198 lines
21 KiB
XML
198 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="C288B0AB9BB2ECC13E5DFA76B073F141" ID-DOI="10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834" ID-ISSN="2325-4467" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722893676415" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tripodi, Amber D. & Szalanski, Allen L." docDate="2015" docId="4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48" docLanguage="en" docName="JMelittology.2015.50.1-17.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Melittology 2015 (50)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20C606B715423E98DFED429F4976A416.4:JMelittology.2013-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="20C606B715423E98DFED429F4976A416" docStyleName="JMelittology.2013-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Bombus (Psithyrus) variabilis" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="B642013DFFAFEB569B63350C0C1CFE31" masterDocTitle="The bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) of Arkansas, fifty years later" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1722900214979" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="2F5C61B6D84E9D434D7EF7240467434E">The bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) of Arkansas, fifty years later</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="83665D043EEA722979EC2F166FB3800F">Tripodi, Amber D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AA3807BDD6F8B2063FC12234AFA85E9C">Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA (aszalan @ uark. edu). & Current address: USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, Utah 84322, USA (amber. tripodi @ ars. usda. gov).</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B30DF656A5E1AD4DE1B959678B9208C5">Szalanski, Allen L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="41F5CB05D24E630CCF0AC189FAF2F2C9">Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA (aszalan @ uark. edu).</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B40B90E6407476B1ACA2457617BD8013">Journal of Melittology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A903AA9810BA5DD82997BE487A7C26D4">
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<mods:date id="7BFEAE8D339C4895FF8777CD9450235F">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9BF54353C282D59E3AD45D86D0B53A04">2015-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6859600ED50A978EC8FB8AA0A598BAB5" type="DOI">10.17161/jom.v0i50.4834</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="57849D7462DFC065C14778C2FA026131" type="ISSN">2325-4467</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A7B7945FFA3EB5B9AD8334D0EC8FA48" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F56F848" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F69F868" blockId="12.[443,885,1601,1626]" box="[443,885,1601,1626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="99257F3FFFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F69F868" box="[443,885,1601,1626]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0F69F868" ID-CoL="MFXN" authority="(Cresson)" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[443,885,1601,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis" subGenus="Psithyrus">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9AD8334D0E0DF868" box="[443,529,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bombus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A9942334D0E96F868" box="[545,650,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Psithyrus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA3EB5A99F9334D0EE1F868" box="[666,765,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">variabilis</emphasis>
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(Cresson)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5A9A85336D0F56F848" blockId="12.[486,842,1633,1657]" box="[486,842,1633,1657]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">‘Variable Cuckoo Bumble Bee’</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8AC89BD8FFA3EB5B9BB333AD0EC8FA48" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA3EB5B9BB333AD0F63FC08" blockId="12.[160,1168,1697,1786]" lastBlockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Prior to our examination, only a single record of this species in
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<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A98A533AD0829F888" box="[966,1077,1697,1721]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
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existed in the literature.
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<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA3EB5A9A1633CD0EADF8E8" author="Chandler, L. & C. E. McCoy, Jr." box="[373,689,1729,1753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="46 - 53" refId="ref8888" refString="Chandler, L., & C. E. McCoy, Jr. 1965. The bumble bees of Arkansas (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 19: 46 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Chandler & McCoy (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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listed a single record from
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<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA3EB5A9F6133CD088CF8E8" box="[1026,1168,1729,1753]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Washington</collectingRegion>
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County, but without including any additional collection information.
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<specimenCount id="D4D403DAFFA3EB5B989E33ED0CFCFEC8" count="3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">Three specimens</specimenCount>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A6935EE0D91FEC8" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[266,397,225,249]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A6935EE0D06FEC8" box="[266,282,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A4935ED0D91FEC8" box="[298,397,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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collected in
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<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B994B35ED0EAAFEC8" box="[552,694,225,249]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Washington</collectingRegion>
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Co. during our target historical period were among the specimens in the UAAM collection (September, 1900;
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<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B98B1340E0890FF28" box="[978,1164,257,282]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1906-08-15">August 15, 1906</date>
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;
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<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9BC2342D0D44FF08" box="[161,344,289,313]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1961-10-01">October 1, 1961</date>
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), yet no specimens for our contemporary period were present (
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<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA2EB5B9F23342D089EFF08" box="[1088,1154,289,313]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 1. County-level records for each species in Arkansas and a summary of all records over both time periods. Blue = historical records, orange = contemporary records, and green = records for both periods. 1. Bombus (Bombias) auricomus (Robertson). 2. B. (Pyrobombus) bimaculatus Cresson. 3. B. (Cullumanobombus) fraternus (Smith). 4. B. (C.) griseocollis (De Geer). 5. B. (P.) impatiens Cresson. 6. B. (Thoracobombus) pensylvanicus (De Geer). 7. B. (Psithyrus) variabilis (Cresson). 8. Summary of all counties that were sampled within each period." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). However, three additional male specimens that were collected outside of our historical and contemporary periods are present in the UAAM.
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<specimenCount id="D4D403DAFFA2EB5B984A346E0FC3FF48" box="[809,991,353,377]" count="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">Two specimens</specimenCount>
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were collected in the northwest portion of the state (Franklin Co.,
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<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9869348D0FDFFFA8" box="[778,963,385,409]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-10-05">October 5, 1976</date>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B9F61348D088CFFA8" box="[1026,1168,385,409]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Washington</collectingRegion>
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Co.,
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<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9BB434AD0DA1FF88" box="[215,445,417,441]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1993-09-29">September 29, 1993</date>
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); the other was collected in eastern
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<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B980334AD0FD3FF88" box="[864,975,417,441]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
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(Desha Co.,
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<date id="B66CEE93FFA2EB5B9F0734AE0D30FFE8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1966-08-07">August 7, 1966</date>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A2134CD0E1DFFE8" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[322,513,449,473]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A2134CD0E1DFFE8" box="[322,513,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bombus variabilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was not recovered in our surveys or in
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<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B98A434CD088CFFE8" author="Warriner, M. D." box="[967,1168,449,473]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="43 - 50" refId="ref10712" refString="Warriner, M. D. 2011. Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of remnant grasslands in Arkansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 84 (1): 43 - 50." type="journal article" year="2011">Warriner’s (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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extensive
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<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B9A7034ED0D9EFFC8" box="[275,386,481,505]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
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grassland surveys. With so few records, there is no suggestion of a change in the occurrence of
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A89370E0E76FC28" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[490,618,513,537]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A89370E0DE6FC28" box="[490,506,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9964370D0E76FC28" box="[519,618,513,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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between the historic (2.6%) and contemporary periods (0%,
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<figureCitation id="5AE9D4D6FFA2EB5B9A59372D0D67FC08" box="[314,379,545,569]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,231,225,247]" captionText="Figure 3. Proportions of sampled counties (i.e., proportions of occurrence) with records of each bumble bee species, in the historical (grey) and contemporary (black) periods in Arkansas." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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), and its status in the state remains unclear.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2374D086FFA28" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Records for this species are both temporally and spatially sporadic throughout eastern North America (
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<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B9AA1376D0EA9FC48" author="Williams, P. H. & R. W. Thorp & L. L. Richardson & S. R. Colla" box="[450,693,609,633]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref10861" refString="Williams, P. H., R. W. Thorp, L. L. Richardson, & S. R. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ; 208 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Williams
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9955376E0E79FC48" box="[566,613,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
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., 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The species is a member of the social parasite subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9AE6378D0E6EFCA8" authority="Lepeletier" authorityName="Lepeletier" box="[389,626,641,665]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Psithyrus">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9AE6378D0DF2FCA8" box="[389,494,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Psithyrus</emphasis>
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Lepeletier
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</taxonomicName>
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, whose host is
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9851378E0FF0FCA8" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[818,1004,641,665]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9851378E0F5EFCA8" box="[818,834,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9837378D0FF0FCA8" box="[852,1004,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Its unusual life history may help explain its rarity. Lacking a foraging worker caste, species of
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9BC237CD0D16FCE8" box="[161,266,705,729]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Psithyrus">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9BC237CD0D16FCE8" box="[161,266,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Psithyrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are nest-bound and less likely to be encountered in typical field surveys. Also, as obligate nest parasites, their abundance is bound to be lower than that of their host. Still, there are indications that
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B99EA360E0F15FD28" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[649,777,769,793]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B99EA360E0E85FD28" box="[649,665,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B99C5360D0F15FD28" box="[678,777,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is declining and deserves further study. Its host,
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<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A3F362E0E0EFD08" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[348,530,801,825]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanicus">
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||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A3F362E0D70FD08" box="[348,364,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A19362D0E0EFD08" box="[378,530,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">pensylvanicus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, is also suspected to be on the decline (
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<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B9883362D0CC5FD68" author="Cameron, S. A. & J. D. Lozier & J. P. Strange & J. B. Koch & N. Cordes & L. F. Solter & T. L. Griswold" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="662 - 667" refId="ref8811" refString="Cameron, S. A., J. D. Lozier, J. P. Strange, J. B. Koch, N. Cordes, L. F. Solter, & T. L. Griswold. 2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. 108 (2): 662 - 667." type="journal article" year="2011">
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||
Cameron
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<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9F36362E089EFD08" box="[1109,1154,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2011
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B9B80364D0DBCFD68" author="Colla, S. R. & F. Gadallah & L. Richardson & D. Wagner & L. Gall" box="[227,416,833,857]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, & L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Colla
|
||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A44364E0D4FFD68" box="[295,339,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and an obligate parasite is likely to follow the same population trends as its host. Across its range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9958366E0EA6FD48" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[571,698,865,889]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9958366E0E57FD48" box="[571,587,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9934366D0EA6FD48" box="[599,698,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">variabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has dramatically declined both in abundance relative to other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9952368D0E9BFDA8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[561,647,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9952368D0E9BFDA8" box="[561,647,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bombus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in geographic persistence, leading to a recommendation that it be classified as “critically endangered” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A643B5A2FFA2EB5B98F536AD0844FD88" author="Colla, S. R. & F. Gadallah & L. Richardson & D. Wagner & L. Gall" box="[918,1112,929,953]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="3585 - 3595" refId="ref9117" refString="Colla, S. R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner, & L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines of North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (14): 3585 - 3595." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Colla
|
||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B98BF36AE0816FD88" box="[988,1034,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05D2B3D0FFA2EB5B9A2536CE0DDBFDE8" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[326,455,961,985]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Bombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A2536CE0D4AFDE8" box="[326,342,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F0A61441FFA2EB5B9A0736CD0DDBFDE8" box="[356,455,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fraternus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we urge that studies aiming to determine the conservation status of this rarer species take into consideration the inherent difficulties in accurately sampling species with low detectability before drawing conclusions on its stability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2312D0EB2FA08" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" box="[209,686,1057,1081]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">GLOSSA LENGTH: Unknown, not reported.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2314E086CFA68" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" box="[209,1136,1089,1114]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
ADULT ACTIVE PERIOD: Unknown, records in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="001606B1FFA2EB5B99B0314D0F5EFA68" box="[723,834,1089,1113]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
from August–September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C26DC853FFA2EB5B9BB2316E0EC8FA48" blockId="13.[161,1175,225,1145]" box="[209,724,1121,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">PREFERRED PLANTS: Unknown, not observed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |