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Bioassay for
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The
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experiments were approved by the local Animal Research Ethics Committee (ComEth Anses, EnvA, UPE) of Maisons-Alfort. In order to limit suffering and distress, mice were acclimated for 7 days after their arrival. Cages were filled with paper strips. Animal health and behaviour were monitored daily. Mice were observed based on the following criteria:
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<paragraph id="525836D0E259FF988B31FCE1541EFCC1" blockId="3.[113,767,802,946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4"> external physical appearance (disheveled or spiked hairs, watering eyes, bent back, tremors),</paragraph>
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If any of these criteria were critically altered, mice were subsequently euthanised and examined post-mortem to investigate the parasitic load. Euthanasia consisted in CO
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asphyxiation, followed by cervical dislocation.
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After approval from the local Animal Research Ethics Committee, between 5 and 11 heart samples, randomly chosen from among those with the highest titers of agglutinating antibodies, were bioassayed weekly in three outbred female Swiss Webster mice (Charles River Laboratory,
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). Additionally, nine seronegative hearts, randomly selected from the total number of samples, were bioassayed in mice. Briefly, each whole heart was mixed and incubated at 37 °C for 1.5 h with trypsin (final concentration 0.25%). The suspension was then filtered, pelleted by centrifugation, washed in saline, and resuspended in a saline solution containing penicillin G, streptomycin and amoxicillin to limit bacterial proliferation. This homogenate was inoculated intraperitoneally into three mice [
<bibRefCitation id="36764B21E259FF988B3AFA375690F992" author="Afonso E &amp; Poulle ML &amp; Lemoine M &amp; Villena I &amp; Aubert D &amp; Gilot-Fromont E." box="[122,135,1524,1547]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="313 - 314" refId="ref10463" refString="1. Afonso E, Poulle ML, Lemoine M, Villena I, Aubert D, Gilot-Fromont E. 2007. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in small mammals from the Ardennes region, France. Folia Parasitologica, 54, 313 - 314." type="journal article" year="2007">1</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="36764B21E259FF988BD6FA3756A7F992" author="Villena I &amp; Aubert D &amp; Gomis P &amp; Ferte H &amp; Inglard JC &amp; Bisiaux H &amp; Dondon JM &amp; Pisano E &amp; Ortis N &amp; Pinon JM" box="[150,176,1524,1547]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="4035 - 4039" refId="ref13215" refString="59. Villena I, Aubert D, Gomis P, Ferte H, Inglard JC, Denis- Bisiaux H, Dondon JM, Pisano E, Ortis N, Pinon JM. 2004. Evaluation of a strategy for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst detection in water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 70, 4035 - 4039." type="journal article" year="2004">59</bibRefCitation>
]. Mice were monitored twice daily with food and water supplied
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. In case of acute toxoplasmosis, the mice were culled by CO
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asphyxiation, followed by cervical dislocation, and samples of brain were taken for analysis. Mice were bled 4 weeks post-inoculation and their serum was tested at 1:25 dilution for
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antibodies with the MAT. Later on, mice were culled 60 days post-inoculation by cervical dislocation, and their brains were examined for tissue cysts.
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Genotyping of
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isolates
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="525836D0E259FF988BD9F89255DDFEBD" blockId="3.[113,768,1873,2049]" lastBlockId="3.[813,1467,239,292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Brain cysts from seropositive mice were isolated by percoll gradient centrifugation [
<bibRefCitation id="36764B21E259FF988A3EF8B3578FF81E" author="Cornelissen AW &amp; Overdulve JP &amp; Hoenderboom JM" box="[382,408,1904,1927]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="103 - 108" refId="ref11109" refString="15. Cornelissen AW, Overdulve JP, Hoenderboom JM. 1981. Separation of Isospora (Toxoplasma) gondii cysts and cystozoites from mouse brain tissue by continuous density-gradient centrifugation. Parasitology, 83, 103 - 108." type="journal article" year="1981">15</bibRefCitation>
]. DNA was extracted using a QIAamp DNA MiniKit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf,
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), and genotyping analysis of
<taxonomicName id="95E74D53E259FF988A32F86E540DF85D" authority="DNA" authorityName="DNA" box="[370,538,1965,1988]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
<emphasis id="6093EAC2E259FF988A32F86E57C2F85D" box="[370,469,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">T. gondii</emphasis>
DNA
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was performed with 15 microsatellite markers in a single multiplex PCR assay, as described elsewhere [
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]. All strains isolated were cell cultivated and banked in the
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<emphasis id="6093EAC2E259FF988F46FF2C5293FE9F" box="[1030,1156,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Toxoplasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Biological Resource
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(
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, Reims).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>