAFD9C8DD6FD31D3AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765327FFFAFD9C8DD6FD31D3AA" box="[595,664,187,213]" county="Subsequent" municipality="One" name="Pyron" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" stateProvince="Louisiana and Mississippi">Pyron</location>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFD528DD6FD7AD3AA" box="[669,723,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020, 2022a),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFCB98DD6FBBED3AA" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[886,1047,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFCB98DD6FBBED3AA" box="[886,1047,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">D. auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
A (
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5327FFFAFBF48DD6FAA2D3AA" box="[1083,1291,187,213]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Alabama, Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5327FFFAFA8D8DD6FA3CD3A9" box="[1346,1429,187,214]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFF088DB2FEC3D386" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[199,362,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFF088DB2FEC3D386" box="[199,362,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">D. auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
B/C (
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5327FFFAFE628DB2FD6AD386" box="[429,707,223,249]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
Georgia, North
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFDAF8DB2FD6AD386" box="[608,707,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5327FFFAFD308DB2FC04D385" box="[767,941,223,250]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFC878DB2FC04D385" box="[840,941,223,250]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
), both of which occur near
|
||||
<location id="522760765327FFFAFB2D8DB2FAE0D386" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765327FFFAFB2D8DB2FAE0D386" box="[1250,1353,223,249]" county="Subsequent" municipality="One" name="Riceboro" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" stateProvince="Louisiana and Mississippi">Riceboro</location>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFA988DB2FE8DD261" author="Pyron, R. A. & O'Connell, K. A. & Lemmon, E. M. & Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A." pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="8574" refId="ref34716" refString="Pyron, R. A., O'Connell, K. A., Lemmon, E. M., Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A. (2022 b) Candidate-species delimitation in Desmognathus salamanders reveals gene flow across lineage boundaries, confounding phylogenetic estimation and clarifying hybrid zones. Ecology and Evolution, 12 (2), e 8574. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.8574" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Pyron
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFF588C6EFF78D262" box="[151,209,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="522760765327FFFAFEF78C6EFED5D262" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765327FFFAFEF78C6EFED5D262" box="[312,380,259,285]" county="Subsequent" municipality="One" name="While" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" stateProvince="Louisiana and Mississippi">While</location>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFE4A8C6EFD80D262" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[389,553,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFE4A8C6EFD80D262" box="[389,553,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">D. auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
A has recently been treated as the nominotypical lineage (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFB0A8C6EFA3ED262" author="Means, D. B. & Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J." box="[1221,1431,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="467 - 506" refId="ref33952" refString="Means, D. B., Lamb, J. Y. & Bernardo, J. (2017) A new species of dusky salamander (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and a redescription of D. auriculatus. Zootaxa, 4263 (3), 467 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4263.3.3" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Means
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFAD58C6EFAFDD262" box="[1306,1364,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFF588C4AFE03D23E" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." box="[151,426,295,321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref28779" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2020) Towards rectifying limitations on species delineation in dusky salamanders (Desmognathus: Plethodontidae): An ecoregion-drainage sampling grid reveals additional cryptic clades. Zootaxa, 4734 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4734.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Beamer and Lamb 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFE7A8C4AFD20D23D" author="Pyron, R. A. & O'Connell, K. A. & Lemmon, E. M. & Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A." box="[437,649,295,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="8574" refId="ref34716" refString="Pyron, R. A., O'Connell, K. A., Lemmon, E. M., Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A. (2022 b) Candidate-species delimitation in Desmognathus salamanders reveals gene flow across lineage boundaries, confounding phylogenetic estimation and clarifying hybrid zones. Ecology and Evolution, 12 (2), e 8574. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.8574" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Pyron
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFDCF8C4AFD91D23E" box="[512,568,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), specimens from the type locality have not been sampled genetically.
|
||||
<location id="522760765327FFFAFF588C26FEA1D21A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5325FFFAFF588CB6FAA4D2F6:522760765327FFFAFF588C26FEA1D21A" box="[151,264,331,357]" county="Subsequent" municipality="One" name="Therefore" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" stateProvince="Louisiana and Mississippi">Therefore</location>
|
||||
, which lineage (or both) occurs there, and which species is represented by the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5327FFFAFB558C26FAADD21A" box="[1178,1284,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, is unknown. Additional data, analyses, and nomenclatural action will be needed to allocate this name conclusively.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
85
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85
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5327FFFAFF588B36FD41D4EA.xml
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@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFE5C8B36FDBED50A" author="Green, J." box="[403,535,1627,1653]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="253 - 255" refId="ref31336" refString="Green, J. (1831) Description of two new species of salamander. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 253 - 255." type="journal article" year="1831">Green 1831</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFF088B12FE1CD5E6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,437,1663,1689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840:119</bibRefCitation>
|
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, pl. 25) presented a brief account of the Southern Two-lined Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFAF08B12FF55D5C3" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrigera">
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFAF08B12FF55D5C3" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Eurycea cirrigera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), which had only been described nine years earlier by Green and was known to Holbrook only from limited collections in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5327FFFAFEF78BAAFE0FD59E" box="[312,422,1735,1761]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5327FFFAFE2E8BAAFDCDD59E" box="[481,612,1735,1761]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFDBF8BAAFCF0D59E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[624,857,1734,1761]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:53</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 15) reprinted the account essentially verbatim, reproducing the same illustration by J. Queen. Holbrook noted his earlier doubts that this species was distinct from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFF588A62FE8ED456" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[151,295,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bislineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFF588A62FE8ED456" box="[151,295,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">E. bislineata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
but was swayed by Green’s (incorrect) belief in the permanence of the cirri, as well as the lateral compression of the tail compared to the rounder
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFD0B8A5EFCF2D432" box="[708,859,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFD0B8A5EFCFED432" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[708,855,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bislineata">E. bislineata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Holbrook also stated his curiously incorrect belief that this species “lives on land, and probably never seeks the water but in the breeding season.” No specimens are known to exist among Holbrook’s extant collections.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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|
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|
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101
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<paragraph id="574736AD5327FFFAFF588CDAFD7FD2AE" blockId="14.[151,1437,439,897]" box="[151,726,439,465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFF588CDAFD23D2AE" authority="Holbrook, 1838 b: 117" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityPageNumber="117" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,650,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpoidea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFF588CDAFE38D2AE" box="[151,401,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Salamandra talpoidea</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFE578CDAFD23D2AE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[408,650,439,465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook, 1838b:117</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, pl. 29
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="1FE265265327FFFAFF088CB6FE61D0FE" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5327FFFAFF088CB6FE61D0FE" blockId="14.[151,1437,439,897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFF088CB6FE3BD289" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,402,475,502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
gave the brief original description of the Mole Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFBF68CB6FAE8D28A" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1081,1345,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpoideum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFBF68CB6FAE8D28A" box="[1081,1345,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Ambystoma talpoideum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), which he noted is only known from one locality on “the sea islands on the borders of South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFB5B8C92FB5ED166" box="[1172,1271,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, where it was discovered by Mr. Burden, one of my pupils.” Holbrook implied that he knows it only from a single specimen and recorded its habit of burrowing like a mole in loose soil, hence the Latin name referencing the European mole genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFEEB8F06FDB5D1FA" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[292,540,618,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFEEB8F06FECAD1FA" box="[292,355,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Talpa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFEA38F06FDB5D1FA" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[364,540,618,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This is presumably the individual illustrated by C. Rogers. No specimens of Mole Salamander were located among any of Holbrook’s extant collections. He also noted that it “bears a strong resemblance to the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFEBA8FDEFD85D1B2" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[373,556,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atra">Salamandra atra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFD818FDEFC69D1B2" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[590,960,690,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFD818FDEFCA7D1B3" box="[590,782,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Salamandra atra</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFCD88FDEFC69D1B2" author="Laurenti, J. N." box="[791,960,690,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref33428" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Joan Thomae nob. de Trattnern, Viennae, ii + 215 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5108" type="book" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
] of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5327FFFAFC218FDEFBEED1B2" box="[1006,1095,691,717]" name="Austria" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFB938FDEFAEDD1B2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1116,1348,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:73</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 24) enlarged the description, but did not report any additional localities or specimens. For illustration, he included a more life-like lithograph from J. Queen. From the “General Remarks,” he removed the reference to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFB288F96FF7BD046" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFB288F96FA98D06B" box="[1255,1329,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">S. atra</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFAF98F96FF7BD046" author="Laurenti, J. N." pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref33428" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Joan Thomae nob. de Trattnern, Viennae, ii + 215 pp., 5 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5108" type="book" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and added instead an explicit reference to the mole genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFC948E72FBE2D046" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[859,1099,798,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFC948E72FC33D046" box="[859,922,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Talpa</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFC6F8E72FBE2D046" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[928,1099,798,825]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref33678" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lacking in the first edition. He also added a note that “it is curious that this animal has the teeth and tail of a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFC398E2EFB97D022" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1014,1086,835,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Triton</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and yet has never been seen in water, but always on land.”
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
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</document>
|
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152
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152
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<mods:title id="8FC968B7F8F8F0FD4A624E335A73349C">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFF588EC2FE0AD0B6" ID-CoL="3ZQZZ" baseAuthorityName="James" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[151,419,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Menobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFF588EC2FE0AD0B6" box="[151,419,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Menobranchus lateralis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Say
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFE2A8EC2FE52D0B7" box="[485,507,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">in</emphasis>
|
||||
James, 1823)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265327FFFAFD538EC2FBEDD0B6" box="[668,1092,942,969]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5327FFFAFD538EC2FBEDD0B6" blockId="14.[151,1437,942,1581]" box="[668,1092,942,969]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFD7A8EC2FB97D0B6" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[693,1086,942,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Sirena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFD7A8EC2FCD9D0B6" box="[693,880,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Sirena maculosa</emphasis>
|
||||
Rafinesque, 1818
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265327FFFAFF088EBEFE12D552" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="multiple">
|
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<paragraph id="574736AD5327FFFAFF088EBEFC5ED6BE" blockId="14.[151,1437,942,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
The last salamander and final entry in the third volume of the first edition,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFBDA8EBEFAA3D092" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1045,1290,979,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b:119</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 30) gave an account of the Mudpuppy (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFE388E9AFD75D76E" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[503,732,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Necturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFE388E9AFD75D76E" box="[503,732,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Necturus maculosus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), using
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFCF28E9AFC47D76E" author="Harlan, R." box="[829,1006,1014,1041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="223 - 234" refId="ref31462" refString="Harlan, R. (1825 a) Observations on the genus Salamandra, with the anatomy of the Salamandra gigantea (Barton) or S. Alleghaniensis (Michaux) and two new genera proposed. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, 1, 223 - 234." type="journal article" year="1825">Harlan (1825a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFB9E8E9AFB50D76E" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[1105,1273,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Menobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFB9E8E9AFB50D76E" box="[1105,1273,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Menobranchus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for the junior subjective synonym
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFEB18976FDF1D74A" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[382,600,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFEB18976FD8ED74A" box="[382,551,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Triton lateralis</emphasis>
|
||||
Say
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFD908976FDDCD74B" box="[607,629,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">in</emphasis>
|
||||
James (1823). Holbrook noted that he has never seen this species alive, but that the drawing by A. Herman was done from life, under the direction of G. Troost, and with reference to G. W. Benedict’s detailed description in his letter to D. H. Barnes (Benedict
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFC28890EFC54D703" box="[999,1021,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFBC9890EFB30D702" author="Barnes, D. H." box="[1030,1177,1123,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="66 - 70" refId="ref28520" refString="Barnes, D. H. (1827) Note on the doubtful reptils. American Journal of Science and Arts, 13, 66 - 70." type="journal article" year="1827">Barnes 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The nomenclature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFF5889EAFE87D7DE" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[151,302,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Necturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFF5889EAFE87D7DE" box="[151,302,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">N. maculosus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has an exceptionally complex history (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFD2789EAFCC7D7DE" author="Waite, F. C." box="[744,878,1159,1185]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="23 - 30" refId="ref36200" refString="Waite, F. C. (1907) Specific name of Necturus maculosus. The American Naturalist, 41 (481), 23 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 278699" type="journal article" year="1907">Waite 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Holbrook was only peripherally associated with this history, and we will not attempt to recount it here save to note that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFC7889C6FB19D7BA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[951,1200,1195,1221]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:111)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also recognized
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFAA189C6FE88D796" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFAB689C6FEBBD796" authorityName="" Barnes" authorityYear="1827" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Menobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">M. maculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
a subsequent misspelling of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFDAF89A2FC4AD796" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[608,995,1231,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Sirena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFDAF89A2FCB0D796" box="[608,793,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Sirena maculosa</emphasis>
|
||||
Rafinesque, 1818
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFBC489A2FB72D796" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[1035,1243,1231,1257]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="417 - 429" refId="ref34913" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1819) Prodrome de 70 nouveaux genres d'animaux decouverts dans l'interieur des Etats-Unis d'Amerique, durant l'annee 1818. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts, 88, 417 - 429." type="journal article" year="1819">Rafinesque (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, which Holbrook erroneously credited to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFE63899EFDFBD672" author="Barnes, D. H." box="[428,594,1267,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="66 - 70" refId="ref28520" refString="Barnes, D. H. (1827) Note on the doubtful reptils. American Journal of Science and Arts, 13, 66 - 70." type="journal article" year="1827">Barnes (1827)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Holbrook regarded his
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFCBF899EFB85D672" box="[880,1068,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFCB3899EFB8BD672" authorityName="" Barnes" authorityYear="1827" box="[892,1058,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Menobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">M. maculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
as likely distinct from his
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFAA1899EFEA5D64E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFAB6899EFF55D64E" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">M. lateralis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
though they are now known to be populations of the same species. Here, Holbrook is clearly describing a juvenile of the species, which are usually striped.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFD708856FC18D62A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[703,945,1338,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:115</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 38) reproduced the A. Herman plate and revised much of the 1838 account, moving sections of it regarding the species’ taxonomic and nomenclatural history to the
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFF1088EEFE31D6E2" box="[223,408,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFF2588EEFE27D6E2" authorityName="" Barnes" authorityYear="1827" box="[234,398,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Menobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">M. maculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
account without comment. It does not seem that Holbrook had any
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5327FFFAFB5488EEFAA9D6E3" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1819" box="[1179,1280,1411,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Necturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5327FFFAFB5488EEFAA9D6E3" box="[1179,1280,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Necturus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
specimens of his own to 1842, and none are presently known among his extant collections.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5327FFFAFF0888A6FE12D552" blockId="14.[151,1437,942,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
|
||||
The fourth volume of the first edition was printed in extremely low numbers that were not widely circulated and was essentially “lost” for 63 years (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFDEB8882FD08D576" author="Gill, T." box="[548,673,1519,1545]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="910 - 912" refId="ref30863" refString="Gill, T. (1903 a) The first edition of Holbrook's North American Herpetology. Science, 17, 910 - 912. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 17.440.910" type="journal article" year="1903">Gill 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In it,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5327FFFAFD3F8882FC04D576" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[752,941,1519,1545]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
provided accounts and descriptions for four species, two of them new:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
209
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532AFFF0FF5888ADFC3DD2AD.xml
Normal file
209
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532AFFF0FF5888ADFC3DD2AD.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
|
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<mods:title id="F5A4619135F281ED591D24BEE07775C3">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FF5888ADFDE7D6A4" ID-CoL="79B2J" authority="Harlan, 1825 c" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,590,1472,1499]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FF5888ADFE01D6A5" box="[151,424,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Salamandra symmetrica</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FE6088ADFDE7D6A4" author="Harlan, R." box="[431,590,1472,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="154 - 158" refId="ref31565" refString="Harlan, R. (1825 c) Description of a variety of the Coluber fulvius, Linn. a new species of Scincus, and two new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 154 - 158." type="journal article" year="1825">Harlan, 1825c</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
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|
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526532AFFF7FD9A88ACFB6DD6A5" box="[597,1220,1471,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="574736AD532AFFF7FD9A88ACFB6DD6A5" blockId="3.[151,1437,1471,2039]" box="[597,1220,1471,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
[
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FD9188ACFDC7D6A5" box="[606,622,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">=</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FDA188ACFB17D6A5" authority="Rafinesque, 1820" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[622,1214,1471,1498]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens" subGenus="Diemictylus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FDA188ACFC59D6A5" box="[622,1008,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Triturus (Diemictylus) viridescens</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FC3888ADFB17D6A5" author="Rafinesque C. S." box="[1015,1214,1471,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref34958" refString="Rafinesque C. S. (1820) III Class. Erpetia. - The reptiles. Annals of Nature, 1, 4 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106763" type="journal article" year="1820">Rafinesque, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FF088889FE05D680" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,428,1508,1535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838a:59</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 11) next gave an account for another of Harlan’s species with an illustration by J. Sera, which is clearly describing the red eft stage of the Eastern Newt (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FCB88B65FB01D55D" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[887,1192,1544,1570]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FCB88B65FB01D55D" box="[887,1192,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Notophthalmus viridescens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). In Holbrook’s time, efts were thought to be a distinct species or even a separate genus.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FCBA8B41FBF3D538" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[885,1114,1580,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:57</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 17) reprinted the account nearly verbatim, with a slightly expanded description and a new plate from J. H. Richard.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FB428B3DFAB4D514" author="Baird, S. F." box="[1165,1309,1616,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
designated this name a junior subjective synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FDB28B18FB75D5F1" authority="Rafinesque, 1820" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[637,1244,1652,1678]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miniatus" subGenus="Notophthalmus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FDB28B18FBA1D5F1" box="[637,1032,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Triturus (Notophthalmus) miniatus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FBDD8B19FB75D5F1" author="Rafinesque C. S." box="[1042,1244,1652,1678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref34958" refString="Rafinesque C. S. (1820) III Class. Erpetia. - The reptiles. Annals of Nature, 1, 4 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106763" type="journal article" year="1820">Rafinesque, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, as he continued to speculate that efts and newts were distinct taxa.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FD268BF5FC05D5CC" author="Hallowell, E." box="[745,940,1688,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="337 - 366" refId="ref31433" refString="Hallowell, E. (1858) On the Caducibranchiate Urodele Batrachians. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 337 - 366." type="journal article" year="1858">Hallowell (1858)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
first suggested that the names
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FAD88BF5FE25D5A9" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FAD88BF5FA31D5CD" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1303,1432,1688,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens">viridescens</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FF588BD0FF53D5A9" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,250,1725,1750]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miniatus">miniatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FECB8BD0FE21D5A9" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[260,392,1725,1750]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="symmetrica">symmetrica</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FE0F8BD1FDB3D5A9" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1829" box="[448,538,1724,1750]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FE0F8BD1FDB3D5A9" box="[448,538,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">dorsalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
all likely applied to varying forms of the same species. Holbrook did not mention Rafinesque’s
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FEE08B8CFE26D585" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[303,399,1761,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miniatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FEE08B8CFE26D585" box="[303,399,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">miniatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532AFFF7FF088A69FBA8D4AC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1471,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FF088A69FE21D461" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,392,1796,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FE5E8A69FE7FD461" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[401,470,1796,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) also noted that previous authors (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FC4E8A69FC40D461" author="Say, T." box="[897,1001,1796,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say 1819</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) had confused
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FB428A69FE9CD43C" authority="Harlan, 1825 c" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FB428A69FA35D461" box="[1165,1436,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Salamandra symmetrica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FF588A45FE9CD43C" author="Harlan, R." box="[151,309,1832,1859]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="154 - 158" refId="ref31565" refString="Harlan, R. (1825 c) Description of a variety of the Coluber fulvius, Linn. a new species of Scincus, and two new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 154 - 158." type="journal article" year="1825">Harlan, 1825c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(the red eft stage of the Eastern Newt) with
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FCD28A45FC65D43D" author="Catesby, M." box="[797,972,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s “stellio” (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FB828A45FAFBD43D" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1101,1362,1832,1858]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FB828A45FAFBD43D" box="[1101,1362,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Ambystoma maculatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), until
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FF588A21FEEDD418" author="Harlan, R." box="[151,324,1868,1895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="154 - 158" refId="ref31565" refString="Harlan, R. (1825 c) Description of a variety of the Coluber fulvius, Linn. a new species of Scincus, and two new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 154 - 158." type="journal article" year="1825">Harlan (1825c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Catesby had figured and described an animal he named
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FC728A21FAC4D419" box="[957,1389,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FC078A21FACDD419" authority="Americanus" authorityName="Americanus" box="[968,1380,1868,1894]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Stellio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aquaticus" subSpecies="minor">Stellio aquaticus minor Americanus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and called “
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FF228A1DFEBED4F5" box="[237,279,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">The</emphasis>
|
||||
Spotted Eft.” Catesby’s description and illustration clearly refer to the Spotted Salamander (see account below). However, his use of the term “eft” and a strong reddish coloration in some editions of his plates seem to have misled some early workers into believing the account represented newts.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532AFFF0FF088AB1FC3DD2AD" blockId="3.[151,1437,1471,2039]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,466]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
Curiously,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FE898AB1FDA4D489" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[326,525,2012,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FDD28AB1FDCBD489" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[541,610,2012,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) attributed the putative synonym
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FC3E8AB1FB40D489" box="[1009,1257,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FC348AB1FB77D489" authorityName="De Kay" authorityYear="1842" box="[1019,1246,2012,2038]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellio">Salamandra stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FADA8AB1FA3ED489" author="Say, T." box="[1301,1431,2012,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, which was repeated by later authors such as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FD538DFAFCE5D3CE" author="De Kay, J. E." box="[668,844,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref29961" refString="De Kay, J. E. (1842) Zoology of New-York, or, The New-York Fauna: Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals Hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of those Occasionally Found Near its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations. Part III. Reptiles and Amphibia. W. & A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, 98 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13735" type="book" year="1842">De Kay (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. However, no such name appears in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FB398DFAFADED3CE" author="Say, T." box="[1270,1399,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, or any other publication that we can determine. Rather, Say explicitly referred to resurrecting
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FB5B8DD6FB37D3AA" box="[1172,1182,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">“</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FB528DD6FF72D386" authority=", Gmel." authorityName="Gmel." class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FB528DD6FA35D3AB" box="[1181,1436,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Salamandra punctata,</emphasis>
|
||||
Gmel.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”—which he notes was based on
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FD878DB2FD5ED386" author="Catesby, M." box="[584,759,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FCC48DB2FC29D386" box="[779,896,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">“stelio”—</emphasis>
|
||||
for the eft. This is
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FB868DB2FA98D385" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[1097,1329,223,250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="1033 - 1516" refId="ref30961" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae. Tom. I. Pars III. Beer, Lipsiae, 483 pp. [pp. 1033 - 1516]" type="book chapter" year="1789">Gmelin (1789:1076)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s account of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FF768C6EFDC9D262" authority="Linnaeus 1767: 370" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="370" authorityYear="1767" box="[185,608,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FF768C6EFED5D263" box="[185,380,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Lacerta punctata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FE498C6EFDC9D262" author="Linnaeus, C. & Linne, C." box="[390,608,259,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref33809" refString="Linnaeus, C. [Linne, C. a] (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, ad editionem duodecimam reformatam Holmiensem. Trattnern, Vindobonae, 532 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157601" type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus 1767:370</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FD4C8C6EFC25D262" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[643,908,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FD4C8C6EFC25D262" box="[643,908,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Ambystoma maculatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
], which Say misidentified as an eft. Say also erroneously allocated
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FE5A8C4AFD04D23E" authority="Shaw, 1802" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" box="[405,685,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FE5A8C4AFDB4D23E" box="[405,541,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">L. maculata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FDE78C4AFD04D23E" author="Shaw, G." box="[552,685,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref35444" refString="Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. III. Amphibia. G. Kearsley, London, 615 pp." type="book" year="1802">Shaw, 1802</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FD1F8C4AFC70D23E" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[720,985,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FD1F8C4AFC70D23E" box="[720,985,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Ambystoma maculatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
] to efts. Say instead knew the Spotted Salamander as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FEF18C26FDD3D21A" authority="Barton, 1804" authorityName="Barton" authorityYear="1804" box="[318,634,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Calyptocephalellidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subviolacea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FEF18C26FE48D21A" box="[318,481,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">L. subviolacea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FE298C26FDD3D21A" author="Barton, B. S." box="[486,634,331,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="108 - 112" refId="ref28608" refString="Barton, B. S. (1804) Some account of a new species of North American lizard. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 6 (1), 108 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1004778" type="journal article" year="1804">Barton, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Therefore, despite Holbrook’s error of attribution and its later repetition by other authors, there does not seem to be any available name
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FC938C02FBFED2F6" box="[860,1111,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FCA98C02FBE1D2F6" authorityName="De Kay" authorityYear="1842" box="[870,1096,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellio">Salamandra stellio</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FB918C02FAA7D2F6" author="Catesby, M." box="[1118,1294,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref29461" refString="Catesby, M. (1747) Appendix. In: Catesby, M. (Ed.), The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. " MDCCXXXI-MDCCXLIII. " Vol. 2. Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton, London, pp. 1 - 20." type="book" year="1747">Catesby (1747)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s illustration and description and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FE4F8CFEFDABD2D2" author="Say, T." box="[384,514,403,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="256 - 265" refId="ref35170" refString="Say, T. (1819) Notes on herpetology. The American Journal of Science, & c, 1 (2), 256 - 265." type="journal article" year="1819">Say (1819)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s comments are involved in a long and complex tangle of names related to both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FF588CDAFE6ED2AE" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[151,455,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FF588CDAFE6ED2AE" box="[151,455,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Notophthalmus viridescens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FE318CDAFCAAD2AE" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[510,771,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FE318CDAFCAAD2AE" box="[510,771,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Ambystoma maculatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see below).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
111
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<mods:namePart id="D73B9318114407C2016CDA351D12E6D5">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526532AFFF7FF58897DFDB2D755" box="[151,539,1040,1066]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="574736AD532AFFF7FF58897DFDB2D755" blockId="3.[151,1437,1039,1427]" box="[151,539,1040,1066]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FF58897DFDB2D755" ID-CoL="78ZL6" authority="Harlan, 1829" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,539,1040,1066]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FF58897DFE28D755" box="[151,385,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Salamandra dorsalis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FE47897DFDB2D755" author="Harlan, R." box="[392,539,1040,1066]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="101" refId="ref31712" refString="Harlan, R. (1829) Description of a new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 101." type="journal article" year="1829">Harlan, 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532AFFF7FDED897CFB38D755" box="[546,1169,1039,1067]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="574736AD532AFFF7FDED897CFB38D755" blockId="3.[151,1437,1039,1427]" box="[546,1169,1039,1067]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
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||||
[
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FDE4897CFD92D755" box="[555,571,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">=</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FDF5897CFB23D755" authority="Rafinesque, 1820" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[570,1162,1039,1066]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens" subGenus="Diemictylus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FDF5897CFC15D755" box="[570,956,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Triturus (Diemictylus) viridescens</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FC0C897DFB23D755" author="Rafinesque C. S." box="[963,1162,1039,1066]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref34958" refString="Rafinesque C. S. (1820) III Class. Erpetia. - The reptiles. Annals of Nature, 1, 4 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106763" type="journal article" year="1820">Rafinesque, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532AFFF7FF088959FC2CD6ED" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532AFFF7FF088959FC2CD6ED" blockId="3.[151,1437,1039,1427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FF088959FE05D730" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,428,1076,1103]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838a:57</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 10) gave an account of Harlan’s species, a junior subjective synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FB3E8959FEBCD70D" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridescens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FB3E8959FEBCD70D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Notophthalmus viridescens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by which the Eastern Newt was known to Holbrook and others until
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FBC78935FB3FD70C" author="Baird, S. F." box="[1032,1174,1112,1139]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
synonymized them and selected
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FF378911FE0AD7E9" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[248,419,1148,1174]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Notophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FF378911FE0AD7E9" box="[248,419,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Notophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
over
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FE2C8911FDC0D7E9" box="[483,617,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Diemictylus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FDA08911FC9FD7E9" author="Rafinesque C. S." box="[623,822,1148,1174]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref34958" refString="Rafinesque C. S. (1820) III Class. Erpetia. - The reptiles. Annals of Nature, 1, 4 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106763" type="journal article" year="1820">Rafinesque, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, acting as First Revisor. Both were originally proposed as subgenera of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FE9B89CCFD2BD7C4" authority="Rafinesque, 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[340,642,1184,1211]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FE9B89CCFE07D7C5" box="[340,430,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Triturus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FE7789CDFD2BD7C4" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[440,642,1184,1211]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref34797" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de Nature, ou Tableau de l'Universe et des Corps Organises. Jean Barravecchia, Palermo, 244 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106607" type="book" year="1815">Rafinesque, 1815</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532AFFF7FD4089CDFCD1D7C5" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[655,888,1184,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:77</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 25) reprinted his earlier account essentially verbatim, moving the species to his
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532AFFF7FDFD89A8FDD7D7A1" box="[562,638,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FDFD89A8FDD3D7A1" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[562,634,1221,1246]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Triton</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Based on the different numbers of spots and differing positions of the limbs, the J. Sera illustration from the first edition is a different specimen from that figured by J.H. Richard in the second edition. Specimens from “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532AFFF7FDDE8861FD65D659" box="[529,716,1292,1318]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Caroline du Sud</collectingRegion>
|
||||
[
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532AFFF7FD168861FC22D659" box="[729,907,1291,1318]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532AFFF7FCEA8866FC22D659" box="[805,907,1291,1318]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
]” and “Charleston, S.C.” from Holbrook are in Paris (MNHN-RA 0.4718) and Cambridge (MCZ A-1122 and A-125873–4), respectively. The former was received from Hallowell in
|
||||
<date id="2346106D532AFFF7FEA98838FE52D610" box="[358,507,1364,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" value="1856-01">January 1856</date>
|
||||
from the ANSP, and the latter were cataloged in 1875 by Garman, after Holbrook’s death. None of them appear to be those illustrated in either edition.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
189
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189
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<mods:roleTerm id="916C4912735069D0CA45E84462D0E44F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="38073FFE21C24C9C2CC0754F76B4C9E5">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F9980B341CB9DA3BFDBE075C1600D7D6" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2524-1794</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="B5EDE9567D5F84FFEF22319C2503A628">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7053B60323A729FFDB9C39ACA174A139" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name id="5AFF075968771CF8981630D2BC679020" type="personal">
|
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|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="18CE34C3BB3C6DF04F14CD73EAE3456B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="1C0B5B1921ECBF92F415186BE6597FA5">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="B1051F034C805CF97732EDD4F4C73BEA">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="0A09CFA7F1B81D91F0476A1C0663D9CD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="80B997E337A395FCFE7DC2FA7484FEB2">
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<mods:title id="1461DDBDA6BD1E4500422FDDBF2F7C45">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="2FAEF1F29734E4B157045731D3D063AF">
|
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<mods:date id="A4125EBAC153B3BF229480635669FF05">2022</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="E5FEEF7FF8D76A7656BB6DC0FC3955CA" type="pubDate">
|
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<mods:number id="ED4260A2B2CD9F288C009F8F7B897201">2022-05-10</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="33DE7C54D0C8C52F9712A3B255FD517B" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="42635C7D570A5E8962A39DA3755182A2">5134</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="BC1B47ECA5EE7D28EF45988CA68A5048" type="issue">
|
||||
<mods:number id="B0D817C5FCD3B5603B4BB55A92E7D36D">2</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent id="CE9C28382CDCF5A4B56F1C48C7E5A800" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="6EBBF86B4776E9AA4194D4C2BAF524C5">151</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="A380596B13E4AD3BD73C001C7A002958">196</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="A60906EC66B29936B8D16ADCD5DDA981">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="CCF0953F8D69A5193A6C52AA49A20C3D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="3332EC1F706688A704A847065AD7699D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="F3042D0DC2C1E2930056E63108892018" type="Zenodo-Dep">6534805</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier id="DCACD2E772031BB70D8EAB4245A8007A" type="ZooBank">3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD</mods:identifier>
|
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment id="DF5187BB532DFFF0FF588C92FD1ED4C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532DFFF0FF588C92FD1ED4C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB532DFFF0FF588C92FD1ED4C6" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532DFFF0FF588C92FD47D166" box="[151,750,511,537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532DFFF0FF588C92FD47D166" blockId="4.[151,1437,511,1653]" box="[151,750,511,537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FF588C92FD0AD166" authority="Holbrook, 1838 a: 61" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,675,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutto-lineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FF588C92FE11D166" box="[151,440,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Salamandra gutto-lineata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FE708C92FD0AD166" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[447,675,511,537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook, 1838a:61</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, pl. 12
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532DFFF0FF088F4EFC12D0FE" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532DFFF0FF088F4EFC12D0FE" blockId="4.[151,1437,511,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
In the third and final salamander account in the first version of the second volume of the first edition, Holbrook provided the original description of the Three-lined Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FC478F2AFBDFD11E" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[904,1142,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttolineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FC478F2AFBDFD11E" box="[904,1142,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Eurycea guttolineata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) with a crude illustration by J. Sera. The account is based on
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24532DFFF0FD8E8F06FD46D1FA" box="[577,751,619,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
(primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532DFFF0FCAA8F06FC60D1FA" box="[869,969,619,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
) collected by him in “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FB1F8F06FA9FD1FA" box="[1232,1334,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, where I have observed them in the middle country,” and by “Dr. Wurdeman” (John George F. Wurdemann [1810–1849] of Charleston, S.C.;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FE908FDEFDADD1B2" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[351,516,691,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="447 - 458" refId="ref35801" refString="Stephens, L. D. (1997) John Edwards Holbrook (1794 - 1871) and Lewis Reeve Gibbes (1810 - 1894): exemplary naturalists in the Old South. In: Pietsch, T. W. & Anderson, W. D. (Eds.), Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology, Special Publication No. 3. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 447 - 458." type="book chapter" year="1997">Stephens 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) from “Greenville [S.C.], near the mountains, where he says they are numerous.” Holbrook noted the presence of cirri in
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24532DFFF0FD958FBAFD5DD18E" box="[602,756,727,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||||
and compared it to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FC168FBAFACAD18E" authority="Green, 1831" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1831" box="[985,1379,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrigera">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FC168FBAFB66D18F" box="[985,1231,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Salamandra cirrigera</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FB188FBAFACAD18E" author="Green, J." box="[1239,1379,727,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="253 - 255" refId="ref31336" refString="Green, J. (1831) Description of two new species of salamander. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 253 - 255." type="journal article" year="1831">Green, 1831</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FA4B8FBAFF55D06B" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1831" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrigera">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FA4B8FBAFF55D06B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">E. cirrigera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Following Holbrook’s description, this species was later considered a subspecies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FB7D8F96FF66D046" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FB7D8F96FAE2D06A" box="[1202,1355,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">S. longicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FA9E8F96FF66D046" author="Green, J." pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FF3D8E72FE3BD046" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[242,402,799,825]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FF3D8E72FE3BD046" box="[242,402,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">E. longicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), apparently beginning with
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FD2E8E72FCD6D046" author="Bailey, J. R." box="[737,895,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref28229" refString="Bailey, J. R. (1937) Notes on plethodont salamanders of the southeastern United States. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 364, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1937">Bailey (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
until
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FC098E72FBCAD046" author="Carlin, J. L." box="[966,1123,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="206 - 217" refId="ref29426" refString="Carlin, J. L. (1997) Genetic and morphological differentiation between Eurycea longicauda longicauda and E. guttolineata (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Herpetologica, 53, 206 - 217." type="journal article" year="1997">Carlin (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FBBE8E72FA97D045" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1137,1342,799,826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
himself considered
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FED68E2EFE1DD022" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[281,436,835,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FED68E2EFE1DD022" box="[281,436,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">S. longicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be a distinct species.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FD048E2EFC1BD022" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[715,946,835,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:29</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 7) reprinted the account with a slightly expanded description and new but little-improved drawing by J. Queen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532DFFF0FF088EE6FD1ED4C6" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532DFFF0FF088EE6FD1DD64E" blockId="4.[151,1437,511,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
Two extant specimens (ANSP 716–717) were listed as
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532DFFF0FCE48EE6FC24D0DA" box="[811,909,907,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FC798EE6FB65D0DA" author="Fowler, H. W. & Dunn, E. R." box="[950,1228,907,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="7 - 28" refId="ref30622" refString="Fowler, H. W. & Dunn, E. R. (1917) Notes on Salamanders. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 69, 7 - 28." type="journal article" year="1917">Fowler and Dunn (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FB188EE6FAC1D0D9" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[1239,1384,907,934]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FF588EC2FEEED0B6" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[151,327,943,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. The
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24532DFFF0FE4E8EC2FD8FD0B6" box="[385,550,943,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
differ in condition; ANSP 716 is in modest shape for a 180-year-old salamander but is very soft and was likely never fixed in formalin (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A28532DFFF0FCC58EBEFCE7D092" box="[778,846,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,179,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[202,1386,179,1837]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. One of Holbrook’s primary syntype specimens (ANSP 716) of Salamandra gutto-lineata Holbrook, 1838a in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views, here designated as the lectotype. Consequently, ANSP 717 and the two other primary syntypes of unknown location and disposition (one of them a male with cirri) thereby become paralectotypes. Of these two missing paralectotypes, we cannot be certain if MNHN-RA 0.4668 is one of them. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label; it may be Cope, Fowler, Dunn, or another worker. Ruler is in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534809/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
; see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FC478EBEFB9ED092" author="Simmons, J. E." box="[904,1079,979,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref35499" refString="Simmons, J. E. (2014) Fluid preservation: a comprehensive reference. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, 347 pp." type="book" year="2014">Simmons 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In contrast, ANSP 717 is very degraded, missing its left arm and tail, its right leg in poor condition, and most head tissue removed and the skull partially exposed. We did not photograph it, though it did appear to be a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FC2C8976FB79D74A" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[995,1232,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttolineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FC2C8976FB79D74A" box="[995,1232,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Eurycea guttolineata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of similar size to ANSP 716.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FED38952FE02D725" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[284,427,1087,1114]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
regarded ANSP 716–717 as Wurdemann’s specimens from Greenville (seemingly without evidence), and therefore restricted the type locality to “Greenville, S.C.,” later followed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FB79890EFAC2D702" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1206,1387,1122,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. We cement this by designating ANSP 716 as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532DFFF0FD5789EAFCABD7DE" box="[664,770,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, rendering ANSP 717 a
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532DFFF0FBD989EAFB04D7DE" box="[1046,1197,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and the type locality as Greenville,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532DFFF0FEF189C6FE45D7BA" box="[318,492,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FE4789C6FE45D7BA" box="[392,492,1195,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
. While Dunn’s identification of the specimens as Wurdemann’s from Greenville is not explicitly justified, it was also reiterated by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FD6689A2FCF0D796" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[681,857,1231,1257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, who listed the ANSP 716–
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B48532DFFF0FB4489A2FB1CD796" box="[1163,1205,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
|
||||
his catalog of ANSP types as “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532DFFF0FF30899EFE05D672" box="[255,428,1267,1293]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532DFFF0FE86899EFE05D672" authority=", Greenville" authorityName="Greenville" box="[329,428,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, Greenville;
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B532DFFF0FDF6899EFD41D672" box="[569,744,1267,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Dr. Wurdeman.</collectorName>
|
||||
” Whether Malnate had additional information is unknown, but we accept this for the sake of historical stability.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532DFFF0FF088856FE4BD50A" blockId="4.[151,1437,511,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
A third specimen of Holbrook’s is still extant in Paris (MNHN-RA 0.4688, cataloged as a Holbrook specimen on p. 123), from “Caroline de Sud,” but does not seem to be listed in the MNHN donations ledger as part of Holbrook’s gifts or the Hallowell exchange from Philadelphia in 1856–1858. Holbrook visited Paris with his wife Harriott Pinckney Rutledge in the 1840s after completing
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FCE988CAFBC6D6BE" box="[806,1135,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">North American Herpetology</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FBB188CAFA81D6BE" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[1150,1320,1447,1473]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref35885" refString="Stephens, L. D. (2000) Science, race, and religion in the American South: John Bachman and the Charleston circle of naturalists, 1815 - 1895. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 360 pp." type="book" year="2000">Stephens 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and may have hand delivered this specimen, along with others such as MNHN-RA 0.4666 (see below) and MNHN-RA 0.7256 (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FEEA8882FDBAD576" author="Burbrink, F. T. & Pyron, R. A. & Gehara, M. C. & Mckelvy, A. D. & Myers, E. A." box="[293,531,1519,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="537 - 547" refId="ref29310" refString="Burbrink, F. T., Pyron, R. A., Gehara, M. C., Mckelvy, A. D. & Myers, E. A. (2021) The corrected taxonomic history of the North American ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus complex). Herpetological Review, 53, 537 - 547." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Burbrink
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FE5B8882FE66D576" box="[404,463,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FDED8882FD46D576" author="Pyron, R. A. & Gotte, S. & Burbrink, F. T." box="[546,751,1519,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="70 - 75" refId="ref34558" refString="Pyron, R. A., Gotte, S. & Burbrink, F. T. (2021) Additional comments on the types and nomina of several North American ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus complex, Colubridae, Serpentes). Bionomina, 25 (1), 70 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / bionomina. 25.1.5" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Pyron
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532DFFF0FDA08882FD03D576" box="[623,682,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Therefore, we doubt that MNHN-RA 0.4688 is a primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532DFFF0FF588B7EFF58D552" box="[151,241,1555,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, based on its different preservation style and later origin. Consequently, the location and disposition of the third and fourth
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532DFFF0FE818B5AFE19D52E" box="[334,432,1591,1617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
mentioned by Holbrook is unknown, and none of the three extant Holbrook specimens of this species have visible cirri.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532DFFF0FF088BCEFD1ED4C6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1699,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||||
The preceding three accounts were the only salamanders Holbrook cataloged in the first version of the second volume of the first edition. The initial print runs of the first and second volumes sold quickly, but Holbrook was dissatisfied with their illustrations and recalled and destroyed most remaining copies. He later reprinted them, crucially with several corrections and additions, at an uncertain date after the first version of the second volume in 1838 and before the fourth volume in 1840. Contemporary references place this sometime around
|
||||
<date id="2346106D532DFFF0FAE88A5EFA35D432" box="[1319,1436,1843,1869]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" value="1839-06">June 1839</date>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FF518A3AFD90D40D" author="Worthington, R. D. & Worthington, P. H." box="[158,569,1879,1906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="pp. xiii - xxvii" refId="ref36387" refString="Worthington, R. D. & Worthington, P. H. (1976) John Edwards Holbrook, father of American herpetology. In: Adler, K. A. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xiii - xxvii." type="book chapter" year="1976">Worthington and Worthington 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This affects the publication date of several species described by Holbrook (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532DFFF0FF508A16FE8BD4E9" author="Adler, K." box="[159,290,1915,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), but luckily, no salamanders. Holbrook added two accounts of previously described salamanders to the second version of the second volume. These are:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
119
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588DFAFBFFD166.xml
Normal file
119
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588DFAFBFFD166.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
|||
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|
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<mods:title id="44684F39599B63EB6177F3371AF24F2C">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
|
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|
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|
||||
<mods:namePart id="9EF259C5150A8CE9332201AC72628849">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="149F8B5CBB16CADAD748ABDAB043C66F">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
|
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="63C003FDF90F08232434555CD5768863" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="F82A5B6EA3F4CD618106581716D80737">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="392794E0D238E4C179042EF3683B44CA">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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|
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|
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|
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<mods:number id="FEAF246BFB14073B7C8B141529206DA8">5134</mods:number>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<treatment id="DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588DFAFBFFD166" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588DFAFBFFD166" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588DFAFBFFD166" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532FFFF2FF588DFAFD8ED3CE" box="[151,551,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF588DFAFD8ED3CE" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,538]" box="[151,551,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FF588DFAFD8ED3CE" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,551,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bislineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FF588DFAFE3CD3CE" box="[151,405,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Salamandra bislineata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FE528DFAFD8ED3CE" author="Green, J." box="[413,551,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532FFFF2FF088DD6FBFFD166" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF088DD6FBFFD166" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FF088DD6FE2FD3AA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,390,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32361" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1839 b) " 1838 " North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. " Vol. II. " 1 st Edition. 2 nd Version. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, iv + 130 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1839">Holbrook (1839b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
“1838”:127, pl. 29) listed this species (the Northern Two-lined Salamander,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FB0C8DD6FA3BD3AA" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1219,1426,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bislineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FB0C8DD6FA3BD3AA" box="[1219,1426,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Eurycea bislineata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FF798DB2FE79D386" box="[182,464,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FF798DB2FE96D386" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[182,319,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
“bilineata,”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
attributing Green’s spelling to “an error of the press.” He placed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FB7C8DB2FF66D262" authority="Harlan, 1826" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1826" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavissima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FB7C8DB2FAEBD386" box="[1203,1346,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">S. flavissima</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FA868DB2FF66D262" author="Harlan, R." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="286 - 287" refId="ref31643" refString="Harlan, R. (1826) Notice of a new species of salamander, (inhabiting Pennsylvania.). American Journal of Science and Arts, 10, 286 - 287." type="journal article" year="1826">
|
||||
Harlan,
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B48532FFFF2FF588C6EFF66D262" box="[151,207,259,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.638039999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" unit="in" value="1826.0">1826</quantity>
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in synonymy, which had first been suggested by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FCDF8C6EFC1DD262" author="Harlan, R." box="[784,948,258,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref31741" refString="Harlan, R. (1835) Medical and physical researches, or, Original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology, geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy. L. R. Bailey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 107564" type="book" year="1835">Harlan (1835)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. The description and the illustration by C. Rogers are clearly of Green’s species, and Holbrook noted its wide range from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FBED8C4AFB6DD23E" box="[1058,1220,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FB248C4AFA31D23E" box="[1259,1432,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FAFA8C4AFA31D23E" box="[1333,1432,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, having collected it himself “… in the lower part of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FD388C26FC03D21A" box="[759,938,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
North
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FC8C8C26FC03D21A" box="[835,938,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.” The plate is labeled “30” in some copies (e.g., MCZ library).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FEB28C02FDCDD2F6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[381,612,366,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:55</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 16) essentially reprinted the account with a few minor alterations and reproduced the same plate. There are no currently recognized specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FC258CFEFBDED2D2" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1002,1143,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bislineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FC258CFEFBDED2D2" box="[1002,1143,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">E. bislineata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
among Holbrook’s extant collections.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FED08CDAFD98D2AE" author="Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A." box="[287,561,438,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref30168" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale, ou, Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome Neuvieme, Premiere Partie. Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xx + 440 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118797" type="book" year="1854">
|
||||
Duméril
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FE4C8CDAFE15D2AE" box="[387,444,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1854:93)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported a Holbrook specimen from “Caroline de Sud” in the MNHN, but we were unable to locate it. We hypothesize this to be an error; the 1860 “Catalogue taxonomique des Amphibiens” records MNHN-RA 0.4688 (an
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FE348C92FD03D166" box="[507,682,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FE348C92FD0DD166" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[507,676,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttolineata">E. guttolineata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
see above) as
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FC818C92FBFFD166" box="[846,1110,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FC978C92FBE1D166" box="[856,1096,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Spelerpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineatus">Spelerpes bilineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
215
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588F2AFE34D6E2.xml
Normal file
215
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588F2AFE34D6E2.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
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<mods:title id="A70370A4EE3E5D6AF01A9D616865102F">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CE10E89A33B63C9E217D2F0AA9F08B5A">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E23DF20CE6195A0AE37863F2A41843F0">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="68AE2751BC25310542405504E6A961F0" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="C4D8AC41560965354D33DD3F164E51B4">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B9D24C3D81BFE53A408BBD147E3A968A">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number id="047798C17B22DB0124F7FD3370F6DF97">5134</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526532FFFF2FF588F2AFD88D11E" box="[151,545,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF588F2AFD88D11E" blockId="6.[151,1437,583,1437]" box="[151,545,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FF588F2AFD88D11E" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,545,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glutinosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FF588F2AFE26D11E" box="[151,399,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Salamandra glutinosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FE598F2AFD88D11E" author="Green, J." box="[406,545,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532FFFF2FF088F06FE34D6E2" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF088F06FAE0D0FE" blockId="6.[151,1437,583,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
The final salamander detailed for the last account in the second version of the second volume of the first edition (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FF508FE2FEF3D1D6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[159,346,655,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32361" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1839 b) " 1838 " North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. " Vol. II. " 1 st Edition. 2 nd Version. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, iv + 130 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1839">Holbrook 1839b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
“1838”:129, pl. 30) is the Slimy Salamander,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FCA78FE2FBF7D1D6" box="[872,1118,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FCA78FE2FBF2D1D6" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[872,1115,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glutinosus">Plethodon glutinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Holbrook placed the names
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FF588FDEFD95D1B2" authority="Gilliams, 1818" authorityName="Gilliams" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,572,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FF588FDEFE27D1B2" box="[151,398,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Salamandra variolata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FE5A8FDEFD95D1B2" author="Gilliams, J." box="[405,572,691,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="460" refId="ref30931" refString="Gilliams, J. (1818) Description of two new species of Linnaean Lacerta. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 460." type="journal article" year="1818">Gilliams, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FDBD8FDEFC10D1B2" authority="Harlan, 1825 c" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[626,953,690,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindracea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FDBD8FDEFCBAD1B2" box="[626,787,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">S. cylindracea</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FCD58FDEFC10D1B2" author="Harlan, R." box="[794,953,690,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="154 - 158" refId="ref31565" refString="Harlan, R. (1825 c) Description of a variety of the Coluber fulvius, Linn. a new species of Scincus, and two new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 154 - 158." type="journal article" year="1825">Harlan, 1825c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in synonymy, which were later resurrected by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FF768FBAFE0DD18E" author="Highton, R. & Maha, G. C. & Maxson L. R." box="[185,420,727,753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 153" refId="ref32009" refString="Highton, R., Maha, G. C. & Maxson L. R. (1989) Biochemical evolution in the slimy salamanders of the Plethodon glutinosus complex in the eastern United States. Illinois Biological Monographs, 57, 1 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49905" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||||
Highton
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FED58FBAFEF8D18E" box="[282,337,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1989)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Holbrook noted the wide range and abundance of this species, having received reports from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FF588F96FE90D06A" box="[151,313,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FE958F96FE07D06A" box="[346,430,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, specimens from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FDA08F96FC95D06A" box="[623,828,763,789]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Georgia, Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FCBB8F96FC4CD06A" box="[884,997,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and collected it himself in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FADC8F96FAC7D06A" box="[1299,1390,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and the Carolinas. The description and drawing by C. Rogers leave no doubt that one of the Slimy Salamander species (
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FA478E72FE2DD022" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FA478E72FEA3D022" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="glutinosus">P. glutinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7EBF57C4532FFFF2FEDD8E2EFE2DD022" box="[274,388,835,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
) was illustrated. However, the nominal taxon as Holbrook knew it was subsequently divided into several species (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FE638E0AFD23D0FE" author="Highton, R. & Maha, G. C. & Maxson L. R." box="[428,650,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 153" refId="ref32009" refString="Highton, R., Maha, G. C. & Maxson L. R. (1989) Biochemical evolution in the slimy salamanders of the Plethodon glutinosus complex in the eastern United States. Illinois Biological Monographs, 57, 1 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49905" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||||
Highton
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FDC08E0AFDEED0FE" box="[527,583,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1989
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and it is therefore unclear which are included in this account.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF088EE6FD76D702" blockId="6.[151,1437,583,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
One specimen (MNHN-RA 0.4666;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A28532FFFF2FD938EE6FD34D0DA" box="[604,669,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1597,1621]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,234,1556]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1435,181,1573]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. A Holbrook specimen of Plethodon glutinosus sensu lato (MNHN-RA 0.4666), used as a primary syntype of Plethodon variolosum Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854 in dorsal (a), lateral (b), and ventral (c) views, here designated as the lectotype. The other syntypes thereby become paralectotypes, including MNHN-RA 0.4667 and MNHN-RA 2008.315 from Harlan, and others from Milbert. Images courtesy of A. Ohler, A. Fraysse, and the MNHN. No fixed scale-bar available" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534812/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
) was donated by Holbrook to C. Duméril, which served as a primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532FFFF2FF588EC2FF47D0B6" box="[151,238,943,969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FEDA8EC2FC1AD0B6" authority="Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[277,947,942,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FEDA8EC2FDA4D0B6" box="[277,525,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Plethodon variolosum</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FDDB8EC2FC1AD0B6" author="Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A." box="[532,947,942,969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref30168" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale, ou, Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome Neuvieme, Premiere Partie. Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xx + 440 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118797" type="book" year="1854">Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. When this donation occurred is unclear, as it is not listed in the MNHN ledger among Holbrook’s donations, nor is it the specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FB628EBEFA35D092" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1197,1436,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glutinosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FB628EBEFA35D092" box="[1197,1436,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Plethodon glutinosus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MNHN-RA 0.4664) sent by Hallowell to Paris from the ANSP in
|
||||
<date id="2346106D532FFFF2FC428E9AFBEDD76E" box="[909,1092,1014,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" value="1856-12">December 1856</date>
|
||||
. As noted above, it is possible that MNHN-RA 0.4666 was hand delivered by Holbrook during his visit in the 1840s. We designate it as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532FFFF2FF588952FEA8D726" box="[151,257,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. The other primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532FFFF2FE2C8952FDECD726" box="[483,581,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
thereby become
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532FFFF2FCC78952FC04D726" box="[776,941,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
, including MNHN-RA 0.4667 and MNHN-RA 2008.315 from Harlan, and others from Milbert.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF0889EAFE34D6E2" blockId="6.[151,1437,583,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F532FFFF2FF3289EAFE84D7DE" box="[253,301,1159,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FE7889EAFD1AD7DE" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[439,691,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FE7889EAFD1AD7DE" box="[439,691,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Plethodon variolosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was given as “l’Amérique sept. (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D532FFFF2FBF489EAFB1ED7DD" box="[1083,1207,1159,1186]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Etats-Unis</collectingCountry>
|
||||
)” by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FB3689EAFF4BD7BA" author="Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref30168" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale, ou, Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome Neuvieme, Premiere Partie. Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xx + 440 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118797" type="book" year="1854">
|
||||
Duméril
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FAAE89EAFA34D7DE" box="[1377,1437,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1854)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and restricted to “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FE6089C6FDC2D7BA" box="[431,619,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Caroline du Sud</collectingRegion>
|
||||
” by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FD6F89C6FCE2D7B9" author="Thireau, M." box="[672,843,1195,1222]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref36038" refString="Thireau, M. (1986) Catalogue des types d'urodeIles du Museium national d'histoire naturelle: revue critique. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 92 pp." type="book" year="1986">Thireau (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, based on
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E21532FFFF2FC0D89C6FBE9D7BA" box="[962,1088,1195,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Holbrook’s</collectingCounty>
|
||||
residence, as with many of his names (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FF3F89A2FE3AD796" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[240,403,1230,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FE6F89A2FD8FD795" author="Adler, K." box="[416,550,1231,1258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD7532FFFF2FDF489A2FD4AD796" box="[571,739,1231,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Concomitantly</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
, MNHN-RA 0.4666 may also be one of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FB7389A2FA24D795" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1212,1421,1231,1258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s original specimens from his
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FE2C899EFD77D672" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[483,734,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glutinosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FE2C899EFD77D672" box="[483,734,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Salamandra glutinosa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
account, collected in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532FFFF2FC10899EFB93D672" box="[991,1082,1267,1293]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
or “the Carolinas.”
|
||||
<location id="52276076532FFFF2FAE8899EFACBD672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588F2AFE34D6E2:52276076532FFFF2FAE8899EFACBD672" box="[1319,1378,1267,1293]" country="United States of America" county="Holbrook's" municipality="Concomitantly" name="Thus" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" stateProvince="South Carolina">Thus</location>
|
||||
, it is difficult to determine if
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FE7B887AFDFBD64E" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[436,594,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FE7B887AFDFBD64E" box="[436,594,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">P. variolosum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is properly considered a junior subjective synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FB2F887AFEFDD62A" authority="Mittleman, 1951" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1951" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chlorobryonis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FB2F887AFA35D64E" box="[1248,1436,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">P. chlorobryonis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FF588856FEFDD62A" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[151,340,1338,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref34055" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1951) American Caudata. VII. Two new salamanders of the genus Plethodon. Herpetologica, 7, 105 - 112." type="journal article" year="1951">Mittleman, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FEAC8856FD1ED62A" box="[355,695,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FEAC8856FDBAD62A" baseAuthorityName="Harlan" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[355,531,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindraceus">P. cylindraceus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FDEF8856FD1AD62A" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[544,691,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glutinosus">P. glutinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FD2F8856FCC6D62A" baseAuthorityName="Gilliams" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[736,879,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FD2F8856FCC6D62A" box="[736,879,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">P. variolatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FC628856FB39D62A" author="Highton, R. & Maha, G. C. & Maxson L. R." box="[941,1168,1339,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 153" refId="ref32009" refString="Highton, R., Maha, G. C. & Maxson L. R. (1989) Biochemical evolution in the slimy salamanders of the Plethodon glutinosus complex in the eastern United States. Illinois Biological Monographs, 57, 1 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49905" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||||
Highton
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FBDD8856FBE5D62A" box="[1042,1100,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1989
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="52276076532FFFF2FB698856FABFD62A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588F2AFE34D6E2:52276076532FFFF2FB698856FABFD62A" box="[1190,1302,1339,1365]" country="United States of America" county="Holbrook's" municipality="Concomitantly" name="Curiously" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" stateProvince="South Carolina">Curiously</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FAED8856FEA1D606" author="Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref30168" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale, ou, Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome Neuvieme, Premiere Partie. Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xx + 440 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118797" type="book" year="1854">
|
||||
Duméril
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FA478856FF1DD606" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1854)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also considered it a synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FD478832FC62D606" authority="Green, 1827" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1827" box="[648,971,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porphyritica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FD478832FC9AD606" box="[648,819,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">S. porphyritica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FCF38832FC62D606" author="Green, J." box="[828,971,1375,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, based on a misinterpretation of
|
||||
<location id="52276076532FFFF2FA8A8832FA35D606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588F2AFE34D6E2:52276076532FFFF2FA8A8832FA35D606" box="[1349,1436,1375,1401]" country="United States of America" county="Holbrook's" municipality="Concomitantly" name="Green's" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" stateProvince="South Carolina">Green’s</location>
|
||||
description by
|
||||
<location id="52276076532FFFF2FEF288EEFE30D6E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFF2FF588F2AFE34D6E2:52276076532FFFF2FEF288EEFE30D6E2" box="[317,409,1411,1437]" country="United States of America" county="Holbrook's" municipality="Concomitantly" name="Tschudi" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" stateProvince="South Carolina">Tschudi</location>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
213
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532FFFFCFF588B5AFF44D166.xml
Normal file
213
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB532FFFFCFF588B5AFF44D166.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
|
|||
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<mods:mods id="2E05B13D3B85E5B39F33EB51346DDB28" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0E4155B823BDF903C57F3C5074404AA0">
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<mods:title id="FD768AB6ABE562CB47E8E6D118F6B230">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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|
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<mods:roleTerm id="518998FB49A462A51FB0B7E6ABDDB8FB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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|
||||
<mods:namePart id="C4E1C5B9A0CC949EC45FD2A31C4E1273">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1AB3474A672581B30F2416A3E275FD6C" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2524-1794</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="228023F4612F092F8F63CF730FBC1AF5">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="06089F8EE730578C95A144573A2AEF09" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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|
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="4D76A9387F322CDA6776104C17A5FF6A">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="2141D4F33AA461EA6DF04C0840AD9FED">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0D9459A4964323FF831300F97321712A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BA4FB21A737F51574B11FE3D58352546">2022</mods:date>
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|
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|
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|
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<mods:detail id="32D655344B6E7644313F2C8E1AE15BAD" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="FC74CD2B2BB44B7D6BFE58E0250FF4FE">5134</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="BC661990F72BD02EBE4771BC7C7B0D93" type="issue">
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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<mods:classification id="077ACBB540ED41E720174B0B67F9FC01">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5F06C5C8D12718B0B719A52BCA52FE55" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="28E94FAA7F15916B6760FC2878E57499" type="Zenodo-Dep">6534805</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0D2ED2E2B43A2FA53692B1560065A242" type="ZooBank">3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD</mods:identifier>
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||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="DF5187BB532FFFFCFF588B5AFF44D166" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFFCFF588B5AFF44D166" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB532FFFFCFF588B5AFF44D166" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526532FFFF2FF588B5AFC93D52E" box="[151,826,1591,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF588B5AFC93D52E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1590,1977]" box="[151,826,1591,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FF588B5AFE74D52E" authority="Storer" authorityName="Storer" box="[151,477,1591,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salmonea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FF588B5AFE3BD52E" box="[151,402,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Salamandra salmonea</emphasis>
|
||||
Storer
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FE2A8B5AFE52D52F" box="[485,507,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FDCD8B5AFD47D52E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[514,750,1591,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook 1838b:101</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 22
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532FFFF2FC8E8B5AFB34D52E" box="[833,1181,1590,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FC8E8B5AFB34D52E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1590,1977]" box="[833,1181,1590,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FC958B5AFB3FD52E" authority="Green, 1827" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1827" box="[858,1174,1590,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porphyritica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FC958B5AFBABD52E" box="[858,1026,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">S. porphyritica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FBC68B5AFB3FD52E" author="Green, J." box="[1033,1174,1590,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526532FFFFCFF088B36FF44D166" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532FFFF2FF088B36FBB6D4C6" blockId="6.[151,1437,1590,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
Holbrook included several names that were unnecessarily erected for or improperly allocated to species with which he and other workers were incompletely familiar. Chief among these is this account by David Humphreys Storer (1804–1891) of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FE5A8BCEFD3FD5C2" box="[405,662,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FE5A8BCEFD3BD5C2" box="[405,658,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salmonea">Salamandra salmonea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
an obvious junior subjective synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FBA98BCEFA35D5C2" authority="Green, 1827" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1827" box="[1126,1436,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porphyritica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FBA98BCEFAA4D5C2" box="[1126,1293,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">S. porphyritica</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FADC8BCEFA35D5C2" author="Green, J." box="[1299,1436,1699,1725]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as subsequently designated by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FE398BAAFD20D59E" author="Baird, S. F." box="[502,649,1734,1761]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, a species of which neither Storer nor Holbrook seemed to be aware. This is the Spring Salamander, now placed in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FD6C8B86FC68D47A" authority="Cope, 1869" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[675,961,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Gyrinophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FD6C8B86FC9ED47A" box="[675,823,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Gyrinophilus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FCF08B86FC68D47A" author="Cope, E. D." box="[831,961,1771,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="93 - 118" refId="ref29689" refString="Cope, E. D. (1869) A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 21, 93 - 118." type="journal article" year="1869">Cope, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FC2D8B86FB34D47A" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[994,1181,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Gyrinophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porphyriticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FC2D8B86FB34D47A" box="[994,1181,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">G. porphyriticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Curiously,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FAFE8B86FF47D456" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
included accounts for both names without realizing their synonymy, even though he commissioned J. Queen to adapt
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FE898A5EFE46D432" author="Green, J." box="[326,495,1843,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green’s (1827)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
original illustration by T. R. Peale in the account for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FBF08A5EFA88D432" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1087,1313,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porphyriticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FBF08A5EFA88D432" box="[1087,1313,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Triton porphyriticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FAE08A5EFEABD40E" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e:83</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 28). Peale’s drawing clearly shows the diagnostic
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FCB58A3AFB90D40E" box="[890,1081,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||||
of this species (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FAE88A3AFE86D4EA" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) but Queen’s copy of it does not. As this feature is highlighted in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FBC98A16FB7DD4E9" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1030,1236,1915,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s illustration of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532FFFF2FA488A16FEABD4C6" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salmonea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532FFFF2FA488A16FEABD4C6" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">S. salmonea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by T. W. Hill (reprinted in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532FFFF2FDFC8AF2FD44D4C6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[563,749,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 8), the lapse is notable.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="03876625532EFFF3FF588B50FAF9D5BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534812" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534812/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" startId="7.[151,250,1597,1621]" targetBox="[155,1434,234,1556]" targetPageId="7">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532EFFF3FF588B50FAF9D5BE" blockId="7.[151,1436,1597,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532EFFF3FF588B50FEBFD52A" bold="true" box="[151,278,1597,1621]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
A Holbrook specimen of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532EFFF3FDE38B50FCD1D52A" box="[556,888,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532EFFF3FDE38B50FCAFD52A" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[556,774,1597,1621]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="glutinosus">Plethodon glutinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7EBF57C4532EFFF3FCDF8B53FCD1D52A" box="[784,888,1597,1621]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(MNHN-RA 0.4666), used as a primary syntype of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E532EFFF3FF588B0CFD5ED506" authority="Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,759,1633,1657]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolosum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF532EFFF3FF588B0CFED0D506" box="[151,377,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Plethodon variolosum</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532EFFF3FE4F8B0CFD5ED506" author="Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A." box="[384,759,1633,1657]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" refId="ref30168" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale, ou, Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome Neuvieme, Premiere Partie. Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xx + 440 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118797" type="book" year="1854">Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in dorsal (a), lateral (b), and ventral (c) views, here designated as the lectotype. The other syntypes thereby become paralectotypes, including MNHN-RA 0.4667 and MNHN-RA 2008.315 from Harlan, and others from Milbert. Images courtesy of A. Ohler, A. Fraysse, and the MNHN. No fixed scale-bar available
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD532EFFFCFF088B82FB8CD386" blockId="7.[151,1437,1775,2018]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532EFFF3FF088B82FE38D475" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,401,1775,1802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
initially noted the existence of only
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24532EFFF3FCEE8B9DFC61D476" box="[801,968,1775,1802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
; one of Storer’s collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B532EFFF3FAC88B9DFA28D476" box="[1287,1409,1775,1802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Dr. Binney</collectorName>
|
||||
in the
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD7532EFFF3FF0F8A7EFE2DD452" box="[192,388,1811,1837]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Green Mountains</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532EFFF3FE668A79FDA0D451" box="[425,521,1812,1838]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532EFFF3FD8B8A7EFD65D452" author="Storer, D. H." box="[580,716,1811,1837]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref35933" refString="Storer, D. H. (1840) A report on the reptiles of Massachusetts. Boston Journal of Natural History, 3, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1840">Storer 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and another of unknown provenance from “the neighbourhood of Danvers, in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F532EFFF3FE8B8A5AFE45D42E" box="[324,492,1847,1873]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.” Holbrook stated that he has never seen the animal alive, “but can answer for the correctness of the drawing and colouring through my friend
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B532EFFF3FCFC8A31FC03D40A" box="[819,938,1883,1910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Dr. Storer.</collectorName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C532EFFF3FC768A36FBE7D40A" author="Storer, D. H." box="[953,1102,1883,1909]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref35933" refString="Storer, D. H. (1840) A report on the reptiles of Massachusetts. Boston Journal of Natural History, 3, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1840">Storer (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
implied that he alone kept the specimen described in his notes, and thus Holbrook presumably never saw it alive. Thus, we are led to conclude that the specimen illustrated by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B532EFFF3FE1E8AC9FD93D4C2" box="[465,570,1955,1982]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">T.W. Hill</collectorName>
|
||||
is from Danvers, in preservative. This is bolstered by the awkward position of the legs, suggestive of a fixed animal which Holbrook received after preservation. The account in the second edition (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFF3D8DFAFE66D3CE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[242,463,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e:33</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) later noted specimens from
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215321FFFCFCC18DFAFC00D3CE" box="[782,937,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Essex County</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFC7D8DFAFB8AD3CE" box="[946,1059,151,177]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(from De Kay) and the mountains of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFF788DD6FEC8D3AA" box="[183,353,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFECE8DD6FEC8D3AA" box="[257,353,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(from
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFE7D8DD6FD90D3A9" box="[434,569,187,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">M. Cabanis</collectorName>
|
||||
), but curiously did not mention the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFC1E8DD6FBDAD3AA" box="[977,1139,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||||
specimen again.
|
||||
<location id="522760765321FFFCFAF68DD6FAF7D3AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFFCFF588B5AFF44D166:522760765321FFFCFAF68DD6FAF7D3AA" box="[1337,1374,187,213]" county="Essex County" municipality="Green Mountains" name="We" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Vermont">We</location>
|
||||
were unable to locate any extant specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5321FFFCFDAB8DB2FD51D386" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[612,760,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Gyrinophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFDAB8DB2FD51D386" box="[612,760,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Gyrinophilus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
associated with
|
||||
<location id="522760765321FFFCFC7D8DB2FB88D386" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB532FFFFCFF588B5AFF44D166:522760765321FFFCFC7D8DB2FB88D386" box="[946,1057,223,249]" county="Essex County" municipality="Green Mountains" name="Holbrook" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Vermont">Holbrook</location>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5321FFFCFF088C6EFF44D166" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFF088C6EFEDDD262" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[199,372,258,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
restricted the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5321FFFCFDC28C6EFD94D262" box="[525,573,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality to “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFD0F8C6EFC80D262" box="[704,809,259,285]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,” which is supported by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFBFE8C6EFB60D262" author="Storer, D. H." box="[1073,1225,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref35933" refString="Storer, D. H. (1840) A report on the reptiles of Massachusetts. Boston Journal of Natural History, 3, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1840">Storer (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s confirmation that the specimen described in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFE728C4AFD2ED23D" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[445,647,295,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
was
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFD708C4AFCE5D23E" box="[703,844,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Dr. Binney’s</collectorName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFC418C4AFC58D23E" box="[910,1009,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5321FFFCFC338C4AFBECD23F" box="[1020,1093,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">contra</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFB848C4AFB72D23D" author="Adler, K." box="[1099,1243,295,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
who suggested it was the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5321FFFCFF3B8C26FE3FD21A" box="[244,406,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
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specimen. As noted above,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFD1D8C26FCC1D21A" author="Storer, D. H." box="[722,872,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref35933" refString="Storer, D. H. (1840) A report on the reptiles of Massachusetts. Boston Journal of Natural History, 3, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1840">Storer (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
seems to imply that he himself kept the specimen alive for a year, where it “appeared perfectly healthy, eating voraciously of flies.” Curiously,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFB008C02FA35D2F5" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1231,1436,367,394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
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states that it was
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFE948CFEFE7ED2D2" box="[347,471,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Dr. Binney</collectorName>
|
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who “kept it alive for nearly a year, during which time it was never seen to take any food.”
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5321FFFCFF278CDAFE1DD2AE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[232,436,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
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then stated it was “
|
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<collectorName id="FA0D537B5321FFFCFD538CDAFCB4D2AE" box="[668,797,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Dr. Binney</collectorName>
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, who kept it alive for nearly a year, feeding it on flies, which it devoured very greedily.” The description and illustration are otherwise unchanged from the 1st to the 2nd edition.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
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</document>
|
||||
93
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FF588B86FE85D47B" box="[151,300,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Triton ingens</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FEF48B86FE6ED47A" author="Green, J." box="[315,455,1771,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="253 - 255" refId="ref31336" refString="Green, J. (1831) Description of two new species of salamander. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 253 - 255." type="journal article" year="1831">Green, 1831</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<paragraph id="574736AD5334FFE9FE188B86FCDDD47A" blockId="29.[151,1437,1770,1977]" box="[471,884,1770,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
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[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FE3F8B86FCC4D47A" authority="Green, 1825 a" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1825" box="[496,877,1770,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrina">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FE3F8B86FD65D47B" box="[496,716,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Salamandra tigrina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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]
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, pl. 24) offered a brief account of another of Green’s species
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FB978A62FA98D457" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1831" box="[1112,1329,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingens">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FB978A62FA98D457" box="[1112,1329,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Salamandra ingens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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, which is now considered a junior subjective synonym of the Tiger Salamander (
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FC0E8A5EFB05D433" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[961,1196,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigrinum">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FC0E8A5EFB05D433" box="[961,1196,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Ambystoma tigrinum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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). The accompanying illustration by C. Rogers is very high quality and was done from life based on a specimen from
|
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<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5334FFE9FB708A3AFA9BD40E" box="[1215,1330,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
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provided by Troost. While Holbrook apparently had specimens of Tiger Salamander that he considered to be
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FACF8A16FA35D4EB" box="[1280,1436,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FACF8A16FA31D4EB" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1280,1432,1915,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingens">Triton ingens</taxonomicName>
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,
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||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
none are currently known to exist with that label among his extant collections.
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114
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<paragraph id="574736AD5334FFE9FF588E9AFDB7D76E" blockId="29.[151,1437,1015,1725]" box="[151,542,1015,1041]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FF588E9AFDB7D76E" authority="(Green, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[151,542,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porphyriticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FF588E9AFED3D76E" box="[151,378,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Triton porphyriticus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FE478E9AFDBCD76E" author="Green, J." box="[392,533,1015,1041]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="1FE265265334FFE9FF088976FEACD5C2" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5334FFE9FF088976FCD2D606" blockId="29.[151,1437,1015,1725]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FF088976FE04D74A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,429,1051,1077]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:83</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 28) gave another brief description of a species he had not seen, the Spring Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FF6E8952FE7ED726" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[161,471,1087,1113]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Gyrinophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porphyriticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FF6E8952FE7ED726" box="[161,471,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Gyrinophilus porphyriticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). The crude drawing by J. Queen was copied from T. R. Peale’s original
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5334FFE9FA8A8952FA35D726" box="[1349,1436,1087,1113]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
illustration from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FE9F890EFE4FD702" author="Green, J." box="[336,486,1123,1149]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green (1827)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, which we conclude to be USNM 3840 (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FC0B890EFB7BD702" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[964,1234,1123,1149]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Our examination revealed USNM 3840 to be in extremely poor condition, with the body broken in half, the tail fragmented, both front legs broken off and possibly missing, and many layers of tissue separating and delaminating throughout the specimen. We did not photograph it. However, the diagnostic
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FC9889A2FBBCD796" box="[855,1045,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||||
is still clearly visible. In addition, the arrangement of the remaining pieces of the specimen still appear to conform to Peale’s illustration of a primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5334FFE9FF58887AFF47D64E" box="[151,238,1303,1329]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
in several key respects. Specifically, the body maintains a distinctive semi-circular curve to the left, and the two rear legs are adpressed to the tail. Additionally, the toes of the left foot are intact and uniquely arranged together, pointing in the same direction in a straight line with the lower leg.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5334FFE9FF0888EEFEACD5C2" blockId="29.[151,1437,1015,1725]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||||
Thus, contrary to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FE5D88EEFDE1D6E1" author="Brandon, R. A." box="[402,584,1411,1438]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref29184" refString="Brandon, R. A. (1966) Systematics of the salamander genus Gyrinophilus. Illinois Biological Monographs, 35, 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50088" type="journal article" year="1966">Brandon (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, an original primary type is known, and thus MCZ A-35778 is disregarded as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5334FFE9FF2D88CAFE92D6BE" box="[226,315,1447,1473]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
in favor of USNM 3840, which we designate as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5334FFE9FC5688CAFBAAD6BE" box="[921,1027,1447,1473]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. The location and disposition of the other primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5334FFE9FEF988A6FE31D69A" box="[310,408,1483,1509]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
is unknown.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FDE388A6FD74D699" author="Brandon, R. A." box="[556,733,1483,1510]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref29184" refString="Brandon, R. A. (1966) Systematics of the salamander genus Gyrinophilus. Illinois Biological Monographs, 35, 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50088" type="journal article" year="1966">Brandon (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported his efforts to locate Green’s specimen in Philadelphia, but was unaware of the existence of Green’s material in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5334FFE9FCDB8882FC34D576" box="[788,925,1519,1545]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||||
. See
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FC178882FB55D576" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[984,1276,1519,1545]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for additional historical details on this specimen, Green’s collections, and their disposition at the ANSP and NMNH. As noted above, Holbrook was more familiar with this species under the junior subjective synonym
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FB6F8B5AFF72D50A" authority="Storer" authorityName="Storer" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salmonea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FB6F8B5AFA35D52E" box="[1184,1436,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Salamandra salmonea</emphasis>
|
||||
Storer
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FF288B36FF54D50B" box="[231,253,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FEC68B36FE63D50A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[265,458,1627,1653]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook 1838b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Curiously, Queen’s copy of Peale’s original illustration omits the obvious
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FA8A8B36FF55D5E6" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">canthus rostralis,</emphasis>
|
||||
a conspicuous diagnostic feature for this species, while
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5334FFE9FC4E8B12FBADD5E6" box="[897,1028,1663,1689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">T. W. Hill’s</collectorName>
|
||||
drawing of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FB5D8B12FAB2D5E6" box="[1170,1307,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salmonea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FB5D8B12FAB2D5E6" box="[1170,1307,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. salmonea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
included it distinctly.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
189
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5335FFE9FF588A5EFBEAD0B5.xml
Normal file
189
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
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<mods:title id="7864D26DB036FD7409477BAC4DBD69CF">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DA30AFE4D5D3639E851181D05AAE0137" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2524-1794</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="FC47B80CBB9AEA34376B64B44E1A08B6">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C469C307DA87891564F046E447455BBE">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DE75CB273974FFF3A5BBBC57FAAD5D57">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="DF5187BB5335FFE9FF588A5EFBEAD0B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5335FFE9FF588A5EFBEAD0B5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB5335FFE9FF588A5EFBEAD0B5" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
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<subSubSection id="1FE265265335FFE8FF588A5EFE6BD432" box="[151,450,1843,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FF588A5EFE6BD432" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[151,450,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF588A5EFEB7D433" box="[151,286,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FEE28A5EFE10D432" author="Green, J." box="[301,441,1843,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265335FFE8FE068A5EFD7DD432" box="[457,724,1842,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FE068A5EFD7DD432" blockId="28.[151,1437,1842,2013]" box="[457,724,1842,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FE2D8A5EFD64D432" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[482,717,1842,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE2D8A5EFD90D432" box="[482,569,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FD8F8A5EFD64D432" author="Green, J." box="[576,717,1842,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
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|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FF088A3AFE02D40E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,427,1879,1905]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:81</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 27) gave a brief account of Green’s species with an illustration by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FB6C8A3AFAAFD40E" box="[1187,1286,1879,1905]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">J. Queen</collectorName>
|
||||
, precipitating an excruciatingly complicated series of events that have already been detailed here (see account for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FADC8A16FEF0D4C6" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FADC8A16FEF0D4C6" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and elsewhere (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FDDC8AF2FC8CD4C6" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[531,805,1951,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In brief, Holbrook collected specimens of Black-bellied Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEE58AAEFE5ED4A2" box="[298,503,1987,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEE58AAEFE79D4A2" box="[298,464,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Desmognathus</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE338AAEFD76D4A2" box="[508,735,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FDC98AAEFD7CD4A2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[518,725,1987,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">quadramaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
) in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FCC58AAEFCCDD4A2" box="[778,868,1987,2013]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FC588AAEFC5ED4A2" box="[919,1015,1987,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and was sent specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FAE88AAEFA35D4A3" authorityName="Rossman" authorityYear="1958" box="[1319,1436,1987,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conanti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FAE88AAEFA35D4A3" box="[1319,1436,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">D. conanti</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FF7A8DFAFEEDD3CE" authorityName="Means, Lamb, and Bernardo" authorityYear="2017" box="[181,324,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valentinei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FF7A8DFAFEEDD3CE" box="[181,324,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">D. valentinei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5334FFE9FE478DFAFE53D3CE" box="[392,506,151,177]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
. Based on these, he expanded the definition of Green’s name to include populations of multiple species ranging from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5334FFE9FDC68DD6FD02D3AA" box="[521,683,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5334FFE9FD018DD6FCE8D3AA" box="[718,833,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
: “This animal inhabits the Atlantic states from lat. 43° to the Gulf of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5334FFE9FEFA8DB2FE38D386" box="[309,401,223,249]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.” He also included
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FDA78DB2FC3CD386" authority="Green, 1825 b" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1825" box="[616,917,222,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermixta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FDA78DB2FD5FD387" box="[616,758,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. intermixta</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FD328DB2FC3CD386" author="Green, J." box="[765,917,222,249]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="159" refId="ref31240" refString="Green, J. (1825 b) Description of a new species of salamander. The Port Folio, and New York Monthly Magazine, 20, 159." type="journal article" year="1825">Green, 1825b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FC038DB2FB6FD386" authority="Harlan, 1825 d" authorityName="Harlan" authorityYear="1825" box="[972,1222,222,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FC038DB2FBB6D387" box="[972,1055,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. picta</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FBE98DB2FB6FD386" author="Harlan, R." box="[1062,1222,222,249]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="136" refId="ref31613" refString="Harlan, R. (1825 d) Description of a new species of Salamandra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 136." type="journal article" year="1825">Harlan, 1825d</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in synonymy, both of which are junior subjective synonyms of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FD498C6EFCD9D262" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[646,880,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FD498C6EFD77D262" box="[646,734,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FD2A8C6EFCD9D262" author="Green, J." box="[741,880,259,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75334FFE9FCB18C6EFBFDD262" box="[894,1108,259,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Two of Holbrook’s</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
specimens in Paris (MHNH-RA 0.4677 & 2012.464) may have originally been allocated to this taxon, but likely post-date publication of
|
||||
<location id="522760765334FFE9FA948C4AFE41D21A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5335FFE9FF588A5EFBEAD0B5:522760765334FFE9FA948C4AFE41D21A" municipality="Two of Holbrook's" name="North American Herpetology. Upon" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" stateProvince="Georgia">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FA948C4AFE09D21A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">North American Herpetology.</emphasis>
|
||||
Upon
|
||||
</location>
|
||||
examining one of Holbrook’s specimens (ANSP 14001),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FB468C26FAB5D21A" author="Baird, S. F." box="[1161,1308,330,357]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
informally restricted this name to Black-bellied Salamanders, a precedent that was followed by most authors. Subsequently and with little stated justification,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FDD28CFEFD70D2D2" author="Stejneger, L." box="[541,729,403,429]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
instead resurrected
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FC718CFEFB09D2D2" box="[958,1184,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FC718CFEFB09D2D2" box="[958,1184,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">D. quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for these populations. Curiously, Stejneger continued to recognize
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FD468CDAFD43D2AF" box="[649,746,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FD468CDAFD4FD2AF" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[649,742,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">D. niger</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
but did not elaborate on his concept of that taxon.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5334FFE9FF088CB6FBEAD0B5" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,970]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
|
||||
Both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FECD8CB6FDFFD28A" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[258,598,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FECD8CB6FE62D28B" box="[258,459,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Salamandra nigra</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FE008CB6FDFFD28A" author="Green, J." box="[463,598,475,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FD498CB6FBBDD28A" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[646,1044,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FD498CB6FCC8D28A" box="[646,865,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FCAA8CB6FBBDD28A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[869,1044,475,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are also junior subjective synonyms of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FF768C92FE07D166" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[185,430,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FF768C92FEBAD166" box="[185,275,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FED18C92FE07D166" author="Green, J." box="[286,430,511,537]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and no valid name has ever been applied to Black-bellied Salamanders (themselves a polyphyletic cryptic species complex) at the species level. Regardless, Holbrook deserves credit for first collecting and describing this group, and two of his specimens (ANSP 14001 and MCZ A-183) are known to be extant in collections. One of these (likely ANSP 14001) is probably the specimen illustrated in pl. 27 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A285334FFE9FB7B8F06FAA1D1FA" box="[1204,1288,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,194,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-19@30.[173,1415,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 10. Holbrook (1842e)’s illustration by J. Queen in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views, and specimen ANSP 14001 (c; dorsal view) of Triton niger (Green, 1818). This specimen bears an erroneous locality of “Penns.” in the ANSP catalog but is likely from the series that Holbrook notes he has collected in Georgia and “Carolina.” Ruler is in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534836" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534836/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In contrast, MCZ A-183 was donated to MCZ by Agassiz in 1854. A handwritten note from Barbour in the bottle notes that it was probably given to Agassiz by Holbrook. This must have occurred after the publication of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FB298FDEFE8AD18E" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">North American Herpetology</emphasis>
|
||||
during the former’s visits to the latter in Charleston, which started in 1847 after Agassiz’s arrival in the
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5334FFE9FF0D8F96FF4FD06A" box="[194,230,763,789]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">US</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FF3A8F96FE0FD06A" author="Anderson, W. D. Jr." box="[245,422,763,789]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" pagination="173 - 218" refId="ref28069" refString="Anderson, W. D. Jr. (2014) The plates in Holbrook's Ichthyology of South Carolina, 1860. aqua: International Journal of Ichthyology, 20 (4), 173 - 218." type="journal article" year="2014">Anderson 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Neither specimen is in good condition, although ANSP 14001 is severely degraded and was reported lost at one point (E. V. Malnate
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FD5D8E72FCB2D047" box="[658,795,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">pers. comm.</emphasis>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5334FFE9FCF38E72FC16D045" author="Adler, K." box="[828,959,799,826]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Regardless, both are confidently referred to Black-bellied Salamanders, though their actual collection data are unknown, and both bear erroneous localities: ANSP 14001 “Penns.” and MCZ A-183 “Charleston, S.C.” Consequently, it is unclear to which of the numerous candidate species either specimen belongs. This ambiguity has fortunately little nomenclatural relevance given our actions regarding the nomenclature of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FD888EC2FD09D0B7" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[583,672,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FD888EC2FD09D0B7" box="[583,672,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. nigra</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5334FFE9FD198EC2FC1DD0B6" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[726,948,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5334FFE9FD198EC2FC1DD0B6" box="[726,948,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see above).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
112
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142.xml
Normal file
112
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
|||
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|
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<mods:mods id="5E1AA7AEE9DFF45E3A20897AC402D66B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo id="B7309ED6AD0891C72329C6A38A8FB7F3">
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<mods:title id="83ADADF7BEB918BF1E6DB7F23DE850D0">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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|
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|
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|
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<mods:namePart id="D3370D8E23635C81AD16F6E0115D4649">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AC1536365470935522A04B8D76B622E0">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1DAF925BD7196FA6EF89DB56FF822034">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5336FFEBFF588DFAFE11D3CE" ID-CoL="D6GS" authority="Garden" authorityName="Garden" box="[151,440,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="means">
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5336FFEBFF588DFAFEC9D3CF" box="[151,352,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Amphiuma means</emphasis>
|
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Garden
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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<emphasis id="658CEABF5336FFEBFE708DFAFE7CD3CF" box="[447,469,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">in</emphasis>
|
||||
Smith, 1821
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FE265265336FFEBFF088DD6FD35D142" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="multiple">
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5336FFEBFF088DD6FE06D3AA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,431,187,213]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:89</bibRefCitation>
|
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, pl. 30) provided an in-depth account of the Two-toed
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5336FFEBFBEF8DD6FB08D3AA" box="[1056,1185,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Amphiuma</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, along with a life-like illustration by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5336FFEBFEF18DB2FDF4D386" box="[318,605,223,249]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Thomas M. Logan, M.D.</collectorName>
|
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="CFC32A285336FFEBFDA18DB2FD6BD386" box="[622,706,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="31.[151,250,2017,2041]" captionTargetBox="[275,1353,603,1986]" captionTargetId="figure-207@31.[231,1355,597,1994]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 11. Holbrook (1842e)’s illustration by Thomas M. Logan M.D. of Amphiuma means." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534840/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Holbrook presented a detailed account of its anatomy, as well as citing numerous other observations and descriptions of its habits from other authors. The MCZ catalog records
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD245336FFEBFF588C4AFEE2D23E" box="[151,331,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5336FFEBFE108C4AFDE3D23E" box="[479,586,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Holbrook</collectorName>
|
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in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5336FFEBFDA28C4AFCB1D23E" box="[621,792,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5336FFEBFD7A8C4AFCB1D23E" box="[693,792,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, donated by Agassiz on
|
||||
<date id="2346106D5336FFEBFBEA8C4AFB48D23E" box="[1061,1249,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" value="1862-10-19">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E9855336FFEBFBEA8C4AFB48D23E" box="[1061,1249,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" value="1862-10-19">19 October 1862</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<tableCitation id="1A7A03165336FFEBFB208C4AFAEBD23E" box="[1263,1346,295,321]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="32.[151,239,459,485]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="TABLE 1. Accession, allocation, locality, date, and disposition of 51 Holbrook-associated specimens extant in the ANSP, MCZ, and MNHN, along with six missing specimens and four specimens illustrated by Holbrook (1842e) from previous publications. Accession is the collection number, Allocation refers to the present-day taxonomy of the specimen, Locality is the verbatim locality from the museum catalog or reference in the case of secondary illustrations, Date are any data regarding dates of collection or deposit, and Disposition refers to our notes about the condition, whereabouts, or type status of the specimen." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/038766255309FFD4FF588CA6FB3CD12E" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" tableUuid="038766255309FFD4FF588CA6FB3CD12E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215336FFEBFA968C4AFA35D23E" box="[1369,1436,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">These</collectingCounty>
|
||||
were not present in the collection during our visit, and their location and disposition is unknown.
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75336FFEBFB388C26FA35D21A" box="[1271,1436,331,357]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Two Holbrook</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
specimens (ANSP 460–461) are extant in
|
||||
<location id="522760765336FFEBFDBD8C02FCA8D2F6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142:522760765336FFEBFDBD8C02FCA8D2F6" box="[626,769,367,393]" county="These" municipality="Two Holbrook" name="Philadelphia" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" stateProvince="South Carolina">Philadelphia</location>
|
||||
, which appear to be the specimens on which his account is based.
|
||||
<location id="522760765336FFEBFF288CFEFEBFD2D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142:522760765336FFEBFF288CFEFEBFD2D2" box="[231,278,403,429]" county="These" municipality="Two Holbrook" name="One" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" stateProvince="South Carolina">One</location>
|
||||
(ANSP 461) is completely dissected abdominally, though he did not report on his own observations of internal anatomy.
|
||||
<location id="522760765336FFEBFE4A8CDAFE18D2AE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142:522760765336FFEBFE4A8CDAFE18D2AE" box="[389,433,439,465]" county="These" municipality="Two Holbrook" name="The" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" stateProvince="South Carolina">The</location>
|
||||
other (ANSP 460) has a dissection of the lower jaw, facilitating his description of oral morphology.
|
||||
<location id="522760765336FFEBFEE48CB6FEF4D28A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142:522760765336FFEBFEE48CB6FEF4D28A" box="[299,349,475,501]" county="These" municipality="Two Holbrook" name="This" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" stateProvince="South Carolina">This</location>
|
||||
specimen roughly matches the measurements given in the account, as well as the proportions and orientation of
|
||||
<location id="522760765336FFEBFEFA8C92FE26D166" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142:522760765336FFEBFEFA8C92FE26D166" box="[309,399,511,537]" county="These" municipality="Two Holbrook" name="Logan's" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" stateProvince="South Carolina">Logan’s</location>
|
||||
drawing.
|
||||
<location id="522760765336FFEBFE308C92FD8DD166" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5336FFEBFF588DFAFD35D142:522760765336FFEBFE308C92FD8DD166" box="[511,548,511,537]" county="These" municipality="Two Holbrook" name="We" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" stateProvince="South Carolina">We</location>
|
||||
suggest that ANSP 460 is the specimen illustrated in pl. 30 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A285336FFEBFB078C92FAB3D166" box="[1224,1306,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,196,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-17@35.[151,1435,181,1462]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 12. A Holbrook specimen (ANSP 460) of Amphiuma means from “South Carolina” that matches the measurements, proportions, and approximate orientation of Holbrook (1842e)’s illustration by Thomas M. Logan M.D. (Fig. 11). Note the dissection of the lower jaw facilitating Holbrook’s description of oral morphology. Ruler closest to specimen is marked in cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534842/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
), which the ANSP catalog records from “
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5336FFEBFE128F4EFD26D142" box="[477,655,547,573]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5336FFEBFDE78F4EFD26D142" box="[552,655,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document>
|
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1130
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<mods:affiliation id="B8E3E0BA72CE3A1A5F4E8446652DF040">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF588E0AFCEFD0FE" blockId="23.[151,1437,870,1725]" box="[151,838,871,897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF588E0AFE5AD0FE" authority="De Kay" authorityName="De Kay" box="[151,499,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FF588E0AFE3CD0FE" box="[151,405,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Salamandra granulata</emphasis>
|
||||
De Kay
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FE358E0AFDB9D0FF" box="[506,528,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FDD88E0AFD53D0FE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[535,762,871,897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e:63</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 20
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526533EFFE3FC828E0AFB18D0FE" box="[845,1201,870,897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FC828E0AFB18D0FE" blockId="23.[151,1437,870,1725]" box="[845,1201,870,897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FCA98E0AFB03D0FE" authority="Green, 1827" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1827" box="[870,1194,870,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeffersoniana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FCA98E0AFBBFD0FE" box="[870,1046,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">S. jeffersoniana</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FBD28E0AFB03D0FE" author="Green, J." box="[1053,1194,870,897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526533EFFE3FF088EE6FB50D5C2" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF088EE6FAC8D672" blockId="23.[151,1437,870,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FF088EE6FE3AD0DA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,403,907,933]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
again described a salamander he had never seen, based on a description sent to him from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FF588EC2FEEBD0B6" author="De Kay, J. E." box="[151,322,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref29961" refString="De Kay, J. E. (1842) Zoology of New-York, or, The New-York Fauna: Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals Hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of those Occasionally Found Near its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations. Part III. Reptiles and Amphibia. W. & A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, 98 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13735" type="book" year="1842">De Kay (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, which is a junior subjective synonym of the Jefferson Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FB8D8EC2FADDD0B6" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1090,1396,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeffersonianum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FB8D8EC2FADDD0B6" box="[1090,1396,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Ambystoma jeffersonianum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) as designated by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FEF88EBEFE6CD091" author="Cope, E. D." box="[311,453,979,1006]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="166 - 211" refId="ref29807" refString="Cope, E. D. (1867) A review of the species of the Amblystomidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 19, 166 - 211." type="journal article" year="1867">Cope (1867)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Holbrook provided a crude illustration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A28533EFFE3FC478EBEFC62D092" box="[904,971,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1908,1932]" captionTargetBox="[170,1395,454,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-144@24.[151,1435,453,1885]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 7. Illustration by (a) J. W. Hill (De Kay 1842e) and J. H. Richard (Holbrook 1842e) in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views of the lectotype (USNM 3981) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality “from the northern districts of New York.” This specimen is the larger of the two in the lot, which is still extant at the NMNH (Fig. 8)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534827/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
) by J. H. Richard, which was copied from the original drawing by J. W. Hill from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FD868E9AFD40D76E" author="De Kay, J. E." box="[585,745,1015,1041]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref29961" refString="De Kay, J. E. (1842) Zoology of New-York, or, The New-York Fauna: Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals Hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of those Occasionally Found Near its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations. Part III. Reptiles and Amphibia. W. & A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, 98 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13735" type="book" year="1842">De Kay (1842</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: pl. 23, fig. 66). Amusingly, both credit authorship of the name to each other, leaving priority down to a historical investigation of publication sequences. While the exact publication dates of both works are unknown, evidence points towards
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FCF68952FBADD726" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[825,1028,1087,1113]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
appearing first, which
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FAC58952FA35D725" author="Adler, K." box="[1290,1436,1087,1114]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
suggested left Holbrook as the taxonomic authority. Beyond records suggesting different timeframes for printing, Holbrook’s account noted that he had never seen the animal, while De Kay stated that Holbrook had told him that he (Holbrook) had seen it in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FE1389C6FDDDD7BA" box="[476,628,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, suggesting that Holbrook’s description came first. However, given that Holbrook credited the name to De Kay, quoted part of De Kay’s description verbatim, and reproduced De Kay’s figure, we suggest that this name is best interpreted as having been authored by De Kay
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FBBC899EFB20D673" box="[1139,1161,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FB5F899EFAF4D672" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1168,1373,1267,1293]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF08887AFB50D5C2" blockId="23.[151,1437,870,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E21533EFFE3FF08887AFF5AD64E" box="[199,243,1303,1329]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">The</collectingCounty>
|
||||
actual identity of this species was of some dispute historically, though we suggest it can be allocated and is not a
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FF1A8856FE2BD62A" box="[213,386,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">nomen dubium.</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD7533EFFE3FE478856FE5AD62A" box="[392,499,1339,1365]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Holbrook</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
noted that it resembles
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FD328856FB2FD62A" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[765,1158,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glutinosa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FD328856FC5CD62A" box="[765,1013,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Salamandra glutinosa</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FC338856FB2FD62A" author="Green, J." box="[1020,1158,1339,1365]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FB698856FA3AD62A" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1190,1427,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glutinosus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FB698856FA3AD62A" box="[1190,1427,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Plethodon glutinosus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) save for its granulated skin, while
|
||||
<location id="52276076533EFFE3FDDF8832FDCCD606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE3FF588E0AFB50D5C2:52276076533EFFE3FDDF8832FDCCD606" box="[528,613,1375,1401]" county="The" municipality="Holbrook" name="De Kay" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" stateProvince="New York">De Kay</location>
|
||||
stated that it is allied to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FCA18832FB44D606" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[878,1261,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FCA18832FBF7D606" box="[878,1118,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Salamandra subfusca</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FBAB8832FB44D606" author="Green, J." box="[1124,1261,1375,1401]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FAC38832FF7CD6E2" baseAuthorityName="Sonnini de Manoncourt & Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Pseudotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FAC38832FF7CD6E2" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Pseudotriton ruber</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="52276076533EFFE3FF2088EEFEF1D6E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE3FF588E0AFB50D5C2:52276076533EFFE3FF2088EEFEF1D6E2" box="[239,344,1411,1437]" county="The" municipality="Holbrook" name="Crucially" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" stateProvince="New York">Crucially</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="52276076533EFFE3FEA988EEFE16D6E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE3FF588E0AFB50D5C2:52276076533EFFE3FEA988EEFE16D6E2" box="[358,447,1411,1437]" county="The" municipality="Holbrook" name="De Kay" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" stateProvince="New York">De Kay</location>
|
||||
noted that his specimens from “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533EFFE3FCFA88EEFC61D6E2" box="[821,968,1411,1437]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Dr. Emmons</collectorName>
|
||||
from the northern district of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FAD388EEFA3AD6E2" box="[1308,1427,1411,1437]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||||
” are in the “state collection.” These were apparently later transferred to the USNM and cataloged
|
||||
<date id="2346106D533EFFE3FB3B88CAFA35D6BE" box="[1268,1436,1446,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" value="1858-08-02">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E985533EFFE3FB3B88CAFA35D6BE" box="[1268,1436,1446,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" value="1858-08-02">2 August 1858</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
and were listed under USNM “3989” by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FDBD88A6FCA8D699" author="Cope, E. D." box="[626,769,1483,1510]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="166 - 211" refId="ref29807" refString="Cope, E. D. (1867) A review of the species of the Amblystomidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 19, 166 - 211." type="journal article" year="1867">Cope (1867)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
as the “(type of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FC0988A6FB16D69A" authority=", De Kay" authorityName="De Kay" box="[966,1215,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FC0988A6FBFAD69A" box="[966,1107,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">S. granulata</emphasis>
|
||||
, De Kay
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” received from the “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533EFFE3FF6D8882FEFAD576" box="[162,339,1519,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">N.Y. State Cab.</collectorName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<location id="52276076533EFFE3FEAB8882FE39D576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE3FF588E0AFB50D5C2:52276076533EFFE3FEAB8882FE39D576" box="[356,400,1519,1545]" county="The" municipality="Holbrook" name="The" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" stateProvince="New York">The</location>
|
||||
correct number is USNM 3981 (a lot of
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24533EFFE3FC978882FBABD576" box="[856,1026,1519,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24533EFFE3FBC28882FBDED576" box="[1037,1143,1519,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24533EFFE3FB4D8882FAA7D575" box="[1154,1294,1519,1546]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="juvenile">one juvenile</specimenCount>
|
||||
) as noted by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FF588B7EFEE3D551" author="Cochran, D. M." box="[151,330,1555,1582]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 291" refId="ref29637" refString="Cochran, D. M. (1961) Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 220, 1 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26967" type="journal article" year="1961">Cochran (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, who listed them as the “Cotypes?” of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FD318B7EFCA2D552" box="[766,779,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">“</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FCC58B7EFC54D552" authority="De Kay." authorityName="De Kay." box="[778,1021,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FCC58B7EFC3ED552" box="[778,919,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">S. granulata</emphasis>
|
||||
De Kay.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” These are the two primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533EFFE3FAF58B7EFA35D552" box="[1338,1436,1555,1581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF7A8B5AFE34D52E" authority="De Kay" authorityName="De Kay" box="[181,413,1591,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FF7A8B5AFE96D52E" box="[181,319,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">S. granulata</emphasis>
|
||||
De Kay
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FE6B8B5AFE13D52F" box="[420,442,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE0F8B5AFD2BD52E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[448,642,1591,1617]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FD438B5AFC96D52D" author="Cochran, D. M." box="[652,831,1591,1618]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 291" refId="ref29637" refString="Cochran, D. M. (1961) Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 220, 1 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26967" type="journal article" year="1961">Cochran (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FC858B5AFC4ED52D" author="Uzzell, T." box="[842,999,1591,1618]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref36118" refString="Uzzell, T. (1967) Ambystoma jeffersonianum. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 47, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Uzzell (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and our examination corroborates that these are, in fact,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FEA98B36FD08D50A" box="[358,673,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FEA98B36FD37D50A" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[358,670,1627,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeffersonianum">Ambystoma jeffersonianum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We designate the adult as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533EFFE3FBCC8B36FBC3D50A" box="[1027,1130,1627,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A28533EFFE3FBB38B36FB6BD50A" box="[1148,1218,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[168,1418,181,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-17@25.[168,1418,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 8. Lot (USNM 3981) containing the lectotype (larger specimen) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality “from the northern districts of New York,” in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen was illustrated (Fig. 7) in both Holbrook (1842e) and De Kay (1842). The smaller specimen, part of the original lot and described by De Kay (1842), thereby becomes a paralectotype. Images adapted courtesy of the NMNH. Ruler is marked in cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534830/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A third specimen of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF798B12FE86D5E7" baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[182,303,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FF798B12FE86D5E7" box="[182,303,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">A. opacum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was associated with the lot USNM 3981 at some point and was re-cataloged as USNM 39440 on
|
||||
<date id="2346106D533EFFE3FA4F8B12FE97D5C2" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" value="1910-02-19">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="3302E985533EFFE3FA4F8B12FE97D5C2" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" value="1910-02-19">19 February 1910</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
, but may not have been part of the original contents in the lot (
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533EFFE3FC308BCEFBF4D5C2" box="[1023,1117,1699,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">S. Gotte</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FBA78BCEFB58D5C3" box="[1128,1265,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">pers. comm.</emphasis>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
737
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A.xml
Normal file
737
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,737 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="C4CDF261E3F259ACDB0C250C2C4C609C">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
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|
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<mods:namePart id="79D0CE962695C2EE028DC8056DC16195">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7CD5D8EE5F1AF607C094052581295A14">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0911461EC56F71BC1E4003AF4C200FC2" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="9CD3E4E299B606C1994C9400FDE4BE8F">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="84FD04C9B7D78B1966E7653EDC549511">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526533EFFE3FF588B86FD56D47A" box="[151,767,1770,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF588B86FD56D47A" blockId="23.[151,1437,1770,2013]" box="[151,767,1770,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF588B86FD1AD47A" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e: 65" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,691,1770,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FF588B86FE60D47A" box="[151,457,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE1F8B86FD1AD47A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[464,691,1770,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e:65</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, pl. 21
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526533EFFE8FF088A62FEE8D47A" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFECFF088A62FC89D2D2" blockId="23.[151,1437,1770,2013]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FF088A62FE38D456" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,401,1807,1833]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described the Dwarf Salamander,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FCD98A62FBB4D456" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[790,1053,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FCD98A62FBB4D456" box="[790,1053,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Eurycea quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FB968A62FAB8D455" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[1113,1297,1807,1834]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), based on a series of specimens (primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533EFFE3FE118A5EFDEDD432" box="[478,580,1843,1869]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
), including some that he apparently collected himself in the “middle section” of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FF778A3AFECED40E" box="[184,359,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FECB8A3AFECED40E" box="[260,359,1879,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, others that were received from “
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533EFFE3FD248A3AFCDDD40E" box="[747,884,1879,1905]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Mr. Couper</collectorName>
|
||||
” (James Hamilton Couper, 1794–1866) and
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533EFFE3FAB68A3AFF40D4EA" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Dr. Harden</collectorName>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FEFB8A16FE27D4EA" box="[308,398,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(presumably from their homesteads; see below), and still others from unnamed collectors from unknown localities in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FE008AF2FD8DD4C6" box="[463,548,1951,1977]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FDE08AF2FD77D4C6" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[559,734,1950,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
later restricted the type locality to the “vicinity of Charleston,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533EFFE3FF588AAEFEEBD4A2" box="[151,322,1987,2013]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF108AAEFEEBD4A2" box="[223,322,1987,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
” without presenting further evidence. As noted elsewhere, Schmidt did this for many of Holbrook’s taxa based primarily on Holbrook’s residence in Charleston (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFC838DFAFC7BD3CD" author="Adler, K." box="[844,978,151,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Holbrook noted a modest resemblance of this new species to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFE678DD6FC3CD3AA" authority="Holbrook, 1838 a" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1838" box="[424,917,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttolineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFE678DD6FD6DD3AA" box="[424,708,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Salamandra guttolineata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFD1F8DD6FC3CD3AA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[720,917,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref32165" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 a) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 125 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook, 1838a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but elaborated that “it differs in many and important characters.” He further noted that it is “the only one of our Salamanders with which I am acquainted that has four fingers and four toes, and from this circumstance is its specific name derived.” This is remarkable given that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFEC08C4AFDC6D23E" authority="Temminck" authorityName="Temminck" box="[271,623,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFEC08C4AFE59D23F" box="[271,496,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Salamandra scutata</emphasis>
|
||||
Temminck
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFDB88C4AFD24D23F" box="[631,653,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFD5B8C4AFC43D23E" author="Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H." box="[660,1002,295,321]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref35962" refString="Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H. (1838) Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japonianum, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava Imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1823 - 1830 colleget, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustratis. Vol. 3. Chelonia, Ophidia, Sauria, Batrachia. J. G. Lalau, Leiden, 144 pp." type="book" year="1838">Temminck and Schlegel, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFC348C4AFA84D23F" box="[1019,1325,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
|
||||
=
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFBC58C4AFA80D23F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck in Temminck & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1034,1321,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hemidactylium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatum">Hemidactylium scutatum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
the Fourtoed Salamander) had been described four years earlier, and several specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFB8F8C26FB60D21B" baseAuthorityName="Temminck in Temminck & Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1088,1225,331,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hemidactylium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFB8F8C26FB60D21B" box="[1088,1225,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">H. scutatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in extant museum collections are attributed to Holbrook (ANSP 10590; MCZ A-1199, A-4400, and A-120827), though these likely post-date the publication of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFE1E8CFEFCB0D2D2" box="[465,793,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
|
||||
<location id="522760765331FFECFE1E8CFEFCB0D2D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765331FFECFE1E8CFEFCB0D2D2" box="[465,793,403,429]" name="North American Herpetology" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" stateProvince="South Carolina">North American Herpetology</location>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="038766255331FFECFF588A19FB62D4AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534827/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" startId="24.[151,250,1908,1932]" targetBox="[170,1395,454,1863]" targetPageId="24">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5331FFECFF588A19FB62D4AA" blockId="24.[151,1436,1908,2005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFF588A19FEBBD4F2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1908,1933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
Illustration by (a) J. W. Hill (De Kay 1842e) and J. H. Richard (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFC5B8A18FB95D4F2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[916,1084,1909,1933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views of the lectotype (USNM 3981) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5331FFECFE3F8AF4FC83D4CE" authority="De Kay" authorityName="De Kay" box="[496,810,1945,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFE3F8AF4FD7FD4CE" box="[496,726,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Salamandra granulata</emphasis>
|
||||
De Kay
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5331FFECFCFE8AF4FCECD4CF" box="[817,837,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5331FFECFC848AF4FC50D4CE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[843,1017,1945,1969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, type locality “from the northern districts of New York.” This specimen is the larger of the two in the lot, which is still extant at the NMNH (Fig. 8).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="038766255330FFEDFF588A01FB6AD48F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534830" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534830/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" startId="25.[151,250,1900,1924]" targetBox="[168,1418,181,1876]" targetPageId="25">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5330FFEDFF588A01FB6AD48F" blockId="25.[151,1437,1900,2033]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5330FFEDFF588A01FEBFD4FB" bold="true" box="[151,278,1900,1924]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
Lot (USNM 3981) containing the lectotype (larger specimen) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5330FFEDFC048A01FAA7D4FA" authority="De Kay" authorityName="De Kay" box="[971,1294,1900,1925]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5330FFEDFC048A01FB1DD4FB" box="[971,1204,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Salamandra granulata</emphasis>
|
||||
De Kay
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5330FFEDFAD78A00FA85D4FB" box="[1304,1324,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">in</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFAFA8A01FF7ED4D7" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, type locality “from the northern districts of New York,” in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen was illustrated (Fig. 7) in both
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFEF68AD9FE46D4B3" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[313,495,1972,1996]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFDED8AD8FD17D4B3" author="De Kay, J. E." box="[546,702,1972,1997]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref29961" refString="De Kay, J. E. (1842) Zoology of New-York, or, The New-York Fauna: Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals Hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of those Occasionally Found Near its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations. Part III. Reptiles and Amphibia. W. & A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, 98 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13735" type="book" year="1842">De Kay (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. The smaller specimen, part of the original lot and described by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5330FFEDFA818AD8FF74D48F" author="De Kay, J. E." pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refId="ref29961" refString="De Kay, J. E. (1842) Zoology of New-York, or, The New-York Fauna: Comprising Detailed Descriptions of All the Animals Hitherto Observed within the State of New-York, with Brief Notices of those Occasionally Found Near its Borders, and Accompanied by Appropriate Illustrations. Part III. Reptiles and Amphibia. W. & A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, 98 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13735" type="book" year="1842">De Kay (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, thereby becomes a paralectotype. Images adapted courtesy of the NMNH. Ruler is marked in cm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="038766255333FFEEFF588A2FFD11D495" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534834/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" startId="26.[151,250,1858,1882]" targetBox="[203,1384,181,1835]" targetPageId="26">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5333FFEEFF588A2FFD11D495" blockId="26.[151,1437,1858,2027]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5333FFEEFF588A2FFEBAD424" bold="true" box="[151,275,1858,1883]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
Lectotype (ANSP 490) of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5333FFEEFDEC8A2EFC45D424" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[547,1004,1859,1883]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5333FFEEFDEC8A2EFC9ED424" box="[547,823,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFCF18A2EFC45D424" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[830,1004,1859,1883]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, type locality in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. The remaining primary syntypes, of unknown number and disposition, thereby become paralectotypes. This specimen was erroneously considered the holotype by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFDFD8AE6FD41D4DC" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[562,744,1931,1955]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFD3C8AE6FC3DD4DC" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[755,916,1931,1955]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5333FFEEFC058AE6FB20D4DC" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[970,1161,1931,1955]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5333FFEEFBC68AE6FB94D4DC" box="[1033,1085,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, who declared it destroyed and designated a neotype (UF 178833), which we reverse here. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label, but it appears modern and may be Malnate. Ruler is in mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088DFAFB78D28A" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF088DFAFE9BD3CE" box="[199,306,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Holbrook</collectorName>
|
||||
described only a single individual, presumably that illustrated in pl. 21 by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFB718DFAFA80D3CE" box="[1214,1321,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">J. Queen</collectorName>
|
||||
, which is nevertheless still a primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFE148DD6FD9BD3AA" box="[475,562,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
rather than the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD3F8DD6FCFCD3AA" box="[752,853,187,213]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, since reference is made to multiple specimens in
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF588DB2FEBCD386" box="[151,277,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Holbrook’s</collectorName>
|
||||
possession.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFE6D8DB2FE7DD386" box="[418,468,223,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">This</collectorName>
|
||||
specimen (ANSP 490) is extant and was incorrectly regarded as the “type” by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA828DB2FEF4D262" author="Fowler, H. W. & Dunn, E. R." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="7 - 28" refId="ref30622" refString="Fowler, H. W. & Dunn, E. R. (1917) Notes on Salamanders. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 69, 7 - 28." type="journal article" year="1917">Fowler and Dunn (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE558C6EFD99D261" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[410,560,259,286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and the “
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD678C6EFCA6D262" box="[680,783,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
” by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFC858C6EFBBFD261" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[842,1046,259,286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFBEA8C6EFB71D262" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[1061,1240,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFAD68C6EFF4CD23E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFAAE8C6EFA34D262" box="[1377,1437,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF3E8C4AFECDD23E" box="[241,356,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Erroneous</collectorName>
|
||||
reference to ANSP 490 as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD098C4AFC81D23E" box="[710,808,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
does not constitute a valid
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFBAB8C4AFB62D23E" box="[1124,1227,295,321]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
designation under
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFF588C26FF4CD21A" box="[151,229,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Article</collectorName>
|
||||
74.5 or 74.7.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE4D8C26FDF8D21A" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[386,593,331,357]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE088C26FE56D21A" box="[455,511,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
then declared ANSP 490 “destroyed” and designated UF 178833 (field tag KW0004) as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFE9D8C02FE07D2F6" box="[338,430,367,393]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. We provide evidence that this designation did not fulfill the necessary criteria of the Code, and that ANSP 490 is extant, in good condition, can reliably be demonstrated to be a primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFB628CFEFAA1D2D2" box="[1197,1288,403,429]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFA8B8CFEFA34D2D2" box="[1348,1437,403,429]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
designation of UF178833 is consequently invalid under Article 75, and we hereby reverse it and designate ANSP 490 as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFEDF8CB6FEDED28A" box="[272,375,475,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFE538CB6FC3FD28A" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[412,918,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE538CB6FD67D28A" box="[412,718,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD1B8CB6FC3FD28A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[724,918,475,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Our evidence is as follows.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088C92FC47D046" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
First, Article 75.1 states that “A
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFDE08C92FD21D166" box="[559,648,511,537]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is the name-bearing type of a nominal species-group taxon designated under conditions specified in this Article when no name-bearing type specimen (i.e.
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFB928F4EFB6BD142" box="[1117,1218,547,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFB008F4EFA90D142" box="[1231,1337,547,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFA8A8F4EFA35D142" box="[1349,1436,547,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
or prior
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFF398F2AFEF9D11E" box="[246,336,583,609]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) is believed to be extant and an author considers that a name-bearing type is necessary to define the nominal taxon objectively.” However, a putative name-bearing type was known to be extant at the time, and all four four-toed “dwarf” salamander species in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFD5E8FE2FCE2D1D6" box="[657,843,655,681]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Florida, Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFC4E8FE2FC4FD1D6" box="[897,998,655,681]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||||
were objectively well-defined by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA908FE2FE8DD1B2" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFF588FDEFF78D1B2" box="[151,209,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
even without the existence of a type specimen for
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFCA38FDEFBD5D1B2" box="[876,1148,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFCA38FDEFBDED1B2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[876,1143,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">Eurycea quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
There was no taxonomic dispute as to which of the four species-level genetic lineages this name applied, and there was therefore no objective need for a
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFEDC8F96FEC5D06A" box="[275,364,763,789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
designation. The description by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD2E8F96FC05D06A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[737,940,763,789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
contained not only diagnostic color-pattern characteristics, but also specific attributes of the illustrated primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFC5F8E72FC42D046" box="[912,1003,799,825]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088E2EFD41D7BA" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
Specifically,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE978E2EFD89D022" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[344,544,835,861]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
gave the measurements of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFCBA8E2EFC65D022" box="[885,972,835,861]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
as “Length of head, 4 lines [
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFACA8E2EFA2ED022" box="[1285,1415,835,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="0.33">0.33 inches</quantity>
|
||||
=
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFF588E0BFF45D0FE" box="[151,236,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5mm</quantity>
|
||||
]; length of body,
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE688E0AFE42D0FE" box="[423,491,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="1.0">1 inch</quantity>
|
||||
[
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE388E0BFDF5D0FE" box="[503,604,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="25.4">25.4mm</quantity>
|
||||
]; length of tail,
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFCCA8E0AFCC9D0FE" box="[773,864,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="2.0">2 inches</quantity>
|
||||
[
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFCA38E0BFC7BD0FE" box="[876,978,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="50.8">50.8mm</quantity>
|
||||
]: total length,
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFBA48E0AFB6ED0FE" box="[1131,1223,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="3.0">3 inches</quantity>
|
||||
4 lines [
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFAEF8E0BFA21D0FE" box="[1312,1416,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.47" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="84.7">84.7mm</quantity>
|
||||
].” While the tail of ANSP 490 is broken off (apparently after preservation given the jagged or ragged edges around the break;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A285332FFEFFF2A8EC2FE83D0B6" box="[229,298,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,181,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-19@26.[203,1384,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Lectotype (ANSP 490) of Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook, 1842e, type locality in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. The remaining primary syntypes, of unknown number and disposition, thereby become paralectotypes. This specimen was erroneously considered the holotype by Mittleman (1967), Malnate (1971), and Wray et al. (2017), who declared it destroyed and designated a neotype (UF 178833), which we reverse here. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label, but it appears modern and may be Malnate. Ruler is in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534834/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||||
), our measurements of the specimen match Holbrook’s almost exactly, with a head length of
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFA818EC3FA35D0B6" box="[1358,1436,942,969]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5mm</quantity>
|
||||
and a body length of
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE448EBFFE41D092" box="[395,488,978,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="25.4">25.4mm</quantity>
|
||||
(SVL=33.9) occurring essentially in the middle of any reasonable range of starting and ending points for taking those measurements on the specimen. Furthermore, some authors have described the specimen as “partially dissected” (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFDEF8976FD72D74A" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[544,731,1051,1077]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref34110" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1967) Manculus and M. quadridigitatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 44, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1967">Mittleman 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; repeated by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFCBA8976FB92D74A" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[885,1083,1051,1077]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC748976FC5CD74A" box="[955,1013,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Examination of the specimen does not reveal an abdominal dissection as might ordinarily be assumed from the wording, but rather incisions at the jaw commissures allowing the dentary to be retracted to examine the maxilla, palate, and lingual apparatus. Indeed,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF3E89EAFE12D7DE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[241,443,1159,1185]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
gave a detailed description of these structures, which could only have been allowed by a microscopic examination of this style of preparation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF0889A2FDDFD69A" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF0889A2FE09D796" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[199,416,1231,1257]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFEC089A2FEE2D796" box="[271,331,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
disputed the type status of ANSP 490 because it was not explicitly designated as such by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF71899EFE24D672" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[190,397,1267,1293]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, and was only cataloged later under a different genus (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFBD8899EFAB0D671" authority="Cope, 1869" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[1047,1305,1267,1294]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Manculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFBD8899EFB2CD672" box="[1047,1157,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Manculus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFB5F899EFAB0D671" author="Cope, E. D." box="[1168,1305,1267,1294]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="93 - 118" refId="ref29689" refString="Cope, E. D. (1869) A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 21, 93 - 118." type="journal article" year="1869">Cope, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). However, numerically cataloging specimens was not common practice in Holbrook’s time, and very few of his types were deposited prior to publication (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFDF88856FD17D62A" author="Adler, K." box="[567,702,1339,1365]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD008856FC6ED62A" author="Burbrink, F. T. & Pyron, R. A. & Gehara, M. C. & Mckelvy, A. D. & Myers, E. A." box="[719,967,1339,1365]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="537 - 547" refId="ref29310" refString="Burbrink, F. T., Pyron, R. A., Gehara, M. C., Mckelvy, A. D. & Myers, E. A. (2021) The corrected taxonomic history of the North American ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus complex). Herpetological Review, 53, 537 - 547." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Burbrink
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC8E8856FCD7D62A" box="[833,894,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Later accessioning by a worker using prevailing nomenclature is not evidence against the type status of the specimen, particularly when it can be linked to the original description by historical tradition and the documentary evidence of physical characteristics. Thus, we reliably conclude that ANSP 490 is indeed a primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD3F88CAFCEED6BE" box="[752,839,1447,1473]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFCA188CAFAC1D6BE" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[878,1384,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFCA188CAFB09D6BE" box="[878,1184,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFB6888CAFAC1D6BE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1191,1384,1447,1473]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and presumably the specimen figured in pl. 21.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFEFFF088882FC2CD456" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFF088882FE33D576" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[199,410,1519,1545]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFEC28882FEEED576" box="[269,327,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also suggested that a
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD598882FD46D576" box="[662,751,1519,1545]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is necessary to clarify potential taxonomic ambiguity in the allocation of the name
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFE5B8B7EFC2ED552" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[404,903,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE5B8B7EFD6CD552" box="[404,709,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFD058B7EFC2ED552" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[714,903,1555,1581]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to the two parapatric species occurring in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFA948B7EFF53D52E" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFF588B5AFF53D52E" box="[151,250,1591,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and the three other species distributed parapatrically to the west from the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFB988B5AFB01D52E" box="[1111,1192,1591,1617]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Panhandle to eastern
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFF588B36FEA0D50A" box="[151,265,1627,1653]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
. However, Holbrook’s description is thorough, and contained the diagnostic character of “abdomen is bluish silvery-white” which distinguishes it from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFD008B12FB7FD5E6" authority="Harrison and Guttman, 2003" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[719,1238,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFD008B12FC2CD5E6" box="[719,901,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFC408B12FB7FD5E6" author="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I." box="[911,1238,1663,1689]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="159 - 178" refId="ref31850" refString="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I. (2003) A new species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist, 2, 159 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 1528 - 7092 (2003) 002 [0159: ANSOEC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">Harrison and Guttman, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with a yellowish venter. These are the “dark” and “light” morphs originally noted by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFC7E8BCEFBD5D5C2" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[945,1148,1699,1725]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="209 - 224" refId="ref34027" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1947) American Caudata. I. Geographic Variation in Manculus quadridigitatus. Herpetologica, 3, 209 - 224." type="journal article" year="1947">Mittleman (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, in part. Furthermore,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFA4B8BCEFE85D59E" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA4B8BCEFE85D59E" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
typically has 17 vertebrae and costal grooves while
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFC5C8BAAFBF1D59E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[915,1112,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC5C8BAAFBF1D59E" box="[915,1112,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has 19, and previous X-ray photographs of ANSP 490 revealed 19 apparent vertebrae (
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5332FFEFFCEB8B86FC0AD47A" box="[804,931,1771,1797]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">R. Highton</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC628B86FB9DD47B" box="[941,1076,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">pers. comm.</emphasis>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFB998B86FA38D47A" author="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I." box="[1110,1425,1771,1797]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="159 - 178" refId="ref31850" refString="Harrison, J. R. & Guttman, S. I. (2003) A new species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist, 2, 159 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 1528 - 7092 (2003) 002 [0159: ANSOEC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">Harrison and Guttman 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Our count of the specimen also reveals 19 apparent costal grooves.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5332FFE8FF088A5EFD93D3AA" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
The measurements of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFE298A5EFD94D432" box="[486,573,1843,1869]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
also distinguish it from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFC848A5EFC56D432" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[843,1023,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFC848A5EFC56D432" box="[843,1023,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the smaller
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFB798A5EFF66D40E" authority="Wray et al., 2017" authorityName="Wray" authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hillisi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFB798A5EFABDD432" box="[1206,1300,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. hillisi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFAD58A5EFF66D40E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA918A5EFA3FD432" box="[1374,1430,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFEC88A3AFDD4D40E" authority="Wray et al., 2017" authorityName="Wray" authorityYear="2017" box="[263,637,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFEC88A3AFE19D40E" box="[263,432,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. sphagnicola</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFE778A3AFDD4D40E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[440,637,1879,1905]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFE328A3AFD9FD40E" box="[509,566,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. These are the other species of four-toed “dwarf” salamander that also occur in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFF358A16FEE7D4EA" box="[250,334,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFE958A16FE1ED4EA" box="[346,439,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5332FFEFFE3D8A16FD33D4EA" box="[498,666,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFDF58A16FD33D4EA" box="[570,666,1915,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
with which
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFCE78A16FC40D4EA" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[808,1001,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFCE78A16FC40D4EA" box="[808,1001,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
could potentially be confused
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA8C8A16FEAFD4C6" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA478A16FF1DD4C6" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Using Holbrook’s measurements of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5332FFEFFD1B8AF2FC82D4C6" box="[724,811,1951,1977]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
compared to the morphometric analysis given by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5332FFEFFA908AF2FE8AD4A2" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="27" pageNumber="178" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFF588AAEFF66D4A2" box="[151,207,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, an SVL of
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485332FFEFFE668AAEFDACD4A2" box="[425,517,1987,2013]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3899999999999997" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="33.9">33.9mm</quantity>
|
||||
is slightly larger than the range of 20.8–33.8 given for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5332FFEFFBBF8AAEFA98D4A2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[1136,1329,1987,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFBBF8AAEFA98D4A2" box="[1136,1329,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5332FFEFFA8E8AAEFACBD4A3" box="[1345,1378,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">n=</emphasis>
|
||||
136), but significantly outside the ranges of 18.0–29.5 for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD3B8DFAFCFCD3CE" box="[756,853,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hillisi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FD3B8DFAFCFCD3CE" box="[756,853,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. hillisi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FCA78DFAFC21D3CF" box="[872,904,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n=</emphasis>
|
||||
20), 16.4–25.7 for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FBAE8DFAFAA2D3CE" box="[1121,1291,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FBAE8DFAFAA2D3CE" box="[1121,1291,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. sphagnicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FAD28DFAFA97D3CF" box="[1309,1342,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n=</emphasis>
|
||||
36), and 22.6–32.3 for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEF98DD6FE43D3AA" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[310,490,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEF98DD6FE43D3AA" box="[310,490,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE348DD6FDB2D3AB" box="[507,539,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n=</emphasis>
|
||||
7).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088DB2FECED166" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
Only
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEC88DB2FD0CD386" authority="Mittleman, 1947" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" box="[263,677,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEC88DB2FE4AD386" box="[263,483,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Eurycea paludicola</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FE258DB2FD0CD386" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[490,677,223,249]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="209 - 224" refId="ref34027" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1947) American Caudata. I. Geographic Variation in Manculus quadridigitatus. Herpetologica, 3, 209 - 224." type="journal article" year="1947">Mittleman, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
found west of the Pascagoula River in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FBAF8DB2FB49D386" box="[1120,1248,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||||
also obtains this size;
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B485335FFE8FF1D8C6EFEC7D262" box="[210,366,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.975" metricValueMax="3.72" metricValueMin="2.23" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="29.75" valueMax="37.2" valueMin="22.3">22.3–37.2mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEB18C6EFE25D263" box="[382,396,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">n</emphasis>
|
||||
=20).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FE008C6EFD37D262" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[463,670,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FDDB8C6EFDE4D262" box="[532,589,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
noted several morphometric ratios that can discriminate between
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FA4B8C6EFEA6D23E" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FA4B8C6EFEA6D23E" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. paludicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE878C4AFDB8D23E" box="[328,529,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FE878C4AFDA7D23E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[328,526,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
but these were not given by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC928C4AFB81D23E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[861,1064,295,321]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and we therefore do not attempt to calculate them here. However, while the two species may occur parapatrically in southeastern
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FB138C26FAE3D21A" box="[1244,1354,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FA968C26FEC9D2F6" author="Lamb, T. & Beamer, D. A." pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="37544" refId="ref33321" refString="Lamb, T. & Beamer, D. A. (2012) Digits lost or gained? Evidence for pedal evolution in the Dwarf Salamander complex (Eurycea, Plethodontidae). PLoS ONE, 7, e 37544. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037544" type="journal article" year="2012">Lamb and Beamer 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), this is outside the original areas given by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC8E8C02FBA3D2F6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[833,1034,367,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
which contain only the four species listed above. Thus,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEB68CFEFDBAD2D2" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" box="[377,531,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEB68CFEFDBAD2D2" box="[377,531,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. paludicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not relevant to any taxonomic ambiguity in the nomenclatural allocation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FF588CDAFD23D2AE" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,650,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF588CDAFE61D2AE" box="[151,456,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FE018CDAFD23D2AE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[462,650,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Rather, the data given by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC7E8CDAFBD0D2AE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[945,1145,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
in the original description are sufficient to distinguish
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FE168CB6FD35D28A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[473,668,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE168CB6FD35D28A" box="[473,668,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from all other similar or related species in its geographic range as originally defined.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088F4EFAEFD06A" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
Of the calculable ratios used by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FDE48F4EFD50D142" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[555,761,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FDA18F4EFD0FD142" box="[622,678,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, values of SVL/total length (33.9/84.7=40%) and tail length/ total length (50.8/84.7=60%) for the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FDF68F2AFD39D11E" box="[569,656,583,609]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
are inconclusive, occurring within the ranges given for all 5 species. Finally, the value for head length/SVL (8.5/33.9=25%) dramatically exceeds the range given for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FB298F06FA35D1FA" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1254,1436,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FB298F06FA35D1FA" box="[1254,1436,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(18.0–21.7), while also modestly exceeding those for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD208FE2FC06D1D6" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[751,943,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FD208FE2FC06D1D6" box="[751,943,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(15.4–24.4),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FB898FE2FB74D1D6" authorityName="Mittleman" authorityYear="1947" box="[1094,1245,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paludicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FB898FE2FB74D1D6" box="[1094,1245,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. paludicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(17.3–24.7), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FF588FDEFF5FD1B2" box="[151,246,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hillisi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF588FDEFF5FD1B2" box="[151,246,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. hillisi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(18.9–24.4), matching only that given for the much smaller
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FC5B8FDEFB92D1B2" box="[916,1083,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC5B8FDEFB92D1B2" box="[916,1083,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">E. sphagnicola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(20.0–28.7). We do not attempt to re-measure the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FE938FBAFE1AD18E" box="[348,435,727,753]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
here for these or other critical variables, but nevertheless conclude that it is clearly a rather large adult, female
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEA08F96FD9FD06A" box="[367,566,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FEA08F96FD9AD06A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[367,563,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and that Holbrook’s description unambiguously refers to this species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088E72FB96D74A" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
Second, Article 75.3 lays out 7 qualifying conditions for a
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FC8E8E72FC34D046" box="[833,925,799,825]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, of which 75.3.4 requires “the author’s reasons for believing the name-bearing type specimen(s) (i.e.
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FD218E2EFCFAD022" box="[750,851,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, or
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCB38E2EFC4FD022" box="[892,998,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, or all
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FBFE8E2EFB3FD022" box="[1073,1174,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
, or prior
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FB338E2EFAFFD022" box="[1276,1366,835,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) to be lost or destroyed, and the steps that had been taken to trace it or them.”
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC618E0AFBD0D0FE" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[942,1145,871,897]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC3E8E0AFB80D0FE" box="[1009,1065,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stated that “this specimen [ANSP 490] is in very poor shape, partially dissected, and essentially destroyed,” but did not examine it personally and instead relied on published or secondhand accounts. On the contrary, it is clearly extant and in fairly good shape for a 180-year-old specimen. The documentary evidence provided above (including the dissection damage and morphometric data) allow it to be unambiguously assigned to both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FCB18E9AFB2AD76E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[894,1155,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FCB18E9AFB2AD76E" box="[894,1155,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Eurycea quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as defined by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FAED8E9AFF4BD74A" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FAAA8E9AFA34D76E" box="[1381,1437,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and the original description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD8E8976FB95D74A" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[577,1084,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FD8E8976FCDAD74A" box="[577,883,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FCB58976FB95D74A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[890,1084,1051,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF088952FD3ED6BE" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FF088952FEA1D726" box="[199,264,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Third</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FEDC8952FEC8D726" box="[275,353,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Article</collectorName>
|
||||
75.3.6 requires “evidence that the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FD208952FCE1D726" box="[751,840,1087,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
came as nearly as practicable from the original type locality.”
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FECF890EFE6CD702" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[256,453,1123,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FE8E890EFEDFD702" box="[321,374,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
restated the range of localities given by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FCBD890EFB91D702" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[882,1080,1123,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FBA7890EFAB1D702" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1128,1304,1122,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s restriction but did not examine potential sites.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FDE189EAFD27D7DE" box="[558,654,1159,1185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Whether</collectorName>
|
||||
ANSP 490 was collected by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FC1289EAFBE1D7DE" box="[989,1096,1159,1185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Holbrook</collectorName>
|
||||
himself in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FB0489EAFAD1D7DE" box="[1227,1400,1159,1185]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FADA89EAFAD1D7DE" box="[1301,1400,1159,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, or was received from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FEBD89C6FE6AD7BA" box="[370,451,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
or
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FE2389C6FDE0D7BA" box="[492,585,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, remains unclear.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FCD789C6FC29D7BA" box="[792,896,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">However</collectorName>
|
||||
, the specimens from
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FBBA89C6FB6ED7BA" box="[1141,1223,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Couper</collectorName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FACE89C6FAFAD7BA" box="[1281,1363,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Harden</collectorName>
|
||||
likely originated from their plantations at Hopeton-On-The-Altamaha (GA:
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FC6089A2FC51D796" box="[943,1016,1231,1257]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Glynn</collectorName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FBCA89A2FBFCD796" box="[1029,1109,1231,1257]" degrees="31.308" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="31.308">31.308</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FBAD89A2FB13D795" box="[1122,1210,1231,1258]" degrees="81.460" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="-81.46">-81.460</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FB3489A2FA35D796" box="[1275,1436,1231,1257]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Woodmanston</collectorName>
|
||||
(GA:
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FF15899EFE99D672" box="[218,304,1267,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Liberty</collectorName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FEF2899EFE24D672" box="[317,397,1267,1293]" degrees="31.701" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="31.701">31.701</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A5335FFE8FE55899FFE5BD672" box="[410,498,1266,1293]" degrees="81.475" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" precision="55" value="-81.475">-81.475</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
) from which they sent
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75335FFE8FCCF899EFCC2D672" box="[768,875,1267,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Holbrook</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
specimens (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FBE7899EFB7BD672" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[1064,1234,1267,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="447 - 458" refId="ref35801" refString="Stephens, L. D. (1997) John Edwards Holbrook (1794 - 1871) and Lewis Reeve Gibbes (1810 - 1894): exemplary naturalists in the Old South. In: Pietsch, T. W. & Anderson, W. D. (Eds.), Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology, Special Publication No. 3. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 447 - 458." type="book chapter" year="1997">Stephens 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FB27899EFAF8D672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FB27899EFAF8D672" box="[1256,1361,1267,1293]" county="Leon County" latitude="31.701" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.475" municipality="Holbrook" name="Similarly" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" stateProvince="South Carolina">Similarly</location>
|
||||
, while
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FF58887AFED9D64E" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[151,368,1303,1329]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF10887AFEB2D64E" box="[223,283,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
noted that “the middle section” of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FCDE887AFC14D64E" box="[785,957,1303,1329]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FC92887AFC14D64E" box="[861,957,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
contains both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FBA3887AFAC0D64E" authorityName="Harrison and Guttman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1132,1385,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chamberlaini">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FBA3887AFAC0D64E" box="[1132,1385,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Eurycea chamberlaini</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FF588856FEC8D62A" box="[151,353,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FF588856FEF7D62A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,350,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
the “vicinity of Charleston,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FD628856FCF2D62A" box="[685,859,1339,1365]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
South
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FD378856FCF2D62A" box="[760,859,1339,1365]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</collectingRegion>
|
||||
” as restricted by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FBE88856FB71D62A" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1063,1240,1338,1365]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
contains only
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FA4B8856FEE9D606" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FA4B8856FE95D606" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">E. quadridigitata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
with numerous recent localities based on
|
||||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FCC68832FCC9D606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FCC68832FCC9D606" box="[777,864,1375,1401]" county="Leon County" latitude="31.701" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.475" municipality="Holbrook" name="VertNet" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" stateProvince="South Carolina">VertNet</location>
|
||||
and iNaturalist records.
|
||||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FBA38832FB2AD606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FBA38832FB2AD606" box="[1132,1155,1375,1401]" county="Leon County" latitude="31.701" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.475" municipality="Holbrook" name="In" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" stateProvince="South Carolina">In</location>
|
||||
contrast, while
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FAFE8832FF47D6E2" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported receiving specimens from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FD4B88EEFD71D6E2" box="[644,728,1411,1437]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, it is unclear that
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FC6F88EEFBDDD6E2" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[928,1140,1411,1437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC2A88EEFBB7D6E2" box="[997,1054,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
’s
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FB4588EEFB4AD6E2" box="[1162,1251,1411,1437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality in
|
||||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E215335FFE8FAAC88EEFF42D6BE" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Leon County</collectingCounty>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F5335FFE8FF3988CAFEEED6BE" box="[246,327,1447,1473]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||||
was considered by Holbrook.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD5335FFE8FF0888A6FEE8D47A" blockId="28.[151,1437,150,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
We provide strong supporting evidence that the specimen ANSP 490, regarded as a type for at least 100 years prior to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FF3D8882FE68D576" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[242,449,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Wray
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FEF98882FEC6D576" box="[310,367,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2017)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
is, in fact, an original primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCEF8882FCDED576" box="[800,887,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FC528882FA3CD576" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[925,1429,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FC528882FB79D576" box="[925,1232,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FB188882FA3CD576" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1239,1429,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Article 75.8 provides that “if, after the designation of a
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCC28B7EFCC0D552" box="[781,873,1555,1581]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, the name-bearing type ... of the nominal speciesgroup taxon that was ... presumed lost is ... found still to exist, on publication of that discovery the rediscovered material again becomes the name-bearing type and the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCCC8B36FCF5D50A" box="[771,860,1627,1653]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is set aside.” Thus, we conclude that UF 178833 is to be set aside as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FE448B12FE4ED5E6" box="[395,487,1663,1689]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, and ANSP 490 again becomes a name-bearing type, of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5335FFE8FBA68B12FEF2D5C2" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5335FFE8FBA68B12FA35D5E6" box="[1129,1436,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Salamandra quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FF588BCEFEF2D5C2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[151,347,1699,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with the type locality “vicinity of
|
||||
<location id="522760765335FFE8FD3C8BCEFCC6D5C2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533EFFE8FF588B86FEE8D47A:522760765335FFE8FD3C8BCEFCC6D5C2" box="[755,879,1699,1725]" municipality="South Carolina'" name="Charleston" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Charleston</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD75335FFE8FCB38BCEFB9BD5C2" box="[892,1074,1699,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">South Carolina’</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
’ following
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5335FFE8FB798BCEFAC2D5C2" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1206,1387,1698,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5335FFE8FAB78BCEFA34D5C2" box="[1400,1437,1699,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">We</collectorName>
|
||||
hereby designate it the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FE5B8BAAFE57D59E" box="[404,510,1735,1761]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, rendering the other primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FCF38BAAFC37D59E" box="[828,926,1735,1761]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
of unknown number, locality, and disposition,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5335FFE8FF588B86FE95D47A" box="[151,316,1771,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
123
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB533FFFE2FF588954FE51D558.xml
Normal file
123
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB533FFFE2FF588954FE51D558.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
|
|||
<document id="AC301B16E21BA9D185A0C36991F0138B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534805" ID-ZooBank="3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1652171733176" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pyron, R. Alexander & Beamer, David A." docDate="2022" docId="DF5187BB533FFFE2FF588954FE51D558" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5134.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5134 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Salamandra rubra Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="2368FFC35329FFF4FFCF8D6DFFA9D37F" masterDocTitle="A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology" masterLastPageNumber="196" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="173" updateTime="1734705238574" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="00FBECAA268651B0BFAA7268C03339EA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo id="ADB5717D546605CD117B560B71386DC2">
|
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<mods:title id="D1FD19CF568206ECDF5146AE464C5FBA">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name id="E93ECC79A15B62642F9A772C6D49289D" type="personal">
|
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<mods:role id="2B9853EDED10591410C8C95F5683E3EB">
|
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<mods:roleTerm id="EC31BB739C4D178938771E8817A380F8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="9AD2B0BD547C5B64AEF1AE3FC1B6CE4D">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1B0BB511D1C74B62EA6D59DA9B2DC05F" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2524-1794</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="7751489C0FA1589C1594057CE09459B2">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="92B941B274E378DC5D193B2B694167FE" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
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</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name id="605C3106D0B66B1E0887BF9D4F3C7F09" type="personal">
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|
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</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="1E3186A2DC6F010E5EFA87CF87C31A54">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="EC4E54E9C1B63B166EAB15C14D8DB811">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AD672DC99A21F345A0E02A40D21A5002">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="52A0079AB973DC44283074C6701F990A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="4139254D906486D234CF9001916A411E">
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<mods:date id="D10EED198650CBF1716A55A89399B745">2022</mods:date>
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|
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<mods:number id="D2BE338636DCEBEFC276F2DA66CF0711">2022-05-10</mods:number>
|
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|
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<mods:detail id="3A3630E4AAFC824F4E5E70166A9664D6" type="volume">
|
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<mods:number id="3F235EEC073532B4CBD2ABCDD0299F95">5134</mods:number>
|
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|
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|
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<mods:number id="39BD7DA5E055490E24BEDE23FE861DB5">2</mods:number>
|
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|
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|
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<mods:start id="0937AC325FA9BDB21AC1B43DDDDF8DE0">151</mods:start>
|
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</mods:extent>
|
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|
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|
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<mods:classification id="458B6DBB273F7EA1B47ADFAB3AD4A4F2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CF0C3F794806BC762CF8DBF924040D36" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="892283A9D47163060AA3DB4AE89C0C2C" type="ZooBank">3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="DF5187BB533FFFE2FF588954FE51D558" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533FFFE2FF588954FE51D558" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB533FFFE2FF588954FE51D558" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526533FFFE2FF588954FCF6D72C" box="[151,863,1081,1108]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE2FF588954FCF6D72C" blockId="22.[151,1437,1081,1575]" box="[151,863,1081,1108]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FF588954FCF6D72C" authority="Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 b" authorityName="Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,863,1081,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF588954FECED72C" box="[151,359,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Salamandra rubra</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FEA18954FCF6D72C" author="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. S. & Latreille, P. A." box="[366,863,1081,1108]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref35647" refString="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. S. & Latreille, P. A. (1801 b) Histoire naturelle des Reptiles. Tome 4. Seconde partie. Serpens. Deterville, Paris, iii + 410 pp., 14 pls." type="book" year="1801">Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526533FFFE2FF088930FE51D558" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE2FF088930FE51D558" blockId="22.[151,1437,1081,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FF088930FE19D708" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,432,1117,1143]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840:123</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 27) offered a modestly detailed account of the Red Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FB798930FA25D708" baseAuthorityName="Sonnini de Manoncourt & Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[1206,1420,1117,1143]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Pseudotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FB798930FA25D708" box="[1206,1420,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Pseudotriton ruber</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), with a rough illustration by J. H. Richard.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FDBF89ECFCFFD7E3" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[624,854,1153,1180]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:35</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 9) reprinted the description essentially verbatim with a new drawing by J. Queen which was not noticeably improved. In the second edition, Holbrook noted that he considers
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FEE689A4FD05D79C" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[297,684,1225,1251]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subfusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FEE689A4FDB2D79C" box="[297,539,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Salamandra subfusca</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FDED89A4FD05D79C" author="Green, J." box="[546,684,1225,1251]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FD2D89A7FC5ED79C" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[738,1015,1225,1252]" class="Amphibia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FD2D89A7FCCFD79C" box="[738,870,1225,1252]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">S. maculata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FCA289A4FC5ED79C" author="Green, J." box="[877,1015,1225,1251]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
synonyms of
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FB5B89A7FB5ED79C" box="[1172,1271,1225,1252]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FB5B89A7FB5BD79C" authorityName="Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1172,1266,1225,1252]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">S. rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
as even Green had doubted their distinctiveness (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FD828983FCC1D678" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[589,872,1261,1288]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). He also lists
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FBDC8983FAE5D678" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[1043,1356,1261,1288]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FBDC8983FB1ED678" box="[1043,1207,1261,1288]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">S. rubriventris</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FB0F8980FAE5D678" author="Green, J." box="[1216,1356,1261,1287]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FA488983FEC1D654" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FA488983FF7BD654" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FF14887CFEC1D654" author="Green, J." box="[219,360,1297,1323]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as synonyms. The former is correct, though the latter is actually a senior subjective synonym of his
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FF11885BFDA2D630" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[222,523,1333,1359]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF11885BFECCD630" box="[222,357,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FEBA8858FDABD630" author="Green, J." box="[373,514,1333,1359]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FD8D885BFC72D630" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[578,987,1333,1360]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FD8D885BFC88D630" box="[578,801,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FCE68858FC72D630" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[809,987,1333,1359]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see above). In both editions, Holbrook erroneously attributed the original description to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FD718834FCCDD60C" author="Daudin, F. M." box="[702,868,1369,1395]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref29930" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des reptiles. Tome Huitieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 439 pp." type="book" year="1803">Daudin (1803)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, as the exact publication year of many books from Paris (and thus their nomenclatural priority) were long misunderstood due to the unorthodox calendar of the French Revolution (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FE9E88CFFE4AD6C4" author="Harper, F." box="[337,483,1441,1468]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="692 - 723" refId="ref31799" refString="Harper, F. (1940) Some works of Bartram, Daudin, Latreille, and Sonnini, and their bearing upon North American herpetological nomenclature. American Midland Naturalist, 23 (3), 692 - 723. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2420453" type="journal article" year="1940">Harper 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). We were unable to locate any specimens of this species associated with Holbrook.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FF5888A8FE18D69F" author="Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A." box="[151,433,1477,1504]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref30168" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril A. H. A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale, ou, Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome Neuvieme, Premiere Partie. Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xx + 440 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118797" type="book" year="1854">
|
||||
Duméril
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF3188ABFE90D6A0" box="[254,313,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1854:90)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stated that the MNHN held specimens from Holbrook, which we could not locate and were not listed in the catalog or among Holbrook’s donations in the “Inventaire” (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FBEF8884FB5BD57B" author="Roux-Esteve, R." box="[1056,1266,1513,1540]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref35088" refString="Roux-Esteve, R. (1976) Liste des specimens donnes par Holbrook encore en collection au Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Private papers (unpublished manuscript), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 12 pp." type="book" year="1976">Roux-Estéve 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or “Catalogue taxonomique des Amphibiens.”
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
163
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB533FFFE3FF588B38FDCAD045.xml
Normal file
163
data/DF/51/87/DF5187BB533FFFE3FF588B38FDCAD045.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
|
|||
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|
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<mods:mods id="9F2B101247229B8F9A1CAFA0D0917FC3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo id="90D9F9F157C49720B9C740AFA0B2C1CA">
|
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<mods:title id="3DA85B19530F85705B642746AD11C06B">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="2F8195D5DAA8B231FA0B6427BEEAB758" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="19520C76AB10FDDC00F3B72CC6F0C32F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8F9B7DA9E148F1F6A2BD26FFABA59690">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="42C5BA87A58818BF5BE30DAEE62A4384">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="94138175AA5A43545667DBBACEE81BDD" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2524-1794</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="CA7CE00BD599F2B2D50A8EA885B08896">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E0CABDA6D714892584A6CB1C7343FD6E" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="86CD81C93368F9AA7259F43EC0E6A579">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="4878F15120713D1308A0F53B0345E77A">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AEF45DE3E880CE41FAD2752156A25431">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3EDCBC6E593A5EDDFD8A3C6106E697A1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FAC8D2D944074FC7D79D1C290338E1E5">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D8E6CED2EBAD2585DB147D374372F7A4">2022-05-10</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="9515F2DFF71E3F2E1233E6CF9F16B7CE" type="volume">
|
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<mods:number id="33EE45457C4F4D20FE37CF8575271CD1">5134</mods:number>
|
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|
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<treatment id="DF5187BB533FFFE3FF588B38FDCAD045" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533FFFE3FF588B38FDCAD045" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB533FFFE3FF588B38FDCAD045" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
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<subSubSection id="1FE26526533FFFE2FF588B38FD52D510" box="[151,763,1621,1648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE2FF588B38FD52D510" blockId="22.[151,1437,1621,2008]" box="[151,763,1621,1648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF588B38FE6AD510" box="[151,451,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FF588B38FE89D510" ID-CoL="7BSB" authority="Haldemani" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[151,288,1621,1647]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
“Haldemani”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FE058B38FD06D50F" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[458,687,1621,1648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840:125</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 28
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1FE26526533FFFE3FCCD8B3BFDCAD045" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE2FCCD8B3BFC60D50F" blockId="22.[151,1437,1621,2008]" box="[770,969,1621,1648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
[=
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FCD48B3BFC69D510" box="[795,960,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">nomen dubium</emphasis>
|
||||
]
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE2FF088B17FD87D4CC" blockId="22.[151,1437,1621,2008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533FFFE2FF088B17FF47D5EB" box="[199,238,1658,1684]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">For</collectorName>
|
||||
the final salamander and last account of the initially overlooked fourth volume of the first edition,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FAFE8B14FF4BD5C8" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
gave an ambiguous description of a new species based on specimens he had received from
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533FFFE2FACF8BF0FEAED5A4" isEnumeration="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Pennsylvania, Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533FFFE2FE8A8BACFE0DD5A4" box="[325,420,1729,1755]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533FFFE2FE7E8BACFE49D5A4" box="[433,480,1729,1755]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">One</collectorName>
|
||||
specimen in particular came from
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533FFFE2FCBC8BACFB81D5A4" box="[883,1064,1729,1755]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">S. S. Haldeman</collectorName>
|
||||
, collected from “the borders” of the
|
||||
<location id="52276076533FFFE2FF0E8B88FE33D580" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB533FFFE3FF588B38FDCAD045:52276076533FFFE2FF0E8B88FE33D580" box="[193,410,1765,1791]" name="Susquehanna River" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" stateProvince="Pennsylvania, Maryland">Susquehanna River</location>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533FFFE2FE708B88FDFED580" box="[447,599,1765,1791]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, for whom
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533FFFE2FD178B88FCEAD580" box="[728,835,1765,1791]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Holbrook</collectorName>
|
||||
named the species.
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533FFFE2FBEA8B88FBCFD580" box="[1061,1126,1765,1791]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">There</collectorName>
|
||||
are thus numerous primary
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533FFFE2FF588A67FF55D45B" box="[151,252,1802,1828]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
, one of which was illustrated by
|
||||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533FFFE2FDA98A64FCD4D45B" box="[614,893,1801,1828]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Thomas M. Logan, M.D.</collectorName>
|
||||
in modest detail. The description and illustration were reproduced essentially verbatim by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FDA38A40FCFDD437" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[620,852,1837,1864]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:58</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 18).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FC748A40FBC2D437" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[955,1131,1837,1864]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
restricted the type locality to Harrisburg,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533FFFE2FEF28A3CFE7CD414" box="[317,469,1873,1899]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, without further justification. None of the type series was ever noted to exist by later authors or encountered by us;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FE248A18FD1BD4EF" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[491,690,1909,1936]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref34085" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1966) Eurycea bislineata. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 45, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1966">Mittleman (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
stated that the specimen figured may be fixed as the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533FFFE2FAC78A18FAC4D4F0" box="[1288,1389,1909,1935]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, but Holbrook gave no indication of this.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE3FF088AD0FD0AD2F6" blockId="22.[151,1437,1621,2008]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,538]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||||
This name is yet a
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FE5D8AD3FD96D4A8" box="[402,575,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">nomen dubium;</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FD8B8AD0FD66D4A8" author="Cope, E. D." box="[580,719,1981,2007]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 525" refId="ref29724" refString="Cope, E. D. (1889) The Batrachia of North America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 34, 1 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38254" type="journal article" year="1889">Cope (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported that Baird considered it to be a synonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE3FADC8AD0FE34D3CE" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bislineata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE3FADC8AD0FEACD3CE" italics="true" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Salamandra bislineata</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FEC18DFAFE34D3CE" author="Green, J." box="[270,413,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. This was repeated by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FD6D8DFAFC9CD3CD" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[674,821,151,178]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, who stated that it was based on a transforming larva, which was accepted by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE648DD6FDDFD3A9" author="Mittleman, M. B." box="[427,630,187,214]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref34085" refString="Mittleman, M. B. (1966) Eurycea bislineata. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 45, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1966">Mittleman (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. However,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FD358DD6FC34D3A9" author="Fowler, H. W." box="[762,925,187,214]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="356 - 357" refId="ref30591" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1906) Note on the Dusky Salamander. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 58, 356 - 357." type="journal article" year="1906">Fowler (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
notes that the description of the pattern and length of the tail do not match the Northern Two-lined Salamander; furthermore, the total length is given as
|
||||
<quantity id="90009B48533EFFE3FA418DB2FF48D262" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" unit="in" value="4.0">4 inches</quantity>
|
||||
, much larger than metamorphosing
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FD4B8C6EFD48D263" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1822" box="[644,737,259,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FD4B8C6EFD48D263" box="[644,737,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Eurycea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Instead, Fowler notes (and we agree) that the color pattern and size match
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FE878C4AFD9DD23E" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[328,564,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FE878C4AFE09D23E" box="[328,416,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE668C4AFD9DD23E" author="Green, J." box="[425,564,295,321]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
more closely. Therefore, it is more likely that this taxon represents Northern Dusky Salamanders than Northern Two-lined Salamanders, or perhaps a mixture of the two, possibly including metamorphosing larvae of one or both species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF088CFEFAF6D166" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,538]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
While the first edition was popular and well-received, Holbrook remained dissatisfied with its presentation and organization, and immediately commenced a second edition with many new illustrations (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FB2F8CDAFECFD289" author="Worthington, R. D. & Worthington, P. H." pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="pp. xiii - xxvii" refId="ref36387" refString="Worthington, R. D. & Worthington, P. H. (1976) John Edwards Holbrook, father of American herpetology. In: Adler, K. A. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xiii - xxvii." type="book chapter" year="1976">Worthington and Worthington 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In it (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE7E8CB6FDC4D28A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[433,621,475,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), he reprinted all of the accounts from the first edition (often with changes or additions as noted above), and added 14 additional accounts and descriptions, two of them new. These are:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF588F2AFDD9D11E" blockId="23.[151,1437,583,826]" box="[151,624,583,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FF588F2AFE76D11E" box="[151,479,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FF588F2AFE89D11E" authority="Jeffersoniana" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[151,288,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FEFE8F2AFE7CD11E" authority="Green, 1827" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1827" box="[305,469,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeffersoniana">Jeffersoniana</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE298F2AFDD9D11E" author="Green, J." box="[486,624,583,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="574736AD533EFFE3FF088F06FDCAD045" blockId="23.[151,1437,583,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FF088F06FE19D1FA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,432,618,645]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:51</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. 14) gave a brief account of the Jefferson Salamander (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533EFFE3FB978F06FA25D1FA" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1112,1420,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Ambystoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jeffersonianum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533EFFE3FB978F06FA25D1FA" box="[1112,1420,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Ambystoma jeffersonianum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), which he stated he had never seen. He also stated that the rough illustration by J. Queen was copied from T. R. Peale’s original drawing of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533EFFE3FE308FDEFDC8D1B2" box="[511,609,691,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
figured in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FD2E8FDEFCD5D1B2" author="Green, J." box="[737,892,691,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref31270" refString="Green, J. (1827) An account of some new species of salamanders. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences, 1, 3 - 8." type="journal article" year="1827">Green (1827)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Recent evidence suggests that this specimen is extant, USNM 3968 (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533EFFE3FE7E8FBAFD68D18E" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[433,705,727,753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: figs. 9, 10). Thus, Holbrook figured a specimen that is still extant but which he never saw, a condition that also potentially holds for USNM 3968, USNM 3981, USNM 3840, and MNHN-RA0.7871 (see accounts below).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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