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<document id="2CC6DA59D8AFC7518ADB8CDA68BFFD26" ID-DOI="10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834" ID-ISSN="2325-4467" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722893676415" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tripodi, Amber D. &amp; Szalanski, Allen L." docDate="2015" docId="4A7B7945FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0E02F8CB" docLanguage="en" docName="JMelittology.2015.50.1-17.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Melittology 2015 (50)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20C606B715423E98DFED429F4976A416.4:JMelittology.2013-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="20C606B715423E98DFED429F4976A416" docStyleName="JMelittology.2013-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Bombus (Cullumanobombus) fraternus" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="B642013DFFAFEB569B63350C0C1CFE31" masterDocTitle="The bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) of Arkansas, fifty years later" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1722900214979" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="688E2F5B5304AD1FEDAD9AF9C4E05EAB">The bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) of Arkansas, fifty years later</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7E64F9442FC4A94D39964B996DAF2BFC">Tripodi, Amber D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="83DFFCDCD1F471265CE0987967B7B8F5">Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA (aszalan @ uark. edu). &amp; Current address: USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, Utah 84322, USA (amber. tripodi @ ars. usda. gov).</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EEF7AC6A059F2F01100C05579E6A1517">Szalanski, Allen L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4AFAA69425A290266E999B93FAA9F5E9">Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA (aszalan @ uark. edu).</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="4A7B7945FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0E02F8CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A7B7945FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0E02F8CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A7B7945FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0E02F8CB" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F59FDE8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F85FD88" blockId="10.[407,921,929,954]" box="[407,921,929,954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="99257F3FFFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F85FD88" box="[407,921,929,954]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0F85FD88" ID-CoL="MFJS" authority="(Smith)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[407,921,929,954]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus" subGenus="Cullumanobombus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9AF436AD0DF1FD88" box="[407,493,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bombus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A9E36AD0ED5FD88" box="[509,713,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cullumanobombus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99BB36AD0F27FD88" box="[728,827,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9A8836CD0F59FDE8" blockId="10.[491,837,961,985]" box="[491,837,961,985]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Southern Plains Bumble Bee</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA5EB5C9BB3310E0E02F8CB" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB3310E084CFB88" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
In their museum survey,
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C9962310D0F20FA28" author="Chandler, L. &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr." box="[513,828,1025,1049]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="46 - 53" refId="ref8888" refString="Chandler, L., &amp; C. E. McCoy, Jr. 1965. The bumble bees of Arkansas (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 19: 46 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Chandler &amp; McCoy (1965)</bibRefCitation>
noted
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98F2310E0808FA28" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[913,1044,1025,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98F2310E0FBDFA28" box="[913,929,1026,1049]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98D2310D0808FA28" box="[945,1044,1025,1049]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “widespread”, and it was recorded in as many counties as
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C984A312E0FDDFA08" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[809,961,1057,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseocollis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C984A312E0F25FA08" box="[809,825,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9829312D0FDDFA08" box="[842,961,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">griseocollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA5EB5C98B0312D0804FA08" box="[979,1048,1057,1081]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F59312D0D1FFA68" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F59312D0D1FFA68" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bombus fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains widely distributed across
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C99FF314D0F11FA68" box="[668,781,1089,1113]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
, and its occurrence has remained stable between the historic (36%) and contemporary periods (33%,
<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA5EB5C98CB316D0FF5FA48" box="[936,1001,1121,1145]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Although
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F1A316E0D1FFAA8" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F1A316E0895FA48" box="[1145,1161,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BC3318D0D1FFAA8" box="[160,259,1153,1177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have a wide geographic distribution, it is relatively less abundant than its congeners (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C9AE231AD0E22FA88" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; F. Gadallah &amp; L. Richardson &amp; D. Wagner &amp; L. Gall" box="[385,574,1185,1209]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, &amp; L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
Colla
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9AA431AE0DEEFA88" box="[455,498,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C992B31AD0F17FA88" author="Grixti, J. C. &amp; L. T. Wong &amp; S. A. Cameron &amp; C. Favret" box="[584,779,1185,1209]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="75 - 84" refId="ref9575" refString="Grixti, J. C., L. T. Wong, S. A. Cameron, &amp; C. Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest. Biological Conservation 142 (1): 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="2009">
Grixti
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99F131AE0EA2FA88" box="[658,702,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). There are some indications that
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9BC331CE0D3DFAE8" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[160,289,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BC331CE0CACFAE8" box="[160,176,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9BDD31CD0D3DFAE8" box="[190,289,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be declining and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified the species as endangered (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C99F731ED0F9CFAC8" author="Hatfield, R. &amp; S. Jepsen &amp; R. Thorp &amp; L. Richardson &amp; S. Colla" box="[660,896,1249,1273]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref9661" refString="Hatfield, R., S. Jepsen, R. Thorp, L. Richardson, &amp; S. Colla. 2014. Bombus fraternus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. [www. iucnredlist. org; last accessed March, 2015]." type="journal volume" year="2014">
Hatfield
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C986331EE0F2CFAC8" box="[768,816,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
), but its relative rarity makes it difficult to be certain of its status. Throughout its range,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98D2300E082FFB28" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[945,1075,1281,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98D2300E0FDDFB28" box="[945,961,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98B3300D082FFB28" box="[976,1075,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has declined in relative abundance and in geographic persistence, but its relative abundance over all museum records was only 0.32% (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C99EB304D0F5AFB68" author="Colla, S. R. &amp; F. Gadallah &amp; L. Richardson &amp; D. Wagner &amp; L. Gall" box="[648,838,1345,1369]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, &amp; L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
Colla
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C99AE304E0EE4FB68" box="[717,760,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, an
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA5EB5C9895304D085BFB68" box="[1014,1095,1345,1369]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Illinois</collectingRegion>
study designated
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9A4A306E0DB6FB48" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[297,426,1377,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A4A306E0D25FB48" box="[297,313,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A24306D0DB6FB48" box="[327,426,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fraternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as declining after finding that it was absent from the southern region of the state where it was formerly present, but its relative abundance ranged from 0.21.9% over all studied records spanning 1900 to 2007 (
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA5EB5C981F30AD0858FB88" author="Grixti, J. C. &amp; L. T. Wong &amp; S. A. Cameron &amp; C. Favret" box="[892,1092,1441,1465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="75 - 84" refId="ref9575" refString="Grixti, J. C., L. T. Wong, S. A. Cameron, &amp; C. Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest. Biological Conservation 142 (1): 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="2009">
Grixti
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C98AA30AE0FEAFB88" box="[969,1014,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB330CD0E86FBEB" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" box="[208,666,1473,1498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
GLOSSA LENGTH: Short (4.69 ±
<quantity id="052A65B6FFA5EB5C994530CD0E92FBEB" box="[550,654,1473,1498]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.37">0.37 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB330EE0FA2F828" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ADULT ACTIVE PERIOD: Late season with a long active period (92 days). Majority: early July through early October; Earliest: April 6; Latest: October 3.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA5EB5C9BB3332E0E02F8CB" blockId="10.[160,1169,1025,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
PREFERRED PLANTS:
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AD2332D0EE7F808" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[433,763,1569,1593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incarnata">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9AD2332D0E9BF808" box="[433,647,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Passiflora incarnata</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(purple passionflower,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F75332D0CCAF86B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Passifloraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9B8F334E0D86F868" box="[236,410,1601,1625]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Silphium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolium">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9B8F334E0CE7F868" box="[236,251,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A6F334D0D86F868" box="[268,410,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">integrifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(wholeleaf rosinweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C99D5334E0F26F86B" box="[694,826,1602,1626]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9833334D083FF868" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[848,1059,1601,1625]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9833334D0FB0F868" box="[848,940,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Solidago</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(goldenrod,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9BB6336E0D45F84B" box="[213,345,1634,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9A08336E0E83F848" authority="Michx." authorityName="Michx." box="[363,671,1633,1657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Liatris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pycnostachya">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A08336E0E54F848" box="[363,584,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Liatris pycnostachya</emphasis>
Michx.
</taxonomicName>
(prairie blazing star,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98F4336E0807F84B" box="[919,1051,1634,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F4E336D0D11F8A8" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Silphium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F4E336D088CF848" box="[1069,1168,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Silphium</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(rosinweed,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AC6338E0E35F8AB" box="[421,553,1666,1690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C995F338D0F96F8A8" authority="(Michx.) Britt." authorityName="Britt." baseAuthorityName="Michx." box="[572,906,1665,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristosa">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C995F338D0EC3F8A8" box="[572,735,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bidens aristosa</emphasis>
(Michx.) Britt.
</taxonomicName>
(bearded beggarticks,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9BC333AE0D38F88B" box="[160,292,1698,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9A5533AD0EDCF888" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[310,704,1697,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cephalanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9A5533AD0E51F888" box="[310,589,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cephalanthus occidentalis</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(common buttonbush,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C98B333AD0850F888" box="[976,1100,1697,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9F3D33AD0DAEF8E8" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C9F3D33AD0D27F8E8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Solidago altissima</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="BAC588C3FFA5EB5C9AA133CD0E02F8E8" box="[450,542,1729,1753]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Canada</collectingCountry>
goldenrod,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C99D333CE0F28F8EB" box="[688,820,1730,1754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C982A33CD088CF8E8" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[841,1168,1729,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Verbesina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginica">
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA5EB5C982A33CD0807F8E8" box="[841,1051,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Verbesina virginica</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(white crownbeard,
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA5EB5C9AEE33EE0E0DF8CB" box="[397,529,1762,1786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>