245 lines
19 KiB
XML
245 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.710.14902" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f4e40b5c-8089-496b-9267-2df2a3fe2ff3" ID-PMC="PMC5704202" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-710-33" ID-PubMed="29187787" ID-ZBK="480537F739194A33B164AC0F688C4E61" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-710-33" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 710" ModsDocTitle="Ancient diversity of Afrotropical Microborus: three endemic species – not one widespread" checkinTime="1508425564433" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jordal, Bjarte H." docDate="2017" docId="BE4A2A109D090DB0110D870245891C75" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 710: 33-42" docOrigin="ZooKeys 710" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.710.14902" docTitle="Microborus camerunus Eggers 1919, stat. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="6277851FC164144FDD11FFB8FF99FFB7" masterDocTitle="Ancient diversity of Afrotropical Microborus: three endemic species - not one widespread" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1668164961492" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Ancient diversity of Afrotropical Microborus: three endemic species - not one widespread</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jordal, Bjarte H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>710</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>33</mods:start>
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<mods:end>42</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.710.14902</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.710.14902</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-710-33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">480537F739194A33B164AC0F688C4E61</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">480537F739194A33B164AC0F688C4E61</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="135489913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BE4A2A109D090DB0110D870245891C75" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BE4A2A109D090DB0110D870245891C75" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName authority="Eggers, 1919" authorityName="Eggers" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus camerunus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="camerunus">Microborus camerunus (Eggers, 1919)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="38">stat. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 7-8, 15-17
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pseudocrypturgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudocrypturgus camerunus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="camerunus">Pseudocrypturgus camerunus</taxonomicName>
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Eggers, 1919: 236, original description.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus camerunus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="camerunus">Microborus camerunus</taxonomicName>
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(Eggers, 1919): synonymized with
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<taxonomicName family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. boops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="boops">M. boops</taxonomicName>
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Blandford, 1897, by
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="6" year="1982">Wood (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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, here resurrected.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pseudocrypturgus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudocrypturgus camerunus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="camerunus">Pseudocrypturgus camerunus</taxonomicName>
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Eggers (NHMW). Holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus boops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boops">Microborus boops</taxonomicName>
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Blandford (BMNH).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. brevisetosus" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="brevisetosus">M. brevisetosus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. boops" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="boops">M. boops</taxonomicName>
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by the smooth and glabrous frons, the glabrous central area of the ventrites, the smooth posterior face of the protibiae, subconfluent strial punctures, and the slightly stouter body shape.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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(male and female).Length 1.5 mm, 2.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide. Colour reddish brown, pronotum darker.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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Head. Eyes separated above by 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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their width. Frons smooth, shiny and lightly punctured, vestiture consisting of <10 short setae on epistoma and 2 longer setae between eyes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Pronotum smooth, shiny, with densely placed puntures.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="39" start="start">Elytra</pageBreakToken>
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with striae impressed, punctures deep, subconfluent; interstriae about as broad as striae, with very fine irregularly spaced punctures; postero-lateral (interstrial) rim slightly elevated with 2-3 blunt granules. Vestiture consisting of scattered erect, golden setae on discal interstriae, somewhat shorter on declivity.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Legs. Protibiae with three lateral teeth (embedded denticles), and one additional tooth just above the inner mucro; posterior face smooth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Ventral vestiture simple, on ventrites consisting of a few irregularly placed short setae close to the lateral margins.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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Known from Ghana, Cameroon and Congo. New record: Cameroon, Mt. Cameroon south slope, 1600 m, GIS: [4.12, 9.16],
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
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branch, B. Jordal 28xi-8 [28. Nov. 2007] (ZMBN/ENT_Scol4931, 4941). It was taken together with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. angustus" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="angustus">M. angustus</taxonomicName>
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under thick bark of large fallen
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
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tree (see above).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="key to the afrotropical species of microborus">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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Key to the Afrotropical species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Microborus</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<table pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. angustus" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="angustus">M. angustus</taxonomicName>
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Jordal
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">2</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. brevisetosus" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="brevisetosus">M. brevisetosus</taxonomicName>
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Jordal
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. camerunus" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="camerunus">M. camerunus</taxonomicName>
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(Eggers)
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="molecular data on afrotropical species">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="40" start="start">Molecular</pageBreakToken>
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data on Afrotropical species
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Gene sequences obtained via PCR are listed by their genbank accession numbers in Table 1. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony provided consistent results across analyses, with all nodes maximally supported (Fig. 21). The three Afrotropical species formed a group separate from the single Neotropical species included,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. aberrans" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="aberrans">M. aberrans</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus angustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustus">Microborus angustus</taxonomicName>
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was furthermore clearly distinct from the sympatric
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. camerunus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="camerunus">M. camerunus</taxonomicName>
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that grouped closely with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. brevisetosus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="brevisetosus">M. brevisetosus</taxonomicName>
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, suggesting a role for allopatric divergence prior to the co-existence of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. angustatus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="angustatus">M. angustatus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. camerunus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="camerunus">M. camerunus</taxonomicName>
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. Given the limited global scope in this study, it cannot be ruled out that the Afrotropical (or the Neotropical) fauna experienced two origins for this genus.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Table 1. Samples included for DNA analyses.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<table pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Species</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Voucher</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Locality</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">COI</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">EF-1α</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">28S</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">CAD</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">ArgK</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">PABP1</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Porthetes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porthetes hispidus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispidus">Porthetes hispidus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus aberrans" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aberrans">Microborus aberrans</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus angustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustus">Microborus angustus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus angustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustus">Microborus angustus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus brevisetosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevisetosus">Microborus brevisetosus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus brevisetosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevisetosus">Microborus brevisetosus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microborus camerunus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="camerunus">Microborus camerunus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Figure 21. Maximum likelihood phylogeny based on six gene fragments and a GTR model of gene evolution. Tree topology and bootstrap values were identical in the maximum parsimony analysis (L = 1657, CI = 0.85, RI = 072).</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Despite high morphological similarity,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. brevisetosus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="brevisetosus">M. brevisetosus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. camerunus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="camerunus">M. camerunus</taxonomicName>
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differed by 15.3-16.1 % at COI. An average divergence of 2.4-3.3% at five nuclear loci leave no doubt about each species validity. The largest nuclear variation was found in 28S (3.9%), a substantial difference for morphologically similar taxa (see e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Jordal, BH" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology Resources" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="7 - 17" title="DNA barcoding of bark and ambrosia beetles reveals excessive NUMTs and consistent east-west divergence across Palearctic forests." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12150" volume="14" year="2014">Jordal and Kambestad 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). Guided by the molecular data, a search for consistent morphological differences was found in the frons, elytral declivity and the venter of these beetles. Hence, the overall similarity that has led previous researchers to synonymise
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. camerunus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="camerunus">M. camerunus</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. boops" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="boops">M. boops</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="6" year="1982">Wood 1982</bibRefCitation>
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), emphasizes the need for careful consideration of possible semi-cryptic character differences. The low rate of change in morphological characters for the genus as a whole, as documented by the close similarity to the mid-Cretaceous fossil
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. inertus" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="inertus">M. inertus</taxonomicName>
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Cognato & Grimaldi, 2009 (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Cognato, AI" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" pagination="93 - 100" title="100 million years of morphological conservation in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00441.x" volume="34" year="2009">Cognato and Grimaldi 2009</bibRefCitation>
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), makes it advisable to base new synonymies on genetic data and rigorous morphological examination.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |