556 lines
80 KiB
XML
556 lines
80 KiB
XML
<document id="FF2F26C290E2162425453B9FC9513F9C" ID-CLB-Dataset="305359" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d8595d6f-4c23-4abb-9462-1462c67f1199" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10579621" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DB26F689-4B4B-4B21-9162-5FFF69585FB4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732278591166" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Syromyatnikova, Elena V., Titov, Vadim V., Tesakov, Alexey S. & Skutschas, Pavel P." docDate="2024" docId="36355A70FFABFFD7FE7EC1C0B5AAF95E" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.23.3.45-57.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Andrias sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="CA0C2208FFAEFFDEFFF5C215B427FFF3" masterDocTitle="A “ preglacial ” giant salamander from Europe: new record from the Late Pliocene of Caucasus" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1734613020051" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3FA3B6CE8EDB11AEBBC8B52FBA642715">
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<mods:title id="0BCE731B5DB644B500E048C17168B884">A “ preglacial ” giant salamander from Europe: new record from the Late Pliocene of Caucasus</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="E0DD0D98F4B1030F7C77C231E2789E8C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FCD6A9A4F45C03AD94A0F88C9B596169">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4D5DBBEE7E116BEC36D65E754D550E4F">Syromyatnikova, Elena V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EC5652E853B580C608C365B9A1D90CF1">Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, 117997 Moscow (Russia) and Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg (Russia) esyromyatnikova @ gmail. com (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AF7BC0FA219553F246BA87315FD6F778" type="email">esyromyatnikova@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6D49A60E3EBBDBF986506BB650265608" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3C1130666E776D95549D05EE530569FE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="FF10286C8060B8CE1C372B330339998C">Titov, Vadim V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E8DAB192158605C3BE2C5B195AE76777">Southern Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chekhova 41, 344006 Rostov-on-Don (Russia) and Academy of biology and biotechnologies of Southern Federal University, avenue Stachki, 194, 1344090, Rostov-on-Don (Russia) vvtitov @ yandex. ru</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AE5630D7D5E9DAC402105B47F4793989" type="email">vvtitov@yandex.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F1FC57DE434849858B2BC10D89EB1C66" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="18022AE551204CB5CF00F838EE1EACCC">Tesakov, Alexey S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C2B0237D19C2E8B944949EC82471505C">Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky 7, 119017 Moscow (Russia) tesak @ ginras. ru</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F7B350E647506EC99B1813113A38B9C2" type="email">tesak@ginras.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E3749BFFBC3783CFB7D364838F10E96E">Skutschas, Pavel P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DE230AE19117266B8CCB25DE205C69C4">Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7 / 9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg (Russia) skutchas @ mail. ru</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EDD45B83C7C3079084237BB6FD23837A" type="email">skutchas@mail.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AE57767C7C978702028C1C9A46BA6003">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="DD074214CB570AA38F5924FD4AD0123C">
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<mods:title id="0D5D71E975A077EA36A72F17C4C60069">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="028EA4B02C27FDFA7556B392A8E9E351">
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<mods:date id="2C3A18F3CBC72A81B379176679ABFB87">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="415D7DE9570A1CAF28F32F47860A78BE" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="DB3386F702F9C45A9DFCDF6E985AB34F">2024-01-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="017D204819CF7FB057165BBCF5D8D65A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="0C55D9D5BFFC36DE61C06827C1AF7576">23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="D415BD63F64CE6440F8F4C97C8622E31" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="03E30B390A2740FFCD5EAAA0B29982E1">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7CC2A29D83EEB2ECE62FA2193B9E2600">45</mods:start>
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<mods:location id="036A358B279E4D2056C833905AC345B2">
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<mods:url id="5DB4384FD15CA9FB17619240DDFB0F19">http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a3</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="305FAB04D92AB7BDB13857CBD8D1C1C2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2CAA27CBC93BF7B941B6F663452872B8" type="CLB-Dataset">305359</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AB2877265E324F41FE0B0CC80B0325F4" type="DOI">10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C760F02683105F4017071DA772CA4D61" type="GBIF-Dataset">d8595d6f-4c23-4abb-9462-1462c67f1199</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1ECC44038D1BC38D510DD3AC9A1A80AF" type="ISSN">1777-571X</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0EBE909A2D71A96D30B19C81BB01FD31" type="Zenodo-Dep">10579621</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="88D4BCA9C458C63F5CDCC0226FCE6A2F" type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DB26F689-4B4B-4B21-9162-5FFF69585FB4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="36355A70FFABFFD7FE7EC1C0B5AAF95E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14205792" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247240449" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14205792" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:36355A70FFABFFD7FE7EC1C0B5AAF95E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/36355A70FFABFFD7FE7EC1C0B5AAF95E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" scope_class="Amphibia" scope_family="Cryptobranchidae" scope_order="Caudata">
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<subSubSection id="F686B8EDFFABFFDBFE7EC1C0B626FC03" box="[395,513,981,1008]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFE7EC1C0B626FC03" blockId="5.[395,513,981,1008]" box="[395,513,981,1008]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="E56B5C0AFFABFFDBFE7EC1C0B626FC03" box="[395,513,981,1008]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFABFFDBFE7EC1C0B626FC03" ID-CoL="VTF" authority="von Tschudi, 1837" box="[395,513,981,1008]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8CE83774FFABFFDBFE7EC1C0B5FBFC1C" box="[395,476,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Andrias</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F686B8EDFFABFFDBFE9CC1E0B604FBFC" box="[361,547,1013,1039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFE9CC1E0B604FBFC" blockId="5.[361,547,1013,1039]" box="[361,547,1013,1039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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(
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<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFE87C1E0B5EFFBFC" box="[370,456,1013,1039]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStartId-0="6.[132,143,1522,1539]" captionStartId-1="7.[131,142,1034,1051]" captionStartId-2="7.[813,824,1521,1538]" captionStartId-3="8.[132,143,1015,1032]" captionStartId-4="9.[131,142,1159,1176]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,1456,199,1491]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1455,216,989]" captionTargetBox-2="[797,1455,1166,1497]" captionTargetBox-3="[132,1455,215,972]" captionTargetBox-4="[132,1455,215,1114]" captionTargetId-0="figure-378@6.[774,1307,807,1384]" captionTargetId-1="figure-483@7.[131,794,215,732]" captionTargetId-2="figure-517@7.[812,1456,1172,1483]" captionTargetId-3="figure-643@8.[698,1267,213,783]" captionTargetId-4="figure-578@9.[698,1267,213,755]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionText-0="FIG. 2. — Frontals of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-E, PIN 5882/1, left frontal in dorsal (A, C), medial (D), and ventral (B, E) views; F-J, PIN 5882/2, right frontal in ventral (F, H), medial (I), and dorsal (G, J) views. A, B, F, G, photographs; C, D, E, H, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Dentaries of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-F, PIN 5882/3, right dentary in labial (A, C), lingual (B, D) with latter showing cross-sections along the tooth-bearing portion of the dentary,dorsal (E), and symphysial (F) views; G-J, anterior portion of left dentary,PIN 5882/4,in lingual (G, I) and labial (H, J) views. A, B, G, H, photographs, C-F, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. —Right prearticular of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene, PIN 5882/5, in: A, C, labial; B, D, lingual; E, dorsal views. A, B, photographs, C-E, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 5. — Trunk vertebrae of Andrias sp.from the Belorechensk locality,Late Pliocene: A-J, trunk vertebra,PIN 5882/6,in dorsal (A, F), ventral (B, G), lateral (C, H), anterior (D, I) and posterior (E, J) views; K, L, close ups of right prezygapophyses, PIN 5882/6 and PIN 5882/7; M, close up of right prezygapophyseal articular surface showing growth rings, PIN 5882/7. A-E, M, photographs; F-L, 3D models. Scale bars: A-J, M, 1 cm; K, L, not to scale." captionText-4="FIG. 6. — Femur and rib of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-G, distal end of left femur, PIN 5882/11, in dorsal (A, E) with latter showing cross-sections along the femur, anterior (B), ventral (C, F), posterior (D), and distal (G) views; H-L, proximal portion of rib PIN 5882/12 in anterior (H, I) and posterior (J, K) views, surface of articulation with vertebra (L). A-D, H, J, photographs; E-G, I, K, L, 3D models. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525884" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525886" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525888" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525890" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525894" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14525884/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14525886/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14525888/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14525890/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14525894/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Figs 2-6</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFE23C1E0B63DFBFC" box="[470,538,1013,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[133,143,1582,1599]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-340@10.[698,1267,782,1351]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 7. — Frontals of selected species of Andrias: A, D, Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, dorsal (A) view with outline schematic drawing of skull showing proportions of frontals and nasals, and ventral (D) view (PIN 5882/1 and 5882/2); B, E, Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871), recent, dorsal (B) and ventral (E) views (modified from Vasilyan & BÖhme 2012); C, F, Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836), recent, dorsal (C) and ventral (F) views (PIN H 107). Abbreviations: f, frontal; n, nasal. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525896/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">7A, D</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F686B8EDFFABFFDBFF71C63BB725FB43" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFF71C63BB725FB43" blockId="5.[130,775,1070,1200]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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MATERIAL. —
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFEEEC63BB668FBB5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772303" box="[283,591,1070,1094]" collectionCode="PIN" location="Belorechensk locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="PIN 5882" specimenCount="1">
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Two frontals,
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFE52C63BB635FBB5" box="[423,530,1070,1094]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">PIN 5882</specimenCode>
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/1 and
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFDA2C63BB681FBB5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772304" box="[599,678,1070,1094]" collectionCode="PIN" location="Belorechensk locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="5882/2" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFDA2C63BB685FBB5" box="[599,674,1070,1094]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">5882/2</specimenCode>
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;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFD5BC63BB543FB93" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772307" collectionCode="PIN" location="Belorechensk locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="PIN 5882/3" specimenCount="1">
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two dentaries,
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFF36C65CB51CFB93" box="[195,315,1096,1120]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">PIN 5882/3</specimenCode>
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and
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFE9FC65DB59FFB93" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772301" box="[362,440,1096,1120]" collectionCode="PIN" location="Belorechensk locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="5882/4" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFE9FC65DB592FB93" box="[362,437,1096,1120]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">5882/4</specimenCode>
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;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFE4BC65CB6F8FB93" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772306" box="[446,735,1096,1120]" collectionCode="PIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="PIN 5882/5" specimenCount="1">
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one prearticular,
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFD97C65CB6FCFB93" box="[610,731,1096,1120]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">PIN 5882/5</specimenCode>
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;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFD10C65DB598FB88" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772302" collectionCode="PIN" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="PIN 5882/6-10" specimenCount="1">
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five trunk vertebrae,
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFED7C676B59CFB88" box="[290,443,1123,1147]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">PIN 5882/6-10</specimenCode>
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;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFE36C676B69FFB88" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772305" box="[451,696,1123,1147]" collectionCode="PIN" location="Belorechensk locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="PIN 5882/11" specimenCount="1">
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one femur,
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFDDAC676B693FB88" box="[559,692,1123,1147]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">PIN 5882/11</specimenCode>
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;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0EF4E13BFFABFFDBFD48C676B6D9FB43" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4981772308" collectionCode="PIN" location="Belorechensk locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="PIN 5882/12" specimenCount="1">
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one rib,
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<specimenCode id="EE3A431DFFABFFDBFF76C66BB523FB66" box="[131,260,1149,1173]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">PIN 5882/12</specimenCode>
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; all from the
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<location id="BB43BDBDFFABFFDBFE8EC668B665FB66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:36355A70FFABFFD7FE7EC1C0B5AAF95E:BB43BDBDFFABFFDBFE8EC668B665FB66" box="[379,578,1149,1173]" name="Belorechensk locality" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Belorechensk locality</location>
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,
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<location id="BB43BDBDFFABFFDBFDBCC668B725FB66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:36355A70FFABFFD7FE7EC1C0B5AAF95E:BB43BDBDFFABFFDBFDBCC668B725FB66" box="[585,770,1149,1173]" name="Northern Caucasus" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Northern Caucasus</location>
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,
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<geologicalTimeScale id="CCBC6BCDFFABFFDBFF77C68DB52FFB43" box="[130,264,1176,1200]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Late Pliocene</geologicalTimeScale>
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, and interpreted as belonging to a single individual
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F686B8EDFFABFFD7FF71C6C0B5AAF95E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFF71C6C0B532FB1E" blockId="5.[130,777,1237,2028]" box="[132,277,1237,1263]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFF71C6E1B4F7FAFD" blockId="5.[130,777,1237,2028]" box="[132,208,1268,1294]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFABFFDBFF71C6E1B4F7FAFD" box="[132,208,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Frontal</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFF71C701B60EF81F" blockId="5.[130,777,1237,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
Both left and right frontals are almost completely preserved (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFF78C721B4E0FABD" box="[141,199,1332,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1522,1539]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,199,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-378@6.[774,1307,807,1384]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Frontals of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-E, PIN 5882/1, left frontal in dorsal (A, C), medial (D), and ventral (B, E) views; F-J, PIN 5882/2, right frontal in ventral (F, H), medial (I), and dorsal (G, J) views. A, B, F, G, photographs; C, D, E, H, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525884/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
). They match each other along the medial suture, which indicates they came from the same individual. The length of the complete specimen is
|
|
<quantity id="79644683FFABFFDBFE4EC766B604FA7D" box="[443,547,1395,1422]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.45" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="54.5">54.5 mm</quantity>
|
|
. The medial suture is markedly thickened dorsoventrally and interdigitated. The frontal is widest anteriorly and becomes narrower posteriorly, without a lateral constriction in the olfactory region. The dorsal surface is shallowly convex and smooth. The anteromedial portion of the bone is broad and forms a triangular facet for a nasal; the anterolateral portion is extended anteriorly and forms a narrow facet for a maxilla; and the lateral portion forms a facet for a prefrontal. Judging by the size of the facet on the frontals, the nasals overlapped the frontals for the anterior 30% of the length of the frontals. The ventral surface of the frontal is shallowly concave. The ventral surface bears the anterior portion of the roof of the cranial cavity and, posteriorly, an elongate facet for a parietal (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFDA0C507B6EDF8DE" box="[597,714,1810,1837]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1522,1539]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,199,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-378@6.[774,1307,807,1384]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Frontals of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-E, PIN 5882/1, left frontal in dorsal (A, C), medial (D), and ventral (B, E) views; F-J, PIN 5882/2, right frontal in ventral (F, H), medial (I), and dorsal (G, J) views. A, B, F, G, photographs; C, D, E, H, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525884/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 2E, H</figureCitation>
|
|
). The anterior portion of the cranial cavity is elongate and subtriangular in outline, narrowing posteriorly. Its anterior margin is straight and indistinctly bordered, whereas the lateral and posterior margins have sharp edges; the anterolateral margin has a bump. A shallow olfactory tract is visible in the olfactory region of the left frontal (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFE3EC5C4B63BF81F" box="[459,540,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1522,1539]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,199,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-378@6.[774,1307,807,1384]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Frontals of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-E, PIN 5882/1, left frontal in dorsal (A, C), medial (D), and ventral (B, E) views; F-J, PIN 5882/2, right frontal in ventral (F, H), medial (I), and dorsal (G, J) views. A, B, F, G, photographs; C, D, E, H, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525884/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFCD8C2CCB7A5FF01" blockId="5.[811,1458,217,1485]" box="[813,898,217,242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFABFFDBFCD8C2CCB7A5FF01" box="[813,898,217,242]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Dentary</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFCD8C2EDB036FA3E" blockId="5.[811,1458,217,1485]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
The dentaries are represented by a complete right ramus and the anterior part of the left ramus (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFB42C302B0D0FEC1" box="[1207,1271,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[131,142,1034,1051]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,989]" captionTargetId="figure-483@7.[131,794,215,732]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3. — Dentaries of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-F, PIN 5882/3, right dentary in labial (A, C), lingual (B, D) with latter showing cross-sections along the tooth-bearing portion of the dentary,dorsal (E), and symphysial (F) views; G-J, anterior portion of left dentary,PIN 5882/4,in lingual (G, I) and labial (H, J) views. A, B, G, H, photographs, C-F, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525886/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|
). They are long, slender, and slightly compressed labiolingually. The length of the complete specimen is
|
|
<quantity id="79644683FFABFFDBFB91C342B0FFFE81" box="[1124,1240,343,370]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.095" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="109.5">109.5 mm</quantity>
|
|
in straight line distance between its posterior and anterior tips and
|
|
<quantity id="79644683FFABFFDBFAC8C362B188FE61" box="[1341,1455,375,402]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.202" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="120.2">120.2 mm</quantity>
|
|
along the curvature of its labial surface. The height of the dentary is
|
|
<quantity id="79644683FFABFFDBFC50C3A2B7D8FE22" box="[933,1023,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="9.2">9.2 mm</quantity>
|
|
at the symphysis and
|
|
<quantity id="79644683FFABFFDBFB0BC3A2B141FE22" box="[1278,1382,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="14.4">14.4 mm</quantity>
|
|
at the middle part of the tooth row. The symphysis is wide, convex, and roughly rhomboid in outline. The symphyseal surface is slightly rugose, mostly in its medial part, which suggests high mobility of the mandibular symphysis (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFABFFDBFAEFC023B74FFD82" author="CUNDALL D. & LORENZ-ELWOOD J. & GROVES J. D." pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="1229 - 1231" refId="ref7166" refString="CUNDALL D., LORENZ-ELWOOD J. & GROVES J. D. 1987. - Asymmetric suction feeding in primitive salamanders. Experientia 43: 1229 - 1231. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01945537" type="journal article" year="1987">
|
|
Cundall
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFABFFDBFA8EC022B197FDA3" box="[1403,1456,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1987
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In lingual view, the dental lamina is of the same height throughout its length. The subdental lamina is half as high as the dental lamina or lower. The sulcus dentalis (subdental shelf) is wide and slightly concave along its anterior portion, but flat and narrow along its middle and posterior portions. It bears several small foramina. The margin of the sulcus dentalis is clear and rounded in PIN 5882/3, but acute along its anterior part in PIN 5882/4. The Meckelian groove is deep and extends anteriorly to a point below the 26-28 tooth positions (as counted from the anterior end). The corpus dentalis is smooth and flattened anterior to the Meckelian groove. Ventrally, it becomes thinner and ends with a ventral keel. In labial view, the surface of the dentary is only slightly rugose. The eminentia longitudinalis is clearly developed throughout the bone. A few small neurovascular foramina extend below the eminentia longitudinalis. The tooth row contains 80 small and closely spaced pleurodont teeth. The tooth crowns are completely missing, but the pedicellar portions show that the teeth were narrow, as in other cryptobranchids. Internally, the dentary is compact and encloses a few small and medium-sized neurovascular cavities and canals (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFBEDC6E1B050FAFC" box="[1048,1143,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[131,142,1034,1051]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,989]" captionTargetId="figure-483@7.[131,794,215,732]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3. — Dentaries of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-F, PIN 5882/3, right dentary in labial (A, C), lingual (B, D) with latter showing cross-sections along the tooth-bearing portion of the dentary,dorsal (E), and symphysial (F) views; G-J, anterior portion of left dentary,PIN 5882/4,in lingual (G, I) and labial (H, J) views. A, B, G, H, photographs, C-F, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525886/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
|
). In the region containing the anterior part of the tooth row, the cavities are mostly located below the subdental shelf. In the regions containing the middle and the posterior parts of the tooth row, the cavities are located above and below the Meckelian groove. There are no cavities in the area of the Meckelian groove and the ventral keel.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFCD8C7E6B78EF9FE" blockId="5.[813,937,1523,1549]" box="[813,937,1523,1549]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
<heading id="E56B5C0AFFABFFDBFCD8C7E6B78EF9FE" box="[813,937,1523,1549]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" reason="8">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFABFFDBFCD8C7E6B78EF9FE" box="[813,937,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Prearticular</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFCD8C406B7CDF8DE" blockId="5.[811,1457,1555,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
The prearticular is represented by the right element lacking its anterior and posterior tips (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFB9BC426B08CF9BE" box="[1134,1195,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[813,824,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox="[797,1455,1166,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-517@7.[812,1456,1172,1483]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. —Right prearticular of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene, PIN 5882/5, in: A, C, labial; B, D, lingual; E, dorsal views. A, B, photographs, C-E, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525888/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|
). It is low anteriorly and posteriorly and highest in the area of the coronoid process. The coronoid process is large, but short anteroposteriorly, nearly triangular, and tilted posterolingually. The articular facet is narrow and smooth. The dental facet widens posteriorly and has a sharp dorsal border that forms the lingual border of the coronoid process. It occupies about half of the length of the coronoid process.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFCD8C547B7AAF89F" blockId="5.[813,909,1874,1900]" box="[813,909,1874,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
<heading id="E56B5C0AFFABFFDBFCD8C547B7AAF89F" box="[813,909,1874,1900]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" reason="8">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFABFFDBFCD8C547B7AAF89F" box="[813,909,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Vertebrae</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFABFFDBFCD8C567B189F818" blockId="5.[811,1455,1906,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
|
The vertebrae are represented by five nearly complete specimens from the trunk region (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFABFFDBFB9FC587B08FF85E" box="[1130,1192,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1015,1032]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,972]" captionTargetId="figure-643@8.[698,1267,213,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trunk vertebrae of Andrias sp.from the Belorechensk locality,Late Pliocene: A-J, trunk vertebra,PIN 5882/6,in dorsal (A, F), ventral (B, G), lateral (C, H), anterior (D, I) and posterior (E, J) views; K, L, close ups of right prezygapophyses, PIN 5882/6 and PIN 5882/7; M, close up of right prezygapophyseal articular surface showing growth rings, PIN 5882/7. A-E, M, photographs; F-L, 3D models. Scale bars: A-J, M, 1 cm; K, L, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525890/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|
). The centrum is deeply amphicoelous, antero-posteriorly short and hourglass-shaped in lateral view, and circular in anterior and posterior views.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="EAE3BBEEFFA8FFD8FF71C7E7B17AF9EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14525884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525884/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" startId="6.[132,143,1522,1539]" targetBox="[132,1456,199,1491]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA8FFD8FF71C7E7B17AF9EA" blockId="6.[132,1457,1522,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="B8C57DBAFFA8FFD8FF71C7E7B4BAF9F1" baselines="1535,1535" box="[132,157,1522,1539]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
|
. 2. — Frontals of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA8FFD8FEC7C7E7B5B5F9F0" box="[306,402,1522,1539]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FEC7C7E7B556F9F0" box="[306,369,1522,1539]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
sp.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene:
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FCE2C7E7B710F9F0" bold="true" box="[791,823,1522,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">A -E</emphasis>
|
|
, PIN 5882/1, left frontal in dorsal (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FBA1C7E7B046F9F0" bold="true" box="[1108,1121,1522,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FB9EC7E7B05EF9F0" bold="true" box="[1131,1145,1522,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">C</emphasis>
|
|
), medial (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FB3FC7E7B0FFF9F0" bold="true" box="[1226,1240,1522,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">D</emphasis>
|
|
), and ventral (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FAB8C7E7B17DF9F0" bold="true" box="[1357,1370,1522,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">B</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FA90C7E7B156F9F0" bold="true" box="[1381,1393,1522,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">E</emphasis>
|
|
) views;
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FF71C41DB486F9EA" bold="true" box="[132,161,1544,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">F -J</emphasis>
|
|
, PIN 5882/2, right frontal in ventral (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FE3BC41DB5FEF9EA" bold="true" box="[462,473,1544,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">F</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FE16C41DB5D6F9EA" bold="true" box="[483,497,1544,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">H</emphasis>
|
|
), medial (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FDB7C41DB66FF9EA" bold="true" box="[578,584,1544,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">I</emphasis>
|
|
), and dorsal (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FD4CC41DB6E0F9EA" bold="true" box="[697,711,1544,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">G</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA8FFD8FD24C41DB6FCF9EA" bold="true" box="[721,731,1544,1561]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">J</emphasis>
|
|
) views. A, B, F, G, photographs; C, D, E, H, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA8FFD9FF71C446B568FAFD" blockId="6.[130,777,1619,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[132,776,1172,1295]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
|
Its length varies between
|
|
<quantity id="79644683FFA8FFD8FE56C446B607F99E" box="[419,544,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="19.0">19-21 mm</quantity>
|
|
. Both cotyles have a notochordal pit. Lateral and ventral surfaces of the centrum are densely porous. The cotylar rim is robust and ventrally forms a larger anterior and a smaller posterior knob.Ventrally, the centrum is perforated by a large central foramen in all vertebrae. One or two subcentral foramina are situated at the bases of the transverse process in
|
|
<collectionCode id="D88D73A3FFA8FFD8FE1AC506B639F8DE" box="[495,542,1811,1837]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kjjc-ziy5" name="Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">PIN</collectionCode>
|
|
5882/8 and 5882/9. The transverse processes (rib-bearers) are completely preserved only in
|
|
<specimenCount id="A89A20EFFFA8FFD8FF27C546B557F89F" box="[210,368,1874,1901]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
|
. The transverse processes are unicipital and expanded distally, and articular surface for the rib heads is dumbbell-shaped. On its posterior surface it bears a wide depression that is surrounded by distinct ridges. The base of the transverse process is perforated by a large vertebrarterial canal. The neural arch is inverted V-shaped in anterior view and deeply concave in dorsal view; it is markedly vaulted posteriorly. Its posterior surface bears a pair of depressions spanning between the neural spine and the postzygapophyses. The spinal nerve foramina are absent. The neural canal is depressed and widened, with small internal projections (spinal cord supports; see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA8FFD8FBB1C507B143F8DF" author="SKUTSCHAS P. P. & BALEEVA N. V." box="[1092,1380,1810,1836]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="1031 - 1041" refId="ref8193" refString="SKUTSCHAS P. P. & BALEEVA N. V. 2012. - The spinal cord supports of vertebrae in the crown-group salamanders (Caudata, Urodela). Journal of Morphology 273 (9): 1031 - 1041. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 20041" type="journal article" year="2012">Skutschas & Baleeva 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) on its sides. The neural spine is posteriorly high and ends in a facet for a cartilaginous tip. The angle formed by the neural spine with the centrum is about 40 degrees. The pre- and postzygapophyses vary from round to elongate (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA8FFD8FB1DC587B147F85F" box="[1256,1376,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1015,1032]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,972]" captionTargetId="figure-643@8.[698,1267,213,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trunk vertebrae of Andrias sp.from the Belorechensk locality,Late Pliocene: A-J, trunk vertebra,PIN 5882/6,in dorsal (A, F), ventral (B, G), lateral (C, H), anterior (D, I) and posterior (E, J) views; K, L, close ups of right prezygapophyses, PIN 5882/6 and PIN 5882/7; M, close up of right prezygapophyseal articular surface showing growth rings, PIN 5882/7. A-E, M, photographs; F-L, 3D models. Scale bars: A-J, M, 1 cm; K, L, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525890/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 5K, L</figureCitation>
|
|
). Their articular surfaces are slightly inclined medially. The articular surfaces of the zygapophyseal processes show growth ridges, which are most visible across the distal portions (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA9FFD9FD6BC681B6DDFB5C" box="[670,762,1172,1199]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1015,1032]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,972]" captionTargetId="figure-643@8.[698,1267,213,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trunk vertebrae of Andrias sp.from the Belorechensk locality,Late Pliocene: A-J, trunk vertebra,PIN 5882/6,in dorsal (A, F), ventral (B, G), lateral (C, H), anterior (D, I) and posterior (E, J) views; K, L, close ups of right prezygapophyses, PIN 5882/6 and PIN 5882/7; M, close up of right prezygapophyseal articular surface showing growth rings, PIN 5882/7. A-E, M, photographs; F-L, 3D models. Scale bars: A-J, M, 1 cm; K, L, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525890/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Fig. 5M</figureCitation>
|
|
). Most of the observed articular zygapophyseal surfaces have six or seven growth ridges. The interzygapophyseal ridges are not developed.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="EAE3BBEEFFA9FFD9FF76C61FB775FBBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525886" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14525886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525886/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" startId="7.[131,142,1034,1051]" targetBox="[132,1455,216,989]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FF76C61FB775FBBA" blockId="7.[131,1455,1034,1097]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="B8C57DBAFFA9FFD9FF76C61FB4BAFBE8" baselines="1047,1048" box="[131,157,1034,1051]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
|
. 3. — Dentaries of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA9FFD9FECBC61FB5B9FBE8" box="[318,414,1034,1051]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FECBC61FB55AFBE8" box="[318,381,1034,1051]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
sp.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene:
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FCD1C61FB764FBE8" bold="true" box="[804,835,1034,1051]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">A -F</emphasis>
|
|
, PIN 5882/3, right dentary in labial (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FB9BC61FB05CFBE8" bold="true" box="[1134,1147,1034,1051]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FB70C61FB0B4FBE8" bold="true" box="[1157,1171,1034,1051]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">C</emphasis>
|
|
), lingual (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FB16C61FB0D7FBE8" bold="true" box="[1251,1264,1034,1051]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FB0FC61FB12FFBE8" bold="true" box="[1274,1288,1034,1051]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">D</emphasis>
|
|
) with latter showing cross-sections along the tooth-bearing portion of the dentary,dorsal (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FD35C634B6EBFBC1" bold="true" box="[704,716,1057,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
|
|
), and symphysial (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FC96C634B749FBC1" bold="true" box="[867,878,1057,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">F</emphasis>
|
|
) views;
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FC45C634B7E8FBC1" bold="true" box="[944,975,1057,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">G -J</emphasis>
|
|
, anterior portion of left dentary,PIN 5882/4,in lingual (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FA78C634B1BCFBC1" bold="true" box="[1421,1435,1057,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">G</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FA50C634B18CFBC1" bold="true" box="[1445,1451,1057,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">I</emphasis>
|
|
) and labial (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FF2AC62DB4CAFBBA" bold="true" box="[223,237,1080,1097]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">H</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FF02C62DB526FBBA" bold="true" box="[247,257,1080,1097]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">J</emphasis>
|
|
) views. A, B, G, H, photographs, C-F, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FF71C720B4E0FABD" blockId="7.[132,199,1333,1358]" box="[132,199,1333,1358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<heading id="E56B5C0AFFA9FFD9FF71C720B4E0FABD" box="[132,199,1333,1358]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" reason="8">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FF71C720B4E0FABD" box="[132,199,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Femur</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FF71C741B533F9BE" blockId="7.[131,776,1364,1613]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
The femur is represented by its distal portion only (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA9FFD9FD7AC741B6EEFA9D" box="[655,713,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[131,142,1159,1176]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-578@9.[698,1267,213,755]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Femur and rib of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-G, distal end of left femur, PIN 5882/11, in dorsal (A, E) with latter showing cross-sections along the femur, anterior (B), ventral (C, F), posterior (D), and distal (G) views; H-L, proximal portion of rib PIN 5882/12 in anterior (H, I) and posterior (J, K) views, surface of articulation with vertebra (L). A-D, H, J, photographs; E-G, I, K, L, 3D models. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525894/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|
A-G). It is asymmetrically rounded, being convex dorsally and concave ventrally. Cross-sections of the femur (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA9FFD9FDA8C786B689FA5D" box="[605,686,1427,1454]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[131,142,1159,1176]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-578@9.[698,1267,213,755]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Femur and rib of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-G, distal end of left femur, PIN 5882/11, in dorsal (A, E) with latter showing cross-sections along the femur, anterior (B), ventral (C, F), posterior (D), and distal (G) views; H-L, proximal portion of rib PIN 5882/12 in anterior (H, I) and posterior (J, K) views, surface of articulation with vertebra (L). A-D, H, J, photographs; E-G, I, K, L, 3D models. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525894/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
|
) show a thick cortex with a few vascular canals and/or erosion cavities in the proximal part of the preserved fragment, i.e., near the diaphyseal region, and a dense vascular network of canals in its distal part. The vascular canals open into grooves on the bone surface.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="EAE3BBEEFFA9FFD9FCD8C7E4B0BDF9C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525888" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14525888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525888/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" startId="7.[813,824,1521,1538]" targetBox="[797,1455,1166,1497]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FCD8C7E4B0BDF9C3" blockId="7.[813,1455,1521,1584]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="B8C57DBAFFA9FFD9FCD8C7E4B762F9F1" baselines="1534,1535" box="[813,837,1521,1538]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
|
. 4. —Right prearticular of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA9FFD9FBD4C7E4B0A6F9F1" box="[1057,1153,1521,1538]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FBD4C7E4B047F9F1" box="[1057,1120,1521,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
sp.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene, PIN 5882/5, in:
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FC0AC41DB02BF9EA" bold="true" box="[1023,1036,1544,1561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FBE3C41DB003F9EA" bold="true" box="[1046,1060,1544,1561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">C</emphasis>
|
|
, labial;
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FB96C41DB057F9EA" bold="true" box="[1123,1136,1544,1561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FB8EC41DB0AEF9EA" bold="true" box="[1147,1161,1544,1561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">D</emphasis>
|
|
, lingual;
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FB26C41DB0F8F9EA" bold="true" box="[1235,1247,1544,1561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
|
|
, dorsal views. A, B, photographs, C-E, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FF71C466B48EF97E" blockId="7.[132,169,1651,1677]" box="[132,169,1651,1677]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<heading id="E56B5C0AFFA9FFD9FF71C466B48EF97E" box="[132,169,1651,1677]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" reason="8">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA9FFD9FF71C466B48EF97E" box="[132,169,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Rib</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FF71C486B5A9F8DF" blockId="7.[130,776,1683,1836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
The rib is represented by a single proximal fragment (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA9FFD9FD67C486B6EDF95E" box="[658,714,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[131,142,1159,1176]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-578@9.[698,1267,213,755]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Femur and rib of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-G, distal end of left femur, PIN 5882/11, in dorsal (A, E) with latter showing cross-sections along the femur, anterior (B), ventral (C, F), posterior (D), and distal (G) views; H-L, proximal portion of rib PIN 5882/12 in anterior (H, I) and posterior (J, K) views, surface of articulation with vertebra (L). A-D, H, J, photographs; E-G, I, K, L, 3D models. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525894/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Fig.6</figureCitation>
|
|
H-L). It is anteroposteriorly flattened and medially slightly concave. The articulation surface is hourglass-shaped with narrow upper and wide lower portions. Ridges extend along the upper and lower margins of the rib.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FF71C547B597F898" blockId="7.[130,775,1874,2027]" box="[132,432,1874,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="B8C57DBAFFA9FFD9FF71C547B532F898" baselines="1893,1894" box="[132,277,1874,1900]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Comparison" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">COMPARISON</smallCapsWord>
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="B8C57DBAFFA9FFD9FEEEC54DB56EF898" baselines="1894" box="[283,329,1880,1899]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="B8C57DBAFFA9FFD9FEA5C54DB597F898" baselines="1894" box="[336,432,1880,1899]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="remarks" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FF71C567B5AEF818" blockId="7.[130,775,1874,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
We suggest that all listed bones come from a single individual because they were found close to each other, correspond well to each other in size and
|
|
<typeStatus id="612755C4FFA9FFD9FE7CC5A7B590F83F" box="[393,439,1970,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
|
|
of preservation, and there is no duplication of elements.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD9FCB6C466B148F8FF" blockId="7.[810,1457,1651,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
The giant salamander from Belorechensk can be assigned to Cryptobranchoidea and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA9FFD9FBD1C486B0C6F95E" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[1060,1249,1683,1709]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cryptobranchidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(e.g.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA9FFD9FAE3C486B744F93E" author="GAO K. Q. & SHUBIN H. N." pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="5767 - 5772" refId="ref7383" refString="GAO K. Q. & SHUBIN H. N. 2012. - Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (15): 5767 - 5772. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1009828109" type="journal article" year="2012">Gao & Shubin 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) in having large body size, frontals strongly overlapped onto parietals, anterolateral extension of frontal, absence of the spinal nerve foramina, and unicapitate trunk ribs.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA9FFD6FCB6C507B554FABD" blockId="7.[810,1457,1651,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[131,777,1140,2028]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
|
According to the criteria of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA9FFD9FB84C507B12EF8DF" author="GUBIN Y. M." box="[1137,1289,1810,1836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="91 - 102" refId="ref7600" refString="GUBIN Y. M. 1991. - Paleocene salamanders from southern Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 25: 91 - 102." type="journal article" year="1991">Gubin (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, the giant salamander from Belorechensk can be assigned to Cryptobranchinae based on its relatively small size, tooth bases situated directly above sulcus dentalis, and prezygapophyses situated above the base of the neural spine. However, 80 teeth in the dentary are too many for Cryptobranchinae, which are supposed to have 60-75 teeth (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA9FFD9FBBFC5C4B0E8F81F" author="GUBIN Y. M." box="[1098,1231,2001,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="91 - 102" refId="ref7600" refString="GUBIN Y. M. 1991. - Paleocene salamanders from southern Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 25: 91 - 102." type="journal article" year="1991">Gubin 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). On the other hand, thecryptobranchine
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FE99C661B61DFB7D" baseAuthorityName="Holl" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[364,570,1140,1166]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scheuchzeri">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE99C661B61DFB7D" box="[364,570,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias scheuchzeri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been reported to have as many as 82 teeth (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FE3DC681B64EFB5C" author="BOTTCHER R." box="[456,617,1172,1199]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref6691" refString="BOTTCHER R. 1987. - Neue Funde von Andrias scheuchzeri (Cryptobranchidae, Amphibia) aus der suddeutschen Molasse (Miozan). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie B 131: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1987">Böttcher 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Therefore, it seems that the distinction between Cryptobranchinae and Aviturinae (sensuGubin 1991) has to be revised with respect to this, and possibly to other, characters. The lack of consistent differences in other characters has been mentioned earlier (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FF7BC721B543FABD" author="VASILYAN D. & BOHME M. & CHKHIKVADZE V. M. & SEMENOV Y. A. & JOYCE W." box="[142,356,1332,1358]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="301 - 318" refId="ref8866" refString="VASILYAN D., BOHME M., CHKHIKVADZE V. M., SEMENOV Y. A. & JOYCE W. 2013. - A new giant salamander (Urodela, Pancryptobrancha) from the Miocene of Eastern Europe (Grytsiv, Ukraine). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (2): 301 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2013.722151" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
|
Vasilyan
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FF1AC720B504FABD" box="[239,291,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2013
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="EAE3BBEEFFA6FFD6FF71C1E2B0BAFBC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14525890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525890/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" startId="8.[132,143,1015,1032]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,972]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA6FFD6FF71C1E2B0BAFBC6" blockId="8.[132,1456,1015,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="B8C57DBAFFA6FFD6FF71C1E2B4BAFBF4" baselines="1028,1028" box="[132,157,1015,1032]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
|
. 5. — Trunk vertebrae of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FE98C1E2B5EDFBFB" box="[365,458,1015,1032]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE98C1E2B58BFBFB" box="[365,428,1015,1032]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
sp.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Belorechensk locality,Late Pliocene:
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FCBCC1E2B740FBFB" bold="true" box="[841,871,1015,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">A -J</emphasis>
|
|
, trunk vertebra,PIN 5882/6,in dorsal (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FB57C1E2B088FBFB" bold="true" box="[1186,1199,1015,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FB4DC1E2B0E4FBFB" bold="true" box="[1208,1219,1015,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">F</emphasis>
|
|
), ventral (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FAE7C1E2B138FBFB" bold="true" box="[1298,1311,1015,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FADCC1E2B110FBFB" bold="true" box="[1321,1335,1015,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">G</emphasis>
|
|
), lateral (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FA75C1E2B1A9FBFB" bold="true" box="[1408,1422,1015,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FA62C1E2B182FBFB" bold="true" box="[1431,1445,1015,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">H</emphasis>
|
|
), anterior (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FF3BC618B4FBFBED" bold="true" box="[206,220,1037,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FF13C618B4CBFBED" bold="true" box="[230,236,1037,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">I</emphasis>
|
|
) and posterior (
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE9AC618B55CFBED" bold="true" box="[367,379,1037,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">E</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE73C618B5B7FBED" bold="true" box="[390,400,1037,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">J</emphasis>
|
|
) views;
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE21C618B5C6FBED" bold="true" box="[468,481,1037,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">K</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE19C618B5D0FBED" bold="true" box="[492,503,1037,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">L</emphasis>
|
|
, close ups of right prezygapophyses, PIN 5882/6 and PIN 5882/7;
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FBD3C618B010FBED" bold="true" box="[1062,1079,1037,1054]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">M</emphasis>
|
|
, close up of right prezygapophyseal articular surface showing growth rings, PIN 5882/7. A-E, M, photographs; F-L, 3D models. Scale bars: A-J, M, 1 cm; K, L, not to scale.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA6FFD6FF6EC741B5D9F91F" blockId="8.[131,777,1140,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
|
The cryptobranchid from Belorechensk clearly differs from the Paleogene species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FE5CC761B64DFA7E" box="[425,618,1396,1422]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Aviturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exsecratus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE5CC761B64DFA7E" box="[425,618,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Aviturus exsecratus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FD8FC761B727FA7D" author="GUBIN Y. M." box="[634,768,1396,1422]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="91 - 102" refId="ref7600" refString="GUBIN Y. M. 1991. - Paleocene salamanders from southern Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 25: 91 - 102." type="journal article" year="1991">Gubin 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FF71C786B5B7FA5D" author="VASILYAN D. & BOHME M." box="[132,400,1427,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" refId="ref8810" refString="VASILYAN D. & BOHME M. 2012. - Pronounced peramorphosis in lissamphibians - Aviturus exsecratus (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae) from the Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum of Mongolia. PLoS ONE 7 (9): e 40665. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0040665" type="journal volume" year="2012">Vasilyan & Böhme 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) in a number of characters, i.e., its smaller overall size, markedly slender bones, different shapes of the frontals and the cranial cavity, a narrower and deeper sulcus dentalis of the dentary, a lower subdental lamina, absence of developed presymphyseal sulcus, fewer teeth, a markedly vaulted neural arch of the vertebrae, the absence of interzygapophyseal ridges, a poorly developed accessory alar process, and the presence of a depression on the posterior surface of the transverse process. It differs from another Paleogene cryptobranchid,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FEC2C4A6B727F93E" authority="(Chkhikvadze 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Chkhikvadze" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[311,768,1714,1741]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Zaissanurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beliajevae">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FEC2C4A6B63AF93F" box="[311,541,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Zaissanurus beliajevae</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FDDEC4A7B6DFF93E" author="CHKHIKVADZE V. M." box="[555,760,1714,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="63 - 67" refId="ref7095" refString="CHKHIKVADZE V. M. 1982. - On the findings of fossil Cryptobranchidae in the USSR and Mongolia. Vertebrata Hungarica 21: 63 - 67." type="journal article" year="1982">Chkhikvadze 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in having lower subdental laminae.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA6FFD6FF6EC4E7B682F81F" blockId="8.[131,777,1140,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
|
The cryptobranchid from Belorechensk differs from the Mio-Pliocene
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FEE2C507B5FDF8DF" baseAuthorityName="Holl" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[279,474,1810,1836]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scheuchzeri">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FEE2C507B5FDF8DF" box="[279,474,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias scheuchzeri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FE12C507B6A2F8DE" author="WESTPHAL F." box="[487,645,1810,1837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="20 - 92" refId="ref8999" refString="WESTPHAL F. 1958. - Die tertiaren und rezenten eurasiatischen Riesensalamander. Palaeontolographica A 110: 20 - 92." type="journal article" year="1958">Westphal 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FD65C507B6E0F8DF" author="WESTPHAL F." box="[656,711,1810,1836]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="253 - 260" refId="ref9054" refString="WESTPHAL F. 1970. - Neue Riesensalamander-Funde (Andrias, Amphibia) aus der oberen Susswassermolasse von Wartenberg in Bayern. Mitteilungen der Bayerischen taatssammlung fur Palaontologie und Historische Geologie 10: 253 - 260." type="journal article" year="1970">1970</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FD27C506B49BF8BF" author="ESTES R." pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref7291" refString="ESTES R. 1981. - Gymnophiona, Caudata, in WELLNHOFER P. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Part 2. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FF3CC527B542F8BF" author="BOTTCHER R." box="[201,357,1842,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref6691" refString="BOTTCHER R. 1987. - Neue Funde von Andrias scheuchzeri (Cryptobranchidae, Amphibia) aus der suddeutschen Molasse (Miozan). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie B 131: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1987">Böttcher 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) in a greater overlap between the nasals and the frontals, a slender and lower dentary, and a shallower sulcus dentalis. Additionally, it differs from individuals of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FF73C587B53EF85F" baseAuthorityName="Holl" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[134,281,1938,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scheuchzeri">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FF73C587B53EF85F" box="[134,281,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">A. scheuchzeri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Late Miocene of Pécs-Danitzpuszta (
|
|
<collectingCountry id="C68BABF6FFA6FFD6FF78C5A7B4D6F83F" box="[141,241,1970,1996]" name="Hungary" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
|
) in its dental symphysis being rhomboid (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA6FFD6FD47C5A7B6D8F83F" box="[690,767,1970,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[131,142,1034,1051]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,989]" captionTargetId="figure-483@7.[131,794,215,732]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3. — Dentaries of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene: A-F, PIN 5882/3, right dentary in labial (A, C), lingual (B, D) with latter showing cross-sections along the tooth-bearing portion of the dentary,dorsal (E), and symphysial (F) views; G-J, anterior portion of left dentary,PIN 5882/4,in lingual (G, I) and labial (H, J) views. A, B, G, H, photographs, C-F, I, J, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525886/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
|
) rather than triangular (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FE88C5C4B66CF81F" author="SZENTESI Z. & SEBE K. & SZABO M." box="[381,587,2001,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="353 - 366" refId="ref8412" refString="SZENTESI Z., SEBE K. & SZABO M. 2020. - Giant salamander from the Miocene of the Mecsek mountains (Pecs-Danitzpuszta, southwestern Hungary). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 94: 353 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 019 - 00499 - 2" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
|
Szentesi
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FE2FC5C7B62AF818" box="[474,525,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2020
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: fig 3c).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA6FFD6FCB6C661B056FA3D" blockId="8.[811,1456,1140,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
|
The cryptobranchid from Belorechensk differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FA92C661B7D5FB5D" authorityName="Vasilyan, Bohme, Chkhikvadze, Semenov, Joyce" authorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" genus="Ukrainurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypsognathus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FA92C661B7D5FB5D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Ukrainurus hypsognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Late Miocene of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="C68BABF6FFA6FFD6FAFCC681B147FB5D" box="[1289,1376,1172,1198]" name="Ukraine" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
|
in having its dentary slender and lower, the corpus dentalis and the subdental lamina both lower, the subdental shelf anteriorly concave, the lingual crista absent, the neurovascular foramina smaller, the labial side of the dentary nearly smooth, and the dentary facet of the prearticular situated more posteriorly (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FCC3C741B025FA9D" author="VASILYAN D. & BOHME M. & CHKHIKVADZE V. M. & SEMENOV Y. A. & JOYCE W." box="[822,1026,1364,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="301 - 318" refId="ref8866" refString="VASILYAN D., BOHME M., CHKHIKVADZE V. M., SEMENOV Y. A. & JOYCE W. 2013. - A new giant salamander (Urodela, Pancryptobrancha) from the Miocene of Eastern Europe (Grytsiv, Ukraine). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (2): 301 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2013.722151" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
|
Vasilyan
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FC66C740B7E2FA9D" box="[915,965,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2013
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). It shares with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FB51C740B16DFA9D" authorityName="Vasilyan, Bohme, Chkhikvadze, Semenov, Joyce" authorityYear="2013" box="[1188,1354,1364,1390]" class="Amphibia" genus="Ukrainurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypsognathus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FB51C740B16DFA9D" box="[1188,1354,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">U. hypsognathus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the short and broad shape of the coronoid process of the prearticular and may have extremely elongated, elliptical prezygapophyseal articulation surfaces (
|
|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA6FFD6FBE1C7A6B042FA3D" box="[1044,1125,1459,1486]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1015,1032]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,972]" captionTargetId="figure-643@8.[698,1267,213,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trunk vertebrae of Andrias sp.from the Belorechensk locality,Late Pliocene: A-J, trunk vertebra,PIN 5882/6,in dorsal (A, F), ventral (B, G), lateral (C, H), anterior (D, I) and posterior (E, J) views; K, L, close ups of right prezygapophyses, PIN 5882/6 and PIN 5882/7; M, close up of right prezygapophyseal articular surface showing growth rings, PIN 5882/7. A-E, M, photographs; F-L, 3D models. Scale bars: A-J, M, 1 cm; K, L, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525890/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5L</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE23EB66FFA6FFD7FCB6C7C1B5AAF95E" blockId="8.[811,1456,1140,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[130,777,1268,1709]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
|
Among the Recent genera, the cryptobranchid from Belorechensk can be assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FBEAC7E6B049F9FE" authorityName="von Tschudi" authorityYear="1837" box="[1055,1134,1523,1549]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FBEAC7E6B049F9FE" box="[1055,1134,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
based on the frontals excluded from the narial opening (not excluded in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FB2DC406B15FF9DE" authorityName="Leuckart" authorityYear="1821" box="[1240,1400,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Cryptobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FB2DC406B15FF9DE" box="[1240,1400,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Cryptobranchus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and a larger angle (about 40 degrees) between the neural spine and the axis of the vertebral centrum (19-37 degrees in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FAAAC446B197F99E" authorityName="von Tschudi" authorityYear="1837" box="[1375,1456,1619,1645]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FAAAC446B197F99E" box="[1375,1456,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
vs 15-20 degrees in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FBF1C466B081F97E" authorityName="Leuckart" authorityYear="1821" box="[1028,1190,1651,1677]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Cryptobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FBF1C466B081F97E" box="[1028,1190,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Cryptobranchus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FB4AC466B112F97E" author="ESTES R." box="[1215,1333,1651,1677]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref7291" refString="ESTES R. 1981. - Gymnophiona, Caudata, in WELLNHOFER P. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Part 2. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FABEC466B752F95E" author="WESTPHAL F." pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="20 - 92" refId="ref8999" refString="WESTPHAL F. 1958. - Die tertiaren und rezenten eurasiatischen Riesensalamander. Palaeontolographica A 110: 20 - 92." type="journal article" year="1958">Westphal (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
could not diagnose modern
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FB63C486B115F95E" box="[1174,1330,1683,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FB63C486B0C3F95E" box="[1174,1252,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
species
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
based solely on osteology. Some relevant characters were mentioned by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FCDBC4C7B7C5F91E" author="MESZOELY C." box="[814,994,1746,1773]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="495 - 515" refId="ref7838" refString="MESZOELY C. 1966. - North American fossil cryptobranchid salamanders. American Midland Naturalist 75 (2): 495 - 515. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2423407" type="journal article" year="1966">Meszoely (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: the shape of the orbit and the separation between the pterygoid and the maxilla. Unfortunately, neither of these features can be observed in the cryptobranchid from Belorechensk. Finally,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DA0D9697FFA6FFD6FBACC526B0C7F8BF" author="ESTES R." box="[1113,1248,1842,1869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref7291" refString="ESTES R. 1981. - Gymnophiona, Caudata, in WELLNHOFER P. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Part 2. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
could not find any differences between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FBF6C547B0B3F89F" baseAuthorityName="Holl" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1027,1172,1874,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scheuchzeri">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FBF6C547B0B3F89F" box="[1027,1172,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">A. scheuchzeri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FB3CC547B17EF89F" baseAuthorityName="Blanchard" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[1225,1369,1874,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidianus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FB3CC547B17EF89F" box="[1225,1369,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">A. davidianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and he placed the latter within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FBD0C567B093F87F" baseAuthorityName="Holl" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1061,1204,1906,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scheuchzeri">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FBD0C567B093F87F" box="[1061,1204,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">A. scheuchzeri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Comparisons between the cryptobranchid from Belorechensk with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FB0FC587B189F85F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1274,1454,1938,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FB0FC587B189F85F" box="[1274,1454,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias japonicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA6FFD6FCAFC5A7B007F83F" baseAuthorityName="Blanchard" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[858,1056,1970,1996]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidianus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA6FFD6FCAFC5A7B007F83F" box="[858,1056,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Andrias davidianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are difficult, because we are not aware of any publications listing osteological characters diagnostic of these modern species. Nevertheless, it seems possible to differentiate the cryptobranchid from Belorechensk from modern species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA7FFD7FEA1C721B582FABD" authorityName="von Tschudi" authorityYear="1837" box="[340,421,1332,1358]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA7FFD7FEA1C721B582FABD" box="[340,421,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Andrias</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by its frontal not being laterally constricted in the olfactory region and having a longer contact with the nasals (
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|
<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA7FFD7FEDBC761B54DFA7D" box="[302,362,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[133,143,1582,1599]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-340@10.[698,1267,782,1351]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 7. — Frontals of selected species of Andrias: A, D, Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, dorsal (A) view with outline schematic drawing of skull showing proportions of frontals and nasals, and ventral (D) view (PIN 5882/1 and 5882/2); B, E, Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871), recent, dorsal (B) and ventral (E) views (modified from Vasilyan & BÖhme 2012); C, F, Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836), recent, dorsal (C) and ventral (F) views (PIN H 107). Abbreviations: f, frontal; n, nasal. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525896/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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A-C) and by the coronoid process of its prearticular being broad and long (
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<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA7FFD7FE1FC786B603FA5D" box="[490,548,1427,1454]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[813,824,1521,1538]" captionTargetBox="[797,1455,1166,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-517@7.[812,1456,1172,1483]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. —Right prearticular of Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, Late Pliocene, PIN 5882/5, in: A, C, labial; B, D, lingual; E, dorsal views. A, B, photographs, C-E, 3D models. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525888/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). The cryptobranchid from Belorechensk seems closer to
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<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA7FFD7FE1EC7A1B650FA3E" baseAuthorityName="Blanchard" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[491,631,1459,1486]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidianus">
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<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA7FFD7FE1EC7A1B650FA3E" box="[491,631,1459,1486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">A. davidianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having the cranial cavity of the frontals subtriangular, widest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly (
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<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA7FFD7FE52C7E6B63FF9FD" box="[423,536,1523,1550]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[133,143,1582,1599]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-340@10.[698,1267,782,1351]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 7. — Frontals of selected species of Andrias: A, D, Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, dorsal (A) view with outline schematic drawing of skull showing proportions of frontals and nasals, and ventral (D) view (PIN 5882/1 and 5882/2); B, E, Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871), recent, dorsal (B) and ventral (E) views (modified from Vasilyan & BÖhme 2012); C, F, Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836), recent, dorsal (C) and ventral (F) views (PIN H 107). Abbreviations: f, frontal; n, nasal. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525896/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
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), whereas in
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<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA7FFD7FD6BC7E1B484F9DE" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1836" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA7FFD7FD6BC7E1B484F9DE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">A. japonicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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it is rhomboid (
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<figureCitation id="26A7F7E3FFA7FFD7FEA0C406B582F9DD" box="[341,421,1555,1582]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[133,143,1582,1599]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-340@10.[698,1267,782,1351]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 7. — Frontals of selected species of Andrias: A, D, Andrias sp. from the Belorechensk locality, dorsal (A) view with outline schematic drawing of skull showing proportions of frontals and nasals, and ventral (D) view (PIN 5882/1 and 5882/2); B, E, Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871), recent, dorsal (B) and ventral (E) views (modified from Vasilyan & BÖhme 2012); C, F, Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836), recent, dorsal (C) and ventral (F) views (PIN H 107). Abbreviations: f, frontal; n, nasal. Images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525896/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
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). However, until reliable data on the comparative osteology of the modern species of
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<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA7FFD7FD42C426B72FF9BE" authorityName="von Tschudi" authorityYear="1837" box="[695,776,1587,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA7FFD7FD42C426B72FF9BE" box="[695,776,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Andrias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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become available and/or new material on the cryptobranchid from Belorechensk appears, we provisionally can assign the latter only to
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<taxonomicName id="799C90E5FFA7FFD7FEE2C486B5AAF95E" box="[279,397,1683,1709]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="8CE83774FFA7FFD7FEE2C486B54FF95E" box="[279,360,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="52">Andrias</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |