From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) Author Burks, Roger https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA burks.roger@gmail.com Author Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721 Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Fusu, Lucian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Heraty, John M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Author Jansta, Petr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Heydon, Steve Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA Author Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386 Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK Author Peters, Ralph S. Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany Author Tselikh, Ekaterina V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Author Woolley, James B. Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA Author van Noort, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa Author Baur, Hannes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487 Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland & Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Author Cruaud, Astrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Author Darling, Christopher Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada Author Haas, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Hanson, Paul Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica Author Krogmann, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany & Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author Rasplus, Jean-Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France text Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2022 2022-12-20 94 13 88 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 1314-2607-94-13 6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE Cleonymidae revived status Cleonymidae Walker, 1837. Type genus: Cleonymus Latreille, 1809. Diagnosis. Antenna with 9 flagellomeres, including usually a single clavomere, which is sometimes vaguely divided into 3 clavomeres in males, and with a subapical finger-like process or spine extending alongside the clava and/or with an additional apical spine in females. Eyes ventrally divergent. Clypeus with transverse subapical groove. Labrum exposed, sclerotized. Mandibles with 2 or 3 teeth (Fig. 11 ), sometimes with a truncation in place of the dorsal teeth. Subforaminal bridge with a postgenal bridge dorsal to the hypostoma and separating the lower tentorial bridge from the convergent hypostomal carina, and without a postgenal groove or postgenal lamina. Pronotum without a smooth median longitudinal line or carina. Prepectus with dorsal margin at least as long as tegula. Notauli incomplete. Tegula not covering most of humeral plate. Mesoscutellum without a frenum, although frenal arm visible only laterally immediately anterior to marginal rim of mesoscutellum; without axillular sulcus. Mesopleural area without an expanded acropleuron. All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; metafemur with or without ventral teeth, with apical spurs arising from a truncate metatibial apex when the metafemur has ventral teeth (Fig. 12 ). Metasoma with syntergum, therefore without epipygium. Discussion. Cleonymidae in its current, narrow sense represents the former Cleonymini , as characterized by Gibson (2003) . It includes Agrilocida Steffan new placement, previously placed in Chalcedectini , but which is distinct morphologically and consistently is placed in Cleonymidae in next-generation molecular analyses. This is now a relatively small and narrowly-defined group in comparison with the previous sense of Cleonyminae , and may be confused with other relatively large-bodied taxa that have ventrally divergent eyes. Females of Eupelmidae , Metapelmatidae , Neanastatidae , and Eopelma Gibson have an enlarged, convex and pad-like acropleuron that covers most or all of the mesopleural area. Lyciscidae , Chalcedectidae , Ooderidae , Pelecinellidae , and Boucekiidae differ from Cleonymidae in having complete notauli. Heydeniidae have a long prepectus with large lateral and ventral surfaces. While some Cleonymidae have ventral teeth on the metafemur, they do not strongly resemble Chalcididae , especially because of the metallic coloration of most Cleonymidae versus the usually non-metallic coloration of Chalcididae , but also because Cleonymidae have incomplete notauli, a larger prepectus, and a smaller tegula that does not cover most of the humeral plate. Coelocybidae usually have non-metallic coloration but also have a distinctive frenum with at least one pair of strong mesoscutellar setae on or nearly adjacent to the frenal groove, whereas the mesoscutellum in Cleonymidae is evenly covered with short and decumbent setae. Additionally, Coelocybidae do not have any spine or finger-like projection on or extending alongside the clava from a previous segment in females.