210 lines
21 KiB
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210 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.134.1653" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fea07c96-9319-41a6-a35d-607371fc89d9" ID-PMC="PMC3229211" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-134-65" ID-PubMed="22140342" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-134-65" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 134" ModsDocTitle="Entedoninae wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) associated with ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in tropical America, with new species and notes on their biology" checkinTime="1451249805820" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hansson, Christer, Lachaud, Jean-Paul & Perez-Lachaud, Gabriela" docDate="2011" docId="70C0B264AD3F12F5634AF20F27BA94D2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 134: 62-82" docOrigin="ZooKeys 134" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.134.1653" docTitle="Horismenus myrmecophagus Hansson, Lachaud & Perez-Lachaud, 2011, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="69" masterDocId="E87F4558AD69FFE5FFC6FFF57C1CFFE3" masterDocTitle="Entedoninae wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) associated with ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in tropical America, with new species and notes on their biology" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="65" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1668152349205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Entedoninae wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) associated with ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in tropical America, with new species and notes on their biology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hansson, Christer</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lachaud, Jean-Paul</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Perez-Lachaud, Gabriela</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>134</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>65</mods:start>
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<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.134.1653</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.134.1653</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-134-65</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152031336" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CE88218A-4A94-4FD3-B87C-09C5442AA1AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/70C0B264AD3F12F5634AF20F27BA94D2" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CE88218A-4A94-4FD3-B87C-09C5442AA1AA" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus myrmecophagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophagus">Horismenus myrmecophagus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="67">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 12-617, 2123-24
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="material">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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HOLOTYPE female (BMNH), glued to a card, labelled "MEXICO: Chiapas, Tuxtla Chico, Rosario Izapa,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="14.973611">14°58'25"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-92.15528">92°09'19"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 430 m, 25.ii.2010, G.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-Lachaud">Perez-Lachaud</normalizedToken>
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& J.-P. Lachaud, reared from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
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sp. ca. textor pupa, nest no. 2, on mandarine (Citrus reticulata)".PARATYPES. 1♀ with same label data as holotype (BMNH); 29♀ with same label and host data as holotype but collected from nest #3 28.ii.2010 (22♀ in BMNH, 2 ♀ in CH, 5♀ in ECO-CH-AR). Several paratypes have opaque and somewhat distorted wings due to premature killing in alcohol, i.e. before the wing membranes had hardened.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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Frons with interscrobal area protruding and carinate (Fig. 2); scutellum entirely reticulate, without median groove and lateral
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<normalizedToken originalValue="mesh–rows">mesh-rows</normalizedToken>
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(Fig. 4); fore wing speculum small and closed below (Fig. 21); all coxae white; propodeum with submedian grooves strongly reticulate and with anterolateral foveae weakly indicated anteriorly (Fig. 5); propodeal callus with five setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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The species is very similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus alienus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alienus">Horismenus alienus</taxonomicName>
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Hansson, but differs mainly in the shape of the petiole which in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus alienus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alienus">Horismenus alienus</taxonomicName>
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has a strongly raised transverse carina dorsally, but
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus myrmecophagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophagus">Horismenus myrmecophagus</taxonomicName>
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has two strong and rounded projections dorsolaterally (Fig. 5); it differs also in sculpture of median propodeum: smooth in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus alienus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alienus">Horismenus alienus</taxonomicName>
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, but strongly reticulate in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus myrmecophagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophagus">Horismenus myrmecophagus</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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Female. Length of body 1.1-1.4 mm. Scape white; pedicel and flagellum pale brown. Frons
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<normalizedToken originalValue="golden–green">golden-green</normalizedToken>
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with purple tinges (Fig. 23). Vertex metallic
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<normalizedToken originalValue="bluish–green">bluish-green</normalizedToken>
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. Mesoscutum metallic
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<normalizedToken originalValue="bluish–green">bluish-green</normalizedToken>
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(Fig. 24). Scutellum dark
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<normalizedToken originalValue="golden–purple">golden-purple</normalizedToken>
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with green tinges (Fig. 24). Propodeum dark
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<normalizedToken originalValue="golden–purple">golden-purple</normalizedToken>
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(Fig. 24). Legs white. Wings hyaline. Petiole dark
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<normalizedToken originalValue="golden–purple">golden-purple</normalizedToken>
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. Gaster dark brown with metallic purple tinges.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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Antenna as in Fig. 17. Frons (Fig. 2) with part just above frontal suture with raised and weak reticulation, remaining parts with raised and strong reticulation; frontal suture
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<normalizedToken originalValue="V–shaped">V-shaped</normalizedToken>
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, incomplete and not reaching eyes; antennal scrobes joining frontal
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="68" start="start">suture</pageBreakToken>
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separately. Vertex (Fig. 3) with raised and strong reticulation; without a median groove. Occipital margin rounded.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
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Mesoscutum with raised and strong reticulation (Fig. 4); notauli indistinct. Scutellum with raised and strong reticulation (Fig. 4), without median groove and lateral
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<normalizedToken originalValue="mesh–rows">mesh-rows</normalizedToken>
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. Dorsellum slightly concave and with raised and strong reticulation. Propodeum with raised and strong reticulation (Fig. 5); propodeal callus with five setae. Coxae with raised and weak reticulation. Fore wing speculum small and closed below (Fig. 21); with 12 admarginal setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Gaster (Fig. 6) with first tergite with very weak reticulation posteriorly and laterally, otherwise smooth.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Figure 1. Camponotus sp. ca. textor larva parasitized by Horismenus myrmecophagus. H. myrmecophagus develops as a gregarious endoparasitoid. The ant larva has been cut open (its head is at the bottom of the picture). Several pupae of the eulophid parasitoid may be observed, some of them still inside the ant larva.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Figures 2-6. Horismenus myrmecophagus female: 2 head in frontal view 3 vertex 4 thoracic dorsum 5 propodeum 6 gaster in dorsal view.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="ratios">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Ratios.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">DE/DO 6.9; WH/DE 1.9; HE/MS/WM 2.4/1.0/2.0; POL/OOL/POO 2.5/1.0/1.1; WH/WT 1.2; LW/LM/HW 1.8/1.0/1.0; PM/ST 1.4; LC/WC 1.4; WG/WC 2.0; LS/LT 0.22; MM/LG 1.0.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Male. Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Named after the feeding habits of the larva (from the Greek myrmecophagus = ant eater).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Mexico (Chiapas).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="69" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="start">Biology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus myrmecophagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophagus">Horismenus myrmecophagus</taxonomicName>
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is a gregarious endoparasitoid of the larvae of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
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sp. ca. textor, a neotropical weaver ant. Parasitized host larvae spin a cocoon before their development is arrested, but no pupation occurs. Parasitized ant larvae are not modified in external form or color by the developing parasitoids, but changes in appearance were observed in the host at the end of the wasp larval development. In material preserved in alcohol, late instar larvae, pupae and teneral adults of the wasps can be readily observed inside ant larvae, within the host cocoon, but earlier developmental stages of the parasitoids could not be detected. The wasp larvae pupate inside the host larva.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Horismenus</taxonomicName>
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individuals occupy almost the entire body of the host. Wasp pupae were found aligned on either part of the middle of the body of the host, their heads converging to the center, while the cephalic and caudal portions of the host larva were occupied by the host remains and the parasitoids meconia (Fig. 1). An average of 6.7 individuals developed per host (range: 4-12, mode: 7, n=27 parasitized cocoons examined). Adults emerge from the host cocoon through a unique, common hole pierced in the host larval cuticle and through the cocoon wall, but it is unknown whether adult wasps leave the nests to mate. Only females have been observed to date (all broods examined, where the sex of the parasitoid could be ascertained, were constituted by females (n=10 parasitized hosts)). The facts that only single sex broods parasitize any one host, and that only females are known, suggest that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus myrmecophagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophagus">Horismenus myrmecophagus</taxonomicName>
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is a thelythokous species. Large ant larvae (presumably queens) have never been observed to be parasitized.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
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sp. ca. textor (until now referred to in the literature as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus senex subsp. textor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="senex" subSpecies="textor">Camponotus senex textor</taxonomicName>
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Forel) is a common, dominant ant in shade coffee plantations in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico (
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<bibRefCitation author="Philpott, SM" journalOrPublisher="Agroforestry Systems" pageId="11" pageNumber="76" pagination="219 - 224" title="Changes in arboreal ant populations following pruning of coffee shade-trees in Chiapas, Mexico." url="doi: 10.1007/s10457-004-2372-2" volume="64" year="2005">Philpott 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). This species builds aerial nests on various native and introduced trees (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Inga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Inga</taxonomicName>
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sp.,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Citrus reticulata" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reticulata">Citrus reticulata</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus sinensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">Camponotus sinensis</taxonomicName>
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) with the silk of their larvae. Nests measure up to 40 cm in diameter, and colonies may comprise up to 30.000 individuals (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-Lachaud">Perez-Lachaud</normalizedToken>
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and Lachaud, unpublished data).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
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The host range of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus myrmecophagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophagus">Horismenus myrmecophagus</taxonomicName>
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is unknown. It is possible that this species may attack other ant species occupying similar niches, given that certain species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Horismenus</taxonomicName>
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are known to be polyphagous (e.g.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus aeneicollis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneicollis">Horismenus aeneicollis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus apantelivorus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apantelivorus">Horismenus apantelivorus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus opsiphanis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opsiphanis">Horismenus opsiphanis</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus sardus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sardus">Horismenus sardus</taxonomicName>
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, see
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<bibRefCitation author="Hansson, C" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="10" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 916" title="Eulophidae of Costa Rica 3: Genus Horismenus." volume="82" year="2009 a">Hansson 2009a</bibRefCitation>
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), and that other ants are known to be parasitized by eulophids in the type locality (e.g.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachycondyla crenata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenata">Pachycondyla crenata</taxonomicName>
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(Roger), A. de la Mora personal comment), and in French Guiana (e.g.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dendromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dendromyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dendromyrmex</taxonomicName>
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)sp., G.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-Lachaud">Perez-Lachaud</normalizedToken>
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and J.-P. Lachaud, unpublished data), though their identity has not been confirmed yet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="69" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
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The similar species
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus alienus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alienus">Horismenus alienus</taxonomicName>
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is known only from the female and its host/biology is unknown, but due to its morphological similarity to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus myrmecophagus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophagus">Horismenus myrmecophagus</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horismenus alienus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alienus">Horismenus alienus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a parasitoid of ants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |