146 lines
15 KiB
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146 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="B2C5AD7210D459C6B05328FD045BA13E" ID-CLB-Dataset="124664" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9dc02e2f-dd96-4a67-b52a-7d5db02ede8b" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7003027" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1660733488115" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Baas, Pieter, Manchester, Steven, Wheeler, Elisabeth A. & Srivastava, Rashmi" docDate="2022" docId="B61CA61275291D51D2BEFA94FE39FE3D" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.558.2.9.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 558 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.9" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.7:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Connaroxylon dimorphum Baas, Manchester, Wheeler & Srivastava 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="250" masterDocId="4A25DE6A75291D50D203FFE3FFC7FFB2" masterDocTitle="Validation of the names linked to the oldest fossil Connaraceae wood (Connaroxylon, Connaroxylon dimorphum)" masterLastPageNumber="250" masterPageNumber="249" pageNumber="249" updateTime="1699367155236" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="D409CB35FCA29C4895E0D4A565D81509">Validation of the names linked to the oldest fossil Connaraceae wood (Connaroxylon, Connaroxylon dimorphum)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D22335BB28CC6E55BBB95286159AE3EF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="08743CF5B90B6FB0416621BF4E99DF5F">Baas, Pieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A53CB13422C9D6807622B356EB2D7DD9">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E675ECD09118C360DEC189C7A15EB8D4">Manchester, Steven</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="60CA533D8CC727620099D3FFC67A21D4">Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 - 7800. U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="8BC4A07B3DEBA206BC824B46E89978AD" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5D8DB140926CB83FF1F911FC7497398D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9E676AA609A301F0CFB617F9A338CB33">Wheeler, Elisabeth A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8923356370E83C0A9529D3132D17F1FA">Department of Forest Biomaterials, N. C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 - 8005, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3F4E5CB98D2A337DF1BAE07C80AA15C5">Srivastava, Rashmi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5F690BD12C047B68700EE1809C0F2EFD">Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow 266 007, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="585ECD21DB3A7EADCB567357A7AC735D">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="484E1223EEAC6EFC1F2F77C780F1C313">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8F750E74ACE956014F87CE10C5F89F99">2022-08-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7838ED63C04639CC0FE1DB2A92F5EB03">558</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E654184AE4D508042B393BA92F111F1A">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.9</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="B9B9579AA75911E7742138A9B9B788EC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="B61CA61275291D51D2BEFA94FE39FE3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7010160" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199505273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7010160" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B61CA61275291D51D2BEFA94FE39FE3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B61CA61275291D51D2BEFA94FE39FE3D" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">
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<subSubSection id="76AF448F75291D50D2BEFA94FC38FA3D" box="[189,1023,1399,1423]" pageId="0" pageNumber="249" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3E0A170475291D50D2BEFA94FC38FA3D" blockId="0.[136,1452,823,2071]" box="[189,1023,1399,1423]" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">
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<taxonomicName id="F9B56C8775291D50D2BEFA94FC65FA3D" authority="Baas, Manchester, Wheeler & Srivastava" authorityName="Baas, Manchester, Wheeler & Srivastava" authorityYear="2022" box="[189,930,1399,1423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Connaroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="249" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dimorphum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D2BEFA94FE23FA3D" bold="true" box="[189,484,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Connaroxylon dimorphum</emphasis>
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Baas, Manchester, Wheeler & Srivastava
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D1AFFA9BFC38FA3D" bold="true" box="[940,1023,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="17F2766D75291D50D1AFFA9BFC38FA3D" box="[940,1023,1400,1423]" pageId="0" pageNumber="249" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="76AF448F75291D50D2BEFA78FC25F7A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="249" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3E0A170475291D50D2BEFA78FC25F7A5" blockId="0.[136,1452,823,2071]" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D2BEFA78FEA3FA01" bold="true" box="[189,356,1435,1459]" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Description:—</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D366FA78FE32FA01" box="[357,501,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Growth rings</emphasis>
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indistinct or faint and then marked by radially flattened fibers.
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D6A8FA78FB30FA01" box="[1195,1271,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Vessels</emphasis>
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diffuse, 20-25% solitary, remainder in radial multiples of 2–3(–6 or rarely more than 10; longest multiples in wood adjacent to pith), 14–30 per sq.mm, circular to oval when solitary, flattened at the place of contact when in radial multiples; tangential diameter 62 (29–115; SD 17) µm, radial diameter 79 (43–116; SD 23) µm. Perforations simple. Vessel elements 387 (174–743; SD159) µm long. Intervessel pits alternate, 8–10 µm, bordered with slit-like or round apertures; vessel—ray pits mostly with strongly reduced borders and circular to elongate. Thin-walled tyloses occasionally present.
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D626F9ACFBACF9D5" box="[1061,1131,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Fibers</emphasis>
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of
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<specimenCount id="28B3DC8D75291D50D696F9B3FAC3F9DA" box="[1173,1284,1616,1640]" pageId="0" pageNumber="249" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
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: 1) thin-walled and in parenchyma-like bands of varying widths alternating with 2) thick-walled in zones that vary from narrow to wide. Most fibers non-septate, but some septate. Fiber wall pitting not observed, probably minutely bordered to simple, typical of libriform fibers. Radial fiber diameter 20 (14–25; SD 4) µm. The parenchyma-like fiber bands are much more common in the juvenile wood than in the more mature wood towards the periphery of the sample.
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D611F93CFB14F945" box="[1042,1235,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Axial parenchyma</emphasis>
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scanty paratracheal, extremely sparse, in strands of 5–6 cells, cells 16–30 µm in radial diameter.
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D1C7F8E7FC3FF8A9" box="[964,1016,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Rays</emphasis>
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almost exclusively uniseriate, but a few rays with short biseriate portions, 11–23 per mm, heterocellular, composed mainly of square or upright cells with a few procumbent cells present in biseriate central portions, or upright, square and weakly procumbent cells mixed throughout the rays. Height 2–20 cell or 539 (146–942; SD 241) µm.
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D0C7F88CFCDAF835" box="[708,797,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Crystals</emphasis>
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. Prismatic crystals present in chambered upright ray cells and in chambered fibers.
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D364F870FCD6F819" box="[359,785,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Herringbone patterned rays and tubules</emphasis>
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. In radial sections some of the rays show a herringbone pattern with cells converging towards narrow tubules with dark contents.
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675291D50D145F854FCB5F87D" box="[838,882,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="249">Pith</emphasis>
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. The pith is wide, rounded to pentagonal with central large-celled parenchyma. The peripheral pith is small-celled, in some regions giving an impression of internal phloem, separated by some small-celled parenchyma layers from the protoxylem vessels.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<materialsCitation id="8EDD1D5975281D51D2BEFF7CFBA3FF04" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3890535301" box="[189,1124,158,183]" location="Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" specimenCode="40975" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675281D51D2BEFF7CFE54FF04" bold="true" box="[189,403,158,183]" pageId="1" pageNumber="250">
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Type (
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):—
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</emphasis>
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Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow Museum
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3E0A170475281D51D2BEFF21FA99FF69" blockId="1.[189,1374,158,219]" box="[189,1374,194,219]" pageId="1" pageNumber="250">
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675281D51D2BEFF21FEA6FF68" bold="true" box="[189,353,194,218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="250">Illustration:—</emphasis>
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Illustrations of the
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<typeStatus id="E10EA9A675281D51D02FFF20FD4EFF69" box="[556,649,195,219]" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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have been published as figs.
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<quantity id="F94DBAE175281D51D1C0FF20FBC1FF69" box="[963,1030,195,219]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="2.286" metricValueMin="0.254" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" unit="in" value="5.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="1.0">1–9 in</quantity>
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<bibRefCitation id="5A246AF575281D51D60EFF20FB02FF69" author="Baas, P. & Manchester, S. R. & Wheeler, E. A. & Srivastava, R." box="[1037,1221,195,219]" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" pagination="124 - 133" refId="ref1093" refString="Baas, P., Manchester, S. R., Wheeler, E. A. & Srivastava, R. (2017) Fossil wood with dimorphic fibers from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India - the oldest fossil Connaraceae? IAWA Journal 38 (1): 124 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 20170162" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Baas
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675281D51D644FF20FBBAFF69" box="[1095,1149,195,219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="250">et al.</emphasis>
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(2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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: pp.127, 128).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="76AF448F75281D51D28BFEE8FE39FE3D" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3E0A170475281D51D28BFEE8FE39FE3D" blockId="1.[136,1452,267,399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="250">
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<taxonomicName id="F9B56C8775281D51D28BFEE8FE64FE91" authorityName="Baas, Manchester, Wheeler & Srivastava" authorityYear="2022" box="[136,419,267,291]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Connaroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dimorphum">
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<emphasis id="0CC1CB1675281D51D28BFEE8FE64FE91" box="[136,419,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="250">Connaroxylon dimorphum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the oldest known fossil wood of the
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<taxonomicName id="F9B56C8775281D51D154FEE8FC23FE91" box="[855,996,267,291]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Connaraceae</taxonomicName>
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, and one of the oldest fossils of the order
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<taxonomicName id="F9B56C8775281D51D28BFECCFF3AFEF5" box="[136,253,303,327]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Oxalidales</taxonomicName>
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, to which the family belongs. Because its identity/botanical affinity is robust, and the fossil is well dated at 65 +/- 1 Ma, we encourage future students of the phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName id="F9B56C8775281D51D112FEB0FC44FED9" box="[785,899,339,363]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="1" pageNumber="250" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Oxalidales</taxonomicName>
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and related angiosperm orders to use this record to calibrate molecular clock analyses.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |