304 lines
33 KiB
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304 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993" ID-GBIF-Dataset="50363f62-1d85-461c-a436-5d6312dfa287" ID-PMC="PMC8222232" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1044-511" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8279058FE9E4558EB6ECB337E8703416" ID-PubMed="34183884" ID-ZooBank="C708D008403642078306119AE2A8E14C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1044-511" checkinTime="1623875380862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schuele, Peter, Putchkov, Alexander & Markina, Tetiana" docDate="2021" docId="C80FC2C91F55589F949D617A48B54DBD" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1044: 511-525" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1044" docPubDate="2021-06-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993" docTitle="Dromica kolbei" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="8279058FE9E4558EB6ECB337E8703416" lastPageNumber="511" masterDocId="8279058FE9E4558EB6ECB337E8703416" masterDocTitle="Larval descriptions of three Dromica species with some bionomical remarks (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="525" masterPageNumber="511" pageNumber="511" updateTime="1668150481164" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Larval descriptions of three Dromica species with some bionomical remarks (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schuele, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Rosenstrasse 9, 71083, Herrenberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sei.schuele@gmx.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Putchkov, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, vul. B. Khmelnytskogo, 15, Kyiv- 30, MSP, 01030, Ukraine</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Markina, Tetiana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University 61002, Alchevskykh str., 29, Ukraine</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-06-16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1044</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>511</mods:start>
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<mods:end>525</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1044-511</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C708D008403642078306119AE2A8E14C</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8279058FE9E4558EB6ECB337E8703416</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182753962" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C80FC2C91F55589F949D617A48B54DBD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C80FC2C91F55589F949D617A48B54DBD" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="511" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<taxonomicName LSID="C80FC2C9-1F55-589F-949D-617A48B54DBD" authority="(W. Horn, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="W. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Cicindelidae" genus="Dromica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dromica kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">Dromica (s. str.) kolbei (W. Horn, 1897)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="511" type="instar iii">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Instar III.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Measurements</emphasis>
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: FL 1.70-1.90 (1.80); FW 2.80-3.15 (3.01); PNL 2.05-2.25 (2.14); PNW 3.40-3.75 (3.59).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Head</emphasis>
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. Disk of head posteriorly light brown, almost yellow on anterior third. Remainder of head dark brown with bright greenish blue luster. Ventral side of head dark brown. Most setae of head dark brown or almost black, not flattened. Only some setae on anterior part of clypeus brown or light brown. Mandibles and stipes of maxillae dark brown. Galea light brown. A1 and A2 yellow (or slightly reddish), A3 and A4 brown. Adnasalia distinct and not shorter than lateral teeth (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Head and appendages of Dromica kolbei, III instar A head (above) B left maxilla (above) C left antenna (above) D labium (below) E first right leg (below)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554981" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">1A</figureCitation>
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). Apexes of adnasalia slightly curved outside. Lateral plates (below adnasalia) shortened, its apexes almost rectangular. Tubercles between ST1 and ST2 distinct with two setae. Width of A1 1.2-1.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than A2 and 3-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than A3 and A4. Anterior lateral margin of A1 and A2 slightly flattened. A1 with six setae; A2 with five setae in upper part; A3 with two or three setae; A4 with two or three long and six or seven very short setae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Head and appendages of Dromica kolbei, III instar A head (above) B left maxilla (above) C left antenna (above) D labium (below) E first right leg (below)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554981" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">1C</figureCitation>
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). Maxillae show the typical form for
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" rank="tribe" tribe="Cicindelini">Cicindelini</taxonomicName>
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larvae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Head and appendages of Dromica kolbei, III instar A head (above) B left maxilla (above) C left antenna (above) D labium (below) E first right leg (below)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554981" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">1B</figureCitation>
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). Galea slightly shorter than maxillary palpus. LP1 with seven or eight spinelets (two or three marginal ones slightly longer). LP2 with one seta almost in the middle (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Head and appendages of Dromica kolbei, III instar A head (above) B left maxilla (above) C left antenna (above) D labium (below) E first right leg (below)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554981" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">1D</figureCitation>
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). Epicranial suture absent.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Thorax</emphasis>
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. PN brown with light brown anterior margin. PNa light yellow, wide, rounded and directed forwards. Width of PN in 1.66-1.68
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than long, its maximum width in the middle. Callous elevations of PN and swellings of PNa distinct. Anterior margin of PN slightly concave in the middle and as long as or slightly shorter than tips of PNa (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2A</figureCitation>
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). Setae of anterior margin and disk of PN dark brown, but lateral and posterior setae yellow or pale. Most setae long, thin and acuminate (only one or two setae on tips of PNa slightly flattened). Anterior margin of PN with 12-14 setae; PN1 with 11-13 anterior setae (without marginal setae) and swellings of PNa with two setae. First pair of legs dark brown, other pairs yellow brown. Legs typical for
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1826" family="Cicindelidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Cicindelina">Cicindelina</taxonomicName>
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larvae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Head and appendages of Dromica kolbei, III instar A head (above) B left maxilla (above) C left antenna (above) D labium (below) E first right leg (below)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554981" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">1E</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Abdomen</emphasis>
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. Sclerotized areas of abdomen indistinct, pale yellow. T3 with 8-10 setae. HY consisting of one large posterior and one or two small anterior sclerites. Inner margins of tergites of hump almost contacting. CT5 and CTL5 fused. CTL5 with 7-9 long setae. CT5 transverse-elongated with 15-18 stout bristles and some small setae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2C, D</figureCitation>
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). Hooks of hump widened basally, their tops moderately curved downwards (in lateral view) (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2D</figureCitation>
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). Length of MH 1.7-1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than width at base. Apex of MH reach middle of AT5. Length of IH 1.25-1.30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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shorter than MH. Central spine of IH with distinctly longer lateral bristles. Spines of MH and IH are almost symmetrical and situated slightly in front of middle (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2C, D</figureCitation>
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). EU9 with eight long setae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2F</figureCitation>
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). PY dorsally with eight or nine long and two or three shorter setae, ventrally with 10-12 small setae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2E, F</figureCitation>
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). Top of PY with 16 or 17 dorsally stout setae.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554981" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Head and appendages of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="W. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Cicindelidae" genus="Dromica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dromica kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Dromica kolbei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, III instar
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">A</emphasis>
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head (above)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">B</emphasis>
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left maxilla (above)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">C</emphasis>
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left antenna (above)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D</emphasis>
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labium (below)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">E</emphasis>
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first right leg (below).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Morphological features of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="W. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Cicindelidae" genus="Dromica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dromica kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Dromica kolbei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">A</emphasis>
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pronotum, III instar (right half, above)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">B</emphasis>
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pronotum, I instar (right half, above)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">C</emphasis>
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hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D</emphasis>
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the same (lateral view)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">E</emphasis>
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segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">F</emphasis>
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segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="511" type="instar ii">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Instar II.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Measurements</emphasis>
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: FL 1.17-1.19; FW 2.00-2.20; PNL 1.35-1.40; PNW 2.05-2.08. Differing from instar III mainly by number of setae on some appendages and sclerites.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Head</emphasis>
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. Coloration of head and pronotum same as in instar III but less bright. Most setae on head transparently white and only brown near eyes; A1 with five setae (three on anterior lateral margin). A2 apically with five long setae; A3 with two long, and A4 with two or three long and 4-6 small setae. Galea slightly shorter than maxillary palpus. LP1 with six spinelets, LP2 with one seta slightly before the middle. Epicranial suture absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Thorax.</emphasis>
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PN 1.48-1.52
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than long. Anterior margin of PN almost even or slightly concave. Most setae of PN1 slightly flattened and truncated (in instar III: thin and acuminate). Anterior margin of PN with 24-27, PN1 with 8-11 and swellings of PNa with one or two setae.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Abdomen</emphasis>
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Sclerotized areas of abdomen indistinct. T3 with 8-10 setae, HY consisting of one large posterior and one small anterior sclerite. CTL5 with four long setae. Anterior part of CT5 with 12-16 stout bristles and some thin setae. Central spine of IH longer than lateral bristles. EU9 with six long setae. PY with 8-10 setae dorsally and six or seven setae ventrally. Apex of PY with 16 setae (8-10 of them stouter).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="511" type="instar i">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Instar I.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Measurements</emphasis>
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: FL 0.8; FW 1.35; PNL 0.95; PNW 1.50.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Head.</emphasis>
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Anterior third of head light yellow, clypeus brown, lateral margin of head (near eyes) dark brown with greenish metallic luster. All setae of head transparently reddish, slightly flattened and truncated. Apexes of lateral plates near adnasalia shortened, slightly rounded. Tubercles between ST1 and ST2 with one seta. A1 glabrous; A2 and A3 with two long setae; A4 with three long and several small setae on apex. Galea shorter than maxillary palpus. LP1 with three spinelets; LP2 with one seta before middle.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Thorax</emphasis>
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. PN light brown, PNA almost yellow. PN 1.58
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than long. Tips of discal setae of PN slightly obtuse. Maximum width of PN in the middle. Anterior margin of PN almost even, longer than widened and rounded tops of PNa (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2B</figureCitation>
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). Median setae of anterior margin and disk of PN dark brown, thin, and obtuse. Setae on tips of PNa white and flattened. PN1 with five setae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological features of Dromica kolbei larvae A pronotum, III instar (right half, above) B pronotum, I instar (right half, above) C hump, III instar (left part, dorsal view) D the same (lateral view) E segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (dorsal view) F segment IX and pygopod of abdomen, III instar (ventral view)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554982" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">2B</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Abdomen</emphasis>
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. Sclerotized areas of abdomen reddish, more distinct than in instars II and III. T3 with three or four, CTL5 with one, CT5 with six or seven setae. MH with one stout bristle in the middle. Two bristles on IH placed almost symmetrically (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphological features of Dromica larvae, I instar A hump of D. kolbei (right part, dorsal view) B segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of D. kolbei (left half, dorsal view) C segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of D. kolbei (left half, ventral view) D pronotum of D. helleri (right half, above) E hump of D. helleri (right part, dorsal view) F pronotum of D. alboclavata (right half, above) G hump of D. alboclavata." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554983" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). EU9 with six setae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphological features of Dromica larvae, I instar A hump of D. kolbei (right part, dorsal view) B segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of D. kolbei (left half, dorsal view) C segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of D. kolbei (left half, ventral view) D pronotum of D. helleri (right half, above) E hump of D. helleri (right part, dorsal view) F pronotum of D. alboclavata (right half, above) G hump of D. alboclavata." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554983" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apex of PY with 12 or 13 setae (dorsally six setae stouter) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphological features of Dromica larvae, I instar A hump of D. kolbei (right part, dorsal view) B segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of D. kolbei (left half, dorsal view) C segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of D. kolbei (left half, ventral view) D pronotum of D. helleri (right half, above) E hump of D. helleri (right part, dorsal view) F pronotum of D. alboclavata (right half, above) G hump of D. alboclavata." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554983" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">3B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.61993.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/554983" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological features of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1826" class="Insecta" family="Cicindelidae" genus="Dromica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dromica" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Dromica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae, I instar
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">A</emphasis>
|
||
hump of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. kolbei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right part, dorsal view)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">B</emphasis>
|
||
segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. kolbei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left half, dorsal view)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">C</emphasis>
|
||
segment IX and pygopod of abdomen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. kolbei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left half, ventral view)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D</emphasis>
|
||
pronotum of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. helleri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. helleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right half, above)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">E</emphasis>
|
||
hump of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. helleri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. helleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right part, dorsal view)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">F</emphasis>
|
||
pronotum of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. alboclavata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alboclavata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. alboclavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right half, above)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">G</emphasis>
|
||
hump of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. alboclavata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alboclavata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. alboclavata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="511" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="W. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Cicindelidae" genus="Dromica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dromica kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Dromica kolbei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed in northern South Africa and in southern Zimbabwe. The single record from Angola still needs to be confirmed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cassola, F" journalOrPublisher="Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" pagination="1 - 166" refId="B3" refString="Cassola, F, 2002. Materials for a revision of the African genus Dromica Coleoptera Cicindelidae). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 81: 1 - 166" title="Materials for a revision of the African genus Dromica Coleoptera Cicindelidae)." volume="81" year="2002">Cassola 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species inhabits dry savanna areas with scattered trees and bushes and open forests on sandy soil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="511" type="bionomical peculiarities">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Bionomical peculiarities.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
|
||
In early February 2000, two adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kolbei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolbei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="511">D. kolbei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were brought back alive to the laboratory in Germany, where they were placed in an open bowl (40 cm
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
50 cm
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
14 cm) filled with 8 cm of loamy sand, and lit by a 12 V 50 W light bulb 12 hours per day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
|
||
The first copulation could be observed during the second day and took only a few minutes, just as all the subsequent copulations. After a few days, the female refused further mating activities by the male. Even if the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="male’s">male's</normalizedToken>
|
||
mandibles successfully gripped the female between the thorax and the elytra (the coupling sulcus being marked by a longitudinal shallow impression on the upper half of the mesepisternum), the male did not succeed in inserting its fully protruding aedeagus. By arrhythmic waggling of the abdomen, the female tried to get rid of the male.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zikan, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" pagination="269 - 414" refId="B20" refString="Zikan, JJ, 1929. Zur Biologie der Cicindeliden Brasiliens. Zoologischer Anzeiger 82: 269 - 414" title="Zur Biologie der Cicindeliden Brasiliens." volume="82" year="1929">Zikan (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed a similar behavior in other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Cicindelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cicindelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
|
||
While mating, the male spread out the prolegs, tightly holding the female with its mandibles. The
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="male’s">male's</normalizedToken>
|
||
labial palpi, with second palpomeres inflated, flattened and with rows of long setae on the upper surface, were folded backwards and pressed onto the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="female’s">female's</normalizedToken>
|
||
elytra. The use of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="male’s">male's</normalizedToken>
|
||
dilated protarsi, bearing brush-like adhesive hairs, could not be observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">Egg laying only took place immediately after watering the substrate. Initially, the female tested the substrate by touching the surface with its palpi, lowering its head while walking slowly. After the female made a small hole by digging with its abdomen, most probably by using its cerci as tools. The abdomen was placed into this hole up to the penultimate tergite, while the ovipositor was extended for ca. 8-10 mm for egg laying.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
|
||
The first eggs were laid on 6 March. The egg-laying period lasted until the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="female’s">female's</normalizedToken>
|
||
death on 9 June 2000 (95 days later). During this period, the female dug ca. 150 holes. When the female was disturbed by the male, she stopped laying eggs and moved to another area; therefore many holes did not contain any eggs. Furthermore, no larvae left the burrows that had been dug at the end of the egg-laying period.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">
|
||
After hatching, the coiled larvae remained in a small cavity for a few days before digging a circular tunnel to the substrate surface. During the 1st larval instar, the opening of this tunnel was simply rounded. In front of the oblique tunnel opening, the 2nd and 3rd instar dug a transverse cavity, which was larger for the 3rd instar. Sometimes, the tunnel opening was located at the hollowed lateral wall instead of its top. Approximately seventy larvae hatched from eggs and ca. 40 larvae reached the 3rd larval instar (fifteen larvae were killed and added to the second
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="author´s">author's</normalizedToken>
|
||
collection). The first larvae could be observed 33 days after the beginning of the egg-laying period. The shortest period between the first instar I larva and the appearance of the instar II larva numbered 21 days while there were 49 days between the first appearance of an instar II larva and the appearance of the instar III larva. After several months, all the instar sizes could be found. In January 2001, seven months after the last eggs had been laid, one specimen of instar I appeared at the surface. In January 2003, the last living instar I larva of the first generation was dug out, 31 months after the last eggs had been laid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">The first pupa was discovered at the beginning of August 2001. The position of the pupa was vertical in a simple cave ca. 1 cm underneath the surface. The first imago of the first generation appeared in September 2001. Several pupae were dug up and placed in a humid box. The hatching of one male was observed: it took ca. 10 hours from the beginning until the elytra were fully developed and another two days for the full coloration to develop. This specimen lived from 31 August to 28 October 2001.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="511">One female was dug up fully developed on the 31 of August. This female started with egg laying 7 weeks later, on 19 October but died on 2 February, after having lived for 5 months. Two eggs with fully developed larvae inside and belonging to the F2 generation were dug up on 6 February. The F2 generation egg mortality was very high, although dozens of eggs were laid, not a single larva hatched.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |