treatments-xml/data/D8/B0/21/D8B0212C7FD1382BA8351822C1C3C2BD.xml

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<mods:title id="7BE66808D430CB6165E0558BECADB3A2">An investigation on Mycetinis (Euagarics, Basidiomycota)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3BC3E3D47CC048070FB07105C337E1BD">Petersen, Ronald H.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="E88692CAE60CB87935BB4E5102F1493A" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9108853F27F05A14AE4E9228A242F536" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
11. 
<taxonomicName id="3B333664E23593E7C71150533D98799F" ID-CoL="744D3" authority="(Fr.: Fr.) A. W. Wilson &amp; Desjardin., 2005. Mycologia 97: 678." class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius (Fr.: Fr.) A.W. Wilson &amp; Desjardin., 2005. Mycologia 97: 678.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0169E4D642C1BFD70397A2AD018A1A47" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1B3C749C1A995D6E325C2B81ECAF0867" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="CB725B5EB5C6471A2420A6D452D15945" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Agaricus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Agaricus scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Agaricus scorodonius</taxonomicName>
≡ Fr. 1815. Observ. Mycol. 1: 29.] ≡ 
<taxonomicName id="481B82DC17FDF22837C6F9C8812E8A8B" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Agaricus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Agaricus scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Agaricus scorodonius</taxonomicName>
Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1: 130. ≡ 
<taxonomicName id="555D806C7CCBFC497126884EE6BAA750" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Marasmius scorodonius</taxonomicName>
(Fr.) Fr. 1838. 
<taxonomicName id="C177BCAB2D73A87A4FEA5B5C309CCC79" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Epicrisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Epicrisis" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Epicrisis</taxonomicName>
379. ≡ 
<taxonomicName id="D5D59CC77FCEC290F69163BA0E9BCB17" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Gymnopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Gymnopus scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Gymnopus scorodonius</taxonomicName>
(Fr.) J.L. Mata &amp; R.H. Petersen. 2004. Mycoscience 45: 221.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DAA6E22DF984D6EB10124F67F048C939" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="type specimen">
<paragraph id="410EC844F05E0EFEBC99EF0740FEE0BB" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Type specimen</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44D187DBC8E8FB9315F89DF9658F9A10" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
(neotype, design. 
<bibRefCitation id="526A945418F090C488662677EEFDEC89" author="Antonin, V" journalOrPublisher="Libri Botanici" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 229" title="A monograph of Marasmius, Collybia and related genera in Europe. Part 1: Marasmius, Setulipes and Marasmiellus." volume="8" year="1993">
<normalizedToken id="172280CC9F409CA5DD2BF61FC36E1C55" originalValue="Antonín">Antonin</normalizedToken>
and Noordeloos 1993
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="00D28295D9ED9881885811F1AAEE822B" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Rameales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" rank="kingdom">Fungi</taxonomicName>
Exsic. Scandinavia, no. 1 (Sweden, Stockholm, Autumn, 1889, coll. A. Romell (BR; isoneotypes B, BP, W).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="20C782E83799B08EDB3F3DE35294E03C" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C6B1CEE9E3CC9A69FE8483EB1F5E0DEE" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="801A23C39F2D092E1687B282C2F02017" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
1) Basidiomata of moderate size (pileus 10-30 mm broad; stipe 40-60 
<normalizedToken id="6EE0484B64220449BBB0CFA0158825EB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1.3 mm); 2) stipe brown or orange brown upward, midsection off-white, downward mahogany to red-brown, glabrous; 3) pileipellis at pileus margin with inflated hyphal termini and broom cell-like cells; 4) spores ellipsoid to amygdaliform, Lm = 9.0 
<normalizedToken id="3BB66CE6D48466C08AE80B2391A6EEE9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; 5) strong garlic odor and taste; 6) distribution in Europe and North America (rare on North American west coast).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8A48921D9F729C4994EF472ED90E084D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="72DFADB583A0AECB4F73360E6872B739" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="323FD68CE0E8A1748642BA6CCAE0C229" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Basidiomata (Fig. 70) of moderate size. Pileus (3-)10-30 mm broad, almost hemispherical when young, convex with slightly raised disc, then convex to almost applanate, even to slightly depressed on disc, smooth, glabrous to subglabrous, hygrophanous; disc neutral brown, &quot;sayal brown&quot; 6C5, 
<normalizedToken id="64F2768F69D73009B5F623A2CBDC3273" originalValue="“cinnamon”">&quot;cinnamon&quot;</normalizedToken>
6B5, brownish orange 6C4, when moist brown, yellow-brown or ochre, sometimes paler towards margin; margin slightly involute then more or less straight, undulating, distinctly pallescent on drying to pale brown 6D5, pale ochraceous, &quot;pale ochraceous buff&quot; 4A2, &quot;pale pinkish cinnamon&quot; 6A2, pinkish, &quot;pinkish buff&quot; 6A3, or dirty white, smooth or slightly radially rugulose, even subsulcate when old. Lamellae adnexed to adnate to a thin pseudocollarium which becomes most visible with lamellar secession in drying, subdistant, close to crowded, total lamellae 38-48, through lamellae 15-20 (in robust form total lamellae 72-97, through lamellae 27-32), slightly intervenose when old, narrow (lamellae -1.5 mm broad); white to orange white 5A2, near &quot;pale ochraceous buff&quot; 4A2, &quot;pale pinkish cinnamon&quot; 6A2 to off-white when fresh; frequent necropigment upon drying and storage to dusky cantaloupe color with a hint of pink to make &quot;light ochraceous buff&quot; 5A4 to &quot;pinkish buff&quot; 6A3; lamellulae in at least two ranks, often rudimentary; lamellar edge concolorous with lamellar face, minutely pruinose. Stipe (15-)40-60 
<normalizedToken id="FED740543361BDF2700C2D5079B82874" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1.5(-3) mm, terete to slightly compressed, often slightly broadened apically, sometimes tapering gradually downward, hollow, often appearing insititious, but usually with poorly developed basal disc or basal mycelium, glabrous to sometimes delicately pruinose at apex only, pallid to pale brown at apex, &quot;tilleul buff&quot; 7B2, drying to &quot;cinnamon buff&quot; 6B4, brownish orange 6C4, downward off-white becoming brown, &quot;sayal brown&quot; 6C5, dark reddish brown 7F8, mahogany, &quot;Verona brown&quot; 6E5, or orange-brown, &quot;Brussels brown&quot;6E6, &quot;Mikado brown&quot; 7C6, &quot;mummy brown&quot; 6F8 towards base, with fine rusty tomentum at base. Context thin, white to pale brown. Rhizomorphs not reported. Odor weak to strong of garlic, rarely lacking; taste usually alliaceous.
</paragraph>
<caption id="CE385B13FA250A109B569CC7F050D264" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="6633BC5692FFA1077BA357620E45D749" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 70. 
<taxonomicName id="C9B49D340FAE0641FB31C25F0C44342A" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Basidiomata. Standard bars = 20 mm. A Courtesy Acta Fungorum B Courtesy P.N. Urkiola.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="85E96D0050B350478AA50B09F9A697EE" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="A2D05E33024D7846EA0E9DE13381515A" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Habitat and phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13ED5DBAE053B311167EDCB22B6BC9B4" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Clustered to gregarious, not fastidious of substratum for fruiting, coniferous needles, various dead deciduous leaves from forest trees (
<taxonomicName id="A62F4F748F8A9870FC34C36D18B00029" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fagus" order="Fagales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="46F34B9EA61C71D3CEDD61028C41F07E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="889507EA87460E6DD6F6983C89EC8F98" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus" order="Fagales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alnus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E64B24B90A1145BF67E81FD5E5791CF2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acer" order="Sapindales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acer</taxonomicName>
, etc.) and heaths; widely distributed through Europe including western Russia, Scandinavia, northern Africa and eastern North America (see 
<bibRefCitation id="236879CBCFD65A1C6E3A2418CD82DFD8" author="Antonin, V" journalOrPublisher="IHV-Verlag, Berlin" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" title="A monograph of Marasmioid and Collybioid fungi in Europe" year="2010">
<normalizedToken id="D5ABF65A552A58CEAA50DC71A9E29701" originalValue="Antonín">Antonin</normalizedToken>
and Noordeloos 2010
</bibRefCitation>
), reported as rare in California; Autumn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DEBB5E5011EB4DD28FA7ED3DBA20EF8" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Pileipellis at pileus margin a mixture of three major structures: 1) roughly hymeniform layer of inflated cells (Figs 71 
<normalizedToken id="B0925BE54E8FBFA0097567626C640EDB" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
, 72 
<normalizedToken id="69DC77FD8B41DEEC70ECDC4A818BA956" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
) (16-)33-40(-45) 
<normalizedToken id="568FA889C8DA1F11C6F58D77EDF2FA7E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
14-23 
<normalizedToken id="64579E3DECF6CA2215C1D5FA10200787" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
overall, thick-walled (wall -1.5 
<normalizedToken id="AB2A83B00D38E727D08DF1834685BD30" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick, hyaline, smooth or minutely roughened, stalked (stalk 7-20 
<normalizedToken id="A83402198DEB13498AC4D22EF18F808D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.5-5.5 
<normalizedToken id="7114F4E4A401324D042D944410D74101" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), clamped; 2) similar inflated termini, overall 33-47 
<normalizedToken id="21ABC7641AF3E8BE44C2DC2E011505C8" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
14-33 
<normalizedToken id="835CB9887D5E1826F8E02A03928A26FE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
overall, stalked (stalk 12-18 
<normalizedToken id="75F0B88CEA0050E9546B567DBC4767B1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.5-6 
<normalizedToken id="717978AB91C1950F2EF270E7186980F2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, clamped), usually expanded distally and then beset by complex lobate to diverticulate processes (Fig. 72 
<normalizedToken id="57AE58AD1F7EB3653B87DF9BEE5CC869" originalValue="G–J">G-J</normalizedToken>
); diverticula papillate, fin-like, lobate to digitate, -9 
<normalizedToken id="A1344FD05EAFEC1AD8CB7E13A9619DE7" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, subrefringent (PhC); and 3) differentiated broom cell-like pileocystidia (Fig. 72 
<normalizedToken id="AD966D404E469F235B996525DF085E2A" originalValue="E–L">E-L</normalizedToken>
) 21-28 
<normalizedToken id="164C40C11739717CD5FC24EC3F6E1D41" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8-16 
<normalizedToken id="41A327B05E017CE70E8ADC8217D8E567" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
overall, stalked (stalk 3-8 
<normalizedToken id="DD8E7D8D62DD2494F4BA5F2BE2299C8E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.5-5.5 
<normalizedToken id="91839409D2174CBC494A7954479B976B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), somewhat swollen distally, thick-walled throughout, surmounted by a cluster of outgrowths; outgrowths digitate to catenulate, hyper-refringent (PhC), often knobbed at apex, occasionally dichotomous. Pileipellis over pileus disc constructed of two hyphal types: 1) a coarse hymeniform layer composed of clavate, pyriform, utriform, vesiculose, sometimes slightly fusiform or lobate elements, (5.0-)20-42(-58) 
<normalizedToken id="52DE2339BC925BF35CDA7501E788B30D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
13-24(-35) 
<normalizedToken id="9240BACAF9444D7DC795BF3FA7259F6D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, smooth or less frequently with a few digitate apical projections (not true broom cells) up to 6 
<normalizedToken id="8CCCD3F31BC77335FD2B18373F695347" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, or only somewhat apically roughened, thin- to thick-walled (wall up to 1.5-2.0 
<normalizedToken id="6D9344B1E7B9251022C3BB4ED3ADA0A2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, hyaline to yellow-brown); and 2) free-form hyphal termini, coarsely complexly lobed, stalked (stalk 5-12 
<normalizedToken id="30BAE1880AC208FFBC4D45EAD371FA72" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-6 
<normalizedToken id="C3AFA98847F33B5B1858360EF17B4491" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), overall 15-30 
<normalizedToken id="60C2651ADA9919FED8B535AB94B94BB9" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
17-40 
<normalizedToken id="D6048CAE0946A4117399658D09818D8C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; individual lobes and hyphae 5-8.5 
<normalizedToken id="E52B707061CB2AE2EDBB094F7BD371B1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, thin- to firm-walled; contents heterogeneous. Pileus and lamellar tramae loosely interwoven; hyphae of two types: 1) 3-7.5 
<normalizedToken id="3C7420F61E3DD3B24D7A144E3A9C73DD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, firm-walled, conspicuously clamped; and 2) 3.5-9 
<normalizedToken id="888198F932FB6A8A46FD179CC3FBBEE9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, thin- to firm-walled, conspicuously clamped; contents heterogeneous. Pleurocystidia (Fig. 73) 31-40 
<normalizedToken id="1F42A80085A9060CA15610ED1A7CB8E5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-7 
<normalizedToken id="C3D11E15CD36FC45D4A59A8FE35F0027" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cylindrical to narrowly fusiform, acutely rounded at apex, conspicuously clamped; contents more or less homogeneous. Subhymenial hyphae branched, cylindrical, hyaline, 2.0-5.0 
<normalizedToken id="0356B8779ADEA87F6136FC58CDDA595F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
wide, clamped. Basidioles clavate, cylindrical to subampulliform, obscurely clamped; basidia (Fig. 74) 28-42 
<normalizedToken id="AAE94F4D0C2C82145FA79D98C3590EA8" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7.0-9.0 
<normalizedToken id="D676C454A5FB043DCA09580F60C13F9D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, clavate to subcapitulate, (2-)4-sterigmate, obscurely clamped; contents heterogeneous, multiguttulate. Basidiospores (Fig. 75) (6.5-)8.0-10.0(-11.0) 
<normalizedToken id="189B3297D876E6E7FE002BDB38B3A265" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(3.5-)4-4.5(-5.5) 
<normalizedToken id="3B8EDF1BAC212884F7EAD46A5ECA35CA" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(Q = 1.55-2.57; Qm = 1.93; Lm = 9.0 
<normalizedToken id="1AFB6A9617D168DEC6FBBE70BBE3644B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), ellipsoid, ovate to amygdaliform, smooth, thin-walled, inamyloid; contents heterogeneous, minutely multiguttulate. Cheilocystidia (Fig. 76) locally plentiful, 
<taxonomicName id="F4BD6369E1B8A70123344851D73A8DFA" genus="Rameales" lsidName="Rameales siccus" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="siccus">siccus</taxonomicName>
-type, (12-)23-40 
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14-21 
<normalizedToken id="9F9F5CD9DD62E389C768EAA4614E4083" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
overall, staked (stalk 12-24 
<normalizedToken id="5A7A1CB710B42383A89C700A99E54758" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-5.5 
<normalizedToken id="5FDE981AD9F35A2B35E65039118AF8AA" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, obscurely clamped), often inflated distally, surmounted with a complex of diverticula; diverticula 2-10 
<normalizedToken id="120F0691FCC5B34C75B51A6146305A87" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-1.5 
<normalizedToken id="0D147A820C34C1F3E71BC7A30197F61A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, gnarled, often dichotomous. Stipitipellis a cutis of 3.0-12.0 
<normalizedToken id="AF9CD9E15FAB124284F158002C8A11C2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
wide, cylindrical hyphae with yellow-brown to dark brown, slightly thickened (-2.0 
<normalizedToken id="DA442E5D0BCA5248005414ECCDDBBC10" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) walls. 
<taxonomicName id="02FD90A0372BE05F397D4941132B62FA" genus="Caulocystidia" lsidName="Caulocystidia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">Caulocystidia</taxonomicName>
not differentiated, but sometimes scattered, cylindrical, terminal endings of cortex hyphae present.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C61DD26DA57362F202C2C091AAF86902" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="316BBE6AD1659E3C8D41E262817B9189" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 71. 
<taxonomicName id="B9B96BF0B82915930E53893F88207255" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Pileus margin pileipellis elements. 
<normalizedToken id="BCDC17E2B0FD0C4301F9D04D6B255C22" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
Inflated elements 
<normalizedToken id="9ACB02ABCC24F9B2B8CE02B1F76E7252" originalValue="E–L">E-L</normalizedToken>
Broom cell-like elements. Standard bar = 20 mm. TFB 14229 (TENN-F- 68086).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8B2357BC65EB56D944EA06F24E550777" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="DC54557BFAEC97DC64AA83199F5870CC" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 72. 
<taxonomicName id="BD3472FF19A86FDE3C7C2AD4DAB00D2E" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Inflated pileipellis elements. 
<normalizedToken id="97772FA9E365A7B8BDFF19230214882F" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
Structures without outgrowths 
<normalizedToken id="C1805FE9B5A08B2DCBC1336978FB638A" originalValue="G–J">G-J</normalizedToken>
Structures with digitate to lobate outgrowths. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken id="95575FFC738A70EDF3FB3ED384D45A49" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 13746 (TENN-F- 65123).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3E18F77F15058958DB0DB19E99C72D07" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="08B74D628D76067A91835580924FE82F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 73. 
<taxonomicName id="02913D0D5ABE8F31F3D78A5AC24C4FF9" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Pleurocystidia. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken id="983A7C61B36AE36C17D8968950938001" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 7261 (TENN-F-53568).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F71F80F791B86329C95A71D2C9EEAA9F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="01A634CC4C1A41933CB3C45098847328" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 74. 
<taxonomicName id="D578E0EAB3C892C6717454924423DD2C" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Basidia. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken id="EC9727F7107D5E8EA1369259CCFAA649" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 7261 (TENN-F-53568).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="62C21A42F4C3D3C01437797265343E91" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="091D5866042F10571BCACA4AA1650DF2" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 75. 
<taxonomicName id="BB1CF1537637718F4C1EC0F7A51B46EA" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Basidiospores. Standard bar = 5 
<normalizedToken id="00D05D6CA6FB6AC6BF00AD0DC15C68E2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 7261 (TENN-F- 53568)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D9DF21BE1CD1EE69AEE1B2B6104262A7" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph id="7A9E101B9B591BE88CD6BC476E99E737" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Figure 76. 
<taxonomicName id="B490D2FE0192AE89726A2B1CDC29B13B" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Cheilocystidia. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken id="B96484BBDDBFF873A5682B49BA70BE92" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 7261 (TENN-F-53568).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="010FCC99365772DBDE12B58792BD8E13" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="comments">
<paragraph id="5E4F5A73925EEDF62F3B81DD7E2A4693" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Commentary.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A9931D4E6417A67EEC20BA4A6F6AA2A" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Description of pleurocystidia may be somewhat miscast. Traditionally, pleurocystidia and basidioles have been confused. The description above is based on the following circumstances: 1) more acutely rounded pleurocystidial apex than subcapitulate basidioles; 2) homogeneous pleurocystidial contents as compared with the heterogeneous contents of basidia and maturing basidioles; and 3) usual length of both structures not acceding that of basidia.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ACE5DC06B5604171D219848BB4987E00" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
The marasmioid cheilocystidia were sought in three European collections (Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden) in at least two different mounts from two different basidi 
<pageBreakToken id="8A698734B2CA17CD9F37E95D53B2A018" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" start="start">omata</pageBreakToken>
of each collection, so the sudden abundance of highly differentiated cheilocystidia in TFB 7261 was surprising. Moreover, the entire lamellar edge was covered and so was sterile. In other lamellar margins, only structures resembling the clavate shapes found in other species of 
<taxonomicName id="FC9ED7811C3AE621BBAC6F758941304A" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis" order="Agaricales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Mycetinis</taxonomicName>
were observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0066A47931C67B09E78C5E93DC9FCC2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="36F47C902B7EA7DEF407A3F77B619D69" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
may exist in two forms: 1) pileus -20 mm broad; 2) lamellae distant, narrow; 3) stipe slender (1-2.5 mm broad, terete), tapering downward; versus 1) pileus 15-32 mm broad; 2) lamellae crowded, well-developed; 3) stipe robust (2-4 mm broad, often compressed). These forms share the following: 1) strong odor and taste of garlic when fresh; 2) smooth pileus with brown disc and tan limb; 3) pileocystidia in pileipellis from pileus margin. To this writing (X.2016), the robust form has been seen from Belgium, Samara Region, Russia and North America; the slender form has been limited to the Leningrad Region, Russia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A7E9185152DA582749546643085742D" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
There were sufficient ITS sequences to analyze population structure in 
<taxonomicName id="478EFBCC2AB8163248DDFF43E3B083F1" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 77). European and North American populations are not mutually exclusive. There is a distinct North American haplotype but European collections seem to be a mix of two haplotypes; one, a North American-like haplotype and one not found in North America termed 
<normalizedToken id="74E7A07808674647ED8F1F732534C7B4" originalValue="“European-like”">&quot;European-like&quot;</normalizedToken>
in Fig. 77. A single North American 
<pageBreakToken id="6FA030D87A1A7842B88825997E9DC77E" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" start="start">collection</pageBreakToken>
has the European-like haplotype and a collection from Mexico is heterozygous for both European-like and North American-like haplotypes.
</paragraph>
<caption id="99E6DCC6AA71462B16EFE1363EC671A4" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<paragraph id="5A2F59855D817AE1C35B74F0CFF14254" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
Figure 77. 
<taxonomicName id="4864D24CBA2753ECEA0F9D555F60F0A9" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis scorodonius" order="Agaricales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="scorodonius">Mycetinis scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Unrooted PhyML of 
<taxonomicName id="132DA174398EC7A3D63ECF320B8A62EE" lsidName="My. scorodonius" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="scorodonius">My. scorodonius</taxonomicName>
collections based on the ribosomal ITS region.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3422548D0358875D9D5F827540900801" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">The origin of the two European haplotypes is uncertain but it would appear that some gene flow between Europe and North America has occurred, either by long distance spore dispersal or human mediation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0FDBA58BF22D3A226EF3876E8742534" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<bibRefCitation id="0CABA6C7DA4AD14A72F4C617ADEC278B" author="Gordon, SA" journalOrPublisher="University of Tennessee, Knoxville" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" title="Infraspecific variation within three species of Marasmius (Tricholomataceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycotina)" volumeTitle="Ph. D. Dissertation" year="1994">
<pageBreakToken id="B5F1670C814A4256A07AE3C52F1D0E72" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">Gordon</pageBreakToken>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="25C0EF008149FCDBEEAB79FF0F06C0FC" author="Gordon, SA" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="453 - 466" title="Infraspecific variation among geographically separated collections of Marasmiusscorodonius." volume="69" year="1998">Gordon and Petersen (1998)</bibRefCitation>
employed three methods in a taxonomic analysis of numerous pan-Atlantic collections of 
<taxonomicName id="4295A699E683B5DF6542372A9819853E" genus="My" lsidName="My" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="genus">My</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="AEF37FCDBCA5FEFA1D4D8DD8D11C0DD1" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius" order="Agaricales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Marasmius</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="7DC931EE32BA2F2609F6E04D9131FABE" genus="Rameales" lsidName="Rameales scorodonius" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="scorodonius">scorodonius</taxonomicName>
. Using basidiome collections and derived cultures of European and eastern North American specimens, collections were submitted to Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System (NTSYS-pc; (
<bibRefCitation id="3466546DCCFBC172F80C68464AFC1E0A" author="Rohlf, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Exeter Software, Setauket, NY" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" title="NTSYS-pc. Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System (version 1,70)" year="1992">Rohlf 1992</bibRefCitation>
)) and UPGMA cluster analysis, pairing experiments using single-basidiospore isolates and laccase electrophoresis. Although some micromorphological variation was found (i.e. presence/absence of cheilocystidia), European and North American collections were intermixed, with no clear-cut separation detected. Likewise, pairing experiments indicated that European and eastern North American collections were sexually intercompatible, indicating a single biological taxon across the trans-Atlantic barrier. Laccase electrophoresis, however, clearly separated European versus eastern North American collections, indicating lack of long-distance genetic exchange across the oceanic barrier. Altogether, results were not incompatible with conclusions shown here by use of DNA sequences.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E79295C50907C25965440BC1CB6CB7AF" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Although apparently rare, one specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="8B93B79881D89455EAF525B328016B3B" lsidName="My. scorodonius" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="scorodonius">My. scorodonius</taxonomicName>
from Washington (state) has been examined. Another from California is reported in Mycoportal (Humboldt Co., 
<normalizedToken id="411AA45B2943C6535313AFAA89999CFB" originalValue="Patrick’s">Patrick's</normalizedToken>
Point State Park, 25.IX.1968, coll. &amp; det. HD Thiers, annot. DE Desjardin, SFSU-025263).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="692C92E79C9C9CE1635DB711515322AA" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Basidiomata of 
<taxonomicName id="544D28A81D35F89C0F926445669D5C58" lsidName="My. alliaceus" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="alliaceus">My. alliaceus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A84A1A615375D4CA7807702B84D4A45F" lsidName="My. copelandii" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="copelandii">My. copelandii</taxonomicName>
do not exhibit differentiated pileocystidia. In 
<taxonomicName id="8E82622D6DD07AB152A92AD8C3344D30" lsidName="My. copelandii" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="copelandii">My. copelandii</taxonomicName>
, free-form cells accompany inflated hyphal termini, but in 
<taxonomicName id="FB7BEDD7D76A643F6422F024499E7FDC" lsidName="My. alliaceus" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species" species="alliaceus">My. alliaceus</taxonomicName>
, the inflated elements are the only element observed, although at pileus margin some individuals are found to produce apical outgrowths.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9BAAB4FE34867DC2AADB898CDA62EC5E" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C8CDB66B6FFBA75C676BD553A3DB46E8" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71EDE1647C0D04D106DE99B8705E916C" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Belgium, Dimpre, vic. Heer, Massembre, 
<geoCoordinate id="770E4E1CB24815EBA0D1AEE4A86A896E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="50.156">N50°09.360&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="12B2A34DDB355D50BB786F674E62C00C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="4.853733">E4°51.224&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, coll. KWH, TFB 13746 (TENN65123). Canada, Nova Scotia, Kejimkujik National Park, 
<geoCoordinate id="D7A506C5CF3D3559E75C3463E22F9EAA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="44.378887">N44°22'44&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="5F1CA6EF5AC30E52A43722281B2FBF38" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-65.342224">W65°20'32&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, Rogers Brook Trail, 4.VIII.1992, coll SA Gordon, TFB 5031 (TENN51442); Kejimkujik Nat. Park, Grafton Lake Loop Trail, 
<geoCoordinate id="6016BA505699332CB7C1EACB17A0EA1D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="44.381943">N44°22'55&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="7F3D8D7CBAE75CDA12A6347583AEE617" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-65.18194">W65°10'55&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, coll. SA Gordon, TFB 5038 (TENN-F- 53468). The Netherlands, Gelderland Prov., Wageningen, 
<geoCoordinate id="192F2C056EAB0CE7185D773DEDB133D6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="51.97">N51°58'12&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="68276D7644E7085DCAE03B7BD8862E61" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="5.665">E5°39'54&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 3.VIII.1959, leg. K. Bakker, det. C. Bas, LRH 23881 (TENN-F-23881). Russia, Leningrad Region, Dist. Lindylovskaye, Rocha Reserve, 
<geoCoordinate id="A6046F4CD8708BE59B4FE1AE5D104939" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="60.238335">N60°14.30'</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="0BC2C4F8375B1232E0715CD56BDA6549" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="29.5399">E29°32.394'</geoCoordinate>
, 25.VIII.1999, coll RHP, TFB 10400 (TENN58260); Samara Region, Zhijulevsky Reserve, vic. St. Nicholas Spring, Shirayevo Valley, 
<geoCoordinate id="CF48E6E08F18C5AC341A885AFFE27591" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="53.390415">N53°23.425'</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="80A8A9674A2AF662387A027CD384EC96" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.96565">E49°57.939'</geoCoordinate>
, 17.VIII.2004, coll RHP, TFB 12168 (TENN-F-60107). Sweden, Uppland, vic. Uppsala, 
<normalizedToken id="AD3789188307AB369C5A6A64425BEBB0" originalValue="Tärnby">Taernby</normalizedToken>
Lund, 
<geoCoordinate id="67B6C4FD50862D3D8647B4376889ABA0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="59.85">N59°51'</geoCoordinate>
345&quot;, 
<geoCoordinate id="C30BB8265B93B57AC4D46FBC745D6CAD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="17.634722">E17°38'05&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 4.IX.1994, coll RHP, TFB 7261 (TENN-F-53568); 
<normalizedToken id="03D6800F417B53B1C1CF263FB7E952E6" originalValue="Västergötland">Vaestergoetland</normalizedToken>
, Lillaedet, Myrtuvan, 
<geoCoordinate id="096D8C978ED2B5672D054E620166E034" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="58.14167">N58°08'30&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8E944846C6292F61F82EB723D67EF7A7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="12.044445">E012°02'40&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 19.IX.1991, coll/ SA Gordon et al., TFB 3796 (TENN-F-50533). United States, Georgia, Rabun Co., Rte 28, approx. 1 mi into GA, 
<geoCoordinate id="2C5913894ACD841A7BCE3696F59815B8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="34.953144">N34°57'11.32&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D1465D37DFD84F23F3349175427F1D64" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.183525">W83°11'00.70&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 1.VI.1993, coll RHP (as 
<taxonomicName id="73953B06591E33DED2CDDA30B10F8E38" infraspecific-rank="var." lsidName="M. copelandii var. olidus" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="variety" species="copelandii" variety="olidus">M. copelandii var. olidus</taxonomicName>
), TFB 6213 (TENN52873); Maine, Hancock Co., Lamoine, 
<geoCoordinate id="158D85C8577FB6B73806BA9DA2C298C3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="44.489445">N44°29'22&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3760DA7F21E887CAEAAD959D27BC709B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-68.30972">W68°18'35&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 25.VII.1992, coll. SA Gordon &amp; W. Litten, TFB 5005 (TENN-F-53474); Massachusetts, Berkshire Co., vic. North Adams, 
<geoCoordinate id="1FADE99586ADB763CBA2AEC013C8EDB1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="42.700832">N42°42'03&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="5041786779FB222D46A1519FCB94FCEB" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-73.10916">W73°06'33&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 16.IV.1986, coll. DE Desjardin, DED 4060 (TENN-F- 54179); Michigan, Marquette Co., Powell, vic. Ives Lake, 
<geoCoordinate id="DC4AA4AE3E59A35A70C3A73A0497EF2B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="46.846386">N46°50'47&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="CC45F9B04412DBBFFA76C48BC1B02DF0" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-87.834724">W87°50'05&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 28.VIII.1971, coll. RHP, TENN-F-036156; North Carolina, Macon Co., vic. Highlands, Nantahala Nat. For., Blue Valley, 
<normalizedToken id="A9069C368B70A30C470B850E4409375F" originalValue="Pickelsimer’s">Pickelsimer's</normalizedToken>
Falls Trail, 
<geoCoordinate id="8E478281F744423ED65ED2ABEEE29DC2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="35.01389">N35°00'50&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="53AD22406D8F56699616B96EAD3FA755" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-83.24416">W83°14'39&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 18.VII.1991, coll. SA Gordon., TFB 3701 (TENN-F- 50689); Tennessee, Blount Co., GSMNP, Cades Cove, Parsons Branch Rd., 
<geoCoordinate id="7D38BB5E24700E6FBDDAF58A9FE7207D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="35.56222">N35°33'44&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="767DEEDE4137D951900F8343CB3C8DE0" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-83.380005">W83°22'48&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 14.IX.1987, coll DE Desjardin, DED4500 (TENBN-F-54182); GSMNP, Cades Cove, vic. Oliver cabin, 
<geoCoordinate id="A1C97CA803A5CE5411B50695D72E766B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.60706">N35°36'25.42&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="355F8DD75C32E2B848B699E8C5B0C18D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.794174">W83°47'39.03&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 12.VI.2013, coll. RHP, TFB 14229 (TENN68086); Sevier Co., GSMNP, Greenbrier area, 
<geoCoordinate id="2B1D720AD6EE3EB6F523EC456E4F5937" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="35.70778">N35°42'28&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A38598BD4C0F0AC14649980E4FF1889A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-83.380005">W83°22'48&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 19.VII.1986, coll. DE Desjardin, DED 3875 (TENN-F- 54209); GSMNP, Mt. LeConte, 
<geoCoordinate id="5D2DCFA4071D4E0B4CB5DB3E89B1D0B5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="35.655003">N35°39'18&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="218C0F0E55C5B74C2A111A2A0BE72B99" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-83.44111">W83°26'28&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 4.VI.1957, coll. LR Hesler, TENN-F-009183. Washington, King Co., Seattle, Univ. Washington campus, 
<geoCoordinate id="48315D42AF4F68CE3FF3D5C5524DF77B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="47.65412">N47°39'14.83&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B15C91EDE5B620C1DE81FE6A384D0286" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-122.30793">W122°18'28.53&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 12.X.1942, coll. &amp; det. DE Stuntz, STz 1239 (WTU-F-9221).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>