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<mods:title id="3DDF2D6C2F3C9687629E73D962755DF1">A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<heading id="4D74A15EFFC8FFCBFEBFFB53C63AFB7E" bold="true" box="[264,610,1193,1219]" fontSize="11" level="6" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="0">
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Genus
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFC8FFCBFEE8FB53C63AFB7E" ID-CoL="Y85" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[351,610,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFC8FFCBFEE8FB53C64DFB7E" bold="true" box="[351,533,1193,1219]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Aphaenogaster</emphasis>
Mayr
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</emphasis>
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Of the six species of this genus occurring in California, one (
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFC8FFCBFC5EFB0EC156FAB3" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" box="[1001,1294,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFC8FFCBFC5EFB0EC0C1FAB0" box="[1001,1177,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
(Emery))
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in mesic habitats, four are confined to deserts, and one species (
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFC8FFCBFB28FAE6C51FFAE3" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFC8FFCBFB28FAE6C172FA88" box="[1183,1322,1308,1333]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. patruelis</emphasis>
Forel
</taxonomicName>
) is endemic to the Channel Islands and
<collectingCountry id="6E9456A2FFC8FFCBFCABFABEC71EFAE3" box="[796,838,1348,1374]" name="Iceland" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Isla</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="6E9456A2FFC8FFCBFCFAFABEC788FAE3" box="[845,976,1348,1374]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Guadalupe</collectingCountry>
. All are ground­nesting ants, with somewhat generalized scavenging habits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="163C1632FFC8FFCBFE8FFA6EC710F9F3" blockId="30.[264,1323,1268,1614]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Species identification: keys in
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFD11FA6EC7DAFA13" author="Creighton" box="[678,898,1428,1454]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Creighton, W. S. (1950 a) The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 104, 1 - 585." type="journal article" year="1950" yearSuffix="a">Creighton (1950a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFC38FA6EC0A0FA13" author="Wheeler" box="[911,1272,1428,1454]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1986 g) The ants of Nevada. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, vii + 138 pp." type="book" year="1986" yearSuffix="g">
Wheeler and Wheeler (
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)
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and
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFEBFFA46C635FA6B" author="Mackay" box="[264,621,1468,1494]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Mackay, W. &amp; Mackay, E. (2002) The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 400 pp." type="book" year="2002">Mackay and Mackay (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Additional references: Creighton (1955),
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFB23FA46C501FA43" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="De Andrade, M. L. (1995) The ant genus Aphaenogaster in Dominican and Mexican amber (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. IX: Pheidolini). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Palaontologie), 223, 1 - 11." type="journal article">De Andrade (1995)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFEDFFA1EC695FA43" author="Holldobler" box="[360,717,1508,1534]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Holldobler, B. &amp; Carlin, N. F. (1990 (&quot; 1989 &quot; )) Colony founding, queen control and worker reproduction in the ant Aphaenogaster (Novomessor) cockerelli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 96, 131 - 151." type="journal article" year="1990">Hölldobler and Carlin (1990)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFD6BFA1EC059FA43" box="[732,1025,1508,1534]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Holldobler, B., Oldham, N. J., Morgan, E. D. &amp; Konig, W. A. (1995) Recruitment pheromones in the ants Aphaenogaster albisetosus and A. cockerelli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 41, 739 - 744." type="journal article">
Hölldobler
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFC8FFCBFCD1FA1EC7C6FA40" box="[870,926,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (1995)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFBA7FA1EC097FA43" author="Johnson" box="[1040,1231,1508,1534]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 a) Seed-harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North America: an overview of ecology and biogeography. Sociobiology, 36, 89 - 122 + 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Johnson (2000a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFB68FA1EC146FA43" author="Johnson" box="[1247,1310,1508,1534]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2001) Biogeography and community structure of North American seed-harvesting ants. Annual Review of Entomology, 46, 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFEBFF9F6C61AF99B" author="Jones" box="[264,578,1548,1574]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Jones, S. R. &amp; Phillips, S. A., Jr. (1989) Superiority of Aphaenogaster occidentalis in confrontations with Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Entomological News, 100, 173 - 175." type="journal article" year="1989">Jones and Phillips (1989)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFDE5F9F6C7FFF99B" author="Sanders" box="[594,935,1548,1574]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Sanders, N. J. &amp; Gordon, D. M. (2002) Resources and the flexible allocation of work in the desert ant, Aphaenogaster cockerelli. Insectes Sociaux, 49, 371 - 379." type="journal article" year="2002">Sanders and Gordon (2002)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFC0FF9F6C03DF99B" author="Schulz" box="[952,1125,1548,1574]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Schulz, A. (1994) Aphaenogaster graeca nova species (Hym: Formicidae) aus dem Olymp-Gebirge (Griechenland) und eine Gliederung der Gattung Aphaenogaster. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 44, 417 - 429." type="journal article" year="1994">Schulz (1994)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFBC2F9F6C17DF99B" author="Smith" box="[1141,1317,1548,1574]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Smith, M. R. (1963 c) A new species of Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) from the western United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 71, 244 - 246." type="journal article" year="1963" yearSuffix="c">Smith (1963c)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFEBFF9CEC597F9F3" author="Umphrey" box="[264,463,1588,1614]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Umphrey, G. J. (1996) Morphometric discrimination among sibling species in the fulva - rudis - texana complex of the ant genus Aphaenogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 528 - 559." type="journal article" year="1996">Umphrey (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFC8FFCBFE6DF9CEC71CF9F3" author="Wheeler" box="[474,836,1588,1614]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Wheeler, W. M. &amp; Creighton, W. S. (1934) A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 69, 341 - 387." type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler and Creighton (1934)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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