1332 lines
186 KiB
XML
1332 lines
186 KiB
XML
<document id="1C6D4F83696A6984A8D78FC355F0FE64" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2fe0964-7b45-43ef-9163-174c5630077c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="247626" ID-ZooBank="20D125E7-8CC0-4942-8AF9-75EA31EBBD53" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460692284396" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cupello, Mario & Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z." docDate="2013" docId="707787C6597E624DFF0A228132C69F98" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03722p482.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3722 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gromphas Brulle 1837" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="448" masterDocId="8C4EFFBE597A6244FF9D2705375A9E2D" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina)" masterLastPageNumber="482" masterPageNumber="439" pageNumber="443" updateTime="1698351887993" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="56F750A3C7B0114ACD30C4F0C8BEA202">
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<mods:title id="3924C24744D78A48EB44E9FBDDF9A1F4">Taxonomic revision of the South American dung beetle genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini: Gromphadina)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4545409A40694E052511762EC2C38B88">Cupello, Mario</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D0D866F38EB6FC9863DABC9A7B64542F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D516BA6A57BA7E3D8E96BDD2F53BF6ED">Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C4DD15CEFA80E60C47BEB65AB0A74140">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9AA616472C26DFC29B30EEB959E5A324">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AEF3872DB8F9E58DC7FA84A355AC4C25">
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<mods:date id="1A2AC9DE5EDF052F3EC53478BAFC9201">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0A5A3C25E56C30451C6D8FF2D910D713">3722</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9D608A2FD7ADF3DEC338D760BCA10081">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F9728BA391E50AC5D192FBBF40E991B2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="707787C6597E624DFF0A228132C69F98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5668587" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119580670" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5668587" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:707787C6597E624DFF0A228132C69F98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/707787C6597E624DFF0A228132C69F98" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
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<subSubSection id="B0C4655B597E6240FF0A228135DB9BCD" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F86136D0597E6240FF0A228136EE9BB3" blockId="4.[151,436,1412,1438]" box="[151,436,1412,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
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<heading id="A32981BC597E6240FF0A228136EE9BB3" bold="true" box="[151,436,1412,1438]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597E6240FF0A228136EE9BB3" ID-CoL="4R6V" authority="Brulle, 1837" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,436,1412,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF0A228136EE9BB3" bold="true" box="[151,436,1412,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF0A2281364C9BB3" bold="true" box="[151,278,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1837
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597E6240FF0A22CE35DB9BCD" blockId="4.[151,1437,1482,1842]" box="[151,641,1482,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597E6240FF0A22CE354D9BCD" authority="Brulle, 1837: 283" authorityName="Brulle" authorityPageNumber="283" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,535,1482,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Gromphas">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF0A22CE37869BCD" box="[151,220,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Copris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF7622CF360F9BCD" box="[235,341,1482,1504]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
) Brullé, 1837: 283
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 298, 304.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B0C4655B597E6240FF0A22EC368D991F" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597E6240FF0A22EC368D991F" blockId="4.[151,1437,1482,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597E6240FF0A22EC36B29BD2" authority="Blanchard 1846: 100" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1846" box="[151,488,1513,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF0A22EC36509BD2" box="[151,266,1513,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Gromphas:</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard 1846: 100
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Erichson 1847: 760; Lacordaire 1856: 95, 100; Harold 1868: 81; Harold 1869a: 1016; Bates 1870: 175; Lacordaire & Chapuis 1876: 276, 365; Karsch 1887: 1; Kolbe 1905: 550; Packard 1909: 101; Gillet 1911: 80; Fabre 1919: 244, 247, 256; d’Olsoufieff 1924: 9, 12, 17, 20, 58, plate IX; Luederwaldt 1929: 614; Pessoa 1934: 282; Pessoa & Lane 1941: 470; Blackwelder 1944: 208; Barattini & Saenz 1960: 1; Barattini & Saenz 1964: 173; Halffter & Matthews 1966: 17, 30, 122, 131, 133, 194, 209, 257; Vulcano & Pereira 1967: 565; Edmonds 1972: 816; Halffter & Edmonds 1982: 52, 59, 65, 85, 86, 137; Zunino 1983: 22; 1985a: 21; 1985b: 104; Martínez 1989: 50, 67; Hanski & Cambefort 1991: 468; Walsh & Gandolfo 1996: 587
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597E6240FD7821A4347E989A" box="[741,804,1697,1719]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,199,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Gromphas lemoinei Waterhouse, 1891. 7) Major specimen. 8 – 10) Series of intermediate and minor specimens. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247629/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
; Medina & Lopera-Toro 2000: 300; Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 186; Davis
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FE9421C4366798FB" box="[265,317,1728,1750]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002: 1240; Philips
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FD8E21C4351D98FB" box="[531,583,1728,1750]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004a: 55–56; 2004b: 43, 51–54, 58; Ocampo & Hawks 2006: 558; Noriega
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FAF521C432C798FB" box="[1384,1437,1728,1750]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008: 131; Scholtz
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FE0D21E5369E98D9" box="[400,452,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009: 243, 246–249, 284; Gillet
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FC8121E5340B98D9" box="[796,849,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010: 4; Noriega
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FB9021E5331898D9" box="[1037,1090,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010: 454; Bouchard
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FAB521E5320698D9" box="[1320,1372,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011: 245; Vaz-de-Mello
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FE1021FB369B993E" box="[397,449,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011: 5, 9, 17, 24, 31, 39, 44; Figueroa
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FCC121FB34D3993E" box="[860,905,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012: 1; Gatty
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FBAC21FB3304993E" box="[1073,1118,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012: 1; Korasaki
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FAB521FB320F993E" box="[1320,1365,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012: 427; Cupello 2013: 15–16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B0C4655B597E6240FF0A205B3491995B" box="[151,971,1886,1911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597E6240FF0A205B3491995B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1886,2019]" box="[151,971,1886,1911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF0A205B366E995A" bold="true" box="[151,308,1886,1911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<typeStatus id="27658872597E6240FF0A205B3788995A" box="[151,210,1886,1911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597E6240FEA6205B358A995A" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[315,720,1886,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FEA6205B3557995A" box="[315,525,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Gromphas dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FD41205B349E995A" bold="true" box="[732,964,1886,1911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">present designation</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B0C4655B597E6241FF5A208732C09800" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597E6240FF5A2087334799B6" blockId="4.[151,1436,1886,2019]" box="[199,1053,1922,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF5A2087360B99B6" bold="true" box="[199,337,1922,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
from Greek, an old sow (feminine) (Brullé 1837, Brown 1956).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597E6241FF5A20A334A19F30" blockId="4.[151,1436,1886,2019]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597E6240FF5A20A3362C9992" bold="true" box="[199,374,1958,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Redescription:</emphasis>
|
||
Head: Clypeus with apex truncate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597E6240FC8120A3342A9992" box="[796,880,1958,1983]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1615,1637]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,200,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1593]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Dorsal view of head. 24) Gromphas aeruginosa (only one pair of clypeal lobes and tegument smooth adjacent to eyes). 25) G. lemoinei (same). 26) G. dichroa (clypeus truncate and strong granulation around eyes). 27) G. amazonica (margin of clypeus with two pairs of lobes; strong granulation around eyes). 28) G. inermis (same)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247633/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) or with two small lobes; if lobed, then margin between apical lobes and genae rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597E6240FD1420CF344C99CE" box="[649,790,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1615,1637]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,200,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1593]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Dorsal view of head. 24) Gromphas aeruginosa (only one pair of clypeal lobes and tegument smooth adjacent to eyes). 25) G. lemoinei (same). 26) G. dichroa (clypeus truncate and strong granulation around eyes). 27) G. amazonica (margin of clypeus with two pairs of lobes; strong granulation around eyes). 28) G. inermis (same)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247633/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Figs. 24–25</figureCitation>
|
||
) or with another pair of lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597E6240FB0B20CF327F99CE" box="[1174,1317,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1615,1637]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,200,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1593]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Dorsal view of head. 24) Gromphas aeruginosa (only one pair of clypeal lobes and tegument smooth adjacent to eyes). 25) G. lemoinei (same). 26) G. dichroa (clypeus truncate and strong granulation around eyes). 27) G. amazonica (margin of clypeus with two pairs of lobes; strong granulation around eyes). 28) G. inermis (same)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247633/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Figs. 27–28</figureCitation>
|
||
). Junction between clypeus and genae notched; margin of clypeus and genae folded up or not. Genae with granular tegument; with metallic reflections or not. Cephalic projection a high antero-posteriorly compressed horn (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FB7927B932359EF9" box="[1252,1391,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[195,1380,179,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[195,1380,179,1891]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Frontal view of cephalic projections. 29: Gromphas aeruginosa. 29 a) Major specimen with cephalic projection extremely broad. 29 b) Major specimen with apical notch. 29 c) Worn major specimen. 29 d) Medium specimen. 29 e) Minor specimen. 30: G. lemoinei. 30 a) Major specimen. 30 b) Medium specimen. 30 c) Minor specimen. 31) G. amazonica. 32) G. inermis. 33) G. dichroa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247634/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 29–30</figureCitation>
|
||
), or only slightly arched upward and emarginate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FD3F27DA34719ED5" box="[674,811,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[195,1380,179,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[195,1380,179,1891]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Frontal view of cephalic projections. 29: Gromphas aeruginosa. 29 a) Major specimen with cephalic projection extremely broad. 29 b) Major specimen with apical notch. 29 c) Worn major specimen. 29 d) Medium specimen. 29 e) Minor specimen. 30: G. lemoinei. 30 a) Major specimen. 30 b) Medium specimen. 30 c) Minor specimen. 31) G. amazonica. 32) G. inermis. 33) G. dichroa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247634/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 31–32</figureCitation>
|
||
) or apically truncate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FBB027DA33D99ED5" box="[1069,1155,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[195,1380,179,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[195,1380,179,1891]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Frontal view of cephalic projections. 29: Gromphas aeruginosa. 29 a) Major specimen with cephalic projection extremely broad. 29 b) Major specimen with apical notch. 29 c) Worn major specimen. 29 d) Medium specimen. 29 e) Minor specimen. 30: G. lemoinei. 30 a) Major specimen. 30 b) Medium specimen. 30 c) Minor specimen. 31) G. amazonica. 32) G. inermis. 33) G. dichroa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247634/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal portion of eyes smaller than ventral. Clypeal process a transverse ridge with rounded margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A262234B59FAA" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Thorax: Pronotum, at its greatest width, greater than elytra; anterior margin not interrupted behind eyes; tegument granulate on sides and granulate or smooth in posteromedian region; with metallic reflections or not. Posterior pronotal fossae present or not. Pronotal prominence present or not.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A2691326B9FD8" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
Propleura not excavated anteriorly. Mesepisternum, metepisternum and outer sides of metasternum with glabrous and granulate tegument (Figs. 16–20). Metasternum wide, densely punctate or not; antero-median angle flat or convex and very projected (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FD8426D935F89FD8" box="[537,674,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 52" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 52. Anteromedian angle of metasternum. 49) Gromphas dichroa. 50) G. inermis. 51) G. amazonica. 52) G. aeruginosa (arrow indicates median carina of mesosternum)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247636/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 49–52</figureCitation>
|
||
); area lateral to antero-median angle sloped and granulate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A250536339D71" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
Legs: Protibiae with four rounded teeth, proximalmost less developed but always present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FB2826FA32649C35" box="[1205,1342,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 21–23</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal surface of protibia with longitudinal carina extended from base to apex and with thin branches into three apical teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FF41254236759C4D" box="[220,303,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral longitudinal carina of protibia simple in both sexes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FC432542333E9C4D" box="[990,1124,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 22, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
a) or with a row of tubercles in its basal half in males (Figs. 20d, 23b). Protibial spur strongly expanded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FC68256933279CA9" box="[1013,1149,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 21, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FB17256933FD9CA8" box="[1162,1191,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">45</figureCitation>
|
||
) or only slightly bent apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FE9D258A36049C85" box="[256,350,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FEF7258A36D09C85" box="[362,394,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">46</figureCitation>
|
||
). Inner apical angle of protibia with a tuft of long setae sexually dimorphic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FB71258A32139C85" box="[1260,1353,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
) or not (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FF0225B137AE9CE1" box="[159,244,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
); in males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FE0C25B035739CE1" box="[401,553,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FE0C25B035739CE1" box="[401,553,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">G. amazonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, inner apical angle with a long non-articulate spur (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FBEA25B133939CE0" box="[1143,1225,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
b, white arrow); in males of the other species, inner apical angle only with a tiny and almost imperceptible tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FB7325D2321B9CDD" box="[1262,1345,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
b, white arrow). Protarsus absent in males and present with four tarsomeres in females, its length equals one third to one half of protibial spur total length; apical protarsomere with (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FCCC241A34FF9D15" box="[849,933,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
) or without (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FBDD241A33969D15" box="[1088,1228,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 22, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
b, 46) a spiniform projection in apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A246232189DC0" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
Mesotibiae with three slightly pointed teeth on apical margin. Metatibiae very broad and robust (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FABD246232299DAD" box="[1312,1395,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
) or very thin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FE922489363F9D89" box="[271,357,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
), with four slightly pointed teeth on apical margin and apical spur clearly curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FA82248932299D89" box="[1311,1395,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
) or straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FF6624AA36149DE5" box="[251,334,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
) apically. Mesotarsi and metatarsi with five tarsomeres progressively shorter from basal outward, outer margin with rows of rigid setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FDD824D135949DC1" box="[581,718,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 47–48</figureCitation>
|
||
); apical mesotarsomeres and metatarsomeres spiniform.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A24F233889A8D" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Elytra: Outer margins of elytra, seen from above, rounded. Each elytron with 10 very fine and superficial, simple or carinulate striae; eighth stria present only on the apical half of elytra; ninth and tenth striae fused and distinct only at the apex. Sutural margin with glossy sheen strongly constrasting with remaining elytral disc of silky appearance; tegument smooth or punctate. Humeral angle with black glossy sheen. Epipleura strongly curved and wide from base of elytron to metacoxa; remainder length horizontal and narrowed (Figs. 16–20).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A23A932439B20" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
Abdomen: Pygidium flattened; basal margin complete and never interrupted by groove of propygidium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FAF323A937EE9AC5" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
) or basal margin completely absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FDF123CA359F9AC5" box="[620,709,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdomen with six visible sternites (
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FB1523D433F09AC5" box="[1160,1194,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, six ventrites); sixth ventrite strongly narrowed at middle in males (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FD3923F135AC9B21" box="[676,758,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
a) and very wide at middle in females (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FB3723F133A79B20" box="[1194,1277,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A221232019BC8" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
Genitalia: Aedeagus: Parameres coated by a wide area of short setae and white tegument (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FA9C221232CA9B1D" box="[1281,1424,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 53 – 56" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1243,1265]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,195,1222]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[156,1431,193,1222]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 53 – 56. Schematic drawings of aedeagi (a—dorsal view, b—lateral view, c—ventral view; dashed lines delimit ventral groove). 53) Gromphas aeruginosa. 54) G. dichroa. 55) G. inermis. 56) G. amazonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247637/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 53–56</figureCitation>
|
||
). Phallobase with membranous apex of variable width; in ventral view, basal margin with median incision followed by a midlongitudinal shallow groove (groove represented by dashed lines in
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FC6B225A33099B55" box="[1014,1107,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 53 – 56" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1243,1265]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,195,1222]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[156,1431,193,1222]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 53 – 56. Schematic drawings of aedeagi (a—dorsal view, b—lateral view, c—ventral view; dashed lines delimit ventral groove). 53) Gromphas aeruginosa. 54) G. dichroa. 55) G. inermis. 56) G. amazonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247637/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 53</figureCitation>
|
||
c, 54c, 55c, 56c). Internal sac as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FF4E2281367F9BB0" box="[211,293,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 62" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1134,1156]" captionTargetBox="[433,1142,199,1103]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[428,1160,193,1113]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 62. Schematic drawings. 57 – 61: Medial sclerite of internal sac. 57) Gromphas aeruginosa. 58) G. lemoinei. 59) G. inermis. 60) G. amazonica. 61) G. dichroa. 62) Internal sac of G. aeruginosa (TE = temones; MS = medial sclerite; AS = apical sclerites)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247638/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
; single medial sclerite with variable curvature, with (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FCE6228134969BB0" box="[891,972,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 62" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1134,1156]" captionTargetBox="[433,1142,199,1103]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[428,1160,193,1113]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 62. Schematic drawings. 57 – 61: Medial sclerite of internal sac. 57) Gromphas aeruginosa. 58) G. lemoinei. 59) G. inermis. 60) G. amazonica. 61) G. dichroa. 62) Internal sac of G. aeruginosa (TE = temones; MS = medial sclerite; AS = apical sclerites)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247638/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
|
||
) or without a spiniform projection at one end. Spermatheca: C-shaped; distal branch with pointed end and thinner than basal branch; inner cuticle smooth and without ornamentation; spermathecal duct very long. Spermathecal gland very large and well developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A22EA32C09800" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FF5A22EA36AA9825" bold="true" box="[199,496,1519,1544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Geographic distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597F6241FDA222EA35C59825" box="[575,671,1519,1544]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
east of the Andes, from the Venezuelan coast south to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597F6241FA9E22EA32C69825" box="[1283,1436,1519,1544]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">the Argentine</collectingCountry>
|
||
province of Buenos Aires; absent in the large areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597F6241FD6B2111341D9800" box="[758,839,1556,1581]" name="Guyana" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
Shield and Caatinga in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597F6241FB78211132739800" box="[1253,1321,1556,1581]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FAA4211132D79800" box="[1337,1421,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 66" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,181,1595]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 66. Distribution map of the five species of Gromphas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247640/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B0C4655B597F6243FF5A213236329825" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="446" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6241FF5A2132320999B9" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FF5A2132368F987D" bold="true" box="[199,469,1591,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Taxonomic discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
As stated previously, the genus closest to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FC2821323370987D" box="[949,1066,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FC2821323370987D" box="[949,1066,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is certainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FB2B213D32739862" box="[1206,1321,1592,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FB2B213D32739862" box="[1206,1321,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are distinguished primarily by the shape of the outer margin of elytra (rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FBF5215933879858" box="[1128,1245,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FBF5215933879858" box="[1128,1245,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and parallel in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FF0A2185365098BA" box="[151,266,1664,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FF0A2185365098BA" box="[151,266,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the presence of the metepisternal tab (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FCA6217A34EA98B5" box="[827,944,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FCA6217A34EA98B5" box="[827,944,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and present, though very weakly indicated, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FF2E21A0367C9891" box="[179,294,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FF2E21A0367C9891" box="[179,294,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the shape of epipleura (curved and wide at the base of elytra in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FC6321A133299890" box="[1022,1139,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FC6321A133299890" box="[1022,1139,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Figs. 16–20] and entirely horizontal and narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FE2021CD356A98F2" box="[445,560,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FE2021CD356A98F2" box="[445,560,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and various characteristics of sexual dimorphism: protarsus absent in both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FE9D21E836299929" box="[256,371,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FE9D21E836299929" box="[256,371,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and present with four tarsomeres in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FC3421E933449928" box="[937,1054,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FC3421E933449928" box="[937,1054,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; prolegs longer in males than in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FEB9201536CD990A" box="[292,407,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FEB9201536CD990A" box="[292,407,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and without this sexual dimorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FC0D200A335F9905" box="[912,1029,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FC0D200A335F9905" box="[912,1029,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and the antero-median angle of metasternum sexually dimorphic in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FDAF203035FF9961" box="[562,677,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FDAF203035FF9961" box="[562,677,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(strongly produced and lobate in males and simply acuminated in females) and not in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FEE5205236B7995D" box="[376,493,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FEE5205236B7995D" box="[376,493,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(although the interspecific variation of this character [
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A55597F6241FBC9205233B8995D" box="[1108,1250,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 52" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 52. Anteromedian angle of metasternum. 49) Gromphas dichroa. 50) G. inermis. 51) G. amazonica. 52) G. aeruginosa (arrow indicates median carina of mesosternum)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247636/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Figs. 49–52</figureCitation>
|
||
]). In addition, in no species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FEAD207936FF99B8" box="[304,421,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FEAD207936FF99B8" box="[304,421,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the antero-median angle of metasternum so developed and sharp as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FB442078321699B9" box="[1241,1356,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FB442078321699B9" box="[1241,1356,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597F6242FF5A20A537AE9F31" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="445" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">
|
||
The pygidium of four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FDA820A535F09994" box="[565,682,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FDA820A535F09994" box="[565,682,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not margined basally (or, in some specimens, the basal margin is marked only by a very thin and almost imperceptible line), whereas only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597F6241FC5020C0331899F0" box="[973,1090,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597F6241FC5020C0331899F0" box="[973,1090,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="444">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the basal margin complete and never interrupted by the groove of propygidium. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FCB6279D34C49E82" box="[811,926,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Oruscatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCB6279D34C49E82" box="[811,926,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Oruscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the basal margin is always complete as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FA19279D37B79EF8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FA19279D37B79EF8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Consequently, step 54 of the key presented by Vaz-de-Mello
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FC3727B834B99EF8" box="[938,995,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011) should be corrected by deleting the difference between these genera regarding the basal margin of pygidium or by adding a note excepting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FA1927E537B79F30" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FA1927E537B79F30" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A262234069CA9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FF5A262234459F6D" bold="true" box="[199,799,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Taxonomic history and nomenclatural discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FCBA262234C69F6D" box="[807,924,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCBA262234C69F6D" box="[807,924,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a long and confusing taxonomic history. Traditionally, the genus is taken as described by Brullé in 1834 and having the following species and their synonyms (dates are as have been considered until now):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FCBD2675330D9FA5" authority="Perty, 1830" authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1830" box="[800,1111,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCBD267534E79FA5" box="[800,957,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Perty, 1830)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FBE2267537889F81" authority="Blanchard, 1843" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FBE2267532409FA5" box="[1151,1306,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1843
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FF7D269035639F81" authority="Waterhouse, 1891" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1891" box="[224,569,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FF7D2690363A9F80" box="[224,352,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lemoinei</emphasis>
|
||
Waterhouse, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDD2269034269F81" authority="Bates, 1870" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[591,892,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDD2269035B39F81" box="[591,745,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. amazonica</emphasis>
|
||
Bates, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FC172690339E9F81" authority="Blanchard, 1843" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1843" box="[906,1220,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FC172690335B9F80" box="[906,1025,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1843
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB62269036739FFD" authority="Brulle, 1834" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB62269032C69F80" box="[1279,1436,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FEC126BD35DA9FFD" authority="Harold, 1869" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" box="[348,640,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FEC126BD368F9FFD" box="[348,469,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
Harold, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Nevertheless, when we reviewed the literature, we found several inconsistencies in this panorama; many of the errors refer to the dates of publication of taxa, but the most sensitive involve the authorship and the availability of some names. In the following, we review the historical development of the taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FEEF252136BD9C10" box="[370,487,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FEEF252136BD9C10" box="[370,487,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its species, discuss its nomenclatural problems and finally propose a satisfactory solution to them in accordance with the current edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A258A34E09D38" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
The first author who cited the name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDF4258A35849C85" box="[617,734,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDF4258A35849C85" box="[617,734,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” was Dejean (1833), who proposed this new genus name for a single unpublished species, “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FE7725B135349CE0" box="[490,622,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">Lacordairei</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dej.” from Buenos Aires,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597C6242FC2A25B133709CE0" box="[951,1066,692,717]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, Dejean provided no descriptions of his new taxa, limiting only to name them. The dates of publication of Dejean’s catalogs were discussed by Madge (1988) and here we use the dates proposed by him.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A241A33839DE5" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
The first description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FE78241A35009D15" box="[485,602,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FE78241A35009D15" box="[485,602,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was finally given by Brullé (1837, see comments on the date of this publication below), who regarded the taxon as one of the seven subgenera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB8B244033389D71" box="[1046,1122,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB8B244033389D71" box="[1046,1122,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Copris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although he said that this subgenus possess only one species (“
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDDC246D33149D52" box="[577,1102,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Ce sous-genre se compose d’une seule espèce</emphasis>
|
||
...”), Brullé did not explicitly mention its name; he also vaguely ascribed the authorship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FCDE248934E29D88" box="[835,952,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCDE248934E29D88" box="[835,952,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Dejean (“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FBDA248933AF9D88" authority="Dej." authorityName="Dej." box="[1095,1269,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FBDA248933E69D88" box="[1095,1212,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
Dej.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”) and said that the subgenus was still unpublished (perhaps referring to the fact that Dejean failed to describe it).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A24D133F29A50" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Blanchard (1846, see the discussion of this date in the comments on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FC4D24D0331F9DC0" box="[976,1093,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FC4D24D0331F9DC0" box="[976,1093,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB3724D132459DC0" box="[1194,1311,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB3724D132459DC0" box="[1194,1311,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a genus and recognized that Brullé, despite having described the taxon, did not include any species in it (“
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FAA824FC36649A7A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Le genre
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FF0A231936569A18" box="[151,268,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gromphas</taxonomicName>
|
||
a été caractérisé par M. Brullé, Histoire des Insectes, tome 6, p. 304; mais cet entomologiste n’en décrit aucune espèce
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”). Blanchard thus described two new species, the first included and described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB61233A322B9A75" box="[1276,1393,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB61233A322B9A75" box="[1276,1393,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FA19234537B79A50" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FA19234537B79A50" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Montevideo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597C6242FE5A236035739A50" box="[455,553,1125,1149]" name="Uruguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDC2236035A39A50" box="[607,761,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDC2236035A39A50" box="[607,761,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597C6242FBD3236133FE9A50" box="[1102,1188,1124,1149]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A2382343A9B21" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Lacordaire (1856) redescribed the genus in more detail and stated that the species collected by him in Buenos Aires, cited as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FECB23A836AE9AE8" box="[342,500,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FECB23A836AE9AE8" box="[342,500,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDDB23A835E59AE8" box="[582,703,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDDB23A835E59AE8" box="[582,703,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be synonyms (“
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FC5623A837BF9ACA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Je crois que ces deux espèces n’en font qu’une</emphasis>
|
||
”). Five pages later, he said that two species described by Perty (1830) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597C6242FBD923CA33D19AC5" box="[1092,1163,1231,1256]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB0A23D532369AC5" box="[1175,1388,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB0A23D532369AC5" box="[1175,1388,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Onitis aeruginosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FF0A23F0361F9B20" box="[151,325,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FF0A23F0361F9B20" box="[151,325,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">O. chalcomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, should form a new genus related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FD7E23F134029B20" box="[739,856,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FD7E23F134029B20" box="[739,856,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A221233B29862" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Harold (1859) did not follow Lacordaire and transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FCA4221D34BF9B1D" box="[825,997,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCA4221D34BF9B1D" box="[825,997,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">O. chalcomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB87221D33989B1D" box="[1050,1218,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB87221D33989B1D" box="[1050,1218,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">O. aeruginosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to different genera: the former to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FEA7223936FD9B78" box="[314,423,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FEA7223936FD9B78" box="[314,423,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Phanaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the latter to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDE9223935B29B78" box="[628,744,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDE9223935B29B78" box="[628,744,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, Harold also said that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FBEF223932349B79" box="[1138,1390,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FBEF223932349B79" box="[1138,1390,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">Gromphas aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FA1C223836449B55" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FA1C223836449B55" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">O. aeruginosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) would be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDC1226535A19B55" box="[604,763,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDC1226535A19B55" box="[604,763,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species regarded by him as having been collected by Lacordaire, named by Dejean and described by Blanchard; so there would be only one “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FBFA228033A59BB0" box="[1127,1279,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FBFA228033A59BB0" box="[1127,1279,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” for him. Ten years later, however, Harold (1869a) recognized two distinct names “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FC3422AD331F9BED" box="[937,1093,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FC3422AD331F9BED" box="[937,1093,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”: one described by Blanchard and considered a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDAF22C835979BC9" box="[562,717,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDAF22C835979BC9" box="[562,717,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the other named by Dejean and synonymized with the still unpublished “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FEAC22F536FB9825" box="[305,417,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FEAC22F536FB9825" box="[305,417,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. In the same year, Harold (1869b) finally described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FC7622F533019825" box="[1003,1115,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FC7622F533019825" box="[1003,1115,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an alternative name of the never described “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FEC1211035089800" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" box="[348,594,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FEC1211036AC9800" box="[348,502,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. Having now examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="27658872597C6242FC07211034909800" box="[922,970,1557,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of Blanchard, Harold (1869b) also concluded that the synonymy between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDE4213D344F987D" box="[633,789,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDE4213D344F987D" box="[633,789,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FCD7213D3301987D" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" box="[842,1115,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCD7213D34B9987D" box="[842,995,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was correct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A215932649905" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Burmeister (1874) did not agree with Harold’s (1869b) conclusions and modified the nomenclature: he thought that the beetle collected by Lacordaire in Buenos Aires was named as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FC67218533CC98B5" box="[1018,1174,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FC67218533CC98B5" box="[1018,1174,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” by Dejean and later described under this name by Brullé; in turn, Blanchard was confused and described under this same name a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FEBB21CD369E98CD" box="[294,452,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FEBB21CD369E98CD" box="[294,452,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(thus a homonym of Dejean’s name). Hence, in the view of Burmeister, the name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FA1921CD36359928" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FA1921CD36559928" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” was valid, and therefore Harold had modified the species name to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB2821E832759929" box="[1205,1327,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB2821E832759929" box="[1205,1327,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unjustly. Burmeister also described the sexual dimorphism of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FD6C201534BB9905" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" box="[753,993,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FD6C201534D29905" box="[753,904,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and presented its distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597C6242FF5A203033C899F1" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">
|
||
From then until the early 20th century, authors were divided on adopting as the valid name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FB78203032009961" box="[1253,1370,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FB78203032009961" box="[1253,1370,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FAF1203032CF9961" box="[1388,1429,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, Preudhomme-de-Borre 1886; Judulien 1899; Gahan & Arrow 1903; Heyne & Taschenberg 1908), “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FA9D205D37B399B8" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FA9D205D32C6995D" box="[1280,1436,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FE992078367699B9" box="[260,300,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, Tremoleras 1910) or “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FDAB2078347B99B8" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[566,801,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FDAB2078358B99B8" box="[566,721,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCA12078343E99B9" box="[828,868,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, Bruch 1911). In the catalogs of Gillet (1911) and Blackwelder (1944) and in the revision of d’Olsoufieff (1924), “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FCFE20A433CB9995" authority="Brulle, 1834" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1834" box="[867,1169,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FCFE20A434A79994" box="[867,1021,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” was taken as valid and senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597C6242FEF320C036BB99F1" box="[366,481,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597C6242FEF320C036BB99F1" box="[366,481,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="445">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which were followed by all subsequent authors until now.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597D6243FF5A279D32D69F6D" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
Two more species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE57279235659E9D" box="[458,575,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE57279235659E9D" box="[458,575,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described in the 19th century:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FC64279D32769E9D" authority="Bates, 1870" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[1017,1324,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC64279D33CC9E9D" box="[1017,1174,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. amazonica</emphasis>
|
||
Bates, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Brazilian Amazon and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE3627B834569EF9" authority="Waterhouse, 1891" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1891" box="[427,780,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE3627B835759EF8" box="[427,559,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lemoinei</emphasis>
|
||
Waterhouse, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C97640597D6243FCC127B934899EF8" box="[860,979,188,213]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, the latter species was soon thereafter treated in a dubious way as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FD5227E534369ED5" box="[719,876,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD5227E534369ED5" box="[719,876,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Gillet (1911) and finally clearly synonymized with this species by d’Olsoufieff (1924), remaining so until now (see discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB3C260032729F30" box="[1185,1320,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB3C260032729F30" box="[1185,1320,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lemoinei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Finally, d’Olsoufieff (1924) described a variety (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FDC1262D345F9F6D" box="[604,773,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="lacordairei" variety="bipunctata">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD102622345F9F6D" box="[653,773,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">bipunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FCDD262D33709F6D" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[832,1066,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FCDD262D34819F6D" box="[832,987,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (see discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA94262D32219F6D" box="[1289,1403,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA94262D32219F6D" box="[1289,1403,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597D6243FF5A264933869CA9" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
The names associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE60264935289F48" box="[509,626,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE60264935289F48" box="[509,626,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were published by Dejean (1833) are unavailable because they fail to comply with the provisions of Article 12 of the Code (ICNZ 1999), which requires, among other points, the description of new taxa, or, for the genus, at least the inclusion of a valid species name. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB0E269132389F80" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" box="[1171,1378,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB0E269132529F80" box="[1171,1288,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FF3E26BD36C59FFD" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" box="[163,415,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF3E26BD36189FFD" box="[163,322,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” thus should be regarded as
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD6426BC34CA9FFD" box="[761,912,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">nomina nuda</emphasis>
|
||
(see Bousquet & Bouchard [2013a, b] for a discussion on the genus-group names published in the Dejean’s catalogs). Brullé (1837) was the first to properly describe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FF6326FA36299C35" box="[254,371,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF6326FA36299C35" box="[254,371,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and therefore has its authorship. Despite failing to include any species name in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FABD26FA37879C10" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FABD26FA32CF9C35" box="[1312,1429,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
, Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consistently applied the Principle of Binomial Nomenclature throughout his work and therefore his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FEA5254236F79C4D" box="[312,429,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FEA5254236F79C4D" box="[312,429,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be accepted as available (Article 11.4.1). However, because he did not cite the name “
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF3E256836179CA8" box="[163,333,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FF3E2568361C9CA8" box="[163,326,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">G. lacordairei</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
anywhere in his work, Brullé obviously cannot have the authorship of this name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597D6243FF5A258A335E9A75" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
The first author to properly describe a species under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FC0A258A33CB9C85" box="[919,1169,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC0A258A33CB9C85" box="[919,1169,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was Blanchard (1846). We agree with the synonymy between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FDDA25B034629CE1" authority="Perty" authorityName="Perty" box="[583,824,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FDDA25B035B99CE1" box="[583,739,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FCF325B033D99CE0" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" box="[878,1155,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FCF325B033539CE0" box="[878,1033,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first proposed by Harold (1859) (see also the discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FDA925DD358F9CDD" box="[564,725,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FDA925DD358F9CDD" box="[564,725,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Burmeister (1874) actually recognized the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA1925DD36D69D38" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA1925DD36489D38" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FD0825F8346B9D39" box="[661,817,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD0825F8346B9D39" box="[661,817,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless, he also considered that the
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA9725F832C69D38" box="[1290,1436,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">nomina nuda</emphasis>
|
||
of Dejean would be valid and that “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FDA92425347D9D15" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" box="[564,807,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FDA9242535969D15" box="[564,716,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” would be a senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB02242532319D15" authority="Harold" authorityName="Harold" box="[1183,1387,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB022425324E9D15" box="[1183,1300,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
Harold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and therefore valid. Since he described the species credited to Dejean and explicitly stated that considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA19244036CC9DAD" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA19244036489DAD" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE76246D35B49DAD" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" box="[491,750,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE76246D35D19DAD" box="[491,651,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” distinguished names referring to different species (“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA19246D36319D88" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA19246D36559D88" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” expressly cited as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FD65248834349D89" box="[760,878,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD65248834349D89" box="[760,878,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Burmeister inadvertently gave availability to a new name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE8F24B5352C9DE5" authority="Burmeister, 1874" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1874" box="[274,630,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE8F24B536F39DE5" box="[274,425,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister, 1874
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a junior objective synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC4324B533039DE5" box="[990,1113,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FC4324B5330E9DE5" box="[990,1108,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">G. inermis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, as Burmeister did not followed the original spelling of Dejean (“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FD3824D1347B9DC0" box="[677,801,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD3824D1347B9DC0" box="[677,801,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”) and changed it to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB8A24D133D59DC0" box="[1047,1167,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB8A24D133D59DC0" box="[1047,1167,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB3624D032199DC0" box="[1195,1347,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB3624D032199DC0" box="[1195,1347,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA1924D036C89A3D" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA1924D036489A3D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not homonyms (see Article 58 of the Code). Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FBA624FD32019A3D" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" box="[1083,1371,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FBA624FD33809A3D" box="[1083,1242,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA1924FD36369A19" authority="Perty" authorityName="Perty" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA1924FD364F9A19" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Perty)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE3A231835669A19" box="[423,572,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. l a co rd ai r i i</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FD75231834B29A18" authority="Harold. All" authorityName="Harold. All" box="[744,1000,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD75231834079A19" box="[744,861,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
Harold. All
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
post-1874 citations of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB62231837B39A75" authority="Dejean" authorityName="Dejean" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB62231832C69A18" box="[1279,1436,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FEA8234535459A75" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[309,543,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FEA8234536959A75" box="[309,463,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” refer, in fact, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FD792345335E9A75" authority="Burmeister." authorityName="Burmeister." box="[740,1028,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD79234534209A75" box="[740,890,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597D6243FF5A236135369B02" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
As
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FF73236136399A50" box="[238,355,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF73236136399A50" box="[238,355,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by Brullé (1837) without any included species, one of the two species described by Blanchard (1846) should be designated as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="27658872597D6243FD27238D35B09A8D" box="[698,746,1160,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FCF8238234809A8D" box="[869,986,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FCF8238234809A8D" box="[869,986,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since they were the first included in the genus (Article 67.2.2). Although Recommendation 69A.1 of the Code recommends choosing the most common species, that is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FED323D535359AC5" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" box="[334,623,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FED323D536B49AC5" box="[334,494,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the potential confusion created by designating as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="27658872597D6243FB6A23D5327D9AC5" box="[1271,1319,1232,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">type</typeStatus>
|
||
a species synonymized with another older, leads us to prefer designating the other species described by Blanchard, the rare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA1923F037B79B1D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA1923F037B79B1D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="27658872597D6243FEDF221D36289B1D" box="[322,370,1304,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE6D2212353F9B1D" box="[496,613,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE6D2212353F9B1D" box="[496,613,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597D6243FF5A223936329825" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
After the revalidation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE43223835079B78" box="[478,605,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE43223835079B78" box="[478,605,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lemoinei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and having solved the problem with the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FBA8223933859B78" box="[1077,1247,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="lacordairei" variety="bipunctata">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FBFA223933859B78" box="[1127,1247,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">bipunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (see discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FF2B226536709B55" box="[182,298,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF2B226536709B55" box="[182,298,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the current status of the nomenclature is as follows:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FC0E225A33FB9B55" authority="Brulle, 1837" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1837" box="[915,1185,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC0E225A33529B55" box="[915,1032,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1837
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB30226537829BB1" authority="Perty, 1830" authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB30226532109B55" box="[1197,1354,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Perty, 1830)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF63228036CF9BB1" box="[254,405,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. l a co rd ai re i</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1846);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FDED228034CC9BB1" authority="Bates, 1870" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[624,918,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FDED2280345D9BB1" box="[624,775,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. amazonica</emphasis>
|
||
Bates, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FC3C2280338F9BB0" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[929,1237,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC3C2280334F9BB0" box="[929,1045,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="27658872597D6243FB7E2281324F9BB1" box="[1251,1301,1412,1436]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA19228036D39BED" authority="Harold, 1869" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA19228037B19BED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
Harold, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE2922AD34469BED" authority="Burmeister, 1974" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1974" box="[436,796,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE2922AD35169BED" box="[436,588,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister, 1974
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; =
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FCDF22AD33059BED" box="[834,1119,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="lacordairei" subSpecies="bipunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FCDF22AD33059BED" box="[834,1119,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lacordairei bipunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
d’Olsoufieff, 1924); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FA1922AD36939BC9" authority="Waterhouse, 1891" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA1922AD37A29BC8" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">G. lemoinei</emphasis>
|
||
Waterhouse, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<tableCitation id="B55C036B597D6243FE4922C9357C9BC9" box="[468,550,1484,1509]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,245,1159]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of the current status of the genus and species names proposed for Gromphas." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/ACA166585972624CFF0A279D33E89E82" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" tableUuid="ACA166585972624CFF0A279D33E89E82">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
summarizes the current situation of names proposed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FB0322C932499BC8" box="[1182,1299,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FB0322C932499BC8" box="[1182,1299,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cited in this taxonomic history.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B0C4655B597D624CFF5A211133BD9ECF" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="447" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D0597D6243FF5A2111345F9995" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF5A2111360B9800" bold="true" box="[199,337,1556,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Comments:</emphasis>
|
||
The year of the original publication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FC9B211134219800" box="[774,891,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC9B211134219800" box="[774,891,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Brullé (
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC67211033479801" box="[1018,1053,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, of the third treatise of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FABC211132C69800" box="[1313,1436,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and sixth volume of the series “
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE67213C3409987D" box="[506,851,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Histoire Naturelle des Insectes</emphasis>
|
||
”, by Audouin & Brullé) is controversial. Regarding the taxonomic history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FE292159345C9859" authority="Burmeister (1874)" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1874" box="[436,774,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE29215935739858" box="[436,553,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
, Burmeister (1874)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the first author to cite 1834 as the year of publication of this genus. This date was not questioned until 2011, when Bouchard
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC422184334198B5" box="[991,1051,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011) cited 1837 as the year of publication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FEA121A136EB9890" box="[316,433,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FEA121A136EB9890" box="[316,433,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These authors did not cite the sixth volume of “
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC4121A0326D9891" box="[988,1335,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Histoire Naturelle des Insectes</emphasis>
|
||
” in their references, but dated, with some doubt, the publication of volumes 4 and 5, respectively, as
|
||
<date id="8C601010597D6243FB7921CD32C298CD" box="[1252,1432,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" value="1834" valueMax="1835">1834 and 1835</date>
|
||
. Figueroa
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FE9C21E836609928" box="[257,314,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012) also agreed on 1837 as being the date of publication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FC6221E9332E9928" box="[1023,1140,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC6221E9332E9928" box="[1023,1140,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Smith (2006) did not cite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FF0A200A36569905" box="[151,268,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FF0A200A36569905" box="[151,268,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
directly, but dated the sixth volume of the “
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD6A201433159905" box="[759,1103,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Histoire Naturelle des Insectes</emphasis>
|
||
” in his references as 1837. In fact, the date printed on the title page of the original book is 1837, which indicates that the publication of volume 6, even if it was issued in separate fascicles, at least began in that year, which rules out 1834. In the absence of evidence to the contrary (Article 21.2 of ICZN), we agree with Bouchard
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FC7D2078334399B8" box="[992,1049,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011) and Figueroa
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FA8D2078321399B8" box="[1296,1353,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012) and adopt 1837 as the date of publication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D53597D6243FD1420A535A49994" box="[649,766,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC2597D6243FD1420A535A49994" box="[649,766,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="446">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="ACA166585972624CFF0A279D33E89E82" ID-Table-UUID="ACA166585972624CFF0A279D33E89E82" box="[151,1202,152,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/ACA166585972624CFF0A279D33E89E82" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" targetBox="[151,1428,245,1159]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0A279D33E89E82" blockId="8.[151,1202,152,175]" box="[151,1202,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF0A279D36509E82" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Summary of the current status of the genus and species names proposed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFBA6279D33F19E82" box="[1083,1195,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFBA6279D33F19E82" box="[1083,1195,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFEDF27C933BD9ECF" blockId="8.[322,1255,204,226]" box="[322,1255,204,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFEDF27C933BD9ECF" bold="true" box="[322,1255,204,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Taxon name Availability Validity Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0227F035419AAA" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<table id="8ADEC47059729DBBFF0A27F032CE9AAA" box="[151,1428,245,1159]" gridcols="4" gridrows="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A27F032CE9F07" box="[151,1428,245,298]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A27F0353F9F07" box="[151,613,245,298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF3727F036F99F26" authority="Dejean, 1831" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1831" box="[170,419,245,267]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF3727F0364F9F26" box="[170,277,245,267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD0627F0344F9F07" box="[667,789,245,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Unavailable</th>
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF27F034F19F07" box="[866,939,245,298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Invalid</th>
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC4427F032CE9F07" box="[985,1428,245,298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Does not satisfy the provisions of Article 12 of the Code</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A263832CE9F7E" box="[151,1428,317,339]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A2638353F9F7E" box="[151,613,317,339]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF02263836D59F7E" authority="Brulle, 1837" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1837" box="[159,399,317,339]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF02263836509F7E" box="[159,266,317,339]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1837
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD062638344F9F7E" box="[667,789,317,339]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF263834F19F7E" box="[866,939,317,339]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Valid</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A266332CE9FB6" box="[151,1428,358,411]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A2663353F9FB6" box="[151,613,358,411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF02266236E19F51" authority="Perty, 1830" authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1830" box="[159,443,358,381]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF022662366A9F50" box="[159,304,359,381]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Perty, 1830)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD062663344F9FB6" box="[667,789,358,411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF266334F19FB6" box="[866,939,358,411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Valid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC44266332CE9FB6" box="[985,1428,358,411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFB022662331B9FB6" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFB022662326A9F51" box="[1183,1328,358,380]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A26AB32CE9FE8" box="[151,1428,430,453]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A26AB353F9FE8" box="[151,613,430,453]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF0226AA36F39FE9" authority="Bates, 1870" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[159,425,430,453]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF0226AA36719FE8" box="[159,299,431,453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. amazonica</emphasis>
|
||
Bates, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD0626AB344F9FE8" box="[667,789,430,453]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF26AB34F19FE8" box="[866,939,430,453]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Valid</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A26DD32CE9C21" box="[151,1428,472,524]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A26DD353F9C21" box="[151,613,472,524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF0226DC36E09FC3" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[159,442,472,494]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF0226DC36579FC3" box="[159,269,472,494]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD0626DD344F9C21" box="[667,789,472,524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF26DD34F19C21" box="[866,939,472,524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Valid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC4426DD32CE9C21" box="[985,1428,472,524]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFBE326DD33B39FC3" box="[1150,1257,472,494]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFBE326DD33B39FC3" box="[1150,1257,472,494]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Gromphas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by present designation
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A252532CE9C79" box="[151,1428,544,596]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A2525353F9C79" box="[151,613,544,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF02252436CC9C1B" authority="Harold, 1869" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" box="[159,406,544,566]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF02252436509C1B" box="[159,266,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
Harold, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD062525344F9C79" box="[667,789,544,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF252534F19C79" box="[866,939,544,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Valid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC44252532CE9C79" box="[985,1428,544,596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFB02252433139C79" authority="Burmeister" authorityName="Burmeister" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFB02252432769C1B" box="[1183,1324,544,566]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFBE7253A32DD9C79" box="[1146,1415,574,596]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="larcordairei" subSpecies="bipunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFBE7253A32DD9C79" box="[1146,1415,574,596]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. larcordairei bipunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A256D32CE9C53" box="[151,1428,616,638]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A256D353F9C53" box="[151,613,616,638]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF02256C36879C53" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[159,477,616,638]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF02256C366A9C53" box="[159,304,616,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD06256D344F9C53" box="[667,789,616,638]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF256D34F19C53" box="[866,939,616,638]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Invalid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC44256D32CE9C53" box="[985,1428,616,638]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFB00256C32749C53" box="[1181,1326,617,638]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFB00256C32749C53" box="[1181,1326,617,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A259432CE9CC9" box="[151,1428,657,740]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A2594353F9CC9" box="[151,613,657,740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF37259736929C8A" authority="Dejean, 1831" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1831" box="[170,456,657,679]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF37259736619C8A" box="[170,315,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD062594344F9CC9" box="[667,789,657,740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Unavailable</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF259434F19CC9" box="[866,939,657,740]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Invalid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC44259432CE9CC9" box="[985,1428,657,740]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Does not satisfy the provisions of Article 12 of the Code; all post-1874 citations to this name refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFB0C25CA32CE9CC9" authority="Burmeister" authorityName="Burmeister" box="[1169,1428,718,740]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFB0C25CA32479CC9" box="[1169,1309,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A25FD32CE9D66" box="[151,1428,760,843]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A25FD353F9D66" box="[151,613,760,843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF3725FC369B9D23" authority="Brulle, 1834" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1834" box="[170,449,760,782]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF3725FC36619D23" box="[170,315,760,782]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD0625FD344F9D66" box="[667,789,760,843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Unavailable</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF25FD34F19D66" box="[866,939,760,843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Invalid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC4425FD32CE9D66" box="[985,1428,760,843]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Never cited or described by Brullé; all citations to this name refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFA9F241233139D66" authority="Burmeister" authorityName="Burmeister" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFA9F241232D49D01" box="[1282,1422,790,812]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A245B32CE9D9F" box="[151,1428,862,946]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A245B353F9D9F" box="[151,613,862,946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF02245A36F89D59" box="[159,418,862,884]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="lacordairei" subSpecies="bipunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF02245A36F89D59" box="[159,418,862,884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairei bipunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
d’Olsoufieff, 1924
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD06245B344F9D9F" box="[667,789,862,946]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF245B34F19D9F" box="[866,939,862,946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Invalid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC44245B32CE9D9F" box="[985,1428,862,946]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFB00245A32529D58" box="[1181,1288,863,885]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFB00245A32529D58" box="[1181,1288,863,885]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; originally published as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFBF5247B33A39DBE" box="[1128,1273,893,915]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFBF5247B33A39DBE" box="[1128,1273,893,915]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFB62247B331F9D9F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="lacordairei" variety="bipunctata">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFC442499331F9D9F" box="[985,1093,924,946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">bipunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A24C032CE9DF6" box="[151,1428,965,987]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A24C0353F9DF6" box="[151,613,965,987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF0224C336BB9DF6" authority="Burmeister, 1874" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1874" box="[159,481,965,987]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacordairii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF0224C336769DF6" box="[159,300,965,987]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lacordairii</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister, 1874
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD0624C0344F9DF6" box="[667,789,965,987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF24C034F19DF6" box="[866,939,965,987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Invalid</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFC4424C032CE9DF6" box="[985,1428,965,987]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFB0024C332529DF6" box="[1181,1288,966,987]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFB0024C332529DF6" box="[1181,1288,966,987]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A24EB32CE9A29" box="[151,1428,1006,1028]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A24EB353F9A29" box="[151,613,1006,1028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFF0224EA368E9A29" authority="Waterhouse, 1891" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1891" box="[159,468,1006,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFF0224EA364F9A29" box="[159,277,1006,1028]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">G. lemoinei</emphasis>
|
||
Waterhouse, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFD0624EB344F9A29" box="[667,789,1006,1028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Available</td>
|
||
<td id="053F5DEE59729DBBFCFF24EB34F19A29" box="[866,939,1006,1028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Valid</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="46EE349259729DBBFF0A236832CE9AAA" box="[151,1428,1133,1159]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="053F5DEE59729DBBFF0A2368353F9AAA" box="[151,613,1133,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Key to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFE01236835419AAA" box="[412,539,1133,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gromphas</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B0C4655B5972624DFF0A23B632C69F98" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" type="key">
|
||
<key id="8C4F61E15972624DFF0A23B632C69F98" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyStep id="432A2E755972624CFF0A23B632C19B9E" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0A23B632C69B13" blockId="8.[151,1437,1203,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55972624CFF0A23B632C69B13" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
1. Pronotum with midlongitudinal line of smooth and glossy tegument at center (clearly seen in Fig. 3). Pronotal prominence formed by a pair of horizontal projections preceded by pair of smooth concavities (Figs. 1–4, 7–9); in very small specimens, pronotal prominence absent and concavities reduced to two impressions in anterior margin of pronotum (Figs. 5, 10). Protibial spur only slightly curved apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFDB0220E35279B0C" box="[557,637,1291,1313]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFD1A220E35F89B0C" box="[647,674,1291,1313]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">46</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral carina of protibia simple in both sexes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFBEA220E33E49B0C" box="[1143,1214,1291,1313]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
). Genae and frons with smooth tegument adjacent to eyes; remaining tegument of genae and frons with squamose granulation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFB5D222D326C9B13" box="[1216,1334,1320,1342]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1615,1637]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,200,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1593]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Dorsal view of head. 24) Gromphas aeruginosa (only one pair of clypeal lobes and tegument smooth adjacent to eyes). 25) G. lemoinei (same). 26) G. dichroa (clypeus truncate and strong granulation around eyes). 27) G. amazonica (margin of clypeus with two pairs of lobes; strong granulation around eyes). 28) G. inermis (same)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247633/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 24–25</figureCitation>
|
||
)....... 2
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0A224332C19B9E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1203,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55972624CFF0A224332C19B9E" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
- Pronotum with smooth or rudimentary granulation at center (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFCAC224034FD9B76" box="[817,935,1349,1371]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,198,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13: Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870. 13 a) Dark blue specimen. 13 b) Reddish-brown specimen. 13 c) Dark green specimen. 14: Gromphas dichroa Blanchard, 1846. 14 a) Red-blue specimen. 14 b) Intermediate yellow-blue specimen. 14 c) Green specimen. 15: Gromphas inermis Harold, 1869. 15 a) Coppery specimen. 15 b) Dark green specimen. 15 c) Black specimen. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247631/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 13–14</figureCitation>
|
||
); or, if granulation dense, midlongitunal line absent or very tenuous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFE14226636889B54" box="[393,466,1379,1401]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,198,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13: Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870. 13 a) Dark blue specimen. 13 b) Reddish-brown specimen. 13 c) Dark green specimen. 14: Gromphas dichroa Blanchard, 1846. 14 a) Red-blue specimen. 14 b) Intermediate yellow-blue specimen. 14 c) Green specimen. 15: Gromphas inermis Harold, 1869. 15 a) Coppery specimen. 15 b) Dark green specimen. 15 c) Black specimen. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247631/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotal prominence absent. Protibial spur strongly expanded apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFB39226632479B54" box="[1188,1309,1379,1401]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 21, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFAB5226632199B54" box="[1320,1347,1379,1401]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">45</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral carina of protibia with a row of tubercles in males (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFD432285346A9BBB" box="[734,816,1408,1430]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
d, 23b) and simple in females (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFBFF228533F09BBB" box="[1122,1194,1408,1430]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
a). Genae and frons with strong granulation adjacent to eyes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFDA1229835E89B9E" box="[572,690,1437,1459]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1615,1637]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,200,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1593]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Dorsal view of head. 24) Gromphas aeruginosa (only one pair of clypeal lobes and tegument smooth adjacent to eyes). 25) G. lemoinei (same). 26) G. dichroa (clypeus truncate and strong granulation around eyes). 27) G. amazonica (margin of clypeus with two pairs of lobes; strong granulation around eyes). 28) G. inermis (same)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247633/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 26–28</figureCitation>
|
||
)............................................................. 3
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="432A2E755972624CFF0A22BE32CC98DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0A22BE32C6984E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1203,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55972624CFF0A22BE32C6984E" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
2 (1). Pronotal prominence with narrow projections; projections strongly divergent and with lateral margins strongly curved outwards (Fig. 1) or rarely straight (Fig. 2); separation between these projections always very wide (Figs. 1–2). Sutural margin of elytra and metasternum sparsely punctured. Cephalic projection bifid in major specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFBCE22F033C09826" box="[1107,1178,1525,1547]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[195,1380,179,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[195,1380,179,1891]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Frontal view of cephalic projections. 29: Gromphas aeruginosa. 29 a) Major specimen with cephalic projection extremely broad. 29 b) Major specimen with apical notch. 29 c) Worn major specimen. 29 d) Medium specimen. 29 e) Minor specimen. 30: G. lemoinei. 30 a) Major specimen. 30 b) Medium specimen. 30 c) Minor specimen. 31) G. amazonica. 32) G. inermis. 33) G. dichroa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247634/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) (in worn specimens truncate, never acuminate). Pronotal granulation gradually decreasing in density from sides to center. Posterior pronotal fossae always present (Figs. 1–5).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFE6E2135350E986B" box="[499,596,1584,1606]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFDFD213535C7986B" box="[608,669,1584,1606]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFD34213535A0986B" box="[681,762,1584,1606]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFC9A2135340A986B" box="[775,848,1584,1606]" name="Bolivia" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFC1A213434E9986B" box="[903,947,1585,1606]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Amazon subregion and north of the province of Chaco in Chacoan subregion)................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFBDF214B32C6984E" ID-CoL="6L4HD" authority="Perty, 1830" authorityName="Perty" authorityYear="1830" box="[1090,1436,1613,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFBDF214B3242984E" box="[1090,1304,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Gromphas aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Perty, 1830)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0A216932CC98DB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1203,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55972624CFF0A216932CC98DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
- Pronotal prominence with broad projections; lateral margins straight and parallel to each other; separation between projections very narrow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFEF8218D369F98B3" box="[357,453,1672,1694]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,199,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Gromphas lemoinei Waterhouse, 1891. 7) Major specimen. 8 – 10) Series of intermediate and minor specimens. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247629/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sutural margin of elytra and metasternum densely punctured. Cephalic projection distinctly acuminate in major specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFE4B21A035449896" box="[470,542,1701,1723]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[195,1380,179,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[195,1380,179,1891]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Frontal view of cephalic projections. 29: Gromphas aeruginosa. 29 a) Major specimen with cephalic projection extremely broad. 29 b) Major specimen with apical notch. 29 c) Worn major specimen. 29 d) Medium specimen. 29 e) Minor specimen. 30: G. lemoinei. 30 a) Major specimen. 30 b) Medium specimen. 30 c) Minor specimen. 31) G. amazonica. 32) G. inermis. 33) G. dichroa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247634/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotum densely granulated, except in posterior region and midlongitudinal line. Posterior pronotal fossae absent or greatly reduced in major specimens, and present in minor specimens.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFB3821C6325998F4" box="[1189,1283,1731,1753]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFAA421C632C698F4" box="[1337,1436,1731,1753]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Caribbean subregion)....................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFBB821E432CC98DB" ID-CoL="6L4GV" authority="Waterhouse, 1891" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1891" box="[1061,1430,1760,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFBB821E433B998DB" box="[1061,1251,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Gromphas lemoinei</emphasis>
|
||
Waterhouse, 1891
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0A21F832C699A4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1203,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyStep id="432A2E755972624CFF0A21F832C699A4" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55972624CFF0A21F832C699A4" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
3 (1). Pygidium margined basally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFE6521F8351B993E" box="[504,577,1789,1811]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apical mesotarsomeres and metatarsomeres strongly curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFB3421F833A8993E" box="[1193,1266,1789,1811]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metatibiae very thin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFE89201E3604991C" box="[276,350,1819,1841]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior pronotal fossae always present. Anteromedian angle of metasternum strongly projecting, narrow and truncate apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFE0F203D36869963" box="[402,476,1848,1870]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 52" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 52. Anteromedian angle of metasternum. 49) Gromphas dichroa. 50) G. inermis. 51) G. amazonica. 52) G. aeruginosa (arrow indicates median carina of mesosternum)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247636/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||
); region in front of anteromedian angle glabrous (Fig. 19, 49). Clypeus truncate apically and not lobed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFEB8205036349946" box="[293,366,1877,1899]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1615,1637]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,200,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1593]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Dorsal view of head. 24) Gromphas aeruginosa (only one pair of clypeal lobes and tegument smooth adjacent to eyes). 25) G. lemoinei (same). 26) G. dichroa (clypeus truncate and strong granulation around eyes). 27) G. amazonica (margin of clypeus with two pairs of lobes; strong granulation around eyes). 28) G. inermis (same)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247633/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
), never folded upward. Cephalic projection truncate apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFC512050334F9946" box="[972,1045,1877,1899]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[195,1380,179,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[195,1380,179,1891]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Frontal view of cephalic projections. 29: Gromphas aeruginosa. 29 a) Major specimen with cephalic projection extremely broad. 29 b) Major specimen with apical notch. 29 c) Worn major specimen. 29 d) Medium specimen. 29 e) Minor specimen. 30: G. lemoinei. 30 a) Major specimen. 30 b) Medium specimen. 30 c) Minor specimen. 31) G. amazonica. 32) G. inermis. 33) G. dichroa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247634/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFBBA205033389946" box="[1063,1122,1877,1899]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Rio Grande do Sul),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFAA3205332C29946" box="[1342,1432,1878,1899]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFF7C2076361999A4" box="[225,323,1907,1929]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405972624CFEE82071369399A4" box="[373,457,1908,1929]" name="Uruguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Chacoan subregion)...................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535972624CFBDF207132C699A4" ID-CoL="6KSGZ" authority="Blanchard, 1846" authorityName="Blanchard" authorityYear="1846" box="[1090,1436,1907,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dichroa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25972624CFBDF207133AD99A4" box="[1090,1271,1908,1929]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Gromphas dichroa</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05972624CFF0A209432C699CC" blockId="8.[151,1437,1203,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55972624CFF0A209432C699CC" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">
|
||
- Pygidium not margined basally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFD802095353C998B" box="[541,614,1936,1958]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apical mesotarsomeres and metatarsomeres only slightly curved apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFAD5209532CB998B" box="[1352,1425,1936,1958]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metatibiae very broad and robust (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFDB120A8352999EE" box="[556,627,1965,1987]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior pronotal fossae usually absent; if rarely present, then very faint (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFAD420A832CB99EE" box="[1353,1425,1965,1987]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anteromedian angle of metasternum wide and rounded apically, not so projected (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555972624CFC6320CE332E99CC" box="[1022,1140,1995,2017]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 52" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 52. Anteromedian angle of metasternum. 49) Gromphas dichroa. 50) G. inermis. 51) G. amazonica. 52) G. aeruginosa (arrow indicates median carina of mesosternum)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247636/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="447">Figs. 50–51</figureCitation>
|
||
); region in front of the antero-
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05973624DFF7C279232C69F12" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">
|
||
median angle with evident pilosity (Figs. 18, 20, 50–51). Clypeus with four lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFB9D2792332E9E80" box="[1024,1140,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1615,1637]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,200,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1593]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Dorsal view of head. 24) Gromphas aeruginosa (only one pair of clypeal lobes and tegument smooth adjacent to eyes). 25) G. lemoinei (same). 26) G. dichroa (clypeus truncate and strong granulation around eyes). 27) G. amazonica (margin of clypeus with two pairs of lobes; strong granulation around eyes). 28) G. inermis (same)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247633/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Figs. 27–28</figureCitation>
|
||
) and distinctly folded upward. Cephalic projection emarginate apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFDF127B135BA9EE7" box="[620,736,180,202]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[195,1380,179,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[195,1380,179,1891]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Frontal view of cephalic projections. 29: Gromphas aeruginosa. 29 a) Major specimen with cephalic projection extremely broad. 29 b) Major specimen with apical notch. 29 c) Worn major specimen. 29 d) Medium specimen. 29 e) Minor specimen. 30: G. lemoinei. 30 a) Major specimen. 30 b) Medium specimen. 30 c) Minor specimen. 31) G. amazonica. 32) G. inermis. 33) G. dichroa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247634/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Figs. 32–33</figureCitation>
|
||
) (in very small and worn specimens, apex rounded or truncate)....... 4
|
||
<keyStep id="432A2E755973624DFF0A27D432C69F12" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55973624DFF0A27D432C69F12" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">
|
||
4 (3). Elytral striae carinulate from base to the apical slope of elytra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFCD227D434C39ECA" box="[847,921,209,231]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posteromedian region of pronotum smooth or with strongly effaced granulation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFD9D27EA35129F28" box="[512,584,239,261]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,198,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13: Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870. 13 a) Dark blue specimen. 13 b) Reddish-brown specimen. 13 c) Dark green specimen. 14: Gromphas dichroa Blanchard, 1846. 14 a) Red-blue specimen. 14 b) Intermediate yellow-blue specimen. 14 c) Green specimen. 15: Gromphas inermis Harold, 1869. 15 a) Coppery specimen. 15 b) Dark green specimen. 15 c) Black specimen. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247631/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior margin of pronotum rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFC7F27EA33709F28" box="[994,1066,239,261]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,198,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13: Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870. 13 a) Dark blue specimen. 13 b) Reddish-brown specimen. 13 c) Dark green specimen. 14: Gromphas dichroa Blanchard, 1846. 14 a) Red-blue specimen. 14 b) Intermediate yellow-blue specimen. 14 c) Green specimen. 15: Gromphas inermis Harold, 1869. 15 a) Coppery specimen. 15 b) Dark green specimen. 15 c) Black specimen. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247631/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metatibial spur strongly curved apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFE802609363C9F0F" box="[285,358,268,290]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
). Male protibia with a long non-articulated spur (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFCD8260934D19F0F" box="[837,907,268,290]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
b; arrow).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFC6C260933089F0F" box="[1009,1106,268,290]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFBC1260933C39F0F" box="[1116,1177,268,290]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFB50260833A39F0F" box="[1229,1273,269,290]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Amazon subregion)....................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535973624DFBCF262F32C69F12" ID-CoL="6KSGY" authority="Bates, 1870" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1870" box="[1106,1436,297,319]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25973624DFBCF262F327F9F12" box="[1106,1317,298,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Gromphas amazonica</emphasis>
|
||
Bates, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F86136D05973624DFF0A264232C69F98" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<keyLead id="432F95E55973624DFF0A264232C69F98" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">
|
||
- Elytral striae simple. Pronotum with strong granulation in center, only posterior region completely smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFB76264232609F70" box="[1259,1338,327,349]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,198,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13: Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870. 13 a) Dark blue specimen. 13 b) Reddish-brown specimen. 13 c) Dark green specimen. 14: Gromphas dichroa Blanchard, 1846. 14 a) Red-blue specimen. 14 b) Intermediate yellow-blue specimen. 14 c) Green specimen. 15: Gromphas inermis Harold, 1869. 15 a) Coppery specimen. 15 b) Dark green specimen. 15 c) Black specimen. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247631/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFAD82642323A9F70" box="[1349,1376,327,349]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">43</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior margin of pronotum projecting at middle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFD212661345F9F57" box="[700,773,356,378]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,198,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. 13: Gromphas amazonica Bates, 1870. 13 a) Dark blue specimen. 13 b) Reddish-brown specimen. 13 c) Dark green specimen. 14: Gromphas dichroa Blanchard, 1846. 14 a) Red-blue specimen. 14 b) Intermediate yellow-blue specimen. 14 c) Green specimen. 15: Gromphas inermis Harold, 1869. 15 a) Coppery specimen. 15 b) Dark green specimen. 15 c) Black specimen. Scale = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247631/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metatibial spur straight apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFBC2266133F39F57" box="[1119,1193,356,378]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[241,1350,179,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[241,1350,179,1804]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 48. 34: Sixth visible abdominal sternite of Gromphas aeruginosa. 34 a) Male. 34 b) Female. 35) Margined pygidium of G. dichroa. 36) Non-margined pygidium of G. aeruginosa. 37) Elytral striae of G. aeruginosa. 38) Elytral striae of G. amazonica. 39) Curved metatibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 40) Straight metatibial spur of G. inermis. 41) Robust metatibia of G. aeruginosa. 42) Thin metatibia of G. d i c h ro a. 43) Posterior pronotal fossae present in some G. i n e rm i s. 44) Antennal club of G. dichroa. 45) Protarsus and expanded protibial spur of G. amazonica. 46) Protarsus and straight protibial spur of G. aeruginosa. 47) Metatarsus of G. dichroa with apical tarsomere strongly curved. 48) Metatarsus of G. aeruginosa with apical tarsomere only slighty curved at apex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247635/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
). Protibiae of both sexes without long non-articulate spur (
|
||
<figureCitation id="60E52A555973624DFDBC2684352A9FBA" box="[545,624,385,407]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1921,1943]" captionTargetBox="[248,1348,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[248,1349,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Protibiae. 21: Dorsal view of protibia of Gromphas amazonica. 21 a) Female. 21 b) Male (arrow indicates non-articulating spur). 22) Ventral view of female protibia of G. aeruginosa. 23: Ventral view of protibia of G. inermis. 23 a) Female. 23 b) Male (white arrow indicates tubercle of inner apical angle and blue arrow indicates row of tubercles on ventral carina of protibia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/247632/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
a–b).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFD38268435B89FBA" box="[677,738,385,407]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFD712684346F9FBA" box="[748,821,385,407]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFCA3268734C29FBA" box="[830,920,386,407]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFC3F2684335E9FBA" box="[930,1028,385,407]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="80C976405973624DFBA8268733D39FBA" box="[1077,1161,386,407]" name="Uruguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Chacoan and Parana subregions)......................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDE4D535973624DFBF8269A32C69F98" ID-CoL="6L4GZ" authority="Harold, 1869" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1869" box="[1125,1436,415,437]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Gromphas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAAAEAC25973624DFBF8269A324D9F99" box="[1125,1303,415,436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="448">Gromphas inermis</emphasis>
|
||
Harold, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |