264 lines
31 KiB
XML
264 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="764DA3D962EC738417CF9D8802BD443D" ID-CLB-Dataset="35544" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8228b70-5cf8-4846-b2b2-91aec46ab0a5" ID-PMC="PMC3253663" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-162-59" ID-PubMed="22303126" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-162-59" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 162" ModsDocTitle="A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil" checkinTime="1451249400868" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2012" docId="710380D184D06689752525EC98837CC5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 162: 59-92" docOrigin="ZooKeys 162" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370" docTitle="Canacidae Jones" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="0C201957F3148E5FFFE2FF8834486856" masterDocTitle="A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1732729939142" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="524758740ACFFEA8ECD85A239B3387CC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="0A19432061FC9B3D0A039CD09DC8E684">
|
||
<mods:title id="CE2F816848D0F43EE052111E828C481A">A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="5179B6239B1644B8EC0B4A6D4F78CFFD" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="CF953D849701134B93A40921C18767EA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="33373825E4064EC3DC4D50629DF9E1DB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2BB25AEAF4AA379EBBFC0CC054DCC0D5">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="6466A0B51C7E63A838FCEF6F60416D3F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="BD68D247D9D5F1F9B7602D0215B6B6D3">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="58C157BF80E2B6F6CCE101D5F1F90B46">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="8C01EEA1AC5AC12EB3FD3981C0EAB63A">Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="4A10AE4F95C2192BFF6B7A146641D429">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="65773C55BE0407907F32BEF6758B5F42" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="1F8C31091CF37E2960FA42923A5EE275">
|
||
<mods:title id="D53B744864DC79B3756411494BECEC2A">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="3E50C959C54C53872C79A34149444F56">
|
||
<mods:date id="A086D84DFE9D03814B922609E5FD9EEC">2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="8BC2C24F860A43AE97319233010F14EF" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="3128B5C3F04360ACABB544581A164382">162</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="2B0C0635D6D342D007EC94221B5483D3" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="97DE035EF2C6E566DCDACF53191713C2">59</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="BE9129D6356402AF8E4D11EF59613886">92</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="0F2C4F2D3DF63474F004AFE9B0FE89D0">
|
||
<mods:url id="366B1A7FA9DD2A3D33804812055BBE19">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="27BA71CE627BDF9A2AD723218CD2EE22">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="74E583A73AB2EE09FD173503393E4AD6" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0737BBDBE3F72F53A8FFF1E292FDAE13" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-162-59</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="710380D184D06689752525EC98837CC5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032960" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:710380D184D06689752525EC98837CC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/710380D184D06689752525EC98837CC5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" scope_order="Diptera">
|
||
<subSubSection id="383742AB45589DBCC403F16F3715FA47" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF532E1B37847EA7C68F80580915CB37" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="74C651F58436B53EB5FEE9CDCB3B90A7" ID-CoL="622J4" ID-ENA="1262362" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Canacidae" authority="Jones" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae Jones</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="49FDEFD90383957256D7F5BE13062BA8" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="FBE16BF49ABE6225241FD2BFEF617EB1" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F627AB8E1594CB1CA6F1DFD437945CC4" genus="Canacenae" lsidName="Canacenae" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">Canacenae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="236A22D50272BD1AD23F46CE98F9393E" author="Jones, BJ" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="153 - 198" title="Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species." volume="1" year="1906">Jones 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 170, 198 [as a subfamily of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2895335C1728807473A671492E84717" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, incorrect formation of the family-group name]. Type genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="127D17AC2DA788D4DF7B08E4FA024E57" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Canace" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canace" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Canace</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haliday 1837.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC15F2377FAB51B84F9F20252731F64D" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EAAC74F1E558DB0E7552BD0275F61AB" family="Canaceidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Canaceidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C4CDB47852A61C68B3E27EEC80DD396F" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Hendel 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 297 [incorrect formation of the family-group name].
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="45E1EEEA13F123678A17001E637E8399" author="Wirth, WW" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" pagination="245 - 275" title="A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers of Bernice P." volume="20" year="1951">Wirth 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 245-275 [revision]; 1975: 1-5 [Neotropical catalog]; 1987: 1079-1083 [North American manual].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="59ADD74C612A119BBCC02CCA5868E2C3" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42E3AF7CDC76D22E847D6CCFC6991B82" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="85979F769DE7ABBB5E1C03D1E120FCA2" author="Enderlein, G" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="235 - 250" title="Dipterologica, III." volume="1935" year="1935">Enderlein 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 235.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5EABF64A726E88CCE45D2D17D407072F" author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 29" title="Studies of Canacidae (Diptera), I: Suprageneric revision of the family, with revisions of new Tribe Dynomiellini and new genus Isocanace." volume="347" year="1982">Mathis 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1-29 [classification].
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3136D420FC04A6B4EA2B2F0144F67357" author="Buck, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="377 - 404" title="A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical Region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x" volume="31" year="2006">Buck 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 391-392 [familial status].
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4ED4AA5E6800E7B6DA5173107C846F20" author="Munari, L" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 84" title="World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa." volume="2471" year="2010">Munari and Mathis 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1-84 [world catalog].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BFF23ED3B0A84588A19AEF81CD42B3F0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1081F019EF32125A8666F7C0D78CFEC" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69D0B07501806CF2A0BB86D93891C023" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Hendel 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 297; 1917: 45. Type genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3664B33CDBEEE382DBF3E798D45B89A" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haliday.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D2640B3E204E12F7A9AFC62FBD6C371F" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Foster 1976b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1-4 [Neotropical catalog].
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9EF4626519119058F43B940048FBDFB" author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 27" title="World catalog of the family Tethinidae (Diptera)." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00810282.584" volume="584" year="1996">Mathis and Munari 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1-27 [world catalog].
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5CB6D1B8937083874B8DC27B3A25D36C" author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="27 - 64" title="The surge flies (Diptera, Canacidae, Zaleinae) of Australasia and notes on tethinids-canacid morphology and relationships." url="doi: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.59.2007.1468" volume="57" year="2007">McAlpine 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 42 [synonymy].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C0ED88B8CD5A1BB97D46ACDA34872301" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="BC2FBAB4AB6DFA11E6922DC5119EDDC0" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6173EB15D854AF9635F5DD3A35B61F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4280CA46857910240D43D561351514DD" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sensu lato, is distinguished from other families of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4699C64EA9D4F8C663B01259EC0639E" genus="Carnoidea" lsidName="Carnoidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">Carnoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: Exclusively or tending to occur in saline habitats (secondarily in freshwater habitats). Minute to moderately small flies, length 0.91-5.0 mm. Head: Postocellar setae developed (absent or reduced in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8F6FBF1B078101C29DC522DAEE8A6A" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); dorsal fronto-orbital seta lateroclinate; oral vibrissae weakly differentiated, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEAC5ADFFC1BA35883F1319054B9FCF8" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Dasyrhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasyrhicnoessa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dasyrhicnoessa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hendel species. Arista dorsal. Face sometimes characterized by 2 shiny protuberances laterad to the facial cavity, just above vibrissal pore (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="205F28A7DE4CC23C153F8F9C627DF4CD" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4C421AEBEAFE5984A03AAB32269B533" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Pseudorhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudorhicnoessa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudorhicnoessa</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or nearby (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45FB28B663CEF153978F3B59E4CCF602" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Afrotethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrotethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrotethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7A8172F8AA93267ADDF009BF912D23B" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Horaismoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horaismoptera" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Horaismoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
); face strongly depressed and short (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F56086D198EB964534E95513F26ED77A" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Dasyrhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasyrhicnoessa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dasyrhicnoessa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D015754A8958C992B35A4C81B943133B" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Horaismopterinae">Horaismopterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or with medial carina (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF676EFF0765BB33E3C7A6F2FE3E3AF2" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or even distinctly convex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3BF92DE6EF1140B2FD5C2687E41C4BF9" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Gena bare, except for ventral or nearly ventral row of setae (peristomal setae), or even with a few anaclinate, strong setae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27ADD968A5E8D8F4B4EC14C2F531404E" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Buccal parts generally strongly sclerotized in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8DD5468023DCA44FB8B0471B999B52C" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thorax: Precoxal bridge developed. Prescutellar acrostichal setae developed; presutural dorsocentral setae differentiated; anepisternum with 2-3 developed posterior setae, bearing enlarged, dorsally curved seta at posterodorsal corner; usually 1 katepisternal seta present; proepisternal seta developed. Wing generally hyaline, bearing fine, dense microtrichia; subcosta weakened apically, close to vein R1; vein A1 short (except in the sub-Antarctic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D80464CB59A18B2BF8B1D2D831FA071" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apetaenus" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apetaenus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); vein A2 long, present as a fold. Abdomen: Pregenital sclerites of male short and fused; male tergite 6 fused with sternite 8, forming a usually symmetrical (except in some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B4ECC296F6111C434F67D6143DD71DB" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
), pregenital sclerite; male sternite 7 lost; postgonites firmly connected laterally to base of phallapodeme, distinctly anterior to basiphallus; hypandrium forming a sheath or phallic mantle around the postgonite and basiphallus; epandrium bearing 1-2 pairs of surstyli ventrally, sometimes anterior surstylus lacking (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C9FEFD2CA26A806A767FF884893D1A" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0349BBF56A262CC62FB9F28DCF7BC9B3" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
); posterior surstylus partially articulated or fused with epandrium; inner basal corner of surstylus connected to broad interparameral sclerite; cercus very short to exceptionally developed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9F15BDB2DAFF0FD9242893C2565A5BC" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Horaismopterinae">Horaismopterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); postabdomen of female more or less telescopically retractile; 2 sclerotized spermathecae variable in shape, below with a narrower
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="1DA2467F1B67211575AF1CFD50C09864" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" start="start">cylindrical</pageBreakToken>
|
||
extension into the spermathecal duct; cercus subcylindrical to compressed, or even tapered distally, sometimes bearing stout to pointed, spinelike setulae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8FD38F4C0C8841E20C77819D2CEB1159" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="227007DFDC377FC43616004135FF71F8" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5E9E75B95F92FBA607B5C388F65B4D5A" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Our concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F079D809BDF09551043DC23126D9FC30" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes what had been considered as two families, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECC6EA829E5A3012C8E3F56A96C7216E" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2597524BDF36AEB8332AE7A13086FCDB" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the familial level,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="32E72200CD2123DF4554E8EEAFE3A85E" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">J. F. McAlpine (1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1472) identified five synapomorphies that link
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1425A1C50E07F3944E49761CDF229D33" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FB78877B565E34C19F39F326FC51DE9" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and noted that "...these are clear indications of a sister-group relationship between them ... and may even indicate that they are subgroups of a single family." Other authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B56B12E136C555312F107AA2C3F56236" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Hennig 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28E7A6162B6B2BBC5F6FF2033DB7A1A0" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Griffiths 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1902E9D1203912AD2FAE755FE8BE59FD" author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="108 - 117" title="A new genus of Australian littoral flies (Diptera:? Canacidae)." volume="10" year="1982">McAlpine 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="091687F0E0C72A4CDB61621994006EBF" author="Freidberg, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="447 - 457" title="A study of Zaleinae, a taxon transitional between Canacidae and Tethinidae (Diptera), with the description of a new genus and species." url="doi: 10.1163/187631295X00107" volume="26" year="1995">Freidberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have also suggested a relationship with the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D146FE04F4A7520CFAB42A64AFFAFE1C" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7AB52DF143EB8F710E7A8A4F86A90905" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Griffiths (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further noted some affinities with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB89AA517D04E5977BC5763A2344AF5" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FF17DE0ECAC77909FABB7DB774EDE90" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Milichiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to J. F.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F6866F891ABDA5DEB81BB1F957D283C8" originalValue="McAlpine’s">McAlpine's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1989) cladogram, which included an analysis of 25 characters for the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C6D2413CA009ABA5517CE68A84A8C19" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47A23B5115CEA895A44E278E75E2DEB8" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E77702591816FA8AAE75759432B65D9C" genus="Carnoidea" lsidName="Carnoidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="genus">Carnoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF2F84A7A38FA49445526808CE7C85E6" genus="Chloropoidea" lsidName="Chloropoidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="genus">Chloropoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
) comprises the families with the following relationships in parenthetic notation: ((
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B5050AB98904E7A508EABD6CDDF6273" class="Insecta" family="Australimyzidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Australimyzidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="617C5506372F115E416560F44420DE70" class="Insecta" family="Braulidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="093FD1E0759316A219CF92A4A35B2FCC" class="Insecta" family="Carnidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carnidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)((
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2D28B53CF7CF51BCC1B7F45788BF673" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0CAA9E843F809A0F800BCBA683EED68" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)((
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59CAF62B765947E54A1D866A00FB4AAC" class="Insecta" family="Milichiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Milichiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37195C4C275140B102F2C1CC38622AF8" family="Risidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Risidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) ((
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8537E4DE7B4C5A646A4E868DA7F8A652" class="Insecta" family="Cryptochetidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cryptochetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB638FA2C2F878CE34273747DEB16A71" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)))).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF10BD69BB0591631BF777CB5C21F7F3" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
More recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A858160B7817E8BE3B7C8E070A70DF6D" author="Buck, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="377 - 404" title="A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical Region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x" volume="31" year="2006">Buck (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and D. K.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C59177073EAF671E1F5FA704BF49B4A" author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="27 - 64" title="The surge flies (Diptera, Canacidae, Zaleinae) of Australasia and notes on tethinids-canacid morphology and relationships." url="doi: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.59.2007.1468" volume="57" year="2007">McAlpine (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided rather compelling character evidence, substantiating that these two families are closely associated, and more specifically that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="528BBAAD70B02C39F0D25513F189E37F" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu stricto are an included lineage within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA0DDC37279D1D7402D9BC2DAE979819" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, not to include the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="33DC5429F7ABC3FCE2BB6157DFD39F91" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="370AEB9E098DDF48161E0254B9A75607" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
would render the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43E19C1C9DDDAAE782215A5D335F6A3D" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a paraphyletic family. Buck and D. K. McAlpine cited ten synapomorphies that corroborate the monophyly of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AFBC6197A7969546E4AD91543FB4577" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu lato (the family-group name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED514B90AC1480136AF22C0545BF5B24" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is older than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0A3CBBAB10FE222BE01C67B29573FD61" family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). These synapomorphies are (only derived state cited): (1) Precoxal bridge present; (2) anepisternum with enlarged, dorsally curved setae at posteroventral corner; (3) vein A2 long, present as a fold; (4) male sternite 6 reduced and divided medially; (5) male tergite 6 fused with sternite 8, forming a symmetrical pregenital sclerite; (6) male sternite 7 lost; (7) postgonites firmly connected laterally to base of phallapodeme, distinctly anterior to basiphallus; (8) hypandrium forming a sheath or phallic mantle around the postgonite and basiphallus; (9) cuticle of larva with covering of fine spicules, and (10) halobiontic in habitat preference, secondarily in freshwater habitats.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D06CFC7E621FC5EF49C9DD44C254934D" author="Buck, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="377 - 404" title="A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical Region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x" volume="31" year="2006">Buck (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further suggested that the sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="66CE1FDFAF21E32066B5E9C1E3C04E31" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu stricto is the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="026B504582D8B65ADE974BDCE991BA7D" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apetaeninae">Apetaeninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E3902C524D506E224C3CD5CFC2FC99A" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Zaleinae">Zaleinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and provided four characters as corroborative evidence for this relationship: (1) antennae broadly separated, inserted more or less on protuberant facial tubercles; (2) clypeus distinctly enlarged and produced anteriorly; (3) prementum distinctly emarginated apically; and (4) tentorial arms of head capsule enormously developed and strongly sclerotized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="49E1DB22AD302BBA9C514D12414E318E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="key to subfamilies of canacidae sensu lato from brazil">
|
||
<paragraph id="9478EEE8DF8ACD1642A976639A713F75" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Key to Subfamilies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D82D54AC023A1F1A6593B36D320C79CE" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu lato from Brazil
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ABE72C4B26B692F329AB26B5EC69AF9B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<table id="FFDE8D50982F3B41E653B970113E5155" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<tr id="6822A8C63A7F04CE0A83515118980462" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<td id="FA06A30600994CE82A706EF8EFA84C36" colspan="1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D2D1D90F6D6174F11BFD9B3CA5773B3" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina lusitanica" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">Tethina lusitanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="6A7AC07F3B2B32A5859510A04FB94EFF" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" start="start">12</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="DDA4F971F729F760BFF7B76342894FDE" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0A75206DA6013F892DEFA07403A90F6A" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tethininae">Tethininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8504EAE728C0F9C12B16540FF55809AF" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<td id="C1DBD9CB9DBDD4A0FF9960A9541BA80E" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">12</td>
|
||
<td id="73148FA7303CBF6FA5B002045A57F77E" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A76B3BE555443D231B8AEBCFC3A1A79B" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apetaeninae">Apetaeninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="104488172AA7C6C246AB44E204C52F8C" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<td id="13A5B457ED44BA0EADC02007CD7F35B8" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">12</td>
|
||
<td id="8F21CFC3BB7991868DE6FF5BA8E19759" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70BA3A0118C462C110682F42D17BACD9" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |