263 lines
27 KiB
XML
263 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="58A3ED1FF2C256EEBE9871311697E69D">From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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|
||
Walker, 1837. Type genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B47367E7A3CE0F8BC81891EDB4BF3D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" genus="Cleonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cleonymus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cleonymus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Latreille, 1809.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9CDAE0F74A77183556A1C533D3904369" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="906BB2D521F4092E84CAF6C85444F622" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C56C7088998589EF816C3FC22DF045F" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Antenna with 9 flagellomeres, including usually a single clavomere, which is sometimes vaguely divided into 3 clavomeres in males, and with a subapical finger-like process or spine extending alongside the clava and/or with an additional apical spine in females. Eyes ventrally divergent. Clypeus with transverse subapical groove. Labrum exposed, sclerotized. Mandibles with 2 or 3 teeth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BD179BA48EE37986864166CF8594B032" captionStart="Figures 7–12" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 7 - 12. 7 Neocalosoter sp. (Cerocephalidae): mesosoma in lateral view 8 - 10 Chalcedectus sp. (Chalcedectidae) 8 antenna 9 mesosoma in lateral view 10 hind leg 11 Cleonymus sp. (Cleonymidae): head in frontal view 12 Agrilocida ferrieri Steffan (Cleonymidae): hind leg." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures7-12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781065" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">11</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes with a truncation in place of the dorsal teeth. Subforaminal bridge with a postgenal bridge dorsal to the hypostoma and separating the lower tentorial bridge from the convergent hypostomal carina, and without a postgenal groove or postgenal lamina. Pronotum without a smooth median longitudinal line or carina. Prepectus with dorsal margin at least as long as tegula. Notauli incomplete. Tegula not covering most of humeral plate. Mesoscutellum without a frenum, although frenal arm visible only laterally immediately anterior to marginal rim of mesoscutellum; without axillular sulcus. Mesopleural area without an expanded acropleuron. All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; metafemur with or without ventral teeth, with apical spurs arising from a truncate metatibial apex when the metafemur has ventral teeth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="16C4AB710DC479E85D4832571D8FA733" captionStart="Figures 7–12" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 7 - 12. 7 Neocalosoter sp. (Cerocephalidae): mesosoma in lateral view 8 - 10 Chalcedectus sp. (Chalcedectidae) 8 antenna 9 mesosoma in lateral view 10 hind leg 11 Cleonymus sp. (Cleonymidae): head in frontal view 12 Agrilocida ferrieri Steffan (Cleonymidae): hind leg." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures7-12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781065" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metasoma with syntergum, therefore without epipygium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B292612556EBEBAC86088ECE31D3AA5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="BB36C8139A44510485ECDDF08C64EFFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7AAB00EBDA5A1EEC6743ECDDF88BA21A" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37EC083A43B061A0101053EBAB6A28A2" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its current, narrow sense represents the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F906332CDC8E4F9799E6C944BC31B42" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Cleonymini">Cleonymini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as characterized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F8FD4916817D4FEC10AB587C4BDBAD2A" author="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B22" refString="Gibson, GAP, 2003. Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 16: [v +] 339." title="Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 16: [v +] 339." year="2003">Gibson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="527E16C9CC17D56CCB80740AC7066761" authorityName="Steffan" authorityYear="1964" class="Insecta" family="Chalcedectidae" genus="Agrilocida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agrilocida" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="643F418770438A0DF3CB4915694D23D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Agrilocida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Steffan new placement, previously placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="719BC62B3881A23F817266869D7779C5" authorityName="Bouek" authorityYear="1988" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Chalcedectini">Chalcedectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but which is distinct morphologically and consistently is placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8684F8193B9CF1A3D76519235A605C6" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in next-generation molecular analyses. This is now a relatively small and narrowly-defined group in comparison with the previous sense of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="995371094D654608A379161A9813BDA5" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleonyminae">Cleonyminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and may be confused with other relatively large-bodied taxa that have ventrally divergent eyes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="727CD1D2658B182BA185F3B6466E2556" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65AD296BE15B6C735A33E48852E85BEA" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eupelmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DC362E73EAA004973CE73AB1122919E" family="Metapelmatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Metapelmatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4485DEC5DDD7F8F303CBD25D776B4A7D" family="Neanastatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Neanastatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C74A5067BC6C14C8D722726DF075293E" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="84E60ADDA28EC13941BFF2BD476D7BAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Eopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gibson have an enlarged, convex and pad-like acropleuron that covers most or all of the mesopleural area.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="651E6CFAD45CCD7FDC1DAD5D67F9537E" family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F29F881D6B6141FC68C12016EC97BBD" class="Insecta" family="Chalcedectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcedectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C0F2D3AF80E51D408D1AD9CEE3DA860" family="Ooderidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Ooderidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F626FF2BC27A8A7C7EA778A5433092D" family="Pelecinellidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pelecinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D9BF8A456F275307B767FB24DC3AF5A" class="Insecta" family="Boucekiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Boucekiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F199285384A9E2A0D37DE97AC74BA92D" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having complete notauli.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CA14114EA19CE15DCF4B81F52E68E3C" family="Heydeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Heydeniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a long prepectus with large lateral and ventral surfaces. While some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59E375494E0676509E14B18C5645C930" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have ventral teeth on the metafemur, they do not strongly resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E8783183CB8B4B5A367DCA1A0EC2C2B" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially because of the metallic coloration of most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F35510CE6ACBCA036A05FEA4BD49CB7" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus the usually non-metallic coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="442B40F64B679E113836C5D7036CE452" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but also because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4D32DF5017008AED4C3EB581D09F288" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have incomplete notauli, a larger prepectus, and a smaller tegula that does not cover most of the humeral plate.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23D84ABA2C670C108F241DF518AD1DA2" family="Coelocybidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Coelocybidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually have non-metallic coloration but also have a distinctive frenum with at least one pair of strong mesoscutellar setae on or nearly adjacent to the frenal groove, whereas the mesoscutellum in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44C95503724DD27058642E5D703A2EEC" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Cleonymidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evenly covered with short and decumbent setae. Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B436D33D00E1929CAE617C64D509478B" family="Coelocybidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Coelocybidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have any spine or finger-like projection on or extending alongside the clava from a previous segment in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |