220 lines
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220 lines
16 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" ID-PMC="PMC8930920" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e76050" ID-Pensoft-UUID="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" ID-PubMed="35437414" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e76050" checkinTime="1647039089382" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Simon, Andrew D. F., Adamczyk, Emily M., Basman, Antranig, Chu, Jackson W. F., Gartner, Heidi N., Fletcher, Karin, Gibbs, Charles J., Gibbs, Donna M., Gilmore, Scott R., Harbo, Rick M., Harris, Leslie H., Humphrey, Elaine, Lamb, Andy, Lambert, Philip, McDaniel, Neil, Scott, Jessica & Starzomski, Brian M." docDate="2022" docId="728E2FA50BF654D0B0C3B8B1355EB334" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e76050" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" docTitle="Euphysa Forbes 1848" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" lastPageNumber="76050" masterDocId="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" masterDocTitle="Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology" masterLastPageNumber="76050" masterPageNumber="76050" pageNumber="76050" updateTime="1668121969866" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Simon, Andrew D. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-8974</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">adfsimon@imerss.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Adamczyk, Emily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Basman, Antranig</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chu, Jackson W. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-9446</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gartner, Heidi N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fletcher, Karin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Port Orchard 98366, Port Orchard, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Charles J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Donna M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gilmore, Scott R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>7494 Andrea Cres, Lantzville, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harbo, Rick M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harris, Leslie H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Humphrey, Elaine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lamb, Andy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lambert, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McDaniel, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>McDaniel Photography, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scott, Jessica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Ocean Wise, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Starzomski, Brian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>76050</mods:start>
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<mods:end>76050</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:728E2FA50BF654D0B0C3B8B1355EB334" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/728E2FA50BF654D0B0C3B8B1355EB334" lastPageNumber="76050" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName LSID="728E2FA5-0BF6-54D0-B0C3-B8B1355EB334" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="phylum">Ctenophora Eschscholtz, 1829</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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[
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">2 classes: 3 orders: 4 families: 4 genera: 4 species</emphasis>
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]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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'
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="phylum">Ctenophora</taxonomicName>
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' means
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“comb-bearing”">"comb-bearing"</normalizedToken>
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-deriving from the Greek
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<normalizedToken originalValue="κτείς">κτείς</normalizedToken>
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(kteis), meaning "comb", and -φορος (-
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<normalizedToken originalValue="fóros">foros</normalizedToken>
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), a suffix meaning "carrying".
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="phylum">Ctenophora</taxonomicName>
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(comb jellies) are a phylum of predatory marine invertebrates that are characterised by having eight rows of ciliated plates for locomotion. The phylum is divided into two classes containing 150-200 extant species worldwide (
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<bibRefCitation author="Millen, S. V." journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6702569" refString="Mills C. Phylum Ctenophora: list of all valid species names http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenolist.html 2021-02-04T00:00:00+02:00" year="2016">Mills 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). Around 32 ctenophore species are known to the Pacific coast of North America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, Stephen D." journalOrPublisher="American Fisheries Society, Bethesda" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6698912" refString="Cairns, Stephen D., Calder, Dale R., Brinckmann-Voss, Anita, Castro, Clovis B., Fautin, Daphne G., Pugh, Philip R., Mills, Claudia E., Jaap, Walter C., Arai, Mary N., Haddock, Stephen H. D., Opresko, Dennis M., 2002. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. 2nd ed. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda" title="Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. 2 nd ed." year="2002">Cairns et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
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), 13 of which are known within the Salish Sea-though only five or six of these species are relatively common (Claudia Mills, pers. comm. 2021). Four species are reported for Galiano Island, the least common of which is
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mills" authorityYear="1987" class="Palaeonemertea" family="Euplokamididae" genus="Euplokamis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplokamis dunlapae" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="dunlapae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Euplokamis dunlapae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mills, 1987 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6771063" captionText="Figure 6. Euplokamis dunlapae (oval sea gooseberry) - Photograph by Kathleen Reed." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/512664" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">6</figureCitation>
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). This deep water species is abundant at 250 m depth, but only occasionally occurs above 100 m with mixing of the water column, especially during spring tides (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mackie, G. O." journalOrPublisher="The Biological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="248 - 256" refId="B6770094" refString="Mackie, G. O., Mills, C. E., Singla, C. L., 1992. Giant axons and escape swimming in Euplokamis dunlapae (Ctenophora: Cydippida). The Biological Bulletin 182 (2): 248 - 256" title="Giant axons and escape swimming in Euplokamis dunlapae (Ctenophora: Cydippida)" volume="182" year="1992">Mackie et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Most ctenophores are pelagic species, with those most well known occurring near the ocean surface and those less understood found at greater depths. Ctenophores possess sticky cells called colloblasts to capture prey and are are highly diverse in morphology (e.g. egg-shaped cydippids, flat and generally combless platyctenids and large-mouthed beroids). The phylogenetic position of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Chun" authorityYear="1879" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="phylum">Ctenophora</taxonomicName>
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in relation to other phyla is still debated and their taxonomy is in dire need of revision (
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<bibRefCitation author="Dunn, C. W." journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="282 - 291" refId="B6726541" refString="Dunn, C. W., Leys, S. P., Haddock, S. H., 2015. The hidden biology of sponges and ctenophores. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30 (5): 282 - 291" title="The hidden biology of sponges and ctenophores" volume="30" year="2015">Dunn et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Millen, S. V." journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6702569" refString="Mills C. Phylum Ctenophora: list of all valid species names http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenolist.html 2021-02-04T00:00:00+02:00" year="2016">Mills 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). References for Northeast Pacific ctenophores include
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<bibRefCitation author="Kozloff, E. N." journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Press, Seattle" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662860" refString="Kozloff, E. N., 1996. Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle" title="Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest" year="1996">Kozloff (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wrobel, David" journalOrPublisher="Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6698984" refString="Wrobel, David, Mills, Claudia, 2003. Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates: a guide to the common gelatinous animals. Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey" title="Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates: a guide to the common gelatinous animals" year="2003">Wrobel and Mills (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lamb, A." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662869" refString="Lamb, A., Hanby, B. P., 2005. Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes. Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" title="Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes" year="2005">Lamb and Hanby (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Carlton, JT" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662886" refString="Carlton, JT, 2007. The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley" title="The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon" year="2007">Carlton (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Austin, W. C." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6746958" refString="Baldwin A. Checklist of the cnidarian medusae (jellyfish) and ctenophorans (comb jellies) of British Columbia https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/JellyfishofBC0409.pdf 2021-02-13T00:00:00+02:00" year="2014">Baldwin (2009d)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Harbo, R. M." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662898" refString="Harbo, R. M., 2011. Whelks to whales. Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" title="Whelks to whales" year="2011">Harbo (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Jensen, G. C." journalOrPublisher="MolaMarine, Bremerton" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662971" refString="Jensen, G. C., Gotshall, D. W., Miller, R. E. F., 2018. Beneath Pacific tides: subtidal invertebrates of the West Coast. MolaMarine, Bremerton" title="Beneath Pacific tides: subtidal invertebrates of the West Coast" year="2018">Jensen et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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. For annotated records of ctenophores reported for Galiano Island, see supplementary materials (Suppl. material 4).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |