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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375" ID-PMC="PMC3689132" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-24-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="563EFFD7FFA3FFC47235FFE0B16B4658" ID-PubMed="23794938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576237" ModsDocID="1314-2003-24-1" checkinTime="1451251869906" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lange, P. J. de, Heenan, P. B., Houliston, G. J., Rolfe, J. R. &amp; Mitchell, A. D." docDate="2013" docId="44018C95E6CE5DCFA321B881BFB98F8E" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 24: 1-147" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 24" docPubDate="2013-06-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375" docTitle="Lepidium oleraceum G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193 1780" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="563EFFD7FFA3FFC47235FFE0B16B4658" lastPageNumber="84" masterDocId="563EFFD7FFA3FFC47235FFE0B16B4658" masterDocTitle="New Lepidium (Brassicaceae) from New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="147" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1738942654996" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:title id="840BE3B0B6FEA095E5CE89E067822237">New Lepidium (Brassicaceae) from New Zealand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="349EDDA113090668F1A166C6B78088C3">Lange, P. J. de</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EA00661A758880435DE2131CA04CE267">Science &amp; Capability Group, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908 Newton, Auckland 1145, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E1A844E2AADD0279B1B3F2442BE9DF65">Heenan, P. B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="999646BACE621E4628A857C9A20CA2C0">Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, P. O. 69, Lincoln 7640, Canterbury, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="4F73B59408035E00F6BD0E7EF4056DC4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FAB5A91224081E5FEED9394C96E2CAF0">Houliston, G. J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9A42C1DE10F7F5CAA1AD85C2FB702B70">Ecological Genetics Group, Landcare Research, P. O. 69, Lincoln 7640, Canterbury, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C6D54F9DDAB26A89FD1F8C12C6DE3284">Rolfe, J. R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7E812EC7ED0C2B1D1C7184201D1AF4BB">Science &amp; Capability Group, Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Office, Department of Conservation, P. O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7823ABB1F92F033D47461B567E1A5A9D">Mitchell, A. D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EF512BB3FACA594DE72A265F5ADBC20A">Otago School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="BBCA172EEF20932EE7E3EA69476888C2">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F160A55CBE669B0A048A88963D910C19">24</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B576E261B55DDE24963FF709D8DCC50A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="91B681CFE10880EE8FD9D1E6ACECCA74" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="44018C95E6CE5DCFA321B881BFB98F8E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182229052" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:44018C95E6CE5DCFA321B881BFB98F8E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/44018C95E6CE5DCFA321B881BFB98F8E" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<subSubSection id="6615F52216459FB58F43CFC656FE32BE" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="595A682181F46E5E845CB2BC1F363D9D" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName id="C27724167764216BD31E223F88EF5AE5" ID-CoL="8964M" LSID="44018C95-E6CE-5DCF-A321-B881BFB98F8E" authority="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193 (1780)" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidium oleraceum" order="Brassicales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">Lepidium oleraceum G.Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193 (1780)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1F62DC629EFB7BAC00CE4E847954340C" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="type collection">
<paragraph id="3A083273793F72C7E8A2CF02625E469D" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Type Collection:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4CD4583609FE54F4FDAB44B8BEEB502" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">From cultivated plants, originally collected from New Zealand (see below).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6582B90690246BF60AC77ED4D3E9A092" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="neotype">
<paragraph id="4EF46C289457440D0790A51E631DEC00" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Neotype</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BED4796EF76CC3308311242CA3D6F88" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="9EBD0E321895CDB891E08651B981519D" bold="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
(
<figureCitation id="F30CC161F79CD98A189F6BFF52F81E7D" captionStart="Figure 69" captionStartId="F69" captionText="Figure 69. Neotype of Lepidium oleraceum G. Forst. ex Sparrm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10807" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
, designated here):
</emphasis>
S, Sparrman, Nova Zelandia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A3C6C6C505ED5A5DCAF4E375ACCB67D9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10807" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" start="Figure 69" startId="F69">
<paragraph id="63D4B9147E7840CAB614FA323A0F4E7A" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="4A8399FCA2D7D815C294686325B0CEA3" bold="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Figure 69.</emphasis>
Neotype of
<taxonomicName id="CE90E8ADDDECBA3BE7E6982ED5B7BA10" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="655D2422BEE4E756D0785D803F6DA1BB" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G.Forst. ex Sparrm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3A2EFDEF9F8ADFAE5DDD4196A8E8FDDD" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="notes">
<paragraph id="DC1C0211BAA781FF9DF8C1C91C4FBF2A" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Notes:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6F16F05E6F33CCB1B0F50690152CA10" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<bibRefCitation id="A784877B66A6BC6D2CAFBB92C3BB1C75" author="Nicolson, DH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B71" refString="Nicolson, DH, Fosberg, FR, 2004. The Forsters and the botany of the second Cook Expedition (1772-1775). Regnum vegetabile 139." title="The Forsters and the botany of the second Cook Expedition (1772 - 1775). Regnum vegetabile 139." year="2004">Nicolson and Fosberg (2004)</bibRefCitation>
were unsure about typification of
<taxonomicName id="854A17A34BCD79D0B0B62838AD815640" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="4D7E8E1D28E9C229DABBA0F6B5E1FE42" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G.Forst. ex Sparrm., and the name has not been typified. They listed two Spar
<pageBreakToken id="241B0F831AB546A092A949149C6EA523" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" start="start">rman</pageBreakToken>
specimens at S, but did not select a type specimen since neither of these appeared to have been gathered from cultivated plants. Given the revised taxonomic treatment presented here for the
<taxonomicName id="D241F7FD6B1513FD4DCD76662051EC55" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="CB02764F84864E813591CADF527E0573" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, it is necessary to be certain of the application of
<taxonomicName id="3BF715E1B64999E71124FCD2A9A9E935" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="024137B51BA06085BDF86635A4D52C68" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G.Forst. ex Sparrm. Therefore, we select one of the Sparrman sheets as neotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F68F448F48D95F045371CB7B94C6BEE3" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
When describing
<taxonomicName id="675FCBE31B0580907634FE82B96B4A13" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="84A2356BE751F125EC549F61A0035F39" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="925F45379745EC2AAF0C9894A96A14DB" author="Sparrman, A" journalOrPublisher="Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="190 - 195" refId="B78" refString="Sparrman, A, 1780. Tres novae plantae, descriptae. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis 3: 190 - 195" title="Tres novae plantae, descriptae." volume="3" year="1780">Sparrman (1780)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the description was based on cultivated plants: '
<emphasis id="670D778040DCE546864C939EDE56E9AC" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Prima vero, quam heic ex Forsterianis offerre licet, in praedi patrimoniali Sponga, seminibus ex Nova Zelandia allatis, culta per maximam partem aestatis floruit, Forsteroque Lepidium Oleraceum dicta, quippe qua, cum oleo &amp; aceto, oleraceorum loco, ut &amp; in jusculo cocta, deficientibus alius generis vegetabilibus, in itinere utebamur</emphasis>
'. Indeed,
<taxonomicName id="AFD9F82DE170F9B8FF03AC897716F719" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="5AE2DFFE3BD9B200FC29273606D58423" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was cultivated in Upsala (Sweden), where Sparrman resided, as it is one of 11 species of
<taxonomicName id="77F03E90B53EB7B99D8B393D39991FB7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="62D7F07B35FA2083B3A724942EFDF3B9" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lepidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed by
<bibRefCitation id="18C7648E11A072ECEC48E93408974594" author="Thunberg, CP" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" refId="B85" refString="Thunberg, CP, 1803. Horti Upsaliensis Plantae Cultae 1780-1800. Part V. Edmannianis, Upsaliae." title="Horti Upsaliensis Plantae Cultae 1780 - 1800. Part V. Edmannianis, Upsaliae." year="1803">Thunberg (1803)</bibRefCitation>
as having been grown there between 1780 and 1800.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D6EF5C1D0EBE1EFCBF061C2607ECF34" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
It is unusual that this description was based on cultivated plants since it was the practice of A. Sparrman and G. Forster to prepare descriptions from freshly collected
<pageBreakToken id="F482248B87B2E9B9F60C04FC64F1083A" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" start="start">material</pageBreakToken>
during Captain
<normalizedToken id="D69E9BFDDAEE6A0710B41BEF3AEA3D84" originalValue="Cook’s">Cook's</normalizedToken>
second voyage (
<bibRefCitation id="C36F149DD2A09747E9503DF1563E1AEE" author="Forster, JR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Bird Notes" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B41" refString="Forster, JR, Forster, G, 1776. Characteres generum plantarum. White, Cadwell and Elmsly, London." title="Characteres generum plantarum. White, Cadwell and Elmsly, London." year="1776">Forster and Forster 1776</bibRefCitation>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="840FC3C1131970DD1E668FCF9BF19792" author="Edgar, E" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" pagination="311 - 315" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1969.10428847" refId="B35" refString="Edgar, E, 1969. Preface to &quot;Characteres Generum Plantarum&quot; by J. R. and G. Forster, 1776; a translation. New Zealand Journal of Botany 7: 311 - 315, 10.1080/0028825X.1969.10428847" title="Preface to &quot; Characteres Generum Plantarum &quot; by J. R. and G. Forster, 1776; a translation." url="10.1080/0028825X.1969.10428847" volume="7" year="1969">Edgar (1969)</bibRefCitation>
for translation). Plant material of
<taxonomicName id="CF199F3729F481552F3517986A7E5A4D" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="F91B9AC2630FDB2F484D4024CA429B7A" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with other edible, herbaceous coastal plants was frequently collected during the New Zealand part of the voyage to be utilised for their antiscorbutic properties (
<bibRefCitation id="43BACE443B18EFAFFCCFF7E470DAE131" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Auckland Botanical Society Journal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" refId="B20" refString="de Lange, PJ, Norton, DA, 1996. To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot;scurvy grass&quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417-420. ., 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" title="To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot; scurvy grass &quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417 - 420." url="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" year="1996">de Lange and Norton 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, there would have been ample opportunity to prepare the description from freshly collected material. Indeed, as noted by
<bibRefCitation id="B9E55F956BF1BAFBE18470D1744468E1" author="Nicolson, DH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B71" refString="Nicolson, DH, Fosberg, FR, 2004. The Forsters and the botany of the second Cook Expedition (1772-1775). Regnum vegetabile 139." title="The Forsters and the botany of the second Cook Expedition (1772 - 1775). Regnum vegetabile 139." year="2004">Nicolson and Fosberg (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, the published description of the later homonym
<taxonomicName id="50D2134B56C7F3C2BD0DEE7909E42B1B" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="04CC8F171F119E50D2011186EF1870D8" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G.Forst. differs from that of
<taxonomicName id="254D55E651D7B9391D7EC67E1488B940" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="F525952880B5CCDC0199B7BAB38E7556" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G. Forst. ex Sparrm., and it is most likely that the description of the homonym was prepared on the voyage from fresh material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E0DAE31B8B9FAE8855CBC11BCF29388" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
The wild locality of the neotype of
<taxonomicName id="7960503C08FF85411BF12B788FA68D1E" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="255C399921F181645685A79F47D00DC6" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not known, except that it is from New Zealand. While anchored in Queen Charlotte Sound during May 1773, G. Forster noted 'the antiscorbutic plants grew on every
<normalizedToken id="7F1A66346D34CBD789774A34236549F9" originalValue="beach’">beach'</normalizedToken>
and 'we immediately gathered vast quantities... of a well-tasted scurvy-grass (
<taxonomicName id="71BC15D8D86FCC2059EB33A5DB1F9F92" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="969BE7FE163A07F02F9FC5BFFB3354A0" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)' (
<bibRefCitation id="1DCD2F037F3C94B030A8E1A94BB9E51F" author="Forster, G" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Bird Notes" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B40" refString="Forster, G, 1777. Voyage round the world in His Britannic Majesties sloop Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4 and 5. Elmsly and Robinson, London." title="Voyage round the world in His Britannic Majesties sloop Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4 and 5. Elmsly and Robinson, London." year="1777">Forster 1777</bibRefCitation>
, p. 126). They also collected it from Long Island (
<bibRefCitation id="3BA7F90CD978993560207E75903ACC31" author="Hoare, ME (Ed)" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B53" refString="Hoare, ME (Ed), 1982. The 'Resolution' Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772-1775. Vol. I-IV. Hakluyt Society, London." title="The ' Resolution' Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772 - 1775. Vol. I-IV. Hakluyt Society, London." year="1982">Hoare 1982</bibRefCitation>
, vol. II, p. 287), and saw it in the vicinity of Maori settlements: 'near all the places where the Indians have their huts, there grows a kind of Scurvy-Grass or
<emphasis id="FBE36F194110287978341150671BB361" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium</emphasis>
' (
<bibRefCitation id="60BE61F10C32628E10456846696B763D" author="Hoare, ME (Ed)" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B53" refString="Hoare, ME (Ed), 1982. The 'Resolution' Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772-1775. Vol. I-IV. Hakluyt Society, London." title="The ' Resolution' Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772 - 1775. Vol. I-IV. Hakluyt Society, London." year="1982">Hoare 1982</bibRefCitation>
, II, p. 297). Therefore, since J. R. Forster, G. Forster, and A. Sparrman would have had ample opportunity to collect
<taxonomicName id="95F15E0BCD224746D8C3B63C25D50418" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="E9949F8591B8CD4914A84D7921484660" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Queen Charlotte Sound it is very likely that the neotype was collected from there. Dusky Sound, Fiordland, is the only other location where landfall was made in New Zealand during Cooks 1773 voyage, but the species is not known from the Fiordland coastline so is unlikely to have been collected from there.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3A6B5DF5349386C8191A09E535527F89" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="75AE954D61A3E31370E2B183F8447091" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="306A3E3EC3FAA01AE6F35CE2D2B6C0EB" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
The exact meaning of the species '
<emphasis id="7727D1D9B2FB559C1E21CC7CEB10F938" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">oleraceum</emphasis>
' was not given by
<bibRefCitation id="A91ECF57DA04540565547B5858103EFF" author="Sparrman, A" journalOrPublisher="Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="190 - 195" refId="B78" refString="Sparrman, A, 1780. Tres novae plantae, descriptae. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis 3: 190 - 195" title="Tres novae plantae, descriptae." volume="3" year="1780">Sparrman (1780)</bibRefCitation>
. However the epithet derives from the Latin '
<emphasis id="6B8E2F6F29031AB15BEB36E439DA56CE" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">oleraceus</emphasis>
'meaning 'used for herbs or
<normalizedToken id="D8CD5314B8B0C5FEE5E6CC21B35DB62F" originalValue="vegetables’">vegetables'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8D470A7D29620C6E1F448E4C5C2F8AFC" author="Taylor, M" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" refId="B81" refString="Taylor, M, 2002. Meanings and origins of botanical names of New Zealand plants. Auckland Botanical Society Bulletin 26. Auckland Botanical Society, Auckland." title="Meanings and origins of botanical names of New Zealand plants. Auckland Botanical Society Bulletin 26. Auckland Botanical Society, Auckland." year="2002">Taylor 2002</bibRefCitation>
), a point that Sparrman had alluded to in a brief note he wrote in Latin on the backside of the neotype sheet.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A55478FD585904CFE7905EEE23A2CC8" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="synonym">
<paragraph id="ABFB2197D76FB625819B26D0668FA2C6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
=
<taxonomicName id="EA51E1C6A857E60BB1B7D568F835136B" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="557CEF57613347692A0BD54FEC439CE3" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="DED85C086B467CB5B75706422BF72BD0" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">acutidentatum</emphasis>
Kirk,
<emphasis id="F08D1F2CCE6CCC86B5F2A9ECC5EFFB37" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Stud. Fl. N.Z</emphasis>
., 35 (1899)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3763C34E4CBC560FDE4401787C9963EF" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="type collection">
<paragraph id="BDD1DEE36D92344DE8D9A0D144FFF85F" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Type Collection:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1193CC2C7046C1DA3FE52107B6E2E322" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">'NORTH and SOUTH Islands; STEWART Island; the SNARES; AUCKLAND Islands; CHATHAM Islands. In places near the sea.'</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CB56343023E10988F03342EEEB1A513A" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="neotype">
<paragraph id="DFAE65ADAFCA1529A8BD2744E320C0B3" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Neotype</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A82105E52857263FB0BAFCB8C2DFE30F" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis id="F724D8396897C5BB243E67956831784F" bold="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
(
<figureCitation id="364530F2D0C36126F7A9F1E435A2A47F" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="F70" captionText="Figure 70. Neotype of Lepidium oleraceum var. acutidentatum Kirk." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10808" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
, designated here):
</emphasis>
T. Kirk 367, March 1869, Taranga Islands - labelled as 'Lepidium oleraceum var.
<normalizedToken id="E730467B5B846F757B8E5377188B2315" originalValue="incisum’">incisum'</normalizedToken>
in
<normalizedToken id="E4F9D3962AE63A7A2A6AF9B809282613" originalValue="Kirk’s">Kirk's</normalizedToken>
hand. WELT SP027646!
</paragraph>
<caption id="F2A2BD378FBD1BB4D30052912BA3C875" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10808" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" start="Figure 70" startId="F70">
<paragraph id="81F526AA3733DCCA3A9606383868C711" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis id="C70F140E8BD4FFB171BCF3FA3D5427A8" bold="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figure 70.</emphasis>
Neotype of
<taxonomicName id="92B7632088772B666ABC8AE5836CDA86" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="F029197ABBDACC93D19A76D3E3A6CEBA" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="6FAB93A2B0ED4363A3F845BC22F30F0D" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">acutidentatum</emphasis>
Kirk.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7F62474D9A37FC53450F0E0E69AA733" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="notes:">
<paragraph id="3D2082161C80A2D1D6DEACDD9EB48BDE" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Notes:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="640628577AC4B7B2ABB7A54940B5C3A3" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
<bibRefCitation id="3B7DD35A86644E00A0A92D2DBFBA198E" author="Kirk, T" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B60" refString="Kirk, T, 1899. The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." title="The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." year="1899">Kirk (1899)</bibRefCitation>
described var.
<emphasis id="7CC7E96797382B0D04D1DE795AD28EAA" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">acutidentatum</emphasis>
thus 'stems with slender leafy branches. Leaves 1in.-
<normalizedToken id="38F632A4BE6242075143821F57F7EC6D" originalValue="1½">11/2</normalizedToken>
in. long, narrow, cuneate or oblong-spathulate, the upper portion acutely serrate or almost
<normalizedToken id="665EC830332AD096E02B91446F5B45C0" originalValue="dentate’">dentate'</normalizedToken>
. Plants matching this vague description span large parts of the range of
<taxonomicName id="033984D5F8F4777AD27F9C44227F0A84" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="C809F8E06669464BFA6FC27321A92752" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.l. Our searches of the herbaria where Kirk traditionally lodged specimens (see comments by
<bibRefCitation id="DE3562065838B6567DE4AA176E81B6A1" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Geographic" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B17" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. PhD Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand." title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. PhD Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand." year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
) have failed to find any specimens labelled by Kirk as var.
<emphasis id="52F29565B5D52D02284B9469E3EA446D" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">acutidentatum</emphasis>
. However, there are a range of specimens in WELT (WELT SP027646!, SP027647!, SP027648!, SP030087!) bearing in
<normalizedToken id="99A80F3FEBD2D98FF6B3AA9F4CAEC049" originalValue="Kirk’s">Kirk's</normalizedToken>
hand the manuscript names 'var.
<normalizedToken id="ABE7362656C19B6EB9A96E96B5BF64FB" originalValue="erectum’">erectum'</normalizedToken>
and 'var.
<normalizedToken id="73CB846CDE5EC03C6F4AB17DA5DB1EDB" originalValue="incisum’">incisum'</normalizedToken>
, which, being unpublished, have no nomenclatural status whatsoever. These specimens, along with the generally confusing notes provided by
<bibRefCitation id="24FAFC4F3E5BA773C0FDCE7677944E32" author="Kirk, T" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B60" refString="Kirk, T, 1899. The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." title="The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." year="1899">Kirk (1899</bibRefCitation>
, p. 34-35) in his entry for
<taxonomicName id="4EBB6DCC65571E60285BDB97ACD6F59F" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="D7A2061F0C921B7DAE4D5DF989D8164F" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suggest that
<taxonomicName id="74ACFEBBF7FB1C55697D426753998684" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="519631B1A2501DDFC05780AE2496EF84" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Lepidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a genus he was still working on close to his death on 8 March 1898 (
<bibRefCitation id="823EE38A91DD8048F16C4D3C38C091AC" author="Moore, LB" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B66" refString="Moore, LB, 1973. Thomas Kirk, Botanist. Tuatara 20: 51-100. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio20Tuat02-t1-body-d1.html." title="Thomas Kirk, Botanist. Tuatara 20: 51 - 100. http: // nzetc. victoria. ac. nz / tm / scholarly / tei-Bio 20 Tuat 02 - t 1 - body-d 1. html" year="1973">Moore 1973</bibRefCitation>
, but see also comments by
<bibRefCitation id="56B9675855C9416635ADAF5C1DAAE049" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Geographic" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B17" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. PhD Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand." title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. PhD Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand." year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="49B90FA3FD8F5DF98C6AA38F96F0EE96" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="25 - 38" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512768" refId="B22" refString="de Lange, PJ, Gardner, RO, 2002. A taxonomic reappraisal of Coprosma obconica Kirk (Rubiaceae: Anthospermeae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 40: 25 - 38, 10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512768" title="A taxonomic reappraisal of Coprosma obconica Kirk (Rubiaceae: Anthospermeae)." url="10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512768" volume="40" year="2002">de Lange and Gardner 2002</bibRefCitation>
). At the time of his death, Kirk was using these manuscript
<pageBreakToken id="A8F4F6E81C870D39C6BCB99001D2CB71" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" start="start">names</pageBreakToken>
on his herbarium specimens, but he was either undecided on his final choice of epithet or had yet to relabel his specimens as var.
<emphasis id="7E66560214C6940DEB0D0BFFBD51943E" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">acutidentatum</emphasis>
, a name which was then later published posthumously when his unfinished Flora manuscript was uplifted and published (
<bibRefCitation id="D788C8EBF5F4FB134679CF5376B99983" author="Kirk, T" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B60" refString="Kirk, T, 1899. The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." title="The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." year="1899">Kirk 1899</bibRefCitation>
). Despite this confusion,
<normalizedToken id="4F9015B81BA30021352DB63FC3663C14" originalValue="Kirk’s">Kirk's</normalizedToken>
description of var.
<emphasis id="0774A6EDBE102616BC25C87F041753E1" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">acutidentatum</emphasis>
matches most closely those WELT specimens (
<emphasis id="EA2EFD927A9DF63749F2A52C7131CE84" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">T. Kirk 367</emphasis>
, WELT SP027646,
<emphasis id="03809CD456F6317E9218C2B615DB111F" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">T. Kirk 368</emphasis>
, WELT SP027647) that he had collected from Taranga Island, which is the largest of the Hen and Chicken Islands group and labelled 'var.
<normalizedToken id="E311187ABB4FBD14513646D0C2043F67" originalValue="incisum’">incisum'</normalizedToken>
. Notably, both specimens match his protologue as to the description of var.
<emphasis id="70262A5FBADCE394D975AC51C6E3610C" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">acutidentatum</emphasis>
, e.g., 'slender leafy branches... Leaves 1in.-
<normalizedToken id="5F7E58A3FBE204966C61C34BA46662DB" originalValue="1½">11/2</normalizedToken>
in. long, narrow, cuneate
<normalizedToken id="A34166BEC862D20D92FB59346AD8AA87" originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
upper portion acutely
<normalizedToken id="AB1AAA1589DE358B324FF720FDDC99EC" originalValue="serrate’">serrate'</normalizedToken>
. Therefore, in the absence of any suitable material for a lectotype we designate
<emphasis id="042A60EA3A68CCCB52AA7C0F74D7E638" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">T. Kirk 367</emphasis>
(WELT SP027646) as the neotype of
<taxonomicName id="A7B72F79FECE6FAA60FF64C20E0C0A57" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="9DB477F83EF83DD3BE565593D6615DE2" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="042522358F6700AC0F7B25BB9598FC3A" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">acutidentatum</emphasis>
Kirk.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="19B5D0E49CC3C0D69AED3ECE1B4626F8" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8D4F4F5F9637609835AAE06267AC6F80" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43A49C60EF6AE6D2828C71E2D50B095A" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
The meaning of the epithet '
<emphasis id="A39F739F6A9D0BD3E09B4E325B3303B4" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">acutidentatum</emphasis>
' was not given by
<bibRefCitation id="B69DD95F3F6DB8752D07753FB566DD08" author="Kirk, T" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B60" refString="Kirk, T, 1899. The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." title="The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." year="1899">Kirk (1899)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the epithet as indicated by the protologue probably derives from the sharply toothed leaves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AFA5B5A6579EF1B1A5D263A6B1D75162" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="synonym">
<paragraph id="970894B5C9A16A48CFB9B4924C9F5C7D" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
=
<taxonomicName id="13483E65724B95C0048694B8E8CCA4CE" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="542609882EEACD4D4232CD3AD25C962A" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="11B2F6C838D3F083B764260906087ED6" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">frondosum</emphasis>
Kirk,
<emphasis id="2E79A5301609B7441E7D7D7E91509975" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Stud. Fl. N.Z</emphasis>
., 34 (1899)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3ABA3E9E52650C45BDF55DEAA270F011" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="type collection">
<paragraph id="E82A24CD2963800827BF0D52173B052A" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Type Collection:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6134D76A0AA8F345453C13F780AA9AA7" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">'Banks and Sol., MSS and Ic.'</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A181BDC97F998C361A2DBE93B8AE4CF" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="lectotype">
<paragraph id="A6B6F25FD00893E9FA08EA90E2DE685D" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lectotype</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24F9FE87145DB22C602370D42C4E8973" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
<emphasis id="982000637ED7A6A00D0B19CA29470E5E" bold="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
(
<figureCitation id="853E9AE0498A005C19945314D9BA7E68" captionStart="Figure 71" captionStartId="F71" captionText="Figure 71. Lectotype of Lepidium oleraceum var. frondosum Kirk. © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10809" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
, designated here):
</emphasis>
WELT SP063976/A! IsolectotypeWELT SP063976/B!
</paragraph>
<caption id="28E163E69F037DF4838F5697E411606D" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10809" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" start="Figure 71" startId="F71">
<paragraph id="7DC4EB20E1FCCD80B20FC55CF7885239" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
<emphasis id="4913F749F6C5224210EBDAF5AB73CE77" bold="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Figure 71.</emphasis>
Lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="88D0051704D66F87A13F7E0D462A43C3" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="FF33D84C8098942096328CAD237712EB" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="FBB259E85AC7046CCE9B7C750AAA0047" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">frondosum</emphasis>
Kirk. © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CC523F7DB46927B29F1462C28AAC3A1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="notes">
<paragraph id="C4DD0AE1BCC9316D89A68837659F5248" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Notes:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21FBAE68C3D9C1C9DD70D49A44B741C5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
<bibRefCitation id="08138584513F233DCFF3A4B434FA4F91" author="Kirk, T" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B60" refString="Kirk, T, 1899. The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." title="The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." year="1899">Kirk (1899</bibRefCitation>
, p. 34) despite his rather confused and evidently incomplete treatment of
<taxonomicName id="BB7183DB9E87E4CE6C30C771A77B4B2E" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="90796319FD5FB6DB4BBD8691A33058F2" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nevertheless clearly described
<taxonomicName id="D6B6CBEFBFAD170A64A3B0EB723BD337" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="C388302BCE3AF67B233148D960BF5071" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="C572A5B78005B5C2F90FD1DC81F6AF22" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">frondosum</emphasis>
in the following manner: 'var.
<emphasis id="4C2AF5BD870AD6D230FCF7C608E00B86" bold="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">frondosum</emphasis>
, (
<emphasis id="F7D34479D560185692D6C72D3FCDE917" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">sp</emphasis>
.), Banks and Sol. MSS. and Ic. Robust, leaves large, fleshy, broadly cuneate-oblong or oblong, sometimes 3in-5in. long and 1in. wide, sessile or narrowed into a broad petiole,
<normalizedToken id="4BE66FA9E0DB7E2E3BD26A8D9413CC97" originalValue="serrate’">serrate'</normalizedToken>
. Although no specimens or locations were cited by Kirk in his protologue, his wording makes it clear that any specimens collected by Banks and Solander and labelled by them 'Lepidium
<normalizedToken id="D6ECF7E7B58745D24B4829BC366DB30E" originalValue="frondosum’">frondosum'</normalizedToken>
and any accompanying illustrations made from these specimens constituted the type collections from which he formally recognised his
<taxonomicName id="B1611DBDCAE1C50569579384AD7DF4C9" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="4A89DFE8BB7D52C5456B79EF76A6617E" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="10F5E8176154ADE5CBF498B1D95405ED" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">frondosum</emphasis>
. Therefore, we have selected WELT SP063976/A as lectotype because this sheet, comprising two flowering and fruiting, leafy specimens, is labelled both by Kirk '
<taxonomicName id="DDE73C063FC90C0BA510E4BEBF13D9FB" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="2A427975B4280DAF5E8FF22CD8CCD4E2" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Forster Prodr. N. 248 var.
<emphasis id="5FDC778806142782DF4874EAC5B36395" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">frondosum</emphasis>
' and also in
<normalizedToken id="6097D7B9E0425A35E500DDC4B7BAF1DA" originalValue="Solander’s">Solander's</normalizedToken>
hand as 'Lepidium frondosum
<normalizedToken id="FA7369F23BA6B6DC38FDF6962D277DAC" originalValue="Mscr’">Mscr'</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C227D8541436E52F088E1F2CE82BBC30" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D935E1555F243091E977894EE66AEC91" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="60CB09FB23DAFC825FB3B4672D9D628E" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
The meaning of the epithet '
<emphasis id="74CBA06A9EF4FFB9B069C285F0DB6285" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">frondosum</emphasis>
was not given by
<bibRefCitation id="E52F87821D52986731A516168DAC2EC0" author="Kirk, T" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B60" refString="Kirk, T, 1899. The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." title="The Student's Flora of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington." year="1899">Kirk (1899)</bibRefCitation>
who took the name from the unpublished Banks and Solander manuscript. Nevertheless it seems reasonable to assume that the epithet refers to the large, much tooth, arched leaves typical of the robust forms of
<taxonomicName id="B80176E27AABD82D3B1A98F59F41A95B" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="A8F98F6E1DE1FBDAD7A66C9232763D34" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that Kirk referred to this variety.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DFDC9A3D55D277697DA7AE08C36A4D25" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="synonym">
<paragraph id="BC44F51DD51D44B20A44BBA0ED349133" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
=
<taxonomicName id="1D5CF48BDB6AF8C9B80AFB57FA82ABC6" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="D7BC623D8D254D528F43BD2C3A4411E0" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="30F8DBE354BDBC2C1CE8ED91C0ED5FC4" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">serrulatum</emphasis>
Thell.,
<emphasis id="F71C86D9DBDEFE7D977D9BB3F056C3B9" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Die Gatt. Lepidium</emphasis>
, 293, (1906)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="927C9A6FEA35BCC7AA979B2BAC11626D" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="60E0E7BF12F9BE26F496064E370B826A" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Holotype</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DB0BED9CF3E510AB39E37CDF5E748B2" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
<emphasis id="A49BDD692FB59C533B37A7617AFD1198" bold="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
(
<figureCitation id="AAFABEF127148825DB1F00273D612731" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Lepidium oleraceum var. serrulatum Thell." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10739" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
P! '
<taxonomicName id="47B279B9AB21351982551D282AB7DE78" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="AAFB4390BE7523831F6F6C54DE51B218" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Forst. var.
<emphasis id="E585D64E6B9856BBA00349475890B4A7" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">serrulatum</emphasis>
Thell. n. var. 1905 3 VIII, New River,
<normalizedToken id="10899FCAA8C97EFE663DB7839966C899" originalValue="Godey’">Godey'</normalizedToken>
(label in A.
<normalizedToken id="23535E8579ADB805EDFC6FD5C47459B3" originalValue="Thellung’s">Thellung's</normalizedToken>
hand).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2EAD4DF147C49491BD9D36E85A6411B7" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="notes">
<paragraph id="3FB7919F4EB009E7FC3A6A86853481CA" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Notes:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="143A27CDB2335F14E149BDF32F787B12" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
<bibRefCitation id="E0323A9CAF595D12F5EEF6FC62119DC5" author="Thellung, A" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" refId="B82" refString="Thellung, A, 1906. Die Gattung Lepidium (L.) R. Br.: eine monographische Studie. Gedruckt von Zuercher and Furrer, Zuerich." title="Die Gattung Lepidium (L.) R. Br.: eine monographische Studie. Gedruckt von Zuercher and Furrer, Zuerich." year="1906">Thellung (1906</bibRefCitation>
, p. 293) described
<taxonomicName id="C2E5E768F4BBB777F8E08890BEA2D5A4" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="5EB2BAF0888C04851F2B70132E582A7B" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="E4845D8FCD040DF9EDF5DD8DC0E17C29" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">serrulatum</emphasis>
from a single undated gathering which, according to the specimen details, came from 'New
<normalizedToken id="39DC91367680D762727AC23832E16128" originalValue="River’">River'</normalizedToken>
where it was collected by Godey.
<bibRefCitation id="753E9ACAB0A7DF5F0051BF7B5D410258" author="Allan, HH" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="B2" refString="Allan, HH, 1961. Flora of New Zealand. Vol. I. Government Printer: Wellington." title="Flora of New Zealand. Vol. I. Government Printer: Wellington." year="1961">Allan (1961</bibRefCitation>
, p. 177) equated this location thus: 'S[outh Island]. New River estuary, Riverton,
<normalizedToken id="09BDF4AF66285F02CEFC654BD8C6B7D8" originalValue="Southland’">Southland'</normalizedToken>
. The holotype bears two labels, one written in the hand of the naming author, Thellung, and the other
<pageBreakToken id="88C239C9CD39E2E5334DF3D084E9D3A2" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
an unknown hand, presumably Godey, which reads '
<taxonomicName id="5F3FCA3BC6AB6E9C69AAD294862C684F" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="7D59488BF7630BD853DE959307390EE9" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Forst var. New River, Nouv.
<normalizedToken id="6DA3CCA8EF56D4DEF7839FD8884EB07B" originalValue="Zélande">Zelande</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="A3ED9DDF42A79885A058318D121ABD4E" originalValue="Godey’">Godey'</normalizedToken>
. We have been unable to find out who the collector Godey was.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="353CD775750E0D3874A3568914C32EBF" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
Thellung distinguished his new variety from
<taxonomicName id="2312F617F1B3E981D39C621629E770F8" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="411FD6BBD95B63203AFF70780495B0B6" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s. thus: '
<emphasis id="FAFD665419871648491AD407A7F33936" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">folia obovata, a medio ad apicem regulariter subtiliter et acute serrator</emphasis>
' meaning 'foliage obovate, regularly and acutely, finely serrated from middle of the leaf to the
<normalizedToken id="F45A7CE008EB5D6022B0D98CD02696CD" originalValue="apex’">apex'</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1768D73034F9898F2A4F1D24293B1DD6" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
Significantly the silicles of the holotype are acute rather than notched, a condition seen only in
<taxonomicName id="9A742AD47A7A541C8EB9B6E89D8F8B43" authorityName="Lange &amp; Heenan &amp; Houliston &amp; Rolfe &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castellanum">
<emphasis id="7D885B70D18F36411CD0E63C420CF361" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium castellanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7159E949E7BAD3989B7FA6EB1B745567" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="B9A9AF3244FFD25674EF237380164AEA" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, neither of which are known from the southern South Island. For this reason, we suspect that the gathering was collected from the northern part of New Zealand, rather than the southern South Island, and that
<normalizedToken id="FC2121CAEF93A58B98053DFF38683951" originalValue="Allan’s">Allan's</normalizedToken>
interpretation of location of 'New
<normalizedToken id="CE05EF2B26920A3D93BF55851D1BD593" originalValue="River’">River'</normalizedToken>
is incorrect. We also suspect that the exact location of the 'New
<normalizedToken id="9587FBF06E6A66F0CEA42EA7ACAC59EC" originalValue="River’">River'</normalizedToken>
will now never be known. In all probability this name may have simply been one used locally for some other part of New Zealand.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="112D810E85BA75146DEBAFD12C948D22" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
The obovate leaves of
<taxonomicName id="84F36F892C494CC43B5A941EE299700F" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="4475C48BB4C9C3D94562090F5BAB284D" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis id="AFB15596F882249A36F63C840F7C87A9" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">serrulatum</emphasis>
place this variety within
<taxonomicName id="45D35A5349752DCFCBA26AB1AFE941A1" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="099EEF3A04509F346C2C2818536BC60E" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as treated here) rather than
<taxonomicName id="4FD49942A46D42CE02DCDB0FC8CC79BA" authorityName="Lange &amp; Heenan &amp; Houliston &amp; Rolfe &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castellanum">
<emphasis id="ABC794F3FE2605D6F2A9EF317F8BAB17" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium castellanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Within
<taxonomicName id="51403FD8499E414F04B338FD80D478CC" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="6CBE8827F6912F3069356CCB8426B884" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s., there are a few vegetatively similar, obovate-leaved plants with finely serrated leaf margins that approach the extreme condition seen in var.
<emphasis id="00BE927D25A822A94CD5B4E0DDE20C7D" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">serrulatum</emphasis>
. These gatherings all come from offshore islands in the northern part of the North Island (e.g., Three Kings Group,
<emphasis id="9A93D08E817CC938109130865F68AF16" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">A. E. Wright 6072</emphasis>
,AK 173005; Rock Stack north of Motuopao Island,
<emphasis id="D7B6819D45D2439E267CBE23421631EA" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">R. Parrish s.n</emphasis>
., AK 196229; Motutakapu Island,
<emphasis id="729CF5A67A2B5A46EF50071791709559" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">R. Parrish s.n</emphasis>
., AK 209112). However none of those obovate-leaved plants have such prominently serrated leaf margins as the holotype of var.
<emphasis id="198DD02DC3F390D3DC16BA956F623600" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">serrulatum</emphasis>
. Based on these observations, we think that var.
<emphasis id="9FE5CDA4AE9C64804183152E2E005A14" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">serrulatum</emphasis>
was collected from somewhere in the northern part of the range of
<taxonomicName id="5B1F8677884DA88D430C45FE3BE287C9" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="7EE7CB0389B7DD37A25FFB8896AA7865" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that it represents nothing more than an extreme form of that species, which even following our treatment here remains a highly variable species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F7AA78E3300FEF84875261C3D7C02DD" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F3935C5D2CA784CDDCF902007912115F" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0EDA406CBF7B31F1D635BD32BAD07597" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<bibRefCitation id="AE925176A7060C4F1E9D297D250C718F" author="Thellung, A" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" refId="B82" refString="Thellung, A, 1906. Die Gattung Lepidium (L.) R. Br.: eine monographische Studie. Gedruckt von Zuercher and Furrer, Zuerich." title="Die Gattung Lepidium (L.) R. Br.: eine monographische Studie. Gedruckt von Zuercher and Furrer, Zuerich." year="1906">Thellung (1906)</bibRefCitation>
chose the epithet '
<emphasis id="20D06D3C115B2A66B65B45C9AF33D506" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">serrulatum</emphasis>
' to reflect the finely serrated / serrulate leaves of the holotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAF0330AE063049D76EE040F4F0DCA6E" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="description">
<paragraph id="EE342A9ECA30951AE5618ADC1956C654" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D17CC18C15A4275647304A0D69313206" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="134A076A56EB01B1DE28C5A6E7FB0761" bold="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
(
<figureCitation id="1B841042BD8944A2A7D9ACF521739903" captionStart="Figure 72" captionStartId="F72" captionText="Figure 72. Growth habit of Lepidium oleraceum on North Brother Island (image E. Dale)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10810" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs 72</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="60A58C1C3C0074703D63AF682A4E2F60" captionStart="Figure 75" captionStartId="F75" captionText="Figure 75. (A) Mature and dehisced silicles of Lepidium oleraceum. (B) Mature silicle beginning to disarticulate at the base and at the apex (causing it to appear to have a notch). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10813" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">-75</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Tap-rooted, glabrous, strongly pungent smelling, much-branched, erect, perennial, herb up to 1.2
<normalizedToken id="96A1F9BC6743A1DE05180D9B245432B0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.3 m, usually less. Rootstock woody, exposed portion smooth, in old specimens usually retaining dead stem remnants admixed with actively growing stems. Stems sparse to closely packed depending on local growing conditions, persistent (only partially dying back in winter), erect to spreading; mature stems 0.2-1.5 m long, 3-15 mm diam. stout, woody near base, weakly angled to terete, devoid of foliage on lower and middle parts of stems; new stems 20.0-800.0
<normalizedToken id="47310A2C7C06CE0FA892EFACD0A0C2AC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5-10.0 mm, fleshy, rigid, initially
<normalizedToken id="8F3FC928CB020C61464ADEB0BB11ABFF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
square, prominently angled, becoming
<normalizedToken id="8498EB760D84F6CE8479E18FD042E70D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
terete with age, bases much covered in leaf abscission scars, middle and upper portion leafy. Leaves coriaceous, fleshy, green to dark green, rosette-leaves absent, stem leaves withering with age, variable in size and shape; petiole distinct, 2.0-50.0
<normalizedToken id="3E08784B962A26DA68443FEE69A36B46" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.2-5.3 mm, decurrent, weakly to prominently channelled, sometimes broadly winged, often with a broadly sheathing base; lamina variable 16.2-120.0
<normalizedToken id="1844B538289D265B7ABD7C5A07315A9B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.0-46.3 mm decreasing in size toward inflorescences, linear, linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, obovate, oblong, obdeltoid, oblanceolate to broadly elliptic, rarely spathulate; apex acute, subacute to obtuse, usually tridentate, rarely praemorse; margin coarsely and regularly to irregularly dentate,
<pageBreakToken id="B85571AE0F48237278BE83C3C19AF872" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" start="start">dentate</pageBreakToken>
to biserrate, sometimes deeply incised, finely denticulate or subentire; teeth usually protruding beyond leaf outline; in 10-60 pairs, up to 4 mm deep, increasing in size toward apex, sometimes with sporadic larger teeth randomly appearing from about
<pageBreakToken id="378C916FF2AF1C4854C2C19A3F9B04FE" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
middle portion of lamina margin, or with teeth arranged
<normalizedToken id="4EBFA439DDDFC17A91236C11C7F8A662" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
evenly along lamina margin; base broadly cuneate tapering, sometimes extending into a broad petiole wing. Inflorescences racemose, 20.4-90.5 mm long at fruiting, rachis 0.7-2.35 mm diam., terminal and lateral, usually leaf-opposed, often long-persistent, pedicels 3-10 mm long at fruiting, erecto-patent. Flowers 3.0-4.2 mm diam., fragrant. Sepals 4, saccate, pale to dark green with a broad white,
<normalizedToken id="8B2E45B7C42409C6143FB0D9FE76613C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
undulose margin; lateral sepals broad,
<pageBreakToken id="DAC585A69AC33C9B1587803F96FCB39E" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="start">0.5</pageBreakToken>
-1.4 mm diam., orbicular, obovate to broadly obovate,
<normalizedToken id="F2A57F82077FBB748AEF3C8E004E26AC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
overlapping at base, apex rounded to obtuse, abaxial surface often hairy, hairs 0.1-0.4 mm long, eglandular or with glandular tip, mostly shedding at anthesis except near base, median sepals 0.5-0.9 mm diam., broadly elliptic, pale to dark green with a broad white,
<normalizedToken id="637DE10B16DDFF2ADC2711501AE19E56" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
undulose margin, apex rounded to obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous. Petals white, 1.3-2.2
<normalizedToken id="0B7C7C6B6719B3E93507247868B8262B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6-2.3 mm, spreading, claw 0.4-0.9 mm long; limb obovate, obovate-spathulate to orbicular, apex obtuse to rounded often slightly emarginate, margins smooth, sometimes weakly undulose. Stamens 4, filaments 1.2-2.0 mm long, white; anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary 1.1-1.8
<normalizedToken id="39E9B3072C2385EEBFD025C41DDC1BEC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.6-1.3 mm, ovate, broadly ovate to elliptic, green-brown, apex round or subacute; style 0.11-0.4 mm long, cylindrical; stigma 0.2-0.5 mm diam. Nectaries 4, 0.2-0.3
<normalizedToken id="558623CC9E8118B260CAEF5CC38113D2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.1-0.15 mm, narrow-oblong to deltoid, pale translucent green. Silicles cartilaginous when fresh, coriaceous when dry, 2.6-4.8
<normalizedToken id="2A9EE05B29AD734F7E768EA9C5A48744" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.7-3.4 mm, elliptic, rhomboid (rarely orbicular-rhomboid), apex acute to rounded, valves green maturing grey-green to straw-yellow, glabrous, not winged; style 0.3-0.6 mm long, exserted. Seeds 2, 1.2-1.9
<normalizedToken id="5991ADAB2E0BAFF7728C290DA77B2BDB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1.4 mm, narrowly to broadly ovoid, brown to orange-brown, not winged. FL Aug-Jun. FR Sep-Jul.
</paragraph>
<caption id="37BB3E20A368ADC6475D923C23345AF3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10810" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="Figure 72" startId="F72">
<paragraph id="0AE1BB32E870EA3C26EB298EA76FF725" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="2D928C4E718207158528349453138551" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Figure 72.</emphasis>
Growth habit of
<taxonomicName id="5788C8FFBFA1646E47EA39819976A473" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="7EC3EFB22EB0012D4CE95DD216B33CFF" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on North Brother Island (image E. Dale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8A211C422DDEE613DB0344B72E776D70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10811" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="Figure 73" startId="F73">
<paragraph id="55A0C2C5F74BA72F118EE98356357283" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="9FE01A80B5E53EBDECE8695A8C1E5298" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Figure 73.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="3D21357B7297E0B396A60B9BBE8CA233" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">A</emphasis>
) Inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="FD3BD346889CEAE89E37EC800FDAD64A" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="1B7EC6647094099383944BFD06BB7BED" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (
<emphasis id="9B7C1399C1EF294BA235EEB0E45FE00D" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">B</emphasis>
) close up of flowers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="698A12F748BD82412BC49D52CE717DCA" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10812" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="Figure 74" startId="F74">
<paragraph id="E508708760713D923DC90008C9A34825" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="999188A1AAB62082FF7880F44327B7DE" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Figure 74.</emphasis>
(From left to right) basal-, mid- to upper-stem leaves of
<taxonomicName id="B35DA7F14CB52084F1750F6FFADAC89A" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="97ABA8B9B155614C741DC347C452B7AC" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bar = 20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCF4BD6E500D0BAED5DC94C89709B97C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10813" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="Figure 75" startId="F75">
<paragraph id="4AE33AF0099B414A9FD6725AB72F737C" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="47E6139C509E4D83E258A493F7B26FE5" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Figure 75.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="2FFC62855E8CF1113554CC9D90E0832E" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">A</emphasis>
) Mature and dehisced silicles of
<taxonomicName id="19C60E271B24A0B48D69B888EACDA6FB" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="4AC8CB8772E27DDBB339DE02B69C7D22" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (
<emphasis id="F2BB52C8244A69DC53DF1377193D85C7" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">B</emphasis>
) Mature silicle beginning to disarticulate at the base and at the apex (causing it to appear to have a notch). Scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="506D680EE90768E713AF832D93543C80" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="representative specimens.">
<paragraph id="4AC56C0248A42F943E64FB3AA2D39498" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Representative Specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616F3130F1E90DEDC6AA97CA553D0AF1" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="3883AF56DBDD0B4556BC2CAAF3D0447A" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Kermadec Islands</emphasis>
: Herald Islets, Dayrell Island, 17 May 2011, P. J. de Lange K911, (AK 326657); Herald Islets, Napier Island, 18 May 2011, P. J. de Lange K894, (AK 326586);Curtis Island, n.d., R. E. A. Shakespear s.n., (AK 4465); Curtis Island, November 1900, F. Shakespear s.n., (AK 128467); 18 July 1969, Curtis Island, W. R. Sykes 842/K, (CHR 193786); Curtis Island, 18 July 1969, W. R. Sykes 843/K, (CHR 193787);
<normalizedToken id="8AA75BE3D77FA845A1AC7B0B2DE6302E" originalValue="L’Esperance">L'Esperance</normalizedToken>
Rock, 26 May 2011, P. J. de Lange K859, (AK 326039).
<emphasis id="A2D3766A7C6038F4C579F334762ABAEE" bold="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">New Zealand (Three Kings Islands).</emphasis>
Three Kings, November 1889, T. F. Cheeseman s.n., (AK 4466);Great Island (Manawa Tawhi), 1 January 1948, G. T. S. Baylis s.n., (AK 24128); South-West Island, 10 January 1950, G. T. S. Baylis
<pageBreakToken id="59E96A018AD67CE9F727B3DD2000476F" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" start="start">s</pageBreakToken>
.n., (OTA 3804); Hole in the Wall Rock, 1 December 1983, A. E. Wright 6072, (AK 173005);Hinemoa Rock, 30 November 1983, A. E. Wright 6062, (AK 172998); Arbutus Rock, 1 December 1983, A. E. Wright 6074, (AK 173007);West Island, 29 November 1983, A. E. Wright 6060, (AK 172996).
<emphasis id="0FCC025FE372DB652742F34D648D6DF1" bold="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">New Zealand (North Island).</emphasis>
Motuopao Island, 11 May 1994, L. J. Forester s.n., (AK 294641); Matapia Island, 21 May
<pageBreakToken id="1B10EFBC6DDD188A30DBFE271C90F1B5" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" start="start">1993</pageBreakToken>
, L. J. Forester s.n., (AK 212201); Poor Knights Islands, Tawhiti Rahi, Hope Point, 26 April 1991, A. E. Wright 11492, (AK 201743); Poor Knights Islands, Aorangi Island, Crater Bay, 13 January 1978, G. N. Park s.n., (CHR 385039, WELT SP077730); Poor Knights Island, Tunnel Island (Aorangaia), 17 November 1933, L. B. Moore s.n. &amp; L. M. Cranwell, (AK 100093); Mokohinau Islands, Stack
<normalizedToken id="2FFF3088E7E6F9985FC65363D12D1129" originalValue="“H”">&quot;H&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 10 November 1993, P. J. de Lange 2643, (AK 226975, CANU, CHR, WAIK); Mokohinau Islands, Maori Bay Island (Hokoromea), 2 January 1984, E. K. Cameron 2664, (AK 273235); Mokohinau Island, Knights Group, Stack
<normalizedToken id="0ADFF52F3AF245B7B78D372AD1C397D2" originalValue="“D”">&quot;D&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 13 November 1993, P. J. de Lange 2620, (AK 226964, CHR); Mokohinau Islands, Motuharakeke Island, 15 November 1993, P. J. de Lange 2662, (AK 226984 CHR, WAIK); Mokohinau Islands, Fanal Island (Motukino), 22 May 1979, A. E. Wright 3152, (AK 150595 WELT SP077068); Hen &amp; Chicken Islands, Hen Island (Taranga), May 1880, T. F. Cheeseman s.n., (AK 4469); Little Barrier Island, December 1898, T. F. Cheeseman s.n., (AK 4470); Little Barrier Island, West Landing, 6 Oct 1945, B. Molesworth s.n., (AK 100091); Great Barrier Island (Aotea Island),
<normalizedToken id="5DD67C5C37230574E38F4EF45DE4D4CF" originalValue="Grey’s">Grey's</normalizedToken>
Archipelago, January 1868, T. Kirk s.n., (AK 11428, WELT); Great Barrier Island (Aotea Island), Broken (Pig) Islands, Mahuki Island, 2 January 1985, A. E. Wright 6883, (AK 171283); Oaia I, October 1953, Mr [sic] Wightman s..n., (AK 37510). Cuvier Island (Repanga), October 1895, T. F. Cheeseman s.n., (AK 4467, AK 221114, AK 221115, AK 247259); Mercury Island, Middle Island, 15 November 1983, E. K. Cameron 2536, (AK 272908); Mercury Bay, Motukorure (Centre Island), 5 March 1989, G. A. Taylor s.n., (AK 229759); Alderman Islands, Hongiora, May 1972, D. J. Court s.n. &amp; A. Hardacre, (AK 131204); Motukaramarama Island, 30 August 1983, A. E. Wright5800, (AK 167081, CHR); South Auckland, Ngatutura Point, Shag Rock, 3 September 1988, P. J. de Lange 53, (CHR 462622);South Auckland, Albatross Point, Waioioi Reef, 15 September 2006, A. M. Brandon s.n. &amp; D. W. Smith, (AK 297502); Bay of Plenty, Karewa Island, 26 April 2007, P. B. Cashmore s.n., S. J. Crump &amp; J. Heaphy, (AK 299140); Bay of Plenty, Mt Maunganui, 1942, M. E. Sexton s.n., (AK 249218); East Cape Island (Whangaokeno), n.d.,L. Cockayne 9214, (AK 100089); East Cape, Waihau Bay, Gable-end Foreland, n.d., Hill s.n., (WELT SP023196). Taranaki, Sugar Loaf Islands, Motumahunga (Saddleback I.), 24 January 1989, G. A. S. Taylor s.n., (AK 295695);
<normalizedToken id="B15B553B55F19C0BC7B9D88750309C19" originalValue="Hawke’s">Hawke's</normalizedToken>
Bay, Cape Kidnappers, Black Reef, 19 November 1933, W. R. B. Oliver s.n., (WELT SP027655); Porirua, Mana Island, 1916, B. C. Aston s.n., (WELT SP027653); Porirua, Titahi Bay, n.d., B. C. Aston s.n., (WELT SP027652);South Wellington Coast, Cape Terawhiti, November 1908, B. C. Aston s.n., (AK 4468, AK 221113, WELT SP027657); South Wellington Coast, Mouth of the Karori Stream, 1 March 1931, W. R. B. Oliver s.n., (WELT SP027656); South Wellington Coast, Tongue Point, n.d., W. R. B. Oliver s.n., (WELT SP09712), Wellington, Seatoun, 28 February 1937, W. R. B. Oliver s.n., (WELT SP09711).
<emphasis id="D9E2438AC03B4384CB6729E91609484E" bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">New Zealand (South Island)</emphasis>
Wharariki Beach, Archway Islands, Richard Seddon Island, 10 Febraury 2003, S. Courtney s.n., (CHR 551339); Wharariki Beach, north Nguroa Island, 10 February 2003, S. Courtney s.n., (CHR 551338). Marlborough, Pelorus Sound, Duffers Reef, 23 May 2001, S. Courtney s.n., (CHR 552377); Marlborough, Pelorus Sound, Bird Island, 21 May 2001, S. Courtney s.n., (CHR 552381); Marlbor
<pageBreakToken id="0CF932C395CE5E73D9FF449D0705F5E7" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" start="start">ough</pageBreakToken>
, Titi Island, 27 January 1981, G. Y. Walls s.n., (CHR 416807); Marlborough, Stephens Island, 13 May 1957, M. E. Gillham s.n., (CHR 111512); Marlborough, Chetwode Islands, The Haystack, 29 March 1984, A. E. Wright 6435, (AK 174701); Marlborough, Chetwode Islands, Nukuwaiata Island, 29 March 1984, A. E. Wright 6450, (AK 174716); Marlborough, Chetwode Island, Sentinel Rock, 26 March 1984, A. E. Wright 6347, (AK 174639); Northern Brother Island, June 1963, G. Collett s.n., (CHR 141950); Queen Charlotte Sound, n.d.,J. H. Macmahon s.n., (AK 4471).
<emphasis id="D7A21B8616C1DF6CDB7BF82BF732BAC4" bold="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Chatham Islands.</emphasis>
Mangere Island, Mangere Island Nature Reserve, 14 February 2006, P. J. de Lange CH564 &amp; P. B. Heenan, (AK 295979).
<emphasis id="C662B7985CD3382B41DED9904608BF3E" bold="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Cultivated (New Zealand)</emphasis>
: Lincoln, ex Ngatutura Point, Landcare Research experimental nursery, 26 January 2010, P. B. Heenan s.n., CHR 609811.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="39CE4C8596E8EB55F7FDF7528DB198A8" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D79B3976ABC9F751A466FDECC51E16E6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30127A014288883548D974002DCE47A0" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="9A58947AA54FF33CB5EC239ECC49015E" bold="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
(
<figureCitation id="663FF19C09A9F7B5EAA680EC645B95F2" captionStart="Figure 76" captionStartId="F76" captionText="Figure 76. Distribution of Lepidium oleraceum and Lepidium seditiosum." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10814" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Endemic. Kermadec Island (Dayrell, Napier and Curtis islands). New Zealand, Three Kings, North, South (North-west Nelson and Marlborough Sounds and Chatham (Mangere Island) islands.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8308B1392DE6FA7171AF6612F6090467" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10814" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" start="Figure 76" startId="F76">
<paragraph id="E691CA7F676D2280E028C1E2347E00F8" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="F56137ADD4EA4D3809872089FA112A60" bold="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figure 76.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="FAE64BC19745B532FFB1BF306DF5B845" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="11435F467DEE8D9C7BBF7152951990C5" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="402E5D01CA4850E1DE5D3D7186EA0B08" authorityName="Lange &amp; Heenan &amp; Houliston &amp; Rolfe &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="seditiosum">
<emphasis id="7CAE2A36BA2D84E689AD6D80AE794DDC" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium seditiosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0B3DC43AB39ABDC499AF44EFEF3D561F" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="recognition">
<paragraph id="C61E69EB024BF62E0B62E900138F418B" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Recognition.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FBDFF022F5A4E9083B7394686382E5E1" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
Although extremely variable with respect to stature, leaf shape, size and dentition,
<taxonomicName id="33DB547A0C4827C616F633A04FB6AA14" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="BA66DE959E171218A11556C7CE4FD80D" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consistently recognised by the glabrous pedicels and by the mature silicles which are elliptic, rhomboid (very rarely orbicular-rhomboid) and with an acute to rounded apex that leaves the style remnant standing proud above the silicle apex (
<figureCitation id="476EB2C19566CA255FE1ABE8943BFA1A" captionStart="Figure 75" captionStartId="F75" captionText="Figure 75. (A) Mature and dehisced silicles of Lepidium oleraceum. (B) Mature silicle beginning to disarticulate at the base and at the apex (causing it to appear to have a notch). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10813" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 75</figureCitation>
). Silicles often give the false impression of being notched, something that happens when the valves are over mature and so have started to dehisce at the apex.
<taxonomicName id="885675A33515A4B3802A7BBD3FC67495" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="239989D8B747F8981F24F813253990AE" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often forms a widely spreading but erect bushy plant whose stems are long persistent and, while slowing in growth over winter, do not die back to the rootstock as do all other New Zealand members of
<taxonomicName id="A9EA1C6479EB150CFD6E5FCBE86574CD" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="CC06995B9B86322FE93D37623375A78F" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex except
<taxonomicName id="81A5A849FB10885E33B4AEA7880E81AD" authorityName="Lange &amp; Heenan &amp; Houliston &amp; Rolfe &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castellanum">
<emphasis id="0D6C60694389083AE1F8CE1CF644D70E" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium castellanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, on occasion,
<taxonomicName id="23B6F99E9521D07BE831F6CC47A25C01" authorityName="Lange &amp; Heenan &amp; Houliston &amp; Rolfe &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblitum">
<emphasis id="A8D48E90801D57A0596EAFFB22CE8508" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4103644E46E90972163F226CF336B2C5" authorityName="Lange &amp; Heenan &amp; Houliston &amp; Rolfe &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="panniforme">
<emphasis id="9CEF32AC7A19B70F9ECC469ED3BC6D95" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="563BDB2DF0C25700198E69315747D896" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="C77B0C34065008E2A4C223A675DA3E40" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lacks the distinct rosette leaves seen in all other members of the
<taxonomicName id="F4DFC6F7E79516CC0E9E74EF87C6E728" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="F43415C40C9F8B53E7B8CB5C5613C0E0" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex except
<taxonomicName id="AF5ADE088C7F647E827A5E515215FDE1" authorityName="Lange &amp; Heenan &amp; Houliston &amp; Rolfe &amp; Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castellanum">
<emphasis id="C242FDD41321A4078ED09CB9F1DAA2FB" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium castellanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="093382AA3E84E3F0009D1BEB6AF126C6" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="711591C55A1F0CAACAB966745ADF8877" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A672E679588D007D64A82451BF974AB6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
Much has been written about the ecology of
<taxonomicName id="DC44F0B9ADAFBF20CAB8C6DDA819349D" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="4B97E6B1187F4B889EC6927CA8D6BAAD" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, of which the summary provided by
<bibRefCitation id="01A1CC4628ABF487CB628E129D5AAE21" author="Norton, DA" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B70" refString="Norton, DA, de Lange, PJ, Garnock-Jones, PJ, Given, DR, 1997. The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation6: 765-785. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/976/art%253A10.1023%252FB%253ABIOC.0000010401.93153.29.pdf?auth66=1353288742_dd3e013f37fe3be1eed9f1c2a4659a69&amp;ext=.pdf." title="The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 765 - 785. http: // download. springer. com / static / pdf / 976 / art % 253 A 10.1023 % 252 FB % 253 ABIOC. 0000010401.93153.29. pdf? auth 66 = 1353288742 _ dd 3 e 013 f 37 fe 3 be 1 eed 9 f 1 c 2 a 4659 a 69 &amp; ext =. pdf" year="1997">Norton et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
still applies despite our segregation here of 10 new species from it.
<taxonomicName id="D954497618E2DFB4197779E69BFCCF2F" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="AB4A31B2D2D5102CF0DBD9FE3AC6ED69" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is intimately associated with sea-bird trails, roosts and nesting grounds. Plants are dependent on these birds not only for the habitats they create through disturbance but also the nutrients they bring from the sea in the form of guano and discarded or regurgitated food, and because these birds assist with seed dispersal. Seed dispersal is most readily facilitated by birds because
<taxonomicName id="7E5512E0F276B9EFC1258B15E1EE85E3" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="CF8A7D37A449D601E1357FE9B74ABA6A" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as growing around bird nests and burrows, is often used for nesting material. In this way, the seeds, which are mucilaginous when wetted, can easily stick to the feathers and feet of birds.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="49F2D19D0EBD158FE093286A1A69A139" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="9F6B1FDE737F8D3066C2D3175B21E322" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="FCFC5FC2F24594FD0217A0904E4C4806" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to be short-lived, with individual plants rarely persisting for more than three years in the wild and up to five in cultivation. It has also been observed that some wild populations are prone to sudden crashes, and may even completely die out, only to reappear some years later. It is unknown whether the reappearance is from a residual seed bank or from seeds dispersed by birds from another site. Plants may even behave as annuals in some locations because, despite its predilection for open, drought-prone coastal habitats,
<taxonomicName id="3668A9F4B8CCEECF19A5970572307D36" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="1F8412959CDDD461BA1B336E1C53813A" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not relish drought.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63A8A645F41541813034735D077FE2E" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
<bibRefCitation id="7BFEEC6857453A67041CB4E88CFCF9E0" author="Norton, DA" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B70" refString="Norton, DA, de Lange, PJ, Garnock-Jones, PJ, Given, DR, 1997. The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation6: 765-785. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/976/art%253A10.1023%252FB%253ABIOC.0000010401.93153.29.pdf?auth66=1353288742_dd3e013f37fe3be1eed9f1c2a4659a69&amp;ext=.pdf." title="The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 765 - 785. http: // download. springer. com / static / pdf / 976 / art % 253 A 10.1023 % 252 FB % 253 ABIOC. 0000010401.93153.29. pdf? auth 66 = 1353288742 _ dd 3 e 013 f 37 fe 3 be 1 eed 9 f 1 c 2 a 4659 a 69 &amp; ext =. pdf" year="1997">
<pageBreakToken id="93BAB1D22D56E61FA0BF3F1AD95EC7E3" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" start="start">Norton</pageBreakToken>
et al. (1997)
</bibRefCitation>
stressed the importance of sea birds in providing the nutrient regime necessary to sustain the species, arguing that the loss of sea bird breeding grounds from large parts of the country best explains the rapid demise of
<taxonomicName id="462720D9CEEF83D188C4BD30A5C09C02" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="B9794814F591F5DA819FB8AD0CDE2116" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, while that view is probably still valid, some anomalies remain
<pageBreakToken id="C37EE11863163F1297A96F8333D95420" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" start="start">to</pageBreakToken>
be explained. For example,
<taxonomicName id="EBAB680702E3F581B5DFB75B9FA8A1EC" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="D66C6638CC7CD0148BB8F08D30296F51" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have always been scarce on the Three Kings Islands, which are naturally predator-free and harbour large sea bird breeding colonies. On those islands,
<taxonomicName id="DDBDC243F7B677EC16026CDBF43CE0FB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="167ECD972C68C7620A59F766419FA72E" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confined to white-fronted tern (
<taxonomicName id="5137C690A226B390349FFCC956975BE2" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1789" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="47A83764720BBAA15EB43A1AEC31F72A" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Sterna striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gmelin, 1789) and red-billed gull (
<taxonomicName id="B89582DB41F681971B895DDF990FDD5D" baseAuthorityName="J. R. Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Chroicocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scopulinus">
<emphasis id="21D0D7578F4CF1CF2291E435FE610FAF" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Chroicocephalus scopulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Forster, 1844)) nesting grounds, and is absent from all other sea bird colonies, including the heavily burrowed ground left by breeding black-winged petrel (
<taxonomicName id="56F6C033CB888FE6770F782039EE28F7" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pterodroma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripennis">
<emphasis id="84CBEEBBB9E293833C34E062707B8AC1" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pterodroma nigripennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rothschild, 1893). This requires further study, as on many Hauraki Gulf islands
<taxonomicName id="655AB9F942755238AEFD3E9B95832D44" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="5CB0D75D553BAE41CA55FC580CCBC3CB" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually absent from tern and gull nesting sites, and more usually associated with petrels such as grey-faced (
<taxonomicName id="30543D412A48B8947C60009FEC887CB5" baseAuthorityName="F.W.Hutton" baseAuthorityYear="1869" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pterodroma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macroptera" subSpecies="gouldi">
<emphasis id="822EF435620780A5486219B7D3B5878C" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pterodroma macroptera gouldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F.W.Hutton, 1869)), black-winged, and
<normalizedToken id="54D8F6506B579B79025E9BBB31AC1899" originalValue="Pycroft’s">Pycroft's</normalizedToken>
(
<taxonomicName id="574CA569DE61A811B507B76B1FF5D9F6" authorityName="Falla" authorityYear="1933" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Pterodroma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pycrofti">
<emphasis id="9FEB5CC424625D5D840190D7DCBAC90A" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pterodroma pycrofti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Falla, 1933), or with shearwaters (
<taxonomicName id="96416AE1E1F572F245D755484339E4EB" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="65DE5823F1AAC7FC3CDE2A8DB555C8A4" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.), white-faced storm petrels (
<taxonomicName id="C30B392E793BCD1894D05B2065CD353B" baseAuthorityName="Latham" baseAuthorityYear="1790" class="Aves" family="Hydrobatidae" genus="Pelagodroma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="93B8FCC756F4A79F87B255E97EC85A30" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pelagodroma marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latham, 1790) and common diving petrels (
<taxonomicName id="E727C1191CB2F9BDC3E4398535356F6B" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1789" class="Aves" family="Pelecanoididae" genus="Pelecanoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urinatrix">
<emphasis id="A34989FC0925AC634D967EDF4BC13738" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pelecanoides urinatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gmelin, 1789)). On some islands supporting these birds and gannets (
<taxonomicName id="9F05BC1597972F938D8F422C5860219A" baseAuthorityName="G. R. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1843" class="Aves" family="Sulidae" genus="Morus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serrator">
<emphasis id="1BEA500E4FB044B68099AAE87EED8A3B" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Morus serrator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gray, 1843),
<taxonomicName id="27D8D5DAE276702CB42E2ED9A56E74C0" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="D7F03C29DAFBBF74DE94C09A2B6B200F" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found only near gannet colonies. Interestingly,
<taxonomicName id="C4EC71350AE04FB53D2182C992D6FF92" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="C51F5CF2376277DD5B4C1F31B821EC55" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was regarded as one of the most common plants on the foreshore of Aorangi Island, Poor Knights until the removal of pigs in 1936 (
<bibRefCitation id="E91FF4C94DE2285F8ACF6B0946F8CDFB" author="Reynolds, K" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Biology" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B75" refString="Reynolds, K, 1988. My adventures with the two Lucy's - Part 2. The Poor Knights. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 43: 72-78. http://bts.nzpcn.org.nz/bts_pdf/Auck_1988_43_2_72-78.pdf." title="My adventures with the two Lucy's - Part 2. The Poor Knights. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 43: 72 - 78. http: // bts. nzpcn. org. nz / bts _ pdf / Auck _ 1988 _ 43 _ 2 _ 72 - 78. pdf" year="1988">Reynolds 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="65807D08B94D6A0FF0A94B8484F747EA" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="433 - 468" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512646" refId="B21" refString="de Lange, PJ, Cameron, EK, 1999. The vascular flora of Aorangi Island, Poor Knights Islands, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 433 - 468, 10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512646" title="The vascular flora of Aorangi Island, Poor Knights Islands, northern New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512646" volume="37" year="1999">de Lange and Cameron 1999</bibRefCitation>
), yet now, despite the massive sea bird colonies covering that island, this species is scarce, being mostly confined to cliff habitats and recent slip scars (
<bibRefCitation id="B2F9EECCA367C133A51BB415A0FBC0D7" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="433 - 468" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512646" refId="B21" refString="de Lange, PJ, Cameron, EK, 1999. The vascular flora of Aorangi Island, Poor Knights Islands, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 433 - 468, 10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512646" title="The vascular flora of Aorangi Island, Poor Knights Islands, northern New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512646" volume="37" year="1999">de Lange and Cameron 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B424CE8126178232D7950628D906BFD1" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
These patterns suggest that the overriding need for this species is a combination of nutrient rich soils and frequent habitat disturbance to keep sites free from competition. Yet why
<taxonomicName id="F89AB5858EA088E8AFA5AE2ECE664B15" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="E297CB8147BE5FCAFC035B3EA85DE956" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so uncommon on some naturally predator free islands which appear to meet these criteria, and why it seems to show preferences for particular bird nesting associations that can vary from island to island remains to be elucidated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F485A3EA52C4417FC5E5BC19159273D" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
It is also possible that
<taxonomicName id="1646D441A1A6E0A5137BDD7B63051C7E" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="753BC04E7B9907DE8FC13A97AF5E9A72" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was deliberately cultivated and utilised as a pot herb by
<normalizedToken id="5265DE615B4C53003C164C6B53C28CAB" originalValue="Māori">Maori</normalizedToken>
who knew the species (and probably those allied to it) as
<normalizedToken id="5F920A2379E8D291360256B5092B39BA" originalValue="“nau”">&quot;nau&quot;</normalizedToken>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="28E0E33C6970AE0334E40E96DA37E957" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Auckland Botanical Society Journal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" refId="B20" refString="de Lange, PJ, Norton, DA, 1996. To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot;scurvy grass&quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417-420. ., 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" title="To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot; scurvy grass &quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417 - 420." url="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" year="1996">de Lange and Norton 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The early writings of Banks, Solander and Forster make frequent mention of its abundance near
<normalizedToken id="71F6A478E93586E2B64D4DD93EDDB67D" originalValue="Māori">Maori</normalizedToken>
dwellings and settlements and that these people often directed
<normalizedToken id="02810647E5F67359DAEF1975F861B07E" originalValue="Cook’s">Cook's</normalizedToken>
shore foraging crews to places where it could be collected (
<bibRefCitation id="FA422E7BC2B1628311CC352780FCD523" author="Beaglehole, JC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="B7" refString="Beaglehole, JC, 1962. The Endeavour journal of Joseph Banks 1768-1771. Volume II. Trustees of the Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney." title="The Endeavour journal of Joseph Banks 1768 - 1771. Volume II. Trustees of the Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney." year="1962">Beaglehole 1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1E5379DEA3DDFA44B0D522AB8BBFEB36" author="Beaglehole, JC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B8" refString="Beaglehole, JC, 1967. The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery. III. The voyage of the Resolution and Discovery 1776-1780. Parts 1 and 2. Hakluyt Society and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery. III. The voyage of the Resolution and Discovery 1776 - 1780. Parts 1 and 2. Hakluyt Society and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FCF5B71344E44E08E3E9B79B3EF27D4B" author="Beaglehole, JC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B9" refString="Beaglehole, JC, 1968. The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery. I. The voyage of the Endeavour 1768-1771. Parts 1 and 2. Hakluyt Society and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery. I. The voyage of the Endeavour 1768 - 1771. Parts 1 and 2. Hakluyt Society and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B23DD629659B419173A5EB348C2CF56A" author="Forster, G" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Bird Notes" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B40" refString="Forster, G, 1777. Voyage round the world in His Britannic Majesties sloop Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4 and 5. Elmsly and Robinson, London." title="Voyage round the world in His Britannic Majesties sloop Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4 and 5. Elmsly and Robinson, London." year="1777">Forster 1777</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FBB25395580D0D63BAC604E9BF2ED23C" author="Hoare, ME (Ed)" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B53" refString="Hoare, ME (Ed), 1982. The 'Resolution' Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772-1775. Vol. I-IV. Hakluyt Society, London." title="The ' Resolution' Journal of Johann Reinhold Forster 1772 - 1775. Vol. I-IV. Hakluyt Society, London." year="1982">Hoare 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="789C52EA8D3A8D41E8EA416D1F66B2BA" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Auckland Botanical Society Journal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" refId="B20" refString="de Lange, PJ, Norton, DA, 1996. To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot;scurvy grass&quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417-420. ., 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" title="To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot; scurvy grass &quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417 - 420." url="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" year="1996">de Lange and Norton 1996</bibRefCitation>
). While it could be argued that
<taxonomicName id="AABF1E64781F0EC221C0D3EBD9B2ED62" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="57FDF4E0F0FB8E0AFC37B0819CDF3B8A" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flourished around coastal human habitations because these were sites of frequent disturbance and nutrient enrichment, the fact that
<normalizedToken id="B6B1F22E1ADED8148B1807FF7D3E32F5" originalValue="Māori">Maori</normalizedToken>
had a specific name for the plant and knew that it was edible suggests that they may also have cultivated it, a possibility that needs further critical ethnobotanical investigation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F52A15C1E1EE49F094B16B422362B94F" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="conservation status">
<paragraph id="46C0322CD4A4259F4495E38239C63CB9" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Conservation Status.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13F8593F2AA5599E8356147E13601479" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
Prior to this revision,
<taxonomicName id="95389DA7B1196C0DB94056F236D8FE2F" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="49892D2C7C5B34DFBBAF51AC293EA36A" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was assessed as 'Threatened/Nationally Vulnerable CD, EF, RR,
<normalizedToken id="5764108D8242A9E4DC456A119BFA07A2" originalValue="Sp’">Sp'</normalizedToken>
. Following the segregation of
<taxonomicName id="6C72193BD3D5C16BA513B6B845070B42" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="AC5804E8A774C4AE5B7C4554C4726B3D" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.l. in this paper a new threat listing of
<taxonomicName id="4B9455A886F2859D03CE3525D73BB8B8" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="0EC7C2EE0A4FAD65F9A5EB250AB6CB7C" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s. is now necessary. As circumscribed here,
<taxonomicName id="D09C1F1FECBD27A7CFE8EF9D6F84E66E" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="365CC37AAE2548DD2DE3163E57F926E1" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now confined to the Kermadec Islands, North Island (and adjacent offshore islands), northern South Island and Chatham Islands (Mangere Island only). Within this area,
<taxonomicName id="BE53BC2C9AF98ADE67A95E60D24974C5" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="CC9B2A5395E2E71C359CC669C8CCEE20" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only
<normalizedToken id="46465A5DEDDD9843B8095E895D5A61A1" originalValue="“common”">&quot;common&quot;</normalizedToken>
(i.e. occurring in numbers greater than 200 individuals) on a very few islands and islets, notably Mahuki Island west of Great Barrier (Aotea Island), Karewa Island in the Bay of Plenty, Waioioi Reef off the west coast of Albatross Point, and on several islands
<pageBreakToken id="049982D9801803553341D8B6E9CA7404" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
notably Stephens Island) within the Marlborough Sounds. It is now a very uncommon species elsewhere within this range, with most known populations comprising 50 or less mature individuals. At all known sites, populations are naturally prone to the sudden collapse and boom cycles briefly described by
<bibRefCitation id="08FE033EFDCB2EF143CD184533C7F268" author="Norton, DA" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B70" refString="Norton, DA, de Lange, PJ, Garnock-Jones, PJ, Given, DR, 1997. The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation6: 765-785. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/976/art%253A10.1023%252FB%253ABIOC.0000010401.93153.29.pdf?auth66=1353288742_dd3e013f37fe3be1eed9f1c2a4659a69&amp;ext=.pdf." title="The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 765 - 785. http: // download. springer. com / static / pdf / 976 / art % 253 A 10.1023 % 252 FB % 253 ABIOC. 0000010401.93153.29. pdf? auth 66 = 1353288742 _ dd 3 e 013 f 37 fe 3 be 1 eed 9 f 1 c 2 a 4659 a 69 &amp; ext =. pdf" year="1997">Norton et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1116C0465720F637426E67995364401E" author="Norton, DA" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B68" refString="Norton, DA, de Lange, PJ, 1999. Coastal cress (nau) recovery plan. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 26. Department of Conservation, Wellington. http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/tsrp26.pdf." title="Coastal cress (nau) recovery plan. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 26. Department of Conservation, Wellington. http: // www. doc. govt. nz / upload / documents / science-and-technical / tsrp 26. pdf" year="1999">Norton and de Lange (1999)</bibRefCitation>
. Also, because there are few places where the
<taxonomicName id="941E13272057229619D39F741316AD09" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="C01C22E5894BABC5D768406AFA6F872B" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s. is being closely monitored, available data on natural population fluctuations is insufficient from which to provide an overall general assessment of total population size and stability. Irrespective, the species is still very widespread in northern New Zealand and the Marlborough Sounds, and whilst most of the remaining populations are small (i.e. &lt;50 mature plants) this may reflect a natural state of affairs, as past accounts of this
<normalizedToken id="2C1145BE5B0A0DC38A8A719F88D0E388" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
abundance do seem to have been exaggerated (see comments by
<bibRefCitation id="1E2831C1AAB01E28720D02DE172588F1" author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Auckland Botanical Society Journal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" refId="B20" refString="de Lange, PJ, Norton, DA, 1996. To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot;scurvy grass&quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417-420. ., 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" title="To what New Zealand plant does the vernacular &quot; scurvy grass &quot; refer? New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 417 - 420." url="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410705" year="1996">de Lange and Norton 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, in the absence of key data on trend and rate of decline, it is difficult to provide a meaningful threat assessment, though the situation is not so difficult as to recommend a conservative assessment of 'Data
<normalizedToken id="4B743FFA879817BE7815F05B99E60700" originalValue="Deficient’">Deficient'</normalizedToken>
. Sufficient information exists to attempt a threat listing here, from which we recommend a conservation listing of 'Threatened/Nationally
<normalizedToken id="5E1361AE2938995ED4E392553EEE232B" originalValue="Vulnerable’">Vulnerable'</normalizedToken>
applying criterion
<normalizedToken id="326375D7EFEB3D1B9E0840FEE53C4D4D" originalValue="‘C’">'C'</normalizedToken>
of
<bibRefCitation id="712449027B81D96633DE0C9202F6DF40" author="Townsend, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" refId="B86" refString="Townsend, AJ, de Lange, PJ, Norton, DA, Molloy, J, Miskelly, C, Duffy, C, 2008. The New Zealand Threat Classification System manual. Department of Conservation: Wellington. http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classification-system-manual-2008/." title="The New Zealand Threat Classification System manual. Department of Conservation: Wellington. http: // www. doc. govt. nz / publications / conservation / nz-threat-classification-system / nz-threat-classification-system-manual- 2008 /" year="2008">Townsend et al. (2008</bibRefCitation>
, p. 20-21). This assessment is based on data collected and stored by the Department of Conservation-sponsored coastal cress recovery team (P. I. Knightbridge pers comm.), from which we estimate the total population for this species at c. 3000-3500, and a rate of decline of c.10% over the next 10 years. As few wild plants last longer than three years, we have opted for (as recommended by the manual (Townsend et al. 2010)) the rate of loss rather than generation time. To that assessment the qualifiers
<normalizedToken id="0FD0A3D9E4767FCA6DDB29AA7CA93DFB" originalValue="‘CD’">'CD'</normalizedToken>
(Conservation Dependent),
<normalizedToken id="29B7AF82EEDAC09C37F74781027D25BB" originalValue="‘EF’">'EF'</normalizedToken>
(Extreme Fluctuations),
<normalizedToken id="48FA03982295524F37AB84A693CFE7CB" originalValue="‘RR’">'RR'</normalizedToken>
(Range Restricted) and
<normalizedToken id="C6B7E9249C9B09F91637A4D588D7BE74" originalValue="‘Sp’">'Sp'</normalizedToken>
(Sparse) still apply but we recommend the addition of
<normalizedToken id="17EDAFEAE1278E2A8E6F535D74604F97" originalValue="‘DP’">'DP'</normalizedToken>
(Data Poor) to reflect the overall absence of trend data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4757DB23AA2A62563D3DC535346E67B6" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="hybridism">
<paragraph id="AAB0AB3903547209B72AA7A070B4618D" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Hybridism.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8065BD6BEE5D394CAE15F0183D76DD9C" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Putative hybrids have between
<taxonomicName id="E65F4F12527AB5FD044576C7FDFF901F" authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
<emphasis id="34819219202453F597B22591B4EFF405" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F06F5F6A80088F4FAF47818DDC378F48" authorityName="Kirk, Trans. et Proc. New Zealand Inst. 14, 380" authorityYear="1882" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexicaule">
<emphasis id="E33F21211DAFEEA5A9C34FFA9BFF5AA1" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Lepidium flexicaule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="44B488117D4433EEB2DBE029ED6F6009" authorityName="Kirk, Trans. et Proc. New Zealand Inst. 24, 423" authorityYear="1892" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Brassicales" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusatum">
<emphasis id="E2AAE17E9517DCE89FBE6AE2C1123861" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Lepidium obtusatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are discussed under those species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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