238 lines
23 KiB
XML
238 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1773B12EA1AC93FB032EFBD52DED0FF3">Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0F820160261E4DB222533A491D7EEEE4">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="08CC56D440643D837AB824C182FFAFD6">Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6A4DF6E89786F54B3A6CA57DC5621782">De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="55B8FCADDA13F9892B672C32EFB44D00" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360737" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:55B8FCADDA13F9892B672C32EFB44D00" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/55B8FCADDA13F9892B672C32EFB44D00" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" scope_class="Demospongiae" scope_family="Pachastrellidae" scope_order="Astrophorida" scope_phylum="Porifera" scope_subGenus="Calthropella">
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<subSubSection id="15B5652C51035579FF4A089F7ACEE485" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6B01DC3ADA09901CE1A46FDE41C5A38A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="B6E89B4C4A82150F4CF92F931FED0144" ID-CoL="5WX6N" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella geodioides (Carter, 1876)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 24
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<normalizedToken id="97023C8E32516B50501B2154C839B16B" originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F2CA2367CE36C880261768B756B7862A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="02E2B7CAC434260B4DC9127530CC408D" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="893DB3E8C1F779470511D54BF01C8B52" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="95E1201E80553EE840D449C99966C17E" author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="226 - 479" title="Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded)" volume="18" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 407, pl. XIV fig. 23.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B438928B43F229CA94F33FD2784E918" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="7973D78DB4EDCD8E16968CD6CE8DA82E" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodiides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodiides">Calthropella geodiides</taxonomicName>
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(sic);
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<bibRefCitation id="CD311E27413A89326B85D10790B1C4AC" author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 111.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="37FC4CB099377365542A228BF9C18C0B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="F613F37460F240E8AC9E09B81671BFD2" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Corticella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D769850A016ECB279556E2E7FC4DE3E9" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
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: 77, pl. IV fig. 14, pl. X fig. 12.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B092C3277CD5E65C79E745B077600BC2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="189C4386EAD83CFF8F39F2B8B2928357" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="98E339DC12462D8B8E391517EFB7F0FA" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: 142.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B3D6F3EDD4D4E79EAFF1E44FA453CCFC" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="67AFB4A9621F45653023F3D990144C21" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrissa geodioides</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="1221DB6366DD1E5CDB49BD41A1FC19F2" author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 80;
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<bibRefCitation id="D9FB841CAD42106C6D1631DFC1447FD9" author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 132, fig. 2D.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="03BA0DE0E39BFC4CC461611ACEEED61D" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="D61534357E1DB24B318C8049750E5BA0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F379A8A8E8E88C596458E11D98C8D187" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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ZMA Por. 21666, EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken id="473D2DF8D6E7AC5145BC4631B87F0E25" originalValue="–D03A–Ma">-D03A-Ma</normalizedToken>
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012, Azores, Terceira Island, 38.4265°N; 26.8206°W, 1201 m, coll. J. Xavier, 18 May 2007.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4D7B595F7F3BF273BE33A3AA83FE77A3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Specimens provided by Dr Joana Xavier, as yet unregistered: EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken id="8B45D35C85A8F73401AE07E62E753170" originalValue="–D01–">-D01-</normalizedToken>
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Ma005, Azores,
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<normalizedToken id="F1EB9553EEFF0468EB1288E5B53F5B48" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Jorge Island, 38.48°N; 27.798°W, 1222 m, 17 May 2007; EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken id="FF99C81474EACFCE1839D35F7565EE40" originalValue="–D02–">-D02-</normalizedToken>
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Ma006, Azores, Terceira Island, 38.5530°N; 26.7083°W, 744 m, 18 May 2007; EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken id="DF1B0B205D09AFBDB146AF661C59B990" originalValue="–D33A–Ma">-D33A-Ma</normalizedToken>
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011a, S of Azores, Cruiser Seamount, 32.2570°N; 27.553°W, 643 m, 4 June 2007; EMEPC/G3/08.30, S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount, 33.916°N; 30.171°W, 1132 m, 30 October 2008.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="173ED1CAFCDE065D0DF530FA1BB346BB" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5BCA62675EC6F3B1FA17CB3EB82A859F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D5BFC9467DEA1409E54C08973A9161B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Flat mounds (Fig. 24A) and thick crusts, rounded off at the edges. Size up to 5
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<normalizedToken id="175E390EE2DD695082467798F6B716EF" originalValue="×3.5×">x3.5x</normalizedToken>
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1 cm. Surface generally smooth-looking and lacking obvious apertures. Rough to the touch, hard but crumbly. Colour white or cream (alcohol).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="22A1EF7B3F16C0CB21CC0D28050216B4" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Skeleton: with a dense crust of microscleres carried by triaene megascleres, with scattered bundles of oxeas, which appear mostly broken and are sometimes entirely absent.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D6F9F311DB997A0C4A8E7A867AC1B63F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, (broken) oxeas, tuberculated spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E2912E23343C2E18539B87AA6C175647" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Calthrops (Fig. 24
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<normalizedToken id="6B1E14649F403F1081BAB967522F7941" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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), with common triactine forms, in a wide size range, cladi 102
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<normalizedToken id="478E1E7FFA1236ED5099ADEC7C314922" originalValue="–350.9–">-350.9-</normalizedToken>
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705
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<normalizedToken id="66EE459D9B12148DF8C0D857F23E2C39" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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11
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<normalizedToken id="8C1F56EA0EF5C4F16EDA56EC98FB1467" originalValue="–51.5–">-51.5-</normalizedToken>
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128
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<normalizedToken id="7C1C61B415AA38699CBFB3990EECB3CC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladomes 150
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<normalizedToken id="9A7678A04ED4E7E1F93E411C6FEB3292" originalValue="–471.4–">-471.4-</normalizedToken>
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1050
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<normalizedToken id="CDB97DFE3979827CF26451C01E4F43A0" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, possibly divisible in two categories (cladi lengths 102-180 and 434-705
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<normalizedToken id="A295B3FFF65A553002FE243446A9674C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5F8924816720100E8A61A8467478594B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Dichocalthrops (Fig. 24D), few (absent in some specimens) and fairly small: protocladi 75-92
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<normalizedToken id="41F2B48E52607F8A467EE2694919A5FB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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12
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<normalizedToken id="8978FCF7941B9481052EC0D9C99903B8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, deuterocladi 28-31
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<normalizedToken id="016B62AE08A0668B46FE16F242342323" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, rhabdome 92-120
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<normalizedToken id="3199508CB99AAE8BE768E58280FB8193" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladome 128-183
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<normalizedToken id="A141D5DCFD7823C86016A7FA96C01472" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D104BA364E88901E78A5A75E0EE639D2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Oxeas (visible in Fig. 24B) invariably broken, at least 500
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<normalizedToken id="D5E5164857F9E97BEFA1ED713B75B98C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in length and 5
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<normalizedToken id="638BDC27A2B2BC5EE21CA5915D8B0371" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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diameter. Absent in some specimens (Sollas gives oxea size 736
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<normalizedToken id="530B4C5CD34D1E8AB9D2190CF5BDFC1A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9.3
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<normalizedToken id="A06D7330DD5B7EDE521E027CCD685364" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="412AB8D537E6D5E89FE03A7925FBC74C" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Oxyasters (Fig. 24E) with conical rays, perhaps to be considered oxyspherasters, not common, 13-18
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<normalizedToken id="DA95A1EBC1A528E4A17CF6297E2C0617" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2B2783DCB215C7250B141273ED9FA5C9" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<pageBreakToken id="1613E928A7D057B13C15F6DBDB736D8E" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Tuberculated</pageBreakToken>
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spherasters (Fig. 24
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<normalizedToken id="DBB118AE7BC57AA3D894311EC0B14B80" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
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), quite variable, in some specimens entirely smooth and of irregular oval shape, usually in a large size range 7-28
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<normalizedToken id="6DD453EFBBC7FC56307CCF690B27A813" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, possibly divisible in two overlapping size classes (7-12 and 23-28
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<normalizedToken id="4CAC2E58CD7DAC7F75032334F2C0BC40" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="05D73A813B541FD93941B8E5D2F4076C" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<paragraph id="26FE1D37183D760DC0B30AF5DA4D22FC" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Figure 24.
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<taxonomicName id="5A85BCD4309488DDE5E189B7ECE0E3A3" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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, ZMA Por. 21666, from Azores, Terceira Island, A habit (scale bar 1 cm) B calthrops C overview of spicules, including broken oxeas D dichocalthrops E oxyaster F large tuberculated spherasters G small tuberculated spherasters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86924DDF1A1036489EB983D3C0832173" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="habitat">
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<paragraph id="D1280DBC808D9D69052A4D2D9270DADA" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="29CC2C9362B8A76D52222AC050E9B424" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">On rocks in deep water, 599-1222 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C7204E570DEA04E4D7032407B691A1D8" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="7D6B8FD90E3E5C647A8A47002C761AE4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="13223CF287D4A77D7E2A2BBB87D56F9D" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Off Cabo
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9450FB963DB008AE370D9EAAA801C254" originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Vicente, Portugal; Azores.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F857A4C2AE4DFB0990DCC487F88B2291" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists the species for Madeira, but the basis for that is not clear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0625B9024F7937C47460C7ACBD406037" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="2B0D6566A63B6046B9F83FB87242F264" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2948CC1EEA9B91465B910F6810134CA0" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC0BD45C5414D9323662761AEEB38E4C" author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="38C0B7FB83136C25AC00E1E062939797" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
both point out the great similarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41357D3486A5F123EEE69C17C8438E4D" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBBC8966F362E5B4BF701DA213D46F78" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Points of difference apparently are the absence of dichocalthrops and oxeas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2642B9F4C08354CD9E4917B038EA8AD4" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In our present series of samples we could not find any oxeas in samples Ma012 and Ma005 (see above) and in the other samples they were invariably single, not forming bundles or radiating towards the surface and appeared to be broken generally in all sections and spicule mounts. Possibly this was artefactual. Dichocalthrops were rare to extremely rare in all studied samples.
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="9956B039E0365E10B94F7E1600860518" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">Dichocalthrops</pageBreakToken>
|
||
that were encountered were all in the small size class of triaene megascleres (less than 200
|
||
<normalizedToken id="125860F2FD6F2AFD965543383C2E70C1" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
cladome size) and often were not
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F489EF772D4CBF31ED1C6E56FEE15FA6" originalValue="‘complete’">'complete'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, i.e. only one or two of the cladi were forked.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="50283D8DC81A4A5C17EB203E217FBE14" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">We believe that the two species simplex and geodioides could very well be the same species and could eventually be merged, but we will await further studies including molecular sequencing.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A781C5E5EF82AB9CBDD9DB0B0B837A0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D44DDB2BD5C450C0D67FDC0C19BDB818" originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1897) variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CD80635C04B03E8E2B79C3253E005A62" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Ambon (Indonesia) is not close to the present species. It shares the presence of oxeas and dichocalthrops with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48C95FBFA9539E305A5B9D3432AC3565" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
but calthrops are much smaller (200
|
||
<normalizedToken id="249418A5D6991A8C7D6DC7C2CB8EB8C2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7CCDB0D6A9CCC6AC32F9ABED923F763B" originalValue="thick–centred">thick-centred</normalizedToken>
|
||
euasters are only 10-12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="57AC0BB51FCF5055F8F2E09FEA367E43" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. It is redescribed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="63F8C39A2877E6C9A590CD9346E01589" author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="723 - 764" title="Revision de la collection d'eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonesie) constitue par Bedot et Pictet et conservee au Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve." volume="88" year="1981">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AF9860AC5F7E0ECD535852437A5F4022" originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1981)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but remains ill-known (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |