1130 lines
167 KiB
XML
1130 lines
167 KiB
XML
<document id="DB56A672B73817F209761DB8D04E85C7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534805" ID-ZooBank="3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1652171733176" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pyron, R. Alexander & Beamer, David A." docDate="2022" docId="DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5134.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5134 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Salamandra maculo-quadrata Holbrook 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="2368FFC35329FFF4FFCF8D6DFFA9D37F" masterDocTitle="A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology" masterLastPageNumber="196" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1734705238574" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="D203262BA39A9C650AC4ACAF4527E69B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="8162965AC483624E369CE246ECA428E7">
|
||
<mods:title id="D7B6C9D18AD349466F0E16F671742695">A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook’s North American Herpetology</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="86E7A46C973E7035AC7A37632D642546" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="68D2EE4C8D74130969915E8154BBAE1D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="01B822C9ACB4F42F31B13A57891A6BE8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="9B47C9AEDA8D2C62C121E8884ABAB9F3">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8EE67082E2D034B4C712B2FCF93DDAE4" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2524-1794</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="BA4188ED4DE9DFDEC15EF86C5761847A">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052 rpyron @ colubroid. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2524 - 1794 & Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C53B4875553CC1399A6D97A7CF408A09" type="email">rpyron@colubroid.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="D4C3253A2B2130F9A9C267BF06FDF507" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8239B25502A8B6867814A28FB006C814">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="734F6E06014F23032FEAAA3BDD3CFE3F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BAA58AE78B300F6BF42E3D9A96BD157D">Beamer, David A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="3D89DCB5286FC2D46E2702B1D4169890">Department of Natural Sciences, Nash Community College, Rocky Mount, NC 27804</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="B78CD87798E7BEB9C4CA49A78018A9D7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="98E6070F8955505DD7560DE7AB9F85BC" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="E8D3607CC3898FA405B286489EF550C5">
|
||
<mods:title id="895BC55DA156250708F408740BB94A73">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="B6453374004F09655F0A9EF23B5DAB7C">
|
||
<mods:date id="5D0E6140F28833E9947D7480B8AC0B06">2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F82F23F0EEE6D33E47AB22A19CEF23E8" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="EC12623951B240D0190B048C5B9D382F">2022-05-10</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="00745DDB948B55CBDC46EAEDA1AE1E54" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="751ECCE2C2D52B1B463DF0189FF538E9">5134</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="5D2C92E9564D96A7044DB799E23036B1" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="6050E9E4D561E96FA15E1753A69B7E5E">2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="BDC77149436E8B6ADD9B038F8437966E" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="70EFE995B10A133725D29AAC1022AEE8">151</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="A3B1597E00EF60F8A7E558541CA5AFE4">196</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="2F32F9564443150119C6CB651ED1D529">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C77C8874E7387420A8E8A4F141DCEC53" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5134.2.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="930E9F9C45596CA9B0239A0FB191C034" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5B8D2AC522EAF897C2675D4DAF7E197B" type="Zenodo-Dep">6534805</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="390273B1F7398A5B50CCE80718C201C9" type="ZooBank">3C3F497E-7B50-4E49-8983-D773581F18FD</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265339FFE4FF588DFAFC88D3CE" box="[151,801,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FF588DFAFC88D3CE" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[151,801,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FF588DFAFD7FD3CE" authority="Holbrook, 1840: 121" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityPageNumber="121" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,726,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FF588DFAFE40D3CE" box="[151,489,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FE3E8DFAFD7FD3CE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[497,726,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840:121</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. 26
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265339FFE4FCE78DFAFB9DD3CE" box="[808,1076,150,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FCE78DFAFB9DD3CE" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[808,1076,150,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FC8D8DFAFB84D3CE" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[834,1069,150,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FC8D8DFAFC30D3CE" box="[834,921,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FC6F8DFAFB84D3CE" author="Green, J." box="[928,1069,150,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FE265265339FFE2FF088DD6FBF0D76E" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FF088DD6FAA3D28A" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Black-bellied Salamanders are a southern Appalachian complex of large, heavy-bodied, semi-aquatic salamanders with dark, patternless venters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD478DB2FC98D386" author="Petranka, J. W." box="[648,817,223,249]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref34319" refString="Petranka, J. W. (2010) Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, 592 pp." type="book" year="2010">Petranka 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FCF18DB2FBBDD385" author="Powell, R. & Conant, R. & Collins, J. T." box="[830,1044,223,250]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref34383" refString="Powell, R., Conant, R. & Collins, J. T. (2016) Peterson field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, 512 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FC5B8DB2FC67D386" box="[916,974,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For 119 years, they have usually been referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FEBC8C6EFD4CD262" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[371,741,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FEBC8C6EFD4CD262" box="[371,741,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Desmognathus quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
after the “rediscovery of one of Holbrook’s salamanders” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FF588C4AFEFED23E" author="Stejneger, L." box="[151,343,295,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This group is polyphyletic and comprises as many as 6 distantly related species with apparently parallel or convergent morphologies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD868C26FD40D21A" author="Jackson, N. D." box="[585,745,330,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32918" refString="Jackson, N. D. (2005) Phylogenetic history, morphological parallelism, and speciation in a complex of Appalachian salamanders (Genus: Desmognathus). MS Thesis. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 358 pp." type="book" year="2005">Jackson 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD378C26FC62D21A" author="Kozak, K. H. & Larson, A. & Bonett, R. M. & Harmon, L. J." box="[760,971,330,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="2000 - 2016" refId="ref33188" refString="Kozak, K. H., Larson, A., Bonett, R. M. & Harmon, L. J. (2005) Phylogenetic analysis of ecomorphological divergence, community structure, and diversification rates in Dusky Salamanders (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus). Evolution, 59, 2000 - 2016. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2005. tb 01069. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Kozak
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FC848C26FC2FD21A" box="[843,902,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FC158C26FAAAD21A" author="Jones, K. S. & Weisrock, D. W." box="[986,1283,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="2378 - 2393" refId="ref32961" refString="Jones, K. S. & Weisrock, D. W. (2018) Genomic data reject the hypothesis of sympatric ecological speciation in a clade of Desmognathus salamanders. Evolution, 72, 2378 - 2393. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / evo. 13606" type="journal article" year="2018">Jones and Weisrock 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FADD8C26FEB2D2F6" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref28779" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2020) Towards rectifying limitations on species delineation in dusky salamanders (Desmognathus: Plethodontidae): An ecoregion-drainage sampling grid reveals additional cryptic clades. Zootaxa, 4734 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4734.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Beamer and Lamb 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FEA28C02FE0CD2F6" box="[365,421,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020). However, this is only part of the nomenclatural difficulty associated with these taxa. As long hinted at by previous authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD4F8CFEFC10D2D2" author="Fouquette, M. J. & Dubois, A." box="[640,953,403,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref30547" refString="Fouquette, M. J. & Dubois, A. (2014) A checklist of North American amphibians and reptiles: the United States and Canada. Volume One, Seventh Edition. Xlibris, Bloomington, Indiana, 613 pp." type="book" year="2014">Fouquette and Dubois 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Holbrook’s name was obviously intended to apply to populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FE788CDAFCBBD2AE" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[439,786,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FE788CDAFD28D2AE" box="[439,641,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Salamandra fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD498CDAFCBBD2AE" author="Green, J." box="[646,786,439,465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is indisputably a junior subjective synonym thereof. Astonishingly, no valid name has ever been applied to Black-bellied Salamanders at the species level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FF088C92FA99D022" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
As noted by previous authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FDE68C92FCECD166" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[553,837,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FC948C92FB69D166" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[859,1216,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FC948C92FB83D167" box="[859,1066,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Salamandra nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FBFC8C92FB69D166" author="Green, J." box="[1075,1216,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the first name applied to the Black-bellied Salamanders following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD168F4EFC0CD142" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[729,933,547,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FBFB8F4EFAF7D142" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1076,1374,547,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FBFB8F4EFB13D143" box="[1076,1210,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FB078F4EFAFFD142" author="Green, J." box="[1224,1366,547,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FF588F2AFEF1D11E" author="Stejneger, L." box="[151,344,583,609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FE248F2AFC9ED11E" authority="Holbrook" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[491,823,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FE248F2AFD68D11E" box="[491,705,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">S. quadramaculata</emphasis>
|
||
Holbrook
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “1842” was generally regarded as a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FEE18F06FD1BD1FA" authority="Rafinesque, 1820" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[302,690,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FEE18F06FE72D1FA" box="[302,475,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Triturus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FE278F06FD1BD1FA" author="Rafinesque C. S." box="[488,690,619,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="4 - 6" refId="ref34958" refString="Rafinesque C. S. (1820) III Class. Erpetia. - The reptiles. Annals of Nature, 1, 4 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106763" type="journal article" year="1820">Rafinesque, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
following its description, designated as such by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FACF8F06FA31D1FA" author="Baird, S. F." box="[1280,1432,618,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FF588FE2FE8CD1D6" author="Cope, E. D." box="[151,293,654,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="122 - 128" refId="ref29767" refString="Cope, E. D. (1859) On the primary divisions of the Salamandridae, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 11, 122 - 128." type="journal article" year="1859">Cope (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote: “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FE468FE2FDE5D1D6" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" box="[393,588,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">D. fusca (Green)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FD978FE2FB8AD1D5" authority="(Holbrook)" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" box="[600,1059,655,682]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FD978FE2FC35D1D6" box="[600,924,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Salamandra quadrimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Holbrook)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is undoubtedly the young of this species.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FECA8FDEFE6BD1B2" author="Stejneger, L." box="[261,450,691,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
even stated in his opening sentence “Among the many synonyms usually cited under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FF588FBAFDB2D18D" authority="(Rafinesque)" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[151,539,727,754]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FF588FBAFE29D18E" box="[151,384,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Desmognathus fusca</emphasis>
|
||
(Rafinesque)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FDE98FBAFCC1D18E" box="[550,872,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FDE98FBAFCC1D18E" box="[550,872,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Salamandra quadrimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Holbrook
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FC368FBAFBA8D19A" box="[1017,1025,727,741]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<superScript id="A08D9BE55339FFE4FC368FBAFBA8D19A" attach="left" box="[1017,1025,727,741]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">a</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has been considered as belonging to this species without a shadow of a doubt. [
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FDB68F96FD28D076" box="[633,641,763,777]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<superScript id="A08D9BE55339FFE4FDB68F96FD28D076" attach="right" box="[633,641,763,777]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">a</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
North Am. Herpet., 2 ed., V, 1842, p. 49, pl. xiii.]” Stejneger’s reasons for then declaring it distinct are unclear. Though the history of this confusion is complex, a re-discovery of some of Holbrook’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5339FFE4FED38E2EFEE5D022" box="[284,332,835,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material provides a simple, albeit disruptive, resolution of this nomenclatural ambiguity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FF088E0AFA3ED726" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FE508E0AFC49D0FE" authority="Holbrook (1840: 121" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[415,992,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FE508E0AFD59D0FE" box="[415,752,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD368E0AFC49D0FE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[761,992,871,897]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840:121</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. 26) actually appeared in the fourth volume of the first edition with an illustration by J. Queen and was reprinted in the fifth volume of the second edition with an expanded description and a new engraving by J. H. Richard (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FC268EC2FB6CD0B6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1001,1221,943,969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e:49</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 13). The fourth volume of the first edition was essentially unknown until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FCEC8EBEFC04D092" author="Gill, T." box="[803,941,979,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="910 - 912" refId="ref30863" refString="Gill, T. (1903 a) The first edition of Holbrook's North American Herpetology. Science, 17, 910 - 912. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 17.440.910" type="journal article" year="1903">Gill (1903a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported its existence (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FB2F8EBEFECDD76D" author="Worthington, R. D. & Worthington, P. H." pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="pp. xiii - xxvii" refId="ref36387" refString="Worthington, R. D. & Worthington, P. H. (1976) John Edwards Holbrook, father of American herpetology. In: Adler, K. A. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xiii - xxvii." type="book chapter" year="1976">Worthington and Worthington 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most workers to that point, including
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FCE68E9AFC4FD76E" author="Stejneger, L." box="[809,998,1015,1041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, instead cited
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FB468E9AFAFBD76E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1161,1362,1015,1041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as the taxonomic authority for this name. The later account contains a few differences from the original description, but on balance clearly refers to the same taxon, contrary to the suggestions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FC688952FB93D725" author="Adler, K." box="[935,1082,1087,1114]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A few points are relevant here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FF08890EFEE6D606" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
First, in the first edition,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FE29890EFD0DD702" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[486,676,1123,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
labeled the illustration (pl. 26 sequentially, misnumbered 27 or
|
||
<quantity id="90009B485339FFE4FA4F890EFF04D7DE" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.366" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="in" value="29.0">29 in</quantity>
|
||
some copies; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FE4889EAFD89D7DE" author="Shimek, B." box="[391,544,1159,1185]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="427 - 430" refId="ref35473" refString="Shimek, B. (1924) Holbrook's North American Herpetology. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 31, 427 - 430." type="journal article" year="1924">Shimek 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FDFB89EAFC0ED7DE" box="[564,935,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FDF289EAFC30D7DE" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[573,921,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">Salamandra quadramaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although the text in the Table of Contents and on pages 121–122 reads
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FE2489C6FCCED7BA" box="[491,871,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FE3B89C6FCF0D7BA" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[500,857,1195,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In the second edition,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FBBA89C6FAE8D7BA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1141,1345,1195,1221]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
labeled pl. 13
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FF2C89A2FDFCD796" box="[227,597,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FF2289A2FDEED796" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[237,583,1231,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">Salamandra quadramaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
while the Table of Contents and text on pages 49–50 uses
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FACB89A2FEC8D672" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FAC289A2FEFAD672" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculata">Salamandra quadrimaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Later authors such as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FDB5899EFC95D672" author="Stejneger, L." box="[634,828,1267,1293]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
generally used the spelling
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FB5B899EFAD1D672" box="[1172,1400,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FB51899EFAC3D672" box="[1182,1386,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">quadrimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In contrast,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FF31887AFE13D64E" author="Valentine, B. D." box="[254,442,1303,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref36175" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1974) Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 153, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1974">Valentine (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FDE4887AFD47D64E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[555,750,1303,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 13) as the First Reviser, stating that he had thereby fixed
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FF588856FE56D62A" box="[151,511,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FF6E8856FE5CD62A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[161,501,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">Salamandra quadramaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as the correct name on the plate, albeit while using an incorrect subsequent spelling on pages 49–50.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FF0888EEFC6BD52D" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Second, there are two different illustrations in the different volumes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A285339FFE4FC1388EEFB8AD6E2" box="[988,1059,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,181,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[173,1415,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Illustrations of Salamandra maculo-quadrata Holbrook, 1840 by J. Queen (a, b) and J. H. Richard (c, d) from Holbrook (1842e), in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. Note the misnumbering on the first plate (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534818/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); pl. 26 by J. Queen in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FAFE88EEFF4BD6BE" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and pl. 13 by J.H. Richard in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD8188CAFCB7D6BE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[590,798,1447,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Based on the color pattern, position of the limbs, and differing measurements given, these may represent two different specimens, neither of which are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FB3988A6FEF2D576" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FB3988A6FEF2D576" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Desmognathus quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as currently recognized; large-bodied, black-bellied salamanders from the southern Appalachians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FF508B7EFEE6D552" author="Stejneger, L." box="[159,335,1555,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FE928B7EFDA5D552" author="Valentine, B. D." box="[349,524,1555,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref36175" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1974) Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 153, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1974">Valentine 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Instead, they are quite clearly
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FC4F8B7EFC58D552" box="[896,1009,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FC4F8B7EFC44D552" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1820" box="[896,1005,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">D. fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
moderately sized dusky salamanders from the northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5339FFE4FE408B5AFD8CD52E" box="[399,549,1591,1617]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FDFB8B5AFD72D52E" author="Petranka, J. W." box="[564,731,1591,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref34319" refString="Petranka, J. W. (2010) Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, 592 pp." type="book" year="2010">Petranka 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FD2A8B5AFC1FD52D" author="Powell, R. & Conant, R. & Collins, J. T." box="[741,950,1591,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref34383" refString="Powell, R., Conant, R. & Collins, J. T. (2016) Peterson field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, 512 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FCF58B5AFCDBD52E" box="[826,882,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5339FFE4FF038B36FE45D4A2" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Corroborating this is the statement in both editions that (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FCFC8B36FC4BD50A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[819,994,1627,1653]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): “The range of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FB788B36FF5ED5E6" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculoquadrata">Salamandra maculoquadrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FECB8B12FE68D5E6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[260,449,1663,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: quadrimaculata] is much more extended in the Atlantic states than I had at first believed; it is common in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5339FFE4FE838BCEFE0FD5C2" box="[332,422,1699,1725]" name="Georgia" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FE138BCEFD96D5C2" box="[476,575,1699,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is an inhabitant of Pennsylvania,
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FC238BCEFEA3D59F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">from which state I have received living specimens</emphasis>
|
||
[emphasis added]; and no doubt it may be found in all the intermediate country.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FB618BAAFA35D59E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1198,1436,1734,1761]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:50)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clarified that: “This is a land animal, but I am ignorant of its habits, never having seen but two living specimens,” the primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F5339FFE4FEEC8A62FE2CD456" box="[291,389,1807,1833]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
which we must assume are those illustrated.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5339FFE4FC458A62FBB0D456" box="[906,1049,1807,1833]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Furthermore</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FBEA8A62FABAD456" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1061,1299,1807,1833]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:81)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was clearly also aware of the large-bodied, black-bellied salamanders of the
|
||
<location id="522760765339FFE4FCA98A5EFB73D432" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:522760765339FFE4FCA98A5EFB73D432" box="[870,1242,1843,1869]" country="Georgia" name="southern Appalachian Mountains" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">southern Appalachian Mountains</location>
|
||
, having collected several and included them in his account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FD428A3AFC17D40E" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[653,958,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5339FFE4FD428A3AFCBCD40F" box="[653,789,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FCEB8A3AFC1FD40E" author="Green, J." box="[804,950,1879,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5339FFE4FC068A3AFBA5D40E" box="[969,1036,1879,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">These</collectorName>
|
||
are MCZ A-183 and ANSP 14001, neither of which have accurate locality data, but are presumably those referenced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FBAA8A16FAFDD4EA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1125,1364,1915,1941]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:82)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his note “I have seen it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5339FFE4FE5B8AF2FE5DD4C6" box="[404,500,1951,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D5339FFE4FDE48AF2FD23D4C6" box="[555,650,1951,1977]" name="Georgia" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,” and one of which is presumably that illustrated by
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B5339FFE4FB198AF2FA91D4C6" box="[1238,1336,1951,1977]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">J. Queen</collectorName>
|
||
in pl. 27 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5339FFE4FF048AAEFE49D4A2" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[203,480,1987,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="038766255338FFE5FF588AFAFB1CD4AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534818" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534818/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" startId="17.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[174,1415,181,1915]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD5338FFE5FF588AFAFB1CD4AB" blockId="17.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5338FFE5FF588AFAFEBCD4D0" bold="true" box="[151,277,1943,1967]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Illustrations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E5338FFE5FE728AF5FC34D4CF" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[445,925,1944,1968]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF5338FFE5FE728AF5FD5BD4CF" box="[445,754,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5338FFE5FD358AF5FC34D4CF" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[762,925,1944,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by J. Queen (a, b) and J. H. Richard (c, d) from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C5338FFE5FF588AD1FEE6D4AB" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[151,335,1980,2004]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. Note the misnumbering on the first plate (b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533BFFE6FF088DFAFA39D11E" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
Following this account and the revision of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FD6E8DFAFC9BD3CE" author="Baird, S. F." box="[673,818,150,177]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, most subsequent workers used
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FB5A8DFAFA34D3CE" box="[1173,1437,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FB508DFAFA3BD3CE" box="[1183,1426,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">Desmognathus niger</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FF788DD6FE9ED3AA" box="[183,311,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FF0C8DD6FE85D3AA" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[195,300,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">D. nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
to refer to the black-bellied populations. However, while the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FBF58DD6FA35D3AA" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[1082,1436,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FBF58DD6FAA1D3AB" box="[1082,1288,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Salamandra nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FADF8DD6FA35D3AA" author="Green, J." box="[1296,1436,187,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FDD38DB2FCA0D386" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[540,777,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FDD38DB2FDDDD386" box="[540,628,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FDB28DB2FCA0D386" author="Green, J." box="[637,777,223,249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC888DB2FBF6D386" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[839,1119,223,249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this is not the justification given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FEC98C6EFE6DD262" author="Stejneger, L." box="[262,452,259,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for resurrecting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD468C6EFB83D262" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[649,1066,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FD468C6EFCF5D262" box="[649,860,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. quadrimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FCA98C6EFB83D262" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[870,1066,259,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead, Stejneger continued to recognize
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FEC28C4AFE24D23E" box="[269,397,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FED68C4AFE2BD23E" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[281,386,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">D. nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as well as
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FDC18C4AFD3DD23E" box="[526,660,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FDD58C4AFD2FD23E" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[538,646,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">D. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but did not detail his conception of those taxa. It is thus perplexing as to why he then declared that a dozen specimens from Grandfather Mountain (USNM 30891–30902) “seem to indicate that Holbrook’s name belongs to a species well separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FC068C02FB1AD2F6" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[969,1203,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FC068C02FB1AD2F6" box="[969,1203,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Desmognathus fusca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in some respect approaching
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FEE68CFEFE39D2D3" box="[297,400,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FEE68CFEFE25D2D3" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[297,396,403,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">D. nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” He concluded by stating: “That the specimens here mentioned really belong to Holbrook’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FF588CDAFEC7D2AE" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,366,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FF588CDAFEC7D2AE" box="[151,366,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">D. quadrimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems certain. So far as proportions of body and limb are concerned, Holbrook’s plate agrees perfectly with our specimens.The squarish spots in the figure appear considerably more regular than in the specimens before us, among which there is a very great individual variation in this respect, but the dorsal pattern of a couple of the medium-sized specimens is sufficiently close to show that they belong to Holbrook’s species.” He made no mention of the lack of a black belly in Holbrook’s description, or the much smaller size of Holbrook’s specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533BFFE6FF088F06FAE2D0DB" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
Having examined this series (USNM 30891–30902), they are all metamorphosed, Black-bellied Salamanders, ranging from young to very large adults (~
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533BFFE6FD458FE2FD4FD1D6" box="[650,742,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="cm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10cm</quantity>
|
||
SVL), with the typical darkened and indistinct or obscured dorsal color-pattern (more evident in smaller specimens) and patternless, darkened or blackish ventral coloration. In contrast, Holbrook’s account of the species in both volumes (1840 and 1842e) describes a species having a total length of “
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533BFFE6FE848F96FE03D06A" box="[331,426,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="in" value="3.0">3 inches</quantity>
|
||
8 lines [
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533BFFE6FDC48F97FD26D06A" box="[523,655,762,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.525" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="in" value="3.75">3.75 inches</quantity>
|
||
or
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533BFFE6FD788F97FCAAD06A" box="[695,771,762,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="cm" value="9.5">9.5cm</quantity>
|
||
],” being “a land animal,” and having a “two rows of small elongated, subquadrate red spots,” the tail having “a red mesial line,” and “the inferior surface of the whole animal is pepper-and-salt grey, with a strong purple tinge.” This is evidently not a description of Black-bellied Salamanders from the Appalachians, but clearly of the two living
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533BFFE6FD128E0AFCDBD0FE" box="[733,882,871,897]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens he received, obviously
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FB398E0AFF4DD0DA" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FB398E0AFF49D0DA" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">Desmognathus fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as illustrated in pls. 26 and
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533BFFE6FDD18EE6FDFED0DA" box="[542,599,907,933]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
|
||
the first and second editions, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FBF38EE6FB42D0DA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1084,1259,907,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FB398EE6FA95D0DA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1270,1340,907,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533BFFE6FF028EC2FA2AD796" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
This yields a rather unusual situation. The first name widely applied to large-bodied, semi-aquatic Appalachian populations of black-bellied salamanders was based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FCD88EBEFC4ED092" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[791,999,979,1005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s erroneous expansion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FADC8EBEFECAD76E" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FADC8EBEFF7DD76F" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Salamandra nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FF158E9AFECAD76E" author="Green, J." box="[218,355,1015,1041]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">
|
||
Green,
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533BFFE6FEE48E9AFECAD76E" box="[299,355,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.61772" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="in" value="1818.0">1818</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FDE98E9AFCF9D76E" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[550,848,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FDE98E9AFD02D76F" box="[550,683,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FD768E9AFCE1D76E" author="Green, J." box="[697,840,1015,1041]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As noted,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FC058E9AFB18D76E" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[970,1201,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FC058E9AFB8BD76F" box="[970,1058,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FBE78E9AFB18D76E" author="Green, J." box="[1064,1201,1015,1041]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FEE28976FD8ED74A" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[301,551,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FEE28976FE21D74A" box="[301,392,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FE5B8976FD8ED74A" author="Green, J." box="[404,551,1051,1077]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is therefore invalid for Black-bellied Salamanders. However, this was unknown to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FEEA8952FE4DD726" author="Stejneger, L." box="[293,484,1087,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who instead resurrected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FCCA8952FB35D726" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[773,1180,1087,1113]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FCCA8952FC7CD726" box="[773,981,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. quadrimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC128952FB35D726" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[989,1180,1087,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FB728952FEE4D702" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FB728952FA35D726" box="[1213,1436,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FF58890EFEE4D702" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[151,333,1122,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] for some populations of Black-bellied Salamanders, while also still recognizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FB21890EFF66D7DE" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FB21890EFAE0D703" box="[1262,1353,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FA9E890EFF66D7DE" author="Green, J." pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for others. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FE1E89EAFCD8D7DE" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[465,881,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FE1E89EAFD1BD7DE" box="[465,690,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FD7289EAFCD8D7DE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[701,881,1159,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FA8D89EAFE8AD7BA" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FA8D89EAFA35D7DE" box="[1346,1436,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FF5889C6FE8AD7BA" author="Green, J." box="[151,291,1195,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, both names widely applied to Black-bellied Salamanders in the past (
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FB5C89C6FA34D7BA" box="[1171,1437,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FB5289C6FA3BD7BA" box="[1181,1426,1195,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">Desmognathus niger</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FF0889A2FE65D796" box="[199,460,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FF1C89A2FE6BD796" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[211,450,1231,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">D. quadramaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) are, in fact, junior subjective synonyms of Northern Dusky Salamanders,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FADB89A2FAD5D796" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1300,1404,1231,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FADB89A2FAD5D796" box="[1300,1404,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">D. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533BFFE6FF08899EFAB4D576" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
The confusion stems primarily from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FDAF899EFC88D672" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[608,801,1267,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s imprecise description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FB85899EFA35D672" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[1098,1436,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FB85899EFA35D672" box="[1098,1436,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FF09887AFE3BD64E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[198,402,1303,1329]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s overly broad account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD7B887AFC77D64E" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[692,990,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FD7B887AFC93D64F" box="[692,826,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC88887AFC7CD64E" author="Green, J." box="[839,981,1303,1329]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both of which could potentially include populations of Black-bellied Salamanders in their geographic distribution, and the latter of which is based on at least
|
||
<specimenCount id="41FEFD24533BFFE6FF588832FE96D606" box="[151,319,1375,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
thereof. This confusion did not escape the notice of later authors such as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FB5E8832FA8CD605" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[1169,1317,1375,1402]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FAFD8832FF4DD6E2" author="Valentine, B. D." pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref36175" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1974) Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 153, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1974">Valentine (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FED288EEFE18D6E1" author="Adler, K." box="[285,433,1411,1438]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Indeed,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FDDB88EEFD66D6E2" author="Valentine, B. D." box="[532,719,1411,1437]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref36175" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1974) Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 153, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1974">Valentine (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that: “Holbrook’s descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FB4088EEFAC4D6E2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[1167,1389,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadra-maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FB4088EEFAC4D6E2" box="[1167,1389,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. quadra-maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FF5888CAFF44D6BF" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[151,237,1447,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FF5888CAFF44D6BF" box="[151,237,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">T. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be composites of modern
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FD4F88CAFC4BD6BE" box="[640,994,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD4F88CAFD42D6BE" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[640,747,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">D. fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD3A88CAFC77D6BE" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[757,990,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">D. quadramaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and perhaps
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FBBA88CAFAB4D6BE" box="[1141,1309,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FBBA88CAFAB0D6BE" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1141,1305,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">D. auriculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” However, Holbrook’s account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FE5088A6FD79D69A" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[415,720,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FE5088A6FD81D69B" box="[415,552,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FDF688A6FD61D69A" author="Green, J." box="[569,712,1483,1509]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
carries no nomenclatural force, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FBB888A6FACED69A" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[1143,1383,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FBB888A6FB7BD69B" box="[1143,1234,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FB1488A6FACED69A" author="Green, J." box="[1243,1383,1483,1509]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recently designated a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD168882FC68D576" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[729,961,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FD168882FC99D576" box="[729,816,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FCF88882FC68D576" author="Green, J." box="[823,961,1519,1545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC338882FAB8D576" author="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A." box="[1020,1297,1519,1545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref34425" refString="Pyron, R. A. & Beamer, D. A. (2020) The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders. Zootaxa, 4838 (2), 221 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4838.2.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Pyron and Beamer 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533BFFE6FF088B7EFAE8D432" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
On the other hand, allocation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD9E8B7EFBC2D552" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[593,1131,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FD9E8B7EFC01D552" box="[593,936,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC7A8B7EFBC2D552" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[949,1131,1555,1581]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
still depends on the type specimens, which are not MCZ A-183 or ANSP 14001 and are not known to exist according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FB158B5AFAC2D52D" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[1242,1387,1591,1618]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref30281" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 446 pp." type="book" year="1926">Dunn (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FF588B36FEFDD50A" author="Valentine, B. D." box="[151,340,1627,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref36175" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1974) Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 153, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1974">Valentine (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who noted the need for a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533BFFE6FDB78B36FD4BD50A" box="[632,738,1627,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FD238B36FC2ED50A" author="Brame, A." box="[748,903,1627,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 387" refId="ref29155" refString="Brame, A. (1972) Checklist of living and fossil salamanders of the world. Pasadena, California, 1 - 387. [unpublished manuscript]" type="book chapter" year="1972">Brame (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that ANSP 490 was the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533BFFE6FAC68B36FAC7D50A" box="[1289,1390,1627,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but this was an error; it is actually a primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533BFFE6FDA78B12FD16D5E6" box="[616,703,1663,1689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD2A8B12FBC0D5E6" authority="Holbrook, 1842 e" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[741,1129,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadridigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FD2A8B12FC0DD5E6" box="[741,932,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">S. quadridigitata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC648B12FBC0D5E6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[939,1129,1663,1689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook, 1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FB368B12FA3ED5E6" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[1273,1431,1663,1689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FF588BCEFEF8D5C2" author="Wray, K. P. & Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J." box="[151,337,1699,1725]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref36453" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. & Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of Dwarf Salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31, 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Wray
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FF168BCEFEA6D5C2" box="[217,271,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FEAE8BCEFDB7D5C2" author="Stejneger, L." box="[353,542,1699,1725]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s “rediscovery” of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD358BCEFB77D5C1" authority="(Holbrook)" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" box="[762,1246,1699,1726]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FD358BCEFBF1D5C2" box="[762,1112,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Desmognathus quadrimaculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Holbrook)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” does not qualify as a valid
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533BFFE6FEC28BAAFECFD59E" box="[269,358,1735,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation for the series USNM 30891–30902, as it does not contain an express statement of intent (Article 75.3).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E21533BFFE6FE4E8B86FE44D47A" box="[385,493,1771,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Relatedly</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FE388B86FD0CD47A" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[503,677,1770,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
restricted the type locality to the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD7533BFFE6FBDA8B86FA80D47A" box="[1045,1321,1771,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Great Smoky Mountains</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FAFD8B86FF4BD456" author="Valentine, B. D." pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref36175" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1974) Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 153, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1974">Valentine (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested this refer only to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533BFFE6FD858A62FD5BD456" box="[586,754,1807,1833]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
North
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD5D8A62FD5BD456" box="[658,754,1807,1833]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
portion due to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC508A62FBF6D456" author="Stejneger, L." box="[927,1119,1807,1833]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s “rediscovery” being based on specimens from
|
||
<location id="52276076533BFFE6FEBC8A5EFDDBD432" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:52276076533BFFE6FEBC8A5EFDDBD432" box="[371,626,1843,1869]" county="Relatedly" municipality="Great Smoky Mountains" name="Grandfather Mountain" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" stateProvince="North Carolina">Grandfather Mountain</location>
|
||
, an entirely different range in the
|
||
<location id="52276076533BFFE6FC238A5EFBC2D432" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:52276076533BFFE6FC238A5EFBC2D432" box="[1004,1131,1843,1869]" county="Relatedly" municipality="Great Smoky Mountains" name="Blue Ridge" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" stateProvince="North Carolina">Blue Ridge</location>
|
||
from the
|
||
<location id="52276076533BFFE6FB168A5EFA94D432" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:52276076533BFFE6FB168A5EFA94D432" box="[1241,1341,1843,1869]" county="Relatedly" municipality="Great Smoky Mountains" name="Smokies" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" stateProvince="North Carolina">Smokies</location>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533BFFE7FF088A3AFE00D2D2" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,150,429]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
Much of the above information was previously summarized in the unpublished PhD thesis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FB238A3AFA30D40E" author="Wooten, J. A." box="[1260,1433,1879,1905]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref36238" refString="Wooten, J. A. (2008) Comparative phylogeography of dusky salamanders, genus Desmognathus, in the southern Appalachian Mountains. PhD Thesis. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 192 pp." type="book" year="2008">Wooten (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. She subsequently submitted an application to the ICZN entitled “
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FC448A17FBB7D4EB" bold="true" box="[907,1054,1914,1940]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">CASE 3427.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FBE78A16FEE1D4C6" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533BFFE6FBE78A16FA35D4EA" box="[1064,1436,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Desmognathus quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FF588AF2FEE1D4C6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[151,328,1951,1977]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FE998AF2FE65D4C6" box="[342,460,1951,1977]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Amphibia</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FE198AF2FD9FD4C6" box="[470,566,1951,1977]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Caudata</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533BFFE6FD8F8AF2FCEBD4C6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" box="[576,834,1951,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">PLETHODONTIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
): proposed conservation of usage of the specific name by the designation of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533BFFE6FE528AAEFE50D4A2" box="[413,505,1987,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533BFFE6FDCB8AAEFD27D4A2" box="[516,654,1987,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">J.A. Wooten</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533BFFE6FD7D8AAEFC9DD4A2" box="[690,820,1987,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">L.J. Rissler</collectorName>
|
||
” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533BFFE6FC838AAEFBB3D4A2" author="Anonymous & International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[844,1050,1987,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="137 - 138" refId="ref28155" refString="Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (2007) New applications to the Commission. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 64, 137 - 138." type="journal article" year="2007">Anonymous 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As detailed in her thesis, Wooten proposed designating UAHC 15652, collected from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD7533AFFE7FD3A8DFAFC31D3CE" box="[757,920,151,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Noland Creek</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E21533AFFE7FC698DFAFBE2D3CE" box="[934,1099,151,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Swain County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533AFFE7FB968DFAFAADD3CE" box="[1113,1284,151,177]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
|
||
North
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533AFFE7FB6B8DFAFAADD3CE" box="[1188,1284,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A533AFFE7FAD88DFBFA2DD3CE" box="[1303,1412,150,177]" degrees="35.55575" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" precision="1" value="35.55575">35.55575</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="32CC506A533AFFE7FA5C8DFAFEABD3AA" degrees="83.48084" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" precision="1" value="-83.48084">- 83.48084</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) by
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533AFFE7FEF78DD6FE6DD3AA" box="[312,452,187,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">J.A. Wooten</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533AFFE7FE308DD6FDD3D3AA" box="[511,634,187,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">S.A. Eagle</collectorName>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="2346106D533AFFE7FD678DD6FCF3D3AA" box="[680,858,187,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" value="2006-03-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="3302E985533AFFE7FD678DD6FCF3D3AA" box="[680,858,187,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" value="2006-03-23">23 March 2006</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533AFFE7FC7C8DD6FBA5D3AA" box="[947,1036,187,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
to replace an unidentifiable namebearing type under Article 75.5. They chose this location as it represents the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533AFFE7FC2C8DB2FB23D386" box="[995,1162,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
|
||
North
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533AFFE7FBE58DB2FB23D386" box="[1066,1162,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
side of the
|
||
<location id="52276076533AFFE7FAC68DB2FEBBD262" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:52276076533AFFE7FAC68DB2FEBBD262" county="Swain County" latitude="35.55575" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-83.48084" municipality="Noland Creek" name="Great Smoky Mountains" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" stateProvince="North Carolina">Great Smoky Mountains</location>
|
||
, as recommended by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FDC88C6EFD1FD262" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[519,694,258,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refId="ref35329" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6 th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FD218C6EFC04D262" author="Valentine, B. D." box="[750,941,259,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref36175" refString="Valentine, B. D. (1974) Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 153, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1974">Valentine (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This would represent the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533AFFE7FB178C6EFA35D262" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[1240,1436,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533AFFE7FB178C6EFA35D262" box="[1240,1436,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F lineage of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FEE88C4AFDE3D23E" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." box="[295,586,295,321]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref28779" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2020) Towards rectifying limitations on species delineation in dusky salamanders (Desmognathus: Plethodontidae): An ecoregion-drainage sampling grid reveals additional cryptic clades. Zootaxa, 4734 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4734.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Beamer and Lamb (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533AFFE7FD038C4AFCAFD23E" box="[716,774,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020, 2022b). However, this case was never published in full before being closed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FE7C8C26FD2BD21A" author="Anonymous & International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[435,642,331,357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="329 - 329" refId="ref28183" refString="Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (2008) Notice of closure of Cases. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 65, 329 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.21805 / bzn. v 65 i 4. a 3" type="journal article" year="2008">Anonymous 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the type status is still undetermined, the type locality has been dubiously restricted by later authors, and the two primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533AFFE7FCD98C02FCD1D2F6" box="[790,888,367,393]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
may nonetheless still be extant among the known collections of Holbrook.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="03876625533AFFE7FF588B15FE57D584" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534820" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534820/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" startId="19.[151,250,1656,1680]" targetBox="[151,1435,453,1631]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533AFFE7FF588B15FE57D584" blockId="19.[151,1436,1656,1788]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533AFFE7FF588B15FEBAD5EF" bold="true" box="[151,275,1656,1680]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Lectotype (ANSP 821) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533AFFE7FDED8B15FC55D5EF" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[546,1020,1656,1680]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533AFFE7FDED8B15FCFDD5EF" box="[546,852,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FC958B15FC55D5EF" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[858,1020,1656,1680]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, type locality “Penns[ylvania].” in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. The locality, origin, and disposition of the second primary syntype and an unknown number of possible secondary or tertiary syntypes is unknown (see below), but they thereby become paralectotypes. Note the distinct “subquadrate” dorsal blotches (a). Ruler is in mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533AFFE0FF088A47FE1BD21A" blockId="19.[151,1437,1834,2041]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
|
||
Indeed, a series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533AFFE7FE538A47FD52D43B" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[412,763,1834,1860]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533AFFE7FE538A47FDC1D43B" box="[412,616,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Salamandra fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FDBF8A47FD52D43B" author="Green, J." box="[624,763,1834,1860]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ANSP 814–825) is recorded in vol. 1 of the ANSP catalog as having been donated by Dr. Holbrook, with the locality of “Penns.” All are clearly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533AFFE7FBAE8A23FAFCD417" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1121,1365,1870,1896]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533AFFE7FBAE8A23FAFCD417" box="[1121,1365,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Desmognathus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the modern sense (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FEF08A1FFE4FD4F3" author="Petranka, J. W." box="[319,486,1906,1932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refId="ref34319" refString="Petranka, J. W. (2010) Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, 592 pp." type="book" year="2010">Petranka 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FE3E8A1FFD6AD4F2" author="Powell, R. & Conant, R. & Collins, J. T." box="[497,707,1906,1933]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refId="ref34383" refString="Powell, R., Conant, R. & Collins, J. T. (2016) Peterson field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, 512 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533AFFE7FD888A1EFDD6D4F3" box="[583,639,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All but one is in moderate but recognizable condition. They are all very soft, likely never having been fixed in formalin, probably only ethanol or a similar spirit (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533AFFE7FAFD8AFBFF7DD4AB" author="Simmons, J. E." pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refId="ref35499" refString="Simmons, J. E. (2014) Fluid preservation: a comprehensive reference. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, 347 pp." type="book" year="2014">Simmons 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One, however, is of markedly different size, coloration, shape, and condition. This specimen, ANSP 821 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A28533AFFE7FAA08AD7FF0FD486" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-143@19.[151,1435,453,1633]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 5. Lectotype (ANSP 821) of Salamandra maculo-quadrata Holbrook, 1840, type locality “Penns[ylvania].” in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views.The locality, origin, and disposition of the second primary syntype and an unknown number of possible secondary or tertiary syntypes is unknown (see below), but they thereby become paralectotypes. Note the distinct “subquadrate” dorsal blotches (a). Ruler is in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534820/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), is slightly smaller, darker, and more rigid and partially desiccated in preservative. It also matches almost exactly, in color-pattern and general description, the illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FCF68DFAFAF9D3CE" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[825,1360,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FCF68DFAFB27D3CE" box="[825,1166,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FB578DFAFAF9D3CE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1176,1360,151,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:pl. 26, specifically in having a dark dorsum with 8 pairs of subquadrate marks on the back and a solid stripe running the length of the tail. The tail is truncated in this specimen (apparently having broken off some time after preservation), so only the beginning of this line is visible. Holbrook notes: “Length of head to anterior extremities, 7 lines [
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533DFFE0FA8E8C6FFA38D262" box="[1345,1425,258,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
|
||
]; length of body to vent,
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533DFFE0FE6F8C4AFE4FD23E" box="[416,486,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" unit="in" value="1.0">1 inch</quantity>
|
||
4 lines [
|
||
<quantity id="90009B48533DFFE0FD888C4BFD3DD23E" box="[583,660,294,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="34.0">34mm</quantity>
|
||
] …”, and our measurements of ANSP 821 match these figures when accounting for curvature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533DFFE0FF088C02FE0CD06A" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
As noted above, there are different illustrations of
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FCD28C02FB23D2F6" box="[797,1162,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FCE88C02FB29D2F6" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[807,1152,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">Salamandra quadramaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FB7A8C02FAD9D2F6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1205,1392,367,393]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 26) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FF358CFEFE69D2D2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[250,448,403,429]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 13).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FDE28CFEFCB4D2D2" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[557,797,402,429]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:50)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that he has received two living specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533DFFE0FF588CDAFE99D2AE" box="[151,304,439,465]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
; whether one each is illustrated in the different volumes, or the difference is attributable to the change in illustrators between volumes is unclear (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FD698CB6FC80D289" author="Adler, K." box="[678,809,475,502]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In any event, the available evidence points strongly to ANSP 821 being the primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FE108C92FD9FD166" box="[479,566,511,537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
described and illustrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FCB78C92FAEAD166" authority="Holbrook (1840: 121" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[888,1347,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FCB78C92FBFCD166" box="[888,1109,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FB938C92FAEAD166" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1116,1347,511,537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook (1840:121</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. 26). We hereby designate it as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FE278F4EFDFBD142" box="[488,594,547,573]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, rendering the type locality “Penns[ylvania].” The second primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FA8A8F4EFA35D142" box="[1349,1436,547,573]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
thereby becomes a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FEBE8F2AFDA5D11E" box="[369,524,583,609]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; its whereabouts are unknown (but see below). This represents a rare addition to the type collection of both Holbrook and the ANSP (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FCEE8F06FC69D1FA" author="Malnate, E. V." box="[801,960,619,645]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="345 - 375" refId="ref33881" refString="Malnate, E. V. (1971) A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1971">Malnate 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FC038F06FBF8D1F9" author="Adler, K." box="[972,1105,619,646]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref27938" refString="Adler, K. (1976) New genera and species described in Holbrook's " North American Herpetology ". In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Holbrook's North American Herpetology by John Edwards Holbrook. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, pp. xxix - xlii." type="book" year="1976">Adler 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that the illustrations, description, and locality stated by Holbrook in the account, and the locality and apparent identity of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FAF98FE2FA34D1D6" box="[1334,1437,655,681]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are all congruent with the
|
||
<location id="52276076533DFFE0FE738FDEFD54D1B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:52276076533DFFE0FE738FDEFD54D1B2" box="[444,765,691,717]" name="Northern Dusky Salamander" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" stateProvince="Pennsylvania">Northern Dusky Salamander</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FCC28FDEFBA8D1B2" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[781,1025,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FCC28FDEFBA8D1B2" box="[781,1025,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Desmognathus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), we reiterate earlier authors such as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FF588FBAFE81D18E" author="Baird, S. F." box="[151,296,726,753]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FEAF8FBAFE44D18E" author="Cope, E. D." box="[352,493,726,753]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="122 - 128" refId="ref29767" refString="Cope, E. D. (1859) On the primary divisions of the Salamandridae, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 11, 122 - 128." type="journal article" year="1859">Cope (1859)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in recognizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FD518FBAFB9ED18E" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[670,1079,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FD518FBAFCD4D18E" box="[670,893,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FC4A8FBAFB9ED18E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[901,1079,727,753]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FF798F96FE08D06A" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[182,417,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FF798F96FEA4D06A" box="[182,269,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FEDB8F96FE08D06A" author="Green, J." box="[276,417,763,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533DFFE0FF088E72FEA0D672" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
A specimen in Paris (MNHN-RA 0.4671) may also bear on this matter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CFC32A28533DFFE0FC3D8E72FB9ED045" box="[1010,1079,799,826]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1445]" captionTargetId="figure-123@21.[151,1435,381,1445]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 6. Historical specimen (MNHN-RA 0.4674) of Salamandra maculo-quadrata Holbrook, 1840 in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen originated in the ANSP, from the December 1856 donation to Paris from Hallowell, where it is recorded with a locality of “Philadelphia” and a donor of “Hallowell.” Given its proximity to the lectotype of S. auriculata (MNHN-RA 0.4675), the nonspecificity of “Hallowell” as donator rather than collector, the locality congruence with Holbrook’s specimens, and the unusually late date for use of the name as valid, we suggest that this may possibly represent Holbrook’s second primary syntype. Lacking any direct mention of Holbrook in connection with the specimen, we do not conclude this formally, but its existence and age is consistent with the junior subjective synonymy of S. maculo-quadrata Holbrook, 1840 with S. fusca Green, 1818. Grid is in cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534822/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<date id="2346106D533DFFE0FB4F8E72FA9AD046" box="[1152,1331,798,825]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" value="1856-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="3302E985533DFFE0FB4F8E72FA9AD046" box="[1152,1331,798,825]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" value="1856-12">December 1856</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
donation from Hallowell contained a specimen that the “Inventaire” records as
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FC058E2EFA86D022" box="[970,1327,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FC1B8E2EFA8CD022" box="[980,1317,835,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatum">Plethodon quadrimaculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from the ANSP, received as
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FEA88E0AFC2DD0FE" box="[359,900,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FEBE8E0AFCD3D0FE" box="[369,890,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Plethodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadri-maculatum" subGenus="Cylindrosoma">Plethodon (Cylindrosoma) quadri-maculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the MNHN, from “Philadelphie.” The MNHN catalog labels it
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FE9D8EE6FD4DD0DA" box="[338,740,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FE948EE6FD7FD0DA" box="[347,726,907,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">Desmognathus quadrimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with different, later handwriting crossing out the species and writing in
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FEC78EC2FE06D0B6" box="[264,431,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FEDC8EC2FE36D0B6" baseAuthorityName="Holbrook" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[275,415,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">auriculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with the locality “Philadelphie” and donor as “Hallowell.” A much later margin entry in red pen notes “=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FEEB8EBEFD9DD092" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[292,564,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
D. fuscus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FE558EBEFD82D092" author="Green, J." box="[410,555,979,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FD878EBEFCAED092" author="Hallowell, E." box="[584,775,978,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="130 - 131" refId="ref31399" refString="Hallowell, E. (1856) Descriptions of two new species of urodeles, from Georgia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 130 - 131." type="journal article" year="1856">Hallowell (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded this species as dubious (“[P.] quadrimaculatus?”), and this the only specimen we have encountered that was accessioned in a museum under this name. While it is possible that Hallowell collected this specimen himself in Philadelphia and used a disfavored name to catalog it, we suggest it is equally likely that this specimen was in the ANSP under that name from Holbrook. Therefore, it may represent Holbrook’ second primary
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FDA7890EFD16D702" box="[616,703,1123,1149]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533DFFE0FCCC890EFC32D702" box="[771,923,1123,1149]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
, perhaps even that illustrated by
|
||
<collectorName id="FA0D537B533DFFE0FAC6890EFA34D702" box="[1289,1437,1123,1149]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">J. H. Richard</collectorName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FF7A89EAFED1D7DE" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[181,376,1159,1185]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 13). Lacking a firm connection between this specimen and Holbrook, we do not go so far as to declare this formally, but the specimen itself appears to be a
|
||
<location id="52276076533DFFE0FC4889C6FB60D7BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:52276076533DFFE0FC4889C6FB60D7BA" box="[903,1225,1195,1221]" name="Northern Dusky Salamander" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" stateProvince="Pennsylvania">Northern Dusky Salamander</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FB1489C6FAEDD7BA" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1243,1348,1195,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FB1489C6FAEDD7BA" box="[1243,1348,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">D. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), likely from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533DFFE0FF1989A2FEC2D796" box="[214,363,1231,1257]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
as labeled, reinforcing the junior subjective synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FBCD89A2FA35D796" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[1026,1436,1231,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FBCD89A2FB48D796" box="[1026,1249,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FB2589A2FA35D796" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1258,1436,1231,1257]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
therewith.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533DFFE0FF08887AFBFAD509" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
While this turn of events (rediscovery of a type and relegation to synonymy) is both simple and straightforward, it is nonetheless disruptive of 119 years of literature on Black-bellied Salamanders. One solution would be conservation of prevailing usage by a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FDF38832FD3CD606" box="[572,661,1375,1401]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(Article 75.6), whereby the present authors maintain prevailing usage (Article 82) and request the Commission use its plenary power (Article 81) to set aside the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FB5A88EEFB55D6E2" box="[1173,1276,1411,1437]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FF6288CAFEA0D6BE" box="[173,265,1447,1473]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. This is undesirable for three primary reasons. The first is that there exists a valid, available name for some Black-bellied Salamanders,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FDD388A6FB65D69A" authority="Bishop, 1941" authorityName="Bishop" authorityYear="1941" box="[540,1228,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="quadramaculatus" subSpecies="amphileucus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FDD388A6FB81D69A" box="[540,1064,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Desmognathus quadramaculatus amphileucus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FBFE88A6FB65D69A" author="Bishop, S. C." box="[1073,1228,1483,1509]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref29068" refString="Bishop, S. C. (1941) Notes on salamanders with descriptions of several new forms. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 451, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1941">Bishop, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Commission could use UMMZ 89767 (the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FE2A8882FDEED576" box="[485,583,1519,1545]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FDA48882FC9ED576" box="[619,823,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">D. q. amphileucus</emphasis>
|
||
from “Demorest,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="BE264E21533DFFE0FBCE8882FB75D576" box="[1025,1244,1519,1545]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Habersham County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FEF763D533DFFE0FB298882FAEDD575" box="[1254,1348,1519,1546]" name="Georgia" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
”) as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FF588B7EFF5AD552" box="[151,243,1555,1581]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="52276076533DFFE0FF328B7EFE86D552" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF5187BB5339FFE2FF588DFAFBF0D76E:52276076533DFFE0FF328B7EFE86D552" box="[253,303,1555,1581]" country="Georgia" county="Habersham County" municipality="However" name="This" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">This</location>
|
||
would thereby render it a junior objective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FC548B7EFA35D552" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[923,1436,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FC548B7EFB4DD552" box="[923,1252,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Salamandra quadramaculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FB248B7EFA35D552" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1259,1436,1555,1581]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and allow
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FEC38B5AFE5BD52E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[268,498,1591,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FEC38B5AFE5BD52E" box="[268,498,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">D. quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be maintained.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B723ACD7533DFFE0FD0D8B5AFC83D52E" box="[706,810,1591,1617]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">However</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, this would only provide a valid name for one of the six candidate species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FEA78B36FD85D50A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[360,556,1627,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FEA78B36FD85D50A" box="[360,556,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FD9B8B36FCC1D50A" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." box="[596,872,1627,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref28779" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2020) Towards rectifying limitations on species delineation in dusky salamanders (Desmognathus: Plethodontidae): An ecoregion-drainage sampling grid reveals additional cryptic clades. Zootaxa, 4734 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4734.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Beamer and Lamb 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FCBC8B36FBEFD509" author="Pyron, R. A. & O'Connell, K. A. & Lemmon, E. M. & Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A." box="[883,1094,1627,1654]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="8574" refId="ref34716" refString="Pyron, R. A., O'Connell, K. A., Lemmon, E. M., Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A. (2022 b) Candidate-species delimitation in Desmognathus salamanders reveals gene flow across lineage boundaries, confounding phylogenetic estimation and clarifying hybrid zones. Ecology and Evolution, 12 (2), e 8574. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.8574" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FC728B36FC5CD50A" box="[957,1013,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533DFFE0FF088B12FDD1D40F" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
Second and more importantly, doing so would not alleviate the taxonomic uncertainty, instability, and lack of universality induced by creating a clearly erroneous linkage between a specimen of one species (a Black-bellied Salamander) and the description of another (the Northern Dusky Salamander). While 119 years of prevailing usage linkgs
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FF2E8B86FD76D47A" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[225,735,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FF2E8B86FD80D47A" box="[225,553,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Salamandra quadramaculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FDE08B86FD76D47A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[559,735,1771,1797]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FCEE8B86FC72D47A" author="Stejneger, L." box="[801,987,1771,1797]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to the present day, there is also literature spanning a period of at least 53 years from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FD528A62FC98D456" author="Baird, S. F." box="[669,817,1806,1833]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="281 - 294" refId="ref28266" refString="Baird, S. F. (1850) " 1849 " Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2 (1), 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="1850">Baird (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FC938A62FBB2D456" author="Stejneger, L." box="[860,1051,1807,1833]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
during which numerous workers (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FF178A5EFEFAD432" author="Gray, J. E." box="[216,339,1842,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref31130" refString="Gray, J. E. (1850) Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the Collection of the British Museum: Part II. Batrachia Gradientia, Etc. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 72 pp." type="book" year="1850">Gray 1850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FE908A5EFE72D431" author="Cope, E. D." box="[351,475,1843,1870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="93 - 118" refId="ref29689" refString="Cope, E. D. (1869) A review of the species of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 21, 93 - 118." type="journal article" year="1869">Cope 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) recognized the clear and obvious junior subjective synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FB098A5EFEE0D40E" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FB098A5EFA35D432" box="[1222,1436,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">S. quadramaculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FF588A3AFEE0D40E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[151,329,1879,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FE478A3AFDD8D40E" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[392,625,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FE478A3AFE76D40E" box="[392,479,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FE298A3AFDD8D40E" author="Green, J." box="[486,625,1879,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533DFFE1FF088A16FB76D21A" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
We recognize that more workers applied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533DFFE0FD728A16FB7DD4EA" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[701,1236,1915,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533DFFE0FD728A16FBA4D4EA" box="[701,1037,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Salamandra quadramaculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533DFFE0FBD48A16FB7DD4EA" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1051,1236,1915,1941]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Black-bellied Salamanders between 1903 and 2022 than applied it to Northern Dusky Salamanders between 1840 and 1903. Regardless, designating a specimen of a Black-bellied Salamander as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533DFFE0FC3C8AAEFBE5D4A2" box="[1011,1100,1987,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of a taxon with a history of recognition as a junior subjective synonym of another widespread species would only increase confusion, as the type specimen would then be clearly at odds with the diagnosis in the original description, and the subsequent usage of that name for 63 years. This situation would only be compounded if MCZ A-183 or ANSP 14001 were chosen as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533CFFE1FF298C6EFEEBD262" box="[230,322,259,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, given their origin with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FDAE8C6EFC9BD262" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[609,818,259,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE1FC008C6EFAAFD262" authority="(Green, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[975,1286,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FC008C6EFBF0D263" box="[975,1113,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Triton niger</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FBA48C6EFB57D262" author="Green, J." box="[1131,1278,259,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, itself also a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE1FE298C4AFD7BD23E" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[486,722,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FE298C4AFD94D23E" box="[486,573,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FD8A8C4AFD7BD23E" author="Green, J." box="[581,722,295,321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both specimens are also in extremely poor condition, bear few identifiable characteristics, and lack accurate localities to tie them to any of the candidate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="03876625533CFFE1FF5888D0FD9FD5AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534822" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6534822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6534822/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" startId="21.[151,250,1469,1493]" targetBox="[151,1435,381,1445]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533CFFE1FF5888D0FD9FD5AE" blockId="21.[151,1437,1469,1746]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FF5888D0FEBED6AA" bold="true" box="[151,279,1469,1493]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Historical specimen (MNHN-RA 0.4674) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE1FD3388D0FB48D6A9" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[764,1249,1469,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FD3388D0FB9BD6AA" box="[764,1074,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FBF388D0FB48D6A9" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1084,1249,1469,1494]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen originated in the ANSP, from the December 1856 donation to Paris from Hallowell, where it is recorded with a locality of “Philadelphia” and a donor of “Hallowell.” Given its proximity to the lectotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE1FAD78B6BFA34D562" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1838" box="[1304,1437,1541,1565]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FAD78B6BFA34D562" box="[1304,1437,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">S. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN-RA 0.4675), the nonspecificity of “Hallowell” as donator rather than collector, the locality congruence with Holbrook’s specimens, and the unusually late date for use of the name as valid, we suggest that this may possibly represent Holbrook’s second primary syntype. Lacking any direct mention of Holbrook in connection with the specimen, we do not conclude this formally, but its existence and age is consistent with the junior subjective synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE1FBE88BFBFA34D5D1" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[1063,1437,1685,1710]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FBE88BFBFB5BD5D2" box="[1063,1266,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FB358BF8FA34D5D1" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[1274,1437,1685,1710]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE1FF048BD7FE09D5AD" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" box="[203,416,1721,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FF048BD7FEB0D5AE" box="[203,281,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FEEF8BD7FE09D5AD" author="Green, J." box="[288,416,1722,1746]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Grid is in cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533CFFE2FF018A6DFECCD21A" blockId="21.[151,1437,1792,2034]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,1041]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
|
||
Third and perhaps most crucially, despite the massive amount of literature utilizing the name under prevailing usage, Black-bellied Salamanders are not monophyletic; they are not even a single species, let alone one which is coherently diagnosed and consistently recognized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FD1E8A25FC35D41D" author="Kozak, K. H. & Larson, A. & Bonett, R. M. & Harmon, L. J." box="[721,924,1863,1890]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="2000 - 2016" refId="ref33188" refString="Kozak, K. H., Larson, A., Bonett, R. M. & Harmon, L. J. (2005) Phylogenetic analysis of ecomorphological divergence, community structure, and diversification rates in Dusky Salamanders (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus). Evolution, 59, 2000 - 2016. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2005. tb 01069. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Kozak
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FCEC8A25FCF2D41D" box="[803,859,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FC688A25FB6BD41D" author="Wooten, J. A. & Rissler, L. J." box="[935,1218,1864,1890]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="175 - 208" refId="ref36276" refString="Wooten, J. A. & Rissler, L. J. (2011) Ecological associations and genetic divergence in Black-bellied Salamanders (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Acta Herpetologica, 6, 175 - 208." type="journal article" year="2011">Wooten and Rissler 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FB018A25FF7DD4F9" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref28779" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2020) Towards rectifying limitations on species delineation in dusky salamanders (Desmognathus: Plethodontidae): An ecoregion-drainage sampling grid reveals additional cryptic clades. Zootaxa, 4734 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4734.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Beamer and Lamb 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Instead, the currently known populations are arranged in at least six lineages representing candidate species in two distantly related clades (Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FDF28AFDFDDCD4D5" box="[573,629,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020, 2022b). Some lineages have exchanged mitochondrial haplotypes with populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE1FEB18AD9FD72D4B1" authority="(Moore, 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Moore" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[382,731,1972,1998]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FEB18AD9FD82D4B2" box="[382,555,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">D. marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FDF48AD9FD7AD4B1" author="Moore, J. P." box="[571,723,1972,1998]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="316 - 323" refId="ref34138" refString="Moore, J. P. (1899) Leurognathus marmorata, a new genus and species of salamander of the family Desmognathidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 51, 316 - 323." type="journal article" year="1899">Moore, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, presumably due to hybridization in sympatry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FB368AD9FA3ED4B1" author="Jackson, N. D." box="[1273,1431,1971,1998]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" refId="ref32918" refString="Jackson, N. D. (2005) Phylogenetic history, morphological parallelism, and speciation in a complex of Appalachian salamanders (Genus: Desmognathus). MS Thesis. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 358 pp." type="book" year="2005">Jackson 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533CFFE1FF588AB5FEF5D48D" author="Jones, M. T. & Voss, S. R. & Ptacek, M. B. & Weisrock, D. W. & Tonkyn, D. W." box="[151,348,2007,2034]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="280 - 287" refId="ref33013" refString="Jones, M. T., Voss, S. R., Ptacek, M. B., Weisrock, D. W. & Tonkyn, D. W. (2006) River drainages and phylogeography: an evolutionary significant lineage of shovel-nosed salamander (Desmognathus marmoratus) in the southern Appalachians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, 280 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.05.007" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Jones
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE1FF118AB5FEBED48D" box="[222,279,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens of Black-bellied Salamander are also often involved in taxonomic mix-ups with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533CFFE2FA4E8AB5FE89D3CF" baseAuthorityName="Moore" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="173" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533CFFE2FA4E8AB5FE89D3CF" italics="true" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">D. marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the field (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FE398DFAFCB7D3CE" author="Jones, K. S. & Weisrock, D. W." box="[502,798,151,177]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="2378 - 2393" refId="ref32961" refString="Jones, K. S. & Weisrock, D. W. (2018) Genomic data reject the hypothesis of sympatric ecological speciation in a clade of Desmognathus salamanders. Evolution, 72, 2378 - 2393. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / evo. 13606" type="journal article" year="2018">Jones and Weisrock 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FC688DFAFC4BD3CE" box="[935,994,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020). Thus, any
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533FFFE2FB768DFAFABBD3CE" box="[1209,1298,151,177]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation (e.g., UAHC 15652) would involve arbitrarily allocating the identity of a single mitonuclear candidate species (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FF588DB2FEF2D386" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,347,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF588DB2FEF2D386" box="[151,347,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A or F), while doing nothing to alleviate the taxonomic uncertainty of the remaining lineages previously referred to as
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FE608C6EFD35D262" box="[431,668,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FE608C6EFD30D262" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[431,665,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">D. quadramaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Nor would it provide a stable and universal basis for the recognition of the newly validated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FE6D8C4AFD22D23E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[418,651,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FE6D8C4AFD22D23E" box="[418,651,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">D. quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself, as the original description would still clearly refer to another species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FF398C26FEF7D21A" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[246,350,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF398C26FEF7D21A" box="[246,350,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">D. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE2FF088C02FC32D1B2" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||
As of
|
||
<date id="2346106D533FFFE2FEDB8C02FE7CD2F6" box="[276,469,367,393]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" value="2022-01-29">29 January 2022</date>
|
||
on Google Scholar, at least 983 publications have used the name
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FB298C02FEC2D2D2" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FB3F8C02FEC8D2D2" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">Desmognathus quadramaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and 22 have used
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FD9E8CFEFCF5D2D2" box="[593,860,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FD928CFEFCE4D2D2" box="[605,845,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">D. quadrimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
representing 119 years of prevailing usage since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FF588CDAFEFED2AE" author="Stejneger, L." box="[151,343,439,465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="557 - 558" refId="ref35722" refString="Stejneger, L. (1903) Rediscovery of one of Holbrook's salamanders. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 557 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1321.557" type="journal article" year="1903">Stejneger (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We have discovered that this is not in taxonomic accord with the existing name-bearing type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FF588CB6FD07D28A" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,686,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF588CB6FE45D28A" box="[151,492,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Salamandra maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FE398CB6FD07D28A" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[502,686,475,501]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, we argue that stability and universality experience no additional threat from designating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FDD18C92FC1ED166" authority="Holbrook, 1840" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[542,951,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculo-quadrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FDD18C92FD54D166" box="[542,765,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">S. maculo-quadrata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FCCA8C92FC1ED166" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[773,951,511,537]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" refId="ref32433" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1840) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 126 pp., XXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1840">Holbrook, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FA8B8C92FE8ED142" authority="Green, 1818" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1818" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FA8B8C92FA35D166" box="[1348,1436,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">S. fusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FF588F4EFE8ED142" author="Green, J." box="[151,295,547,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="348 - 359" refId="ref31172" refString="Green, J. (1818) Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1, 348 - 359." type="journal article" year="1818">Green, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In contrast, taxonomic and nomenclatural uncertainty would only be increased by designation of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="8843880F533FFFE2FF588F2AFF5AD11E" box="[151,243,583,609]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Thus, we do not invoke Article 75.6. Instead, we conclude that abandoning the use of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FB788F2AFA35D11E" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[1207,1436,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FB788F2AFA35D11E" box="[1207,1436,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">D. quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for Black-bellied Salamanders and relegating it to the synonymy of Northern Dusky Salamanders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FB278F06FAF9D1FA" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1256,1360,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FB278F06FAF9D1FA" box="[1256,1360,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">D. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is the solution providing the greatest stability. Resurrecting available, valid names for some candidate species and erecting new names for others is consequently the only suitable path forward.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574736AD533FFFE2FF088FBAFBF0D76E" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Therefore, future revisions should likely reinstate the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FC438FBAFE87D06A" authority="Bishop, 1941" authorityName="Bishop" authorityYear="1941" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="quadramaculatus" subSpecies="amphileucus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FC438FBAFA34D18E" box="[908,1437,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Desmognathus quadramaculatus amphileucus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FF588F96FE87D06A" author="Bishop, S. C." box="[151,302,763,789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref29068" refString="Bishop, S. C. (1941) Notes on salamanders with descriptions of several new forms. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 451, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1941">Bishop, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FE468F96FDE4D06A" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[393,589,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FE468F96FDE4D06A" box="[393,589,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A lineage occupying the Blue Ridge Mountains south of the Great Smoky Mountains (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FE828E72FDCDD046" author="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T." box="[333,612,799,825]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref28779" refString="Beamer, D. A. & Lamb, T. (2020) Towards rectifying limitations on species delineation in dusky salamanders (Desmognathus: Plethodontidae): An ecoregion-drainage sampling grid reveals additional cryptic clades. Zootaxa, 4734 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4734.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Beamer and Lamb 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C533FFFE2FDBF8E72FCE1D045" author="Pyron, R. A. & O'Connell, K. A. & Lemmon, E. M. & Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A." box="[624,840,799,826]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" pagination="8574" refId="ref34716" refString="Pyron, R. A., O'Connell, K. A., Lemmon, E. M., Lemmon, A. R. & Beamer, D. A. (2022 b) Candidate-species delimitation in Desmognathus salamanders reveals gene flow across lineage boundaries, confounding phylogenetic estimation and clarifying hybrid zones. Ecology and Evolution, 12 (2), e 8574. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.8574" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Pyron
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FD748E72FD5CD046" box="[699,757,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The remaining populations, from the Great Smoky Mountains to the Gauley River in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="953CF84F533FFFE2FDD98E2EFD06D022" box="[534,687,835,861]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FD0F8E2EFC2DD022" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[704,900,835,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FD0F8E2EFC2DD022" box="[704,900,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">quadramaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
C, D, E, F, and G) consequently lack any valid, available names at present. We suggest that they continue to be referred to as
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FC368E0AFB56D0FE" box="[1017,1279,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||
D. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FBEA8E0AFB5DD0FE" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[1061,1268,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">quadramaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(in quotes) or
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF588EE6FF1AD0DB" box="[151,179,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">D.</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<emphasis id="658CEABF533FFFE2FF118EE6FE68D0DA" box="[222,449,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E533FFFE2FF278EE6FE1ED0DA" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1840" box="[232,439,907,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadramaculatus">quadramaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by interested parties for the time being as new species descriptions are prepared for these taxa. Future workers investigating the group for the first time may initially be perplexed by the discontinuous shift in species names, but this is necessary for both nomenclatural and taxonomic reasons, to reflect the evolutionary and systematic history of the group accurately, as well as the historical publication record.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |