569 lines
44 KiB
XML
569 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312" ID-PMC="PMC3881343" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-31-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8D11FFFCFF9EFFE92219FFF98734FF9F" ID-PubMed="24399901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576191" ModsDocID="1314-2003-31-1" checkinTime="1451251797931" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina, Gonzales, Paul & Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2013" docId="62D46D2648745D06A6E94731525CCFF8" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 31: 1-20" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 31" docPubDate="2013-12-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312" docTitle="Solanum pseudoamericanum Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="8D11FFFCFF9EFFE92219FFF98734FF9F" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="8D11FFFCFF9EFFE92219FFF98734FF9F" masterDocTitle="Distribution models and species discovery: the story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1668140978319" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Distribution models and species discovery: the story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, EH 3 5 LR Edinburgh, United Kingdom & Plants Division, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW 7 5 BD London, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gonzales, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Floristica, Departamento de Dicotiledoneas, Museo de Historia Natural - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Arenales 1256, Apartado Postal 14 - 0434, Lima, Peru</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Plants Division, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW 7 5 BD London, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-12-16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>20</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-31-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8D11FFFCFF9EFFE92219FFF98734FF9F</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576191</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182228879" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:62D46D2648745D06A6E94731525CCFF8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/62D46D2648745D06A6E94731525CCFF8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName LSID="62D46D26-4874-5D06-A6E9-4731525CCFF8" authority="Särkinen, P. Gonzáles & S. Knapp" authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pseudoamericanum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum" status="sp. nov.">
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Solanum pseudoamericanum
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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, P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonzáles">Gonzales</normalizedToken>
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& S.Knapp
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="7" pageNumber="8">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of Solanum pseudoamericanum. The potential habitat areas reflect the logistic output of the MAXENT model produced using 11 climatic variables with all current known occurrence records (N = 26; Model 2)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10518" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Photos of Solanum pseudoamericanum. A Habit B Ridged stem C Flowers with small anthers c. 1.5 mm long, strongly exserted styles and with capitate stigmas D Developing fruits which turn purple-black when fully ripe with calyx appressed to the fruit. (A Saerkinen et al. 4640; B Knapp et al. 10357; C, D Knapp et al. 10300) Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10520" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Like
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. but differing in branched inflorescences with flowers spaced along the rachis (not umbellate), rounded calyx lobes that are not reflexed in fruit, style exserted beyond the anther tube for more than 1 mm, stigma globose and capitate, and fruit with the surface not markedly shiny.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Peru:</emphasis>
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Cajamarca: Prov. Cajabamba, in town of Cajabamba,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="-7.611944">7°36'43"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-78.05778">78°03'28"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 2649 m, 9 May 2013 (fl, fr),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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S. Knapp, T.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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, H.M. Baden, P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonzáles">Gonzales</normalizedToken>
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& E. Perales 10575
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</emphasis>
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(holotype: USM!; isotypes: BM!, HUT!, CPUN!).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Herb with woody base, 20-50 cm tall, the individual stems to 1 m long and sprawling. Stems terete or somewhat angled with ridges, pubescent with simple uniseriate 1-4-celled trichomes often clustered along the stem angles; new growth densely pubescent with appressed 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes 0.2-0.8 mm long. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, 4.5-12(-15) cm long, 1.8-8 cm wide, ovate to elliptic; adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with more or less appressed 1-4-celled translucent simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser along the veins; abaxial surface more densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the upper surface; primary veins 5-8 pairs; base acute and decurrent on the petiole; margins entire or occasionally with shallow lobes in the basal third; apex acute; petiole 0.5-2.5(-5) cm long, occasionally narrowly winged, sparsely pubescent with
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">simple</pageBreakToken>
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uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems and leaves. Inflorescences lateral and intermodal, 1-2.5 cm long, simple or once-branched, with 3-5(9) flowers, sparsely pubescent with appressed 1-2-celled simple uniseriate trichomes; peduncle 0.4-1.6 cm long, if the inflorescence branched then the peduncle rachis 0.4-0.6 cm long; pedicels 0.6-0.7 cm long, ca. 0.3 mm in diameter at the base and apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced ca. 1 mm apart. Buds globose, the corolla only exserted from the calyx tube just before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect; calyx tube ca. 1 mm long, the lobes 0.5-0.7 mm long with rounded apices, sparsely
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">pubescent</pageBreakToken>
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with 1-4-celled translucent simple uniseriate trichomes; corolla 5-6 mm in diameter, stellate, white with a yellow central portion near the base, lobed slightly less than halfway to the base, the lobes ca. 1.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely pubescent abaxially with 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes, these usually shorter than the trichomes of the stems and leaves; filament tube minute, pubescent with tangled uniseriate trichomes adaxially; free portion of the filaments ca. 1 mm long, pubescent like the tube; anthers ellipsoid, yellow, ca. 1.5 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide; ovary conical, glabrous; style 3-4 mm long, exserted (0.5)1-2 mm beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes at the base; stigma globose and capitate, minutely papillate, bright green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 4-9 mm in diameter, green at maturity or green and turning purplish black when ripe, the surface not markedly shiny, lacking stone cells aggregates; fruiting pedicels 4-7 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, spreading and becoming somewhat more woody in fruit, usually remaining on the plant after fruit drops; fruiting calyx lobes spreading or appressed to the berry, not reflexed. Seeds 35-45 per berry, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 0.9-1 mm wide, flattened-reniform, yellowish, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10519" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Illustration of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. A Habit B Adaxial leaf surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
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Abaxial leaf surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
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Bud
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E</emphasis>
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Half flower
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">F</emphasis>
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Fruit (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A-F</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Knapp</emphasis>
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10351). Illustration by Rosemary Wise.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10520" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 4.</emphasis>
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Photos of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
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Habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
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Ridged stem
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
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Flowers with small anthers c. 1.5 mm long, strongly exserted styles and with capitate stigmas
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
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Developing fruits which turn purple-black when fully ripe with calyx appressed to the fruit. (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 4640
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</emphasis>
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;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Knapp et al. 10357</emphasis>
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;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C, D</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Knapp et al. 10300</emphasis>
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) Scale bars = 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Endemic to Peru in the upper zones of seasonally dry tropical forests or in mid-elevation montane forests, usually above 2,000 m elevation, with only some overlap between the closely related
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that occurs from sea level to 2,200 m in elevation; commonly growing in sandy soils in full sun or partial shade in disturbed sites such as landslides and roadsides or cultivated areas, often in moist depressions in otherwise dry areas, associated with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="molle">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Schinus molle</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L.,
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<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Aspidosperma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="polyneuron">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Aspidosperma polyneuron</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
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. Arg.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="H.W.Schott & Endlicher" authorityYear="1832" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Eriotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eriotheca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.,
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<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vachellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="macracantha">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vachellia macracantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Humb. & Bonpl.) Seigler & Ebinger,
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="acuminata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Alnus acuminata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kunth,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1916" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="probolospermum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum probolospermum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Bitter, and
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<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Calceolariaceae" genus="Calceolaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Calceolaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.; (930-)1700-3200(-3735) m in elevation. Based on field and herbarium collections
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in the Departments of Amazonas, Ancash,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Apurímac">Apurimac</normalizedToken>
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, Cajamarca, Cusco, La Libertad, and Piura, but based on the modelled habitat suitability map (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of Solanum pseudoamericanum. The potential habitat areas reflect the logistic output of the MAXENT model produced using 11 climatic variables with all current known occurrence records (N = 26; Model 2)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10518" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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) it is also likely to also occur in the Departments of Lambayeque,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
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, Huancavelica, Ayacucho,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Junín">Junin</normalizedToken>
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, southwestern San
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
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, northernmost areas of Lima, and in the Province of Loja in Ecuador.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Flowering January-July, fruiting March-July.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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The name
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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refers to the fact the new species greatly resembles
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in general form and has been commonly identified under the name of the more common pantropical weed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Conservation status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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The IUCN threat status of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is here considered of least concern (LC) based on the relatively large extent of the species occurrence (c. 159,000 km2), although the actual area of occupancy is small (96 km2). The species grows readily in disturbed sites and combined with the fact that the currently known populations are spread across Peru, it appears to have relatively low threat status despite the generally increasing human pressure and habitat destruction in the Andes.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="specimens examined">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PERU.</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amazonas</emphasis>
|
|
: Chachapoyas, 8 km along road from Leimebamba to
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Celendín">Celendin</normalizedToken>
|
|
, between km 417-416,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="south" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-6.713333">6°42'48"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="05" value="-77.818054">77°49'05"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2634 m,
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">21</pageBreakToken>
|
|
Apr 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4624
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ancash</emphasis>
|
|
: Pallasca, Puente Chucusvalle over
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Tablachaca, left bank of river (other side of bridge in La Libertad),
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-8.202778">8°12'10"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="06" value="-77.95166">77°57'06"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2148 m, 11 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10604</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Pallasca, ca. 10 km above Puente Chucusvalle over
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Tablachaca on rd to Pallasca,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="-8.223611">8°13'25"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-77.95638">77°57'23"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2148 m, 11 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10616</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Huaylas, Dist. Pueblo Libre, just beyond Carapampa village, a few km above bridge over
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Santa,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-9.107779">9°06'28"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="42" value="-77.81167">77°48'42"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2637 m, 13 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10650</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Huaraz, Huaraz, in city,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="51" value="-9.530833">9°31'51"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-77.52417">77°31'27"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 3003 m, 15 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4670
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Carhuaz, on rd from Mancos to Musho, before Puente Apachico,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="-9.176389">9°10'35"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="31" value="-77.67528">77°40'31"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2886 m, 16 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4678
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Corongo, km1-3 on rd to Corongo, a side road from Chimbote-Huaraz main rd,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="-8.693889">8°41'38"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="51" value="-77.8975">77°53'51"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2334 m, 18 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4686
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Pomabamba, just in the outskirts of Pomabamba on rd leading to Piscobamba,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-8.824166">8°49'27"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-77.45333">77°27'12"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 3008 m, 21 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4730
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Pomabamba, 2-3km from Pomabamba towards Lucma,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="13" value="-8.853612">8°51'13"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-77.43667">77°26'12"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2837 m, 22 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4737
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Yungay, ribera del
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 20 Jul 1977,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Luna, A</emphasis>
|
|
.,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70</emphasis>
|
|
(USM); Carlos F. Fitzcarrald, on rd between Sapcha and San Luis,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="50" value="-9.097222">9°05'50"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="05" value="-77.35139">77°21'05"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 3133 m, 24 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4778
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Carlos F. Fitzcarrald, in San Luis, outskirts of town,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="-9.093055">9°05'35"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="42" value="-77.32833">77°19'42"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 3147 m, 24 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4780
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Huari, c. 5km from Pomachaca on road to
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Llamellín">Llamellin</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="05" value="-9.384722">9°23'05"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-77.11639">77°06'59"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2605 m, 26 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4791
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Huari, on rd from Pomachaca to
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Llamellín">Llamellin</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="24" value="-9.34">9°20'24"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="22" value="-77.056114">77°03'22"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2571 m, 26 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4794
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Apurímac">Apurimac</normalizedToken>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
: ca. 11 km from Chincheros descending to
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Pampa on Ayacucho-Andahuaylas rd (RN3),
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-13.524166">13°31'27"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-73.770836">73°46'15"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2215 m, 7 Mar 2012 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10300</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Chincheros, along
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Pampa on Ayacucho-Andahuaylas rd (RN3), ca. 3-4 km from Puente Pampa on
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Apurímac">Apurimac</normalizedToken>
|
|
side,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="26" value="-13.490556">13°29'26"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="-73.825554">73°49'32"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2028 m, 7 Mar 2012 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10307</emphasis>
|
|
(BM,USM); Abancay, village of Tambo, above Curahuasi, on rd from Abancay to Cusco, Dist. Curahuasi,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-13.539167">13°32'21"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="02" value="-72.717224">72°43'02"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2673 m, 10 Mar 2012 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10351</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Abancay, at turn to Santuario Curahuasi, ca. 17 km above Puente Cunyac over
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Apurímac">Apurimac</normalizedToken>
|
|
, road Abancay-Cusco towards Curahuasi, Dist. Curahuasi,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="19" value="-13.538611">13°32'19"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-72.491104">72°29'28"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2340 m, 11 Mar 2012 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10357</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cajamarca</emphasis>
|
|
: Cajabamba, in town of Cajabamba,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="-7.611944">7°36'43"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-78.05778">78°03'28"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2649 m, 9 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. Knapp et al. 10575</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Cajamarca, km1244 on rd from Cajamarca to San Marcos, just outskirts of Namora village,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="04" value="-7.201111">7°12'04"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="33" value="-78.32583">78°19'33"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 2764 m, 24 Apr 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4640
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cusco</emphasis>
|
|
: La
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Convención">Convencion</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Dist. Echarate, Papelpata, Alto Echarate,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="37" value="-12.776944">12°46'37"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="39" value="-72.61083">72°36'39"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 931 m, 24 May 2007 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">G. Calatayud et al. 4062</emphasis>
|
|
(NY); Anta, Mollepata, W of Cusco,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="29" value="-13.508056">13°30'29"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-72.55584">72°33'21"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 3200 m, 10 Jan 1984 (fl),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A.H. Gentry et al. 44135</emphasis>
|
|
(MO); La
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Convención">Convencion</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Santa Teresa, Dist. Santa Teresa, Carretera Santa Teresa-Hidroelectrica, Bosque Seco Secundario,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-13.1225">13°07'21"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="31" value="-72.60861">72°36'31"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 1700 m, 20 Mar 2004 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">I. Huamantupa et al. 4280</emphasis>
|
|
(MO); La
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Convención">Convencion</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Santa Teresa, Dist. Santa Teresa, Carretera Santa Teresa-
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Hidroelectrica</pageBreakToken>
|
|
, Bosque Seco Secundario,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-13.1225">13°07'21"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="31" value="-72.60861">72°36'31"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 1700 m, 20 Mar 2004 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. Huamantupa et al. 4287</emphasis>
|
|
(MO,USM).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">La Libertad</emphasis>
|
|
: Santiago de Chuco, ca. 1 km outside Santiago de Chuco on rd from Shorey and Shorey Chico, at stream crossing,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="-8.143888">8°08'38"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="08" value="-78.185555">78°11'08"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 3735 m, 10 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. Knapp et al. 10590</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM); Santiago de Chuco, 6-8 km below Mollepata on rd to river valley of
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Tablachaca, right side of river,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="03" value="-8.200833">8°12'03"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="-77.95305">77°57'11"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 3735 m, 11 May 2013 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. Knapp et al. 10599</emphasis>
|
|
(USM, BM).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Piura</emphasis>
|
|
: Huancabamba, Porculla, km 38,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="-5.840278">5°50'25"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="-79.49389">79°29'38"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="-5.840278">5°50'25"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="-79.49389">79°29'38"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 1800 m, 8 Apr 1989 (fl, fr),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. Llatas Q. 2348</emphasis>
|
|
(NY).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
Most of the collections of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are the result of our intensive collecting of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Peru in the last two years. We suspect that the paucity of earlier collections may in part be due to the resemblance to the widespread and weedy
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that has led to botanists regarding this new species as not worth collecting. Widespread species often harbour cryptic diversity (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cavers, S" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" publicationUrl="10.1111/jbi.12086" refId="B6" refString="Cavers, S, Telford, A, Arenal, Cruz F, Perez, Castaneda AJ, Valencia, R, Navarro, C, Buonamici, A, Lowe, AJ, Vendramin, GG, 2013. Cryptic species and phylogeographical structure in the tree Cedrela odorata L. throughout the Neotropics. Journal of Biogeography 40(4): 732-746. ., 10.1111/jbi.12086" title="Cryptic species and phylogeographical structure in the tree Cedrela odorata L. throughout the Neotropics. Journal of Biogeography 40 (4): 732 - 746." url="10.1111/jbi.12086" year="2013">Cavers et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), especially in groups such as the Morelloid clade, where differences between species are relatively small.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from the similar
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the following suite of characters; berries that are matte or somewhat shiny at maturity, versus very shiny in
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, styles that are always exerted to approximately equal to the length of the anther cone, versus styles almost included in the anther cone in
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and globose, bright green stigmas, versus white or pale green stigmas that
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<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
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merely a widening of the style tip in
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Other members of the Morelloid clade in Peru without glandular trichomes which grow sympatrically with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen, P. Gonzales & S. Knapp" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoamericanum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Solanum pseudoamericanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differ from it in being larger in growth form reaching up to 2 m in height, having larger, always violet flowers and fruits that are green at maturity (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1916" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="probolospermum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Solanum probolospermum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Bitter and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zahlbruckneri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Solanum zahlbruckneri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Bitter), or being smaller herbs up to 30 cm high with similar sized flowers but fruits orange or yellow in colour (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Solanum corymbosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Jacq and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radicans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Solanum radicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L.f.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |