195 lines
22 KiB
XML
195 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="BC22CB224EAE2B54B5D6EEA28282F320">
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<mods:title id="16EFA9B0B403019C107E41E5BD2E56BE">Heteromyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D835A4DF4A7824E4F53B6D3C92FD42D8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7933A4520EA81B78EF9D46CEFC488150">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="14E3E70623F94740EAD6C58A5BF8B6E1" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1417F11F6F54921F8A939CAE516399B2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="F52E82A6F52E2133CF731C57358548A0">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="4B1DB86861BD6C204A3D7691D4B98328">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="A948C2E830A36544409B5655015A56B3">
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<mods:placeTerm id="D61F85AF24E9BA4AB358F16547F8DE17">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="64D27427A2EBEAB59E6C62B91D6B40EB">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="3C3D87A68750B1351EEE5FBCFD37F9A9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608086" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195730799" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608086" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C3D87A68750B1351EEE5FBCFD37F9A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C3D87A68750B1351EEE5FBCFD37F9A9" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A1EEE5FBCFA64F621" box="[1463,1520,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A1EEE5FBCFA64F621" blockId="31.[1461,2435,2478,2606]" box="[1463,1520,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8750B10A1EEE5FBCFA64F621" box="[1463,1520,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<figureCitation id="2CAF2A358750B10A1EEE5FBCFA64F621" box="[1463,1520,2478,2524]" captionStart="Plate 11: Heteromyidae" captionStartId="28.[107,137,3285,3310]" captionTargetBox="[13,2733,16,3643]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="45. Dark Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus), 46. Pallid Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops pallidus), 47. Desert Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys deserti), 48. Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), 49. Nelson’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nelsoni), 50. Texas Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys elator), 51. Plateau Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ornatus), 52. Phillips’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys phillipsu), 53. San Quintin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys gravipes), 54. Merriam’s. 9 Kangaroo Rat. Dipodomys merriami (null), 55. Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordu), 56. Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys compactus), 57. California Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys californicus), 58. Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys venustus), 59. Agile Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys agilis), 60. Dulzura Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys simulans), 61. Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ingens), 62. Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys microps), 63. San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nitratoides), 64. Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys stephenst), 65. Heermann' ’ s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys heermanni), 66. Panamint Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys panamintinus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611358/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">50.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A1D585FBCF836F621" box="[1537,1954,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A1D585FBCF836F621" blockId="31.[1461,2435,2478,2606]" box="[1537,1954,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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||
<heading id="EF6381DC8750B10A1D585FBCF836F621" box="[1537,1954,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8750B10A1D585FBCF836F621" box="[1537,1954,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Texas Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A1CBE5FBCF682F621" box="[2023,2326,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A1CBE5FBCF682F621" blockId="31.[1461,2435,2478,2606]" box="[2023,2326,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8750B10A1CBE5FBCF682F621" box="[2023,2326,2478,2524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A1CBE5FBCF682F621" ID-CoL="36PMP" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2023,2326,2478,2524]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elator">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A1CBE5FBCF682F621" box="[2023,2326,2478,2524]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Dipodomys elator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A1EEE5FFDF804F5D6" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A1EEE5FFDF617F5F9" blockId="31.[1461,2435,2478,2606]" box="[1463,2435,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8750B10A1EEE5FFDF617F5F9" box="[1463,2435,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A1EEE5FFDF996F5F9" bold="true" box="[1463,1538,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8750B10A1D555FFDF963F5F9" box="[1548,1783,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Rat-kangourou du Texas</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A1C555FFDF8F3F5F9" bold="true" box="[1804,1895,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8750B10A1C355FFDF7BEF5F9" box="[1900,2090,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Texas-Kangururatte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A13195FFDF70FF5F9" bold="true" box="[2112,2203,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8750B10A13FC5FFDF617F5F9" box="[2213,2435,2543,2564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Rata canguro de Texas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A1EEF5C04F804F5D6" blockId="31.[1461,2435,2478,2606]" box="[1462,1936,2582,2603]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8750B10A1EEF5C04F804F5D6" box="[1462,1936,2582,2603]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A1EEF5C04F939F5D6" bold="true" box="[1462,1709,2582,2603]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8750B10A1DEE5C04F804F5D6" box="[1719,1936,2582,2603]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Loring’s Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A13435C4CF7F7F55F" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A13435C4CF7F7F55F" blockId="31.[2073,2666,2654,3076]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A13435C4CF721F586" bold="true" box="[2074,2229,2654,2683]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A13815C4CF7CAF55F" ID-CoL="36PMP" authority="Merriam" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elator">Dipodomys elator Merriam, 1894</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A13365C97F5A6F55F" box="[2159,2610,2693,2722]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A13365C97F5A6F55F" blockId="31.[2073,2666,2654,3076]" box="[2159,2610,2693,2722]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<materialsCitation id="04FC3CED8750B10A13365C97F5A6F55F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802894359" box="[2159,2610,2693,2722]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Henrietta, Clay Co., Texas, USA.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A13425CA3F6DBF4BD" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A13425CA3F6DBF4BD" blockId="31.[2073,2666,2654,3076]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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Based on molecular sequence analyses,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A13405CC2F718F50C" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2073,2188,2768,2801]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elator">D. elator</taxonomicName>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A12E15CC2F5BDF50C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1841" box="[2488,2601,2768,2801]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phillipsii">phillipsii</taxonomicName>
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species group, along with
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A12D85CE5F5B7F4E5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1841" box="[2433,2595,2807,2840]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phillipsii">D. phillipsii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A13405D0DF737F4BD" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2073,2211,2847,2880]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">D. ornatus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A13405D58F7EAF448" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="distribution">
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<caption id="E0EB66388750B10A13405D58F7EAF448" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6611280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611280/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" targetBox="[1458,2049,2660,3073]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A13405D58F7EAF448" blockId="31.[2073,2666,2654,3076]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A13405D58F75DF49A" bold="true" box="[2073,2249,2890,2919]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SC USA (restricted distribution in NC Texas and adjacent SC Oklahoma).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8750B10A13405DAEF959F271" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08750B10A13405DAEF959F271" blockId="31.[2073,2666,2654,3076]" lastBlockId="31.[1460,2665,3082,3468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28750B10A13405DAEF6A3F420" bold="true" box="[2073,2359,3004,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="224">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 99- 140 mm, tail 161-205 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 46 mm; weight 65-90 g. Male Texas Kangaroo Rats are significantly larger than females in most cranial measurements. Tail is 155% of head-body length. Thisis a medium-sized kangaroo rat with four toes on hindfeet and a wide skull. Upper parts are buffy interspersed with black; tail is bicolored, with a prominent white tuft. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 72 and FN = 82. Compared with Phillips’s Kangaroo Rat (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A1EA05ADDF906F30D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1841" box="[1529,1682,3279,3312]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phillipsii">D. phillipsii</taxonomicName>
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) and the Plateau Kangaroo Rat (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A13325ADDF768F30D" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2155,2300,3279,3312]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">D. ornatus</taxonomicName>
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), the Texas Kangaroo Rat has a longer whitetail tip (20-25 mm vs. 10-15 mm in the Plateau Kangaroo Rat and 5-15 mm or entirely lacking in Phillips’s Kangaroo Rat). The Texas Kangaroo Rat most resembles the
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A1DDB5B57F848F29B" authority="Kangaroo Rat" authorityName="Kangaroo Rat" box="[1666,2012,3397,3430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California Kangaroo Rat</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338750B10A1CAB5B57F722F29B" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[2034,2230,3397,3430]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="31" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">D. californicus</taxonomicName>
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), a geographically and phyletically distant relative.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876FB1351B0E570FFEFCFD34" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B0876FB1351B0E570FFEFCFD34" blockId="32.[87,1297,285,1623]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876FB1351B0E570FFF52FEC3" bold="true" box="[87,198,285,318]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Sparsely vegetated areas with scattered honey mesquite (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D33876FB1351F5A570FFBF8FEC3" box="[1027,1132,285,318]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prosopis</taxonomicName>
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glandulosa,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D33876FB1351B015757FF4EFE9B" authorityName="Lindley & John" authorityYear="1830" box="[88,218,325,358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and sparse, short grasses on clay and clay-loam soils. Even when Texas Kangaroo Rats are found in denser vegetation of disturbed areas, they have not been collected more than 0-8 km from mesquite. Burrows are located at bases of mesquite trees and in disturbed areas along fencerows, pasture roads, brush piles, eroded areas, and man-made structures. The Texas Kangaroo Rat avoids sandy and flat area. Burrows are constructed in slightly elevated areas and contain at least six interwoven tunnels with multiple entrances, are 5-12.5 cm in diameter, and are c.45 cm in depth. They contain a nest chamber, usually lined with shredded grass, and multiple food storage tunnels or chambers. Burrow openings usually remain open but are sometimes found plugged with earth.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876FB1351B0054C1FDF0FC9A" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" type="food_feeding">
|
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<paragraph id="B42B36B0876FB1351B0054C1FDF0FC9A" blockId="32.[87,1297,285,1623]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876FB1351B0054C1FEF5FD0D" bold="true" box="[89,353,723,752]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet of the Texas Kangaroo Rat contains seeds of grasses, annual forbs, and perennial shrubs (in decreasing order), including cultivated plants such as oats (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876FB1351BFE5534FF6FFCC2" box="[167,251,806,831]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Avena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avena</taxonomicName>
|
||
sativa) and sorghum (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876FB13519665534FD27FCC2" box="[575,691,806,831]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sorghum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sorghum</taxonomicName>
|
||
halepense), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D33876FB13518F85534FB81FCC2" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[929,1045,806,831]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and introduced, weedy annuals. Insects are also eaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876FB1351B005562FB6DFC70" box="[89,1273,880,909]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876FB1351B005562FB6DFC70" blockId="32.[87,1297,285,1623]" box="[89,1273,880,909]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876FB1351B005562FF4BFC70" bold="true" box="[89,223,880,909]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of the Texas Kangaroo Rat occurs in January—September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876FB1351B0E5586FC15FBF9" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876FB1351B0E5586FC15FBF9" blockId="32.[87,1297,285,1623]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876FB1351B0E5586FED1FC48" bold="true" box="[87,325,916,949]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Texas Kangaroo Rat is most activity outside of its burrow is at night, with a peak in activity at 2-3 hours after sunset. Open runways between burrow openings and mesquite shrubs are made and maintained.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876FB1351B005218FE4CFB87" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876FB1351B005218FE4CFB87" blockId="32.[87,1297,285,1623]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876FB1351B005218FC85FBD6" bold="true" box="[89,785,1034,1067]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Densities of 9-25 ind/ha have been recorded for the Texas Kangaroo Rat. Individuals have been observed traveling up to 300 m along roads at night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876FB1351B035296FCC0FA21" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876FB1351B035296FCC0FA21" blockId="32.[87,1297,285,1623]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876FB1351B035296FE2FFB5C" bold="true" box="[90,443,1156,1185]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Populations of Texas Kangaroo Rats in Oklahoma are nearly extirpated. Range management practices that result in dense growth of grasses or invasion of non-native grasses have degraded habitats of the Texas Kangaroo Rat, which thrives in heavily grazed or similarly disturbed habitat. Prairie dogs (Cynomys) create improved habitat conditions for the Texas Kangaroo Rat, and extirpation of prairie dogs over most of the distribution of the Texas Kangaroo Rat has negatively affected populations. Its distribution has decreased from eleven to six counties in Texas and Oklahoma, and remaining populations are very fragmented due to increased vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B876FB1351B0253F9FD37F9A9" pageId="32" pageNumber="225" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B0876FB1351B0253F9FD37F9A9" blockId="32.[87,1297,285,1623]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA2876FB1351B0253F9FF60F9F9" bold="true" box="[91,244,1515,1540]" pageId="32" pageNumber="225">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alexander & Riddle (2005), Best (1993a), Carter et al. (1985), Ceballos & Oliva (2005), Eisenberg (1963), Goetze & Jones (1999), Hall (1981), Ingles (1954), Jones (1993), Linzey & NatureServe (Wahl et al.) (2008), Patton & Rogers (1993), Williams et al. (1993).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |