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<document id="F94266E00CD25D77C7D0A39CC788F25F" ID-CLB-Dataset="63549" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6611160" ID-GBIF-Dataset="113e1a39-7927-463a-9063-26056ff4828d" ID-ISBN="978-84-941892-3-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6611160" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654190635749" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2016" docId="3C3D87A6876AB1331E9D5102F876FE49" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_6_Heteromyidae_0170.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Dipodomys microps" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="231" masterDocId="C004FFDE874FB1151B595612FF94FFFD" masterDocTitle="Heteromyidae" masterLastPageNumber="233" masterPageNumber="170" pageNumber="230" updateTime="1699338804383" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7BAB4643FB3E0EFB41E65BF09C8E65AE">
<mods:title id="63935557F832C13F415BE4F6D67C8714">Heteromyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="12CA25B5C7584DC4810DA71D092F37DD">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1D83A221412663B7125EC5F0DC1D4E0C">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4D5B229C3060B10A770AD3E0FC50270F">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="63F4BAE2C58083587A320B6AB4560371">2016</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="6117F4E8CEA529887712394414B3D7EB" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="5FA8416C15C42532CB039BB0C7870230">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="473D7FF853793D7B5E13C85BEF4A0354">
<mods:placeTerm id="08F65D3B49869752BC82858FBA2F22EC">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C93A97739FE68B958C81381841E9448A">
<mods:title id="482B556B5DFB9E547319BD4DA32BC7D9">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="A26E36222503325A5E27012D3B2C120D">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="3C3D87A6876AB1331E9D5102F876FE49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6612101" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195730796" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6612101" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C3D87A6876AB1331E9D5102F876FE49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C3D87A6876AB1331E9D5102F876FE49" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB1301E9D5102FA69F8BF" box="[1476,1533,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9D5102FA69F8BF" blockId="37.[1474,2670,1808,1979]" box="[1476,1533,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<heading id="EF6381DC876AB1301E9D5102FA69F8BF" box="[1476,1533,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<figureCitation id="2CAF2A35876AB1301E9D5102FA69F8BF" box="[1476,1533,1808,1858]" captionStart="Plate 11: Heteromyidae" captionStartId="28.[107,137,3285,3310]" captionTargetBox="[13,2733,16,3643]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="45. Dark Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus), 46. Pallid Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops pallidus), 47. Desert Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys deserti), 48. Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), 49. Nelson’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nelsoni), 50. Texas Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys elator), 51. Plateau Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ornatus), 52. Phillips’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys phillipsu), 53. San Quintin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys gravipes), 54. Merriam’s. 9 Kangaroo Rat. Dipodomys merriami (null), 55. Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordu), 56. Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys compactus), 57. California Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys californicus), 58. Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys venustus), 59. Agile Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys agilis), 60. Dulzura Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys simulans), 61. Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ingens), 62. Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys microps), 63. San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nitratoides), 64. Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys stephenst), 65. Heermann' ’ s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys heermanni), 66. Panamint Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys panamintinus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611358/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">62.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB1301D565102F7F9F8BF" box="[1551,2157,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301D565102F7F9F8BF" blockId="37.[1474,2670,1808,1979]" box="[1551,2157,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<heading id="EF6381DC876AB1301D565102F7F9F8BF" box="[1551,2157,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB1301D565102F7F9F8BF" box="[1551,2157,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB13013EB5102F596F8BF" box="[2226,2562,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB13013EB5102F596F8BF" blockId="37.[1474,2670,1808,1979]" box="[2226,2562,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<heading id="EF6381DC876AB13013EB5102F596F8BF" box="[2226,2562,1808,1858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB13013EB5102F596F8BF" ID-CoL="36PMX" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[2226,2562,1808,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microps">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876AB13013EB5102F596F8BF" box="[2226,2562,1808,1858]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Dipodomys microps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB1301E9A5147F794F844" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5147F5F8F897" blockId="37.[1474,2670,1808,1979]" box="[1475,2668,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<heading id="EF6381DC876AB1301E9A5147F5F8F897" box="[1475,2668,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876AB1301E9A5147F999F897" bold="true" box="[1475,1549,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB1301D4F5147F8D3F897" box="[1558,1863,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Rat-kangourou du Grand Bassin</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876AB1301C025147F820F897" bold="true" box="[1883,1972,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB1301CE45147F73BF897" box="[1981,2223,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Meil3elzahn-Kangururatte</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876AB130139A5147F688F897" bold="true" box="[2243,2332,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB130127C5147F5F8F897" box="[2341,2668,1877,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Rata canguro de dientes de cincel</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A516EF794F844" blockId="37.[1474,2670,1808,1979]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<heading id="EF6381DC876AB1301E9A516EF794F844" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876AB1301E9A516EF92EF86C" bold="true" box="[1475,1722,1916,1937]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB1301D9A516EF851F86C" box="[1731,1989,1916,1937]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Great Basin Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB1301C8A516EF6F0F86C" box="[2003,2404,1916,1937]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Houserock Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB130122A516EF9DDF844" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">House Rock Valley Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB1301D0151B6F966F844" box="[1624,1778,1956,1977]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Inyo Pocket Rat</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="3A97469E876AB1301DA651B6F794F844" box="[1791,2048,1956,1977]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Small-faced Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB130137F51F4F7E4F7D3" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB130137F51F4F7E4F7D3" blockId="37.[2086,2680,2022,2449]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876AB130137F51F4F755F7FA" bold="true" box="[2086,2241,2022,2055]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB13013B851F4F7F8F7D3" authority="Merriam, 1904" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microps">Perodipus microps Merriam, 1904</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB13013275E1FF69EF7AB" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB13013275E1FF69EF7AB" blockId="37.[2086,2680,2022,2449]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<materialsCitation id="04FC3CED876AB13013275E1FF69EF7AB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802894347" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Lone Pine, Owens Valley, Inyo Co., California, USA.</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB13013715E4EF9FCF531" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB13013715E4EF9FCF531" blockId="37.[2086,2680,2022,2449]" lastBlockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
Based on molecular sequence analyses,
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB130137F5E95F721F759" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[2086,2229,2183,2212]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microps">D. microps</taxonomicName>
1s a member of the
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB13012A95E95F5ECF759" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1853" box="[2544,2680,2183,2212]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heermanni">heermanni</taxonomicName>
species group, along with
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB13012EE5EB9F5FBF731" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1853" box="[2487,2671,2219,2252]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heermanni">D. heermanni</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB130137E5EC9F72CF709" authorityName="Huey" authorityYear="1925" box="[2087,2232,2267,2292]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravipes">D. gravipes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB130139F5EC9F6D6F709" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1904" box="[2246,2370,2267,2292]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingens">D. ingens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB13012095EC9F5A5F709" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2384,2609,2267,2292]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamintinus">D. panamintinus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB130137E5EE8F757F6E6" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[2087,2243,2298,2331]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stephensi">D. stephensi</taxonomicName>
. Genetic relatedness based on biochemical analyses indicated little variation among populations. Of seven populations for which chromosomal complement has been described (representing five subspecies), all had 2n = 60 and six had FN = 116. The lone exception was one of the disjunct populations from Joshua Tree National Park in the western Mojave Desert of south-eastern California that had FN = 90 but shared 83% ofits alleles with a population 32 km away with FN = 116.
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5C26F92FF5A8" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1475,1723,2612,2645]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microps">Dipodomys microps</taxonomicName>
(with five toes on hindfeet) is sympatric or marginally sympatric with three other five-toed kangaroo rats (
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB130134A5C4EF7EEF580" authorityName="Woodhouse" authorityYear="1853" box="[2067,2170,2652,2685]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordii">D. ordii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB13013D05C4EF763F580" authorityName="Gambel" authorityYear="1848" box="[2185,2295,2652,2685]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">D. agilis</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB130121E5C4EF5BDF580" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2375,2601,2652,2685]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamintinus">D. panamintinus</taxonomicName>
) and with two four-toed kangaroo rats (
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301C995C95F7F0F559" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1890" box="[1984,2148,2695,2724]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merriami">D. merriami</taxonomicName>
and D. desert:). Thirteen subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876AB1331E9A5CC0FC39FE4A" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" type="distribution">
<caption id="E0EB6638876AB1331E9A5CC0FC39FE4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611322" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6611322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611322/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" targetBox="[1472,2063,2032,2446]" targetPageId="37">
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5CC0F8C7F50E" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" box="[1475,1875,2770,2803]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876AB1301E9A5CC0F8C7F50E" bold="true" box="[1475,1875,2770,2803]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5D10F9F0F4BF" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5D10F8DFF4E6" authority="Merriam, 1904" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1904" box="[1475,1867,2818,2843]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microps">D. m. microps Merriam, 1904</taxonomicName>
— SW USA (Owens River drainage of W Mojave Desert, S California).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5D43F643F497" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" box="[1475,2519,2897,2922]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5D43F8D7F497" box="[1475,1859,2897,2922]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. alfredi Goldman, 1937</taxonomicName>
— W USA (Gunnison I, Great Salt Lake, Utah).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5D7DF813F445" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5D7DF8C3F46D" box="[1475,1879,2927,2960]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. aquilonius Willett, 1935</taxonomicName>
— W USA (lower elevations of the Great Basin Desert of NE California and NW Nevada).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5DD5F5E4F3FB" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5DD5F8EBF41D" box="[1475,1919,3015,3040]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. bonneuvillei Goldman, 1937</taxonomicName>
— W USA (Great Basin Desert of NE Nevada and NW Utah, corresponding closely with the former outline of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5A1FF7D3F3A8" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5A1FF8D1F3D3" box="[1475,1861,3085,3118]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. celsus Goldman, 1924</taxonomicName>
— SW USA (possibly disjunct distribution in Virgin River Valley of SW Utah and adjacent NW Arizona).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5A72F5BDF380" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" box="[1475,2601,3168,3197]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5A72F8E8F380" box="[1475,1916,3168,3197]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. centralis Hall &amp; Dale, 1939</taxonomicName>
— W USA (Great Basin Desert of C &amp; E Nevada).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5A99F9BEF331" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5A99F834F359" box="[1475,1952,3211,3236]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. idahoensis Hall &amp; Dale, 1939</taxonomicName>
— W USA (restricted to the Snake River Valley, SW Idaho).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9D5AC4F672F2E7" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9D5AC4F8DDF30E" box="[1476,1865,3286,3315]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. leucotis Goldman, 1931</taxonomicName>
— SW USA (restricted distribution between the Vermilion Cliffs and the brink of Marble Canyon of the Colorado River in N Arizona).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9A5B3AF5DCF2BC" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" box="[1475,2632,3368,3393]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9A5B3AF8AFF2BC" box="[1475,1851,3368,3393]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. levipes Merriam, 1904</taxonomicName>
— SW USA (restricted to Panamint Valley, S California).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876AB1301E9D5B5EF63EF26D" blockId="37.[1474,2681,2455,3472]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876AB1301E9D5B5EF808F294" box="[1476,1948,3404,3433]" pageId="37" pageNumber="230">D. m. occidentalis Hall &amp; Dale, 1939</taxonomicName>
— SW USA (Great Basin Desert in W &amp; S Nevada and disjunct, restricted populations in the W Mojave Desert, SE California).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B03570CFA98FEC2" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" box="[90,1292,286,319]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331B03570CFE50FEC2" box="[90,452,286,319]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">D. m. preblei Goldman, 1921</taxonomicName>
— W USA (Great Basin Desert of SE Oregon and NW Nevada).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B03575CFBEDFE9A" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" box="[90,1145,334,359]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331B03575CFE68FE9A" box="[90,508,334,359]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">D. m. russeolus Goldman, 1939</taxonomicName>
— W USA (Dolphin I, Great Salt Lake, Utah).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B035764FC39FE4A" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331B035764FD92FE72" box="[90,518,374,399]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">D. m. subtenuis Goldman, 1939</taxonomicName>
-W USA (Badger, Carrington, and Stansbury Is, Great Salt Lake, and S on the mainland to Cedar Valley, NC Utah).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331B0357D2FCE6FC95" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="description">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B0357D2FCE6FC95" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331B0357D2FEC2FE20" bold="true" box="[90,342,448,477]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—-body 110-120 mm, tail 135-175 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 42 mm; weight 40-70 g. Male Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rats are slightly larger than females. Tail is ¢.135% of head-body length. This is a medium-sized kangaroo rat, with five toes on hindfeet (including small claw on side of hindfoot), narrow skull, and lowerincisors that are flattened (chisel-like) on anterior faces. Upper parts are somewhat dark with a gunmetal hue;tail is bicolored, with prominent dark stripes and dull brownish-black crest and tuft. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 60 and FN = 90 or 116. The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat is smaller than the Agile Kangaroo Rat (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331B3154E5FF41FCE5" authorityName="Gambel" authorityYear="1848" box="[104,213,759,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">D. agilis</taxonomicName>
) and the Panamint Kangaroo Rat (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133199F54E5FC3EFCE5" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[710,938,759,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamintinus">D. panamintinus</taxonomicName>
), and it has chisel-shaped rather than awl-shaped lower incisors, which also distinguishes it from similarly sized Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (D. ordi), which also has wider face.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331B05557FFD86F90C" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B05557FFD86F90C" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331B05557FFF5EFC73" bold="true" box="[92,202,877,910]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Habitat.</emphasis>
Wide variety of desert plant communities in Great Basin and Mojave deserts. The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat is most abundant in two plant associations: desert valleys dominated by shadscale or saltbush (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133199455AEFCA0FC20" box="[717,820,956,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Atriplex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Atriplex</taxonomicName>
confertifolia,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13318BA55AEFB56FC20" box="[995,1218,956,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
) and upland desert areas with a deciduous blackbush (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133185555FAFC11FBF8" box="[780,901,1000,1029]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Coleogyne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coleogyne</taxonomicName>
ramosissima,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331F6C55FAFB23FBF8" box="[1077,1207,1000,1029]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
) component. It is least abundant in areas dominated by creosote bush (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331F715219FBEBFBD1" box="[1064,1151,1035,1068]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Larrea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Larrea</taxonomicName>
tridentata,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331B045220FEAFFBAE" box="[93,315,1074,1107]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
), brome (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331A965220FDA6FBAE" box="[463,562,1074,1107]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bromus</taxonomicName>
rubens,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13319FE5220FC8BFBAE" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[679,799,1074,1107]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), wheatgrass (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13318B45220FBE6FBAE" box="[1005,1138,1074,1107]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Agropyron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Agropyron</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331FDE5220FB6BFBAE" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[1159,1279,1074,1107]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), mountain mahogany (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331AC6524CFDA7FB86" box="[415,563,1118,1147]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Cercocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cercocarpus</taxonomicName>
ledifolius,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13319E7524CFCD1FB86" box="[702,837,1118,1147]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
), juniper (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331885524CFBCDFB86" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[988,1113,1118,1147]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Juniperus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331F33524CFF14FB5F" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
), and sagebrush (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331A215297FE60FB5F" box="[376,500,1157,1186]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artemisia</taxonomicName>
tridentata,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13319DF5297FC8AFB5F" box="[646,798,1157,1186]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) or where there is an understory or perennial grasses. It occurs on rocky slopes and gravelly floors of low deserts. Where the Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat coexists with other kangaroo rats,it is more common than Ord’s Kangaroo Rat where soil is gravelly rather than sandy or loose clay, and it is usually more abundant than Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat. Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat replaces the Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat in areas of low shrub cover and at elevations above 1200 m in southern
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133193C537FFD5BFA73" box="[613,719,1389,1422]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Nevada" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nevada</taxonomicName>
. Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331F05537FFA95FA73" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1890" box="[1116,1281,1389,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merriami">D. merriami</taxonomicName>
), the Northern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys leucogaster), and the Long-tailed Pocket Mouse (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331B8953AEFE73FA20" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[208,487,1468,1501]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Chaetodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Chaetodipus formosus</taxonomicName>
) were trapped at burrow entrances of the Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat when seed caches in burrows were large. Burrows average 20-40 cm in depth, with 2-3 surface openings and 2-18 side tunnels, and sometimes
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331FCB501DFA85F9D1" box="[1170,1297,1551,1580]" form="low" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" rank="form">form low</taxonomicName>
mounds. Seeds and leaves are cached in burrows. The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat has a discontinuous distribution of apparently relictual populations in San Bernardino and Riverside counties,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331AEC5093FDD7F95F" box="[437,579,1665,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
, including the isolated population in Joshua Tree National Park. An unusually high-elevation capture at 3200 m occurred in the Inyo-White Mountains of
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331AD950C6FD9AF90C" box="[384,526,1748,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331B0750E5FB3CF534" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B0750E5FB3CF534" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331B0750E5FEF5F8E5" bold="true" box="[94,353,1783,1816]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Unlike other kangaroo rats, the Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat is behaviorally and morphologically adapted for feeding on leaves of shadscale and other desert plants, including spiny hop sage (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13319C55154FD61F89A" box="[668,757,1862,1895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Grayia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Grayia</taxonomicName>
spinosa,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13318345154FBC5F89A" box="[877,1105,1862,1895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
), greasewood (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331B33517FFF61F873" box="[106,245,1901,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sarcobataceae" genus="Sarcobatus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sarcobatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331A50517FFE43F873" box="[265,471,1901,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sarcobataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sarcobataceae</taxonomicName>
), peppergrass (
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13319E1517FFCA2F873" box="[696,822,1901,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Lepidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidium</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331813517FFC6AF873" authorityName="G.T.Burnett" authorityYear="1835" box="[842,1022,1901,1934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
), and clover (7rifolium,
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331BF45187FEA1F84B" authorityName="Lindley &amp; John" authorityYear="1830" box="[173,309,1941,1974]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
). Shadscale leaves are the predominant item found in cheek pouches. Seeds and seed heads are also gathered, and insects and fungal spores are eaten. Diet of the Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat has a high proportion of leaves to seeds in northern and central parts ofits distribution and a high proportion of seeds to leaves along the southern part ofits distribution when leaves are not available. Captive Chiseltoothed Kangaroo Rats from a shadscale-dominated habitat were unable to survive on a diet of air-dried seeds without water or succulent plant material, although most individuals from a habitat without shadscale survived on air-dried seeds alone. Urine concentrating ability is low for the genus. Leaves of shadscale are high in electrolytes (salts), which are concentrated on leaf surfaces. The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat uses its uniquely shaped lower incisors to scrape off salty outer layers before eating the interior, which has only 3% of sodium concentration of discarded shavings and a high starch and water content. This unique feeding behavioris not present in adults from areas where shadscale does not occur, but it can be induced in some captive individuals when exposed to the plant. Coprophagy (ingestion of feces) allows a Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat to assimilate 90% ofits natural diet. Reingested feces have more water, lower ash, and higher nitrogen content than non-reingested feces. A Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat spends most ofits foraging time collecting succulent leaves of shrubs, first by standing on its hindlegs and then quickly and easily climbing to uppermost twigs, where most leaves are harvested. After a minute or two collecting mostly small sprigs ofleaves,it returnsto its burrow with cheek pouches stuffed with leaves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331B395CDDFCA6F473" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B395CDDFCA6F473" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331B395CDDFF72F50D" bold="true" box="[96,230,2767,2800]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Breeding.</emphasis>
The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat is able to reproduce when climatic factors prevent reproduction of granivorous species dependent on annual herbs. Breeding season occurs in February-March, with litters a month later. Average littersizes are 2-3 young (range 1-4). Females usually produce a single litter each year, but they are able to produce more than one in very productive years.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331B065D8AFE1FF35F" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="activity">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B065D8AFE1FF35F" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331B065D8AFEDDF448" bold="true" box="[95,329,2968,2997]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Most (86%) nocturnal activities outside of burrows of Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rats occur within circular areas of 0-22 ha and include sand bathing, social interactions, foraging, and caching. Underground, the Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat is active every day throughout the year. Nightly activity totals less than two hours, soon after sunset, and only 10-15 minutes are spent climbing in shrubs and collecting leaves. Maximum speed of released individuals was 21 km/h. The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat swims voluntarily.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331B385ABEFC18F272" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331B385ABEFC18F272" blockId="38.[89,1301,286,3478]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331B385ABEFCB6F334" bold="true" box="[97,802,3244,3273]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Densities of Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rats of 8-34 ind/ha occur a variety of habitats in western Utah, where they make up 22-81% of the nocturnal small mammal community. Densities in
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331F045AE4FB50F2EA" box="[1117,1220,3318,3351]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Nevada" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nevada</taxonomicName>
were lower (1-7 ind/ha). The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat is most abundant in spring and early summer, and unlike most species of kangaroo rats, post-reproductive abundance is not strongly correlated with presence of winter annuals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E0F570DF6E4FEC1" box="[1366,2416,287,316]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0F570DF6E4FEC1" blockId="38.[1365,2570,287,440]" box="[1366,2416,287,316]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E0F570DF927FEC1" bold="true" box="[1366,1715,287,316]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E0F575EF876FE49" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0F575EF876FE49" blockId="38.[1365,2570,287,440]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E0F575EFA7BFE98" bold="true" box="[1366,1519,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Alexander &amp; Riddle (2005), Best (1993a), Csuti (1979), Eisenberg (1963, 1993), Hafner et al. (2007), Hall (1946, 1981), Hayssen (1991, 1999), Ingles (1954), Jones (1993), Linzey &amp; NatureServe (Hammer son) (2008e), Patton &amp; Rogers (1993), Williams et al. (1993).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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