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VII.
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<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FF0E3AD5C60AFF05" bold="true" box="[210,355,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Prometheus</emphasis>
Hübner, [1824]
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<paragraph id="A77B36C2324BFFC1FF4B3A9DC56AFD46" blockId="26.[151,1437,223,754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
A genus originally containing a single species endemic to southeastern
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324BFFC1FC683A9DC491FF4E" box="[948,1016,223,249]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and northeast
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324BFFC1FB463A9DC265FF4E" box="[1178,1292,223,249]" name="Argentina" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Argentina</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FAC43A9DC6A8FEAA" authority="(Fabricius, 1787)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FAC43A9DC799FEAA" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Prometheus cochrus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1787)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FE093B41C508FEAA" author="Penco F. C." box="[469,609,259,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refId="ref27973" refString="Penco F. C. (2011) Lepidoptera Argentina. Catalogo ilustrado y comentado de las mariposas de Argentina. Parte I: Castniidae. Author, Moron, 41 pp." type="book" year="2011">Penco 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FDAD3B46C4E7FEAA" author="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." box="[625,910,259,286]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref26963" refString="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2022) Ampliacion geografica de Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Westwood, 1877) y Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1977) para la fauna de Nicaragua (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 274, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 7200048" type="journal article" year="2022">Maes &amp; González 2022</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FBC13B46C2FEFEA9" authority="Herrich-Schaffer, [1853]" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" box="[1053,1431,259,286]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Gazera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FBC13B46C306FEA9" box="[1053,1135,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Gazera</emphasis>
Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FF4B3B65C6BBFEF5" authority="Oiticica, 1955" authorityName="Oiticica" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,466,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Duboisvalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FF4B3B65C649FEF6" box="[151,288,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Duboisvalia</emphasis>
Oiticica, 1955
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FE3D3B65C465FEF5" authority="Oiticica 1955" authorityName="Oiticica" authorityYear="1955" box="[481,780,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Tosxampila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FE3D3B65C508FEF6" box="[481,609,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Tosxampila</emphasis>
Oiticica 1955
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FC933B6AC338FEF5" authority="Oiticica, 1955" authorityName="Oiticica" authorityYear="1955" box="[847,1105,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FC933B6AC4C9FEF6" box="[847,928,296,321]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Zegara</emphasis>
Oiticica, 1955
</taxonomicName>
, were later synonymized by
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FF4B3B0EC6C2FED2" author="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M." box="[151,427,331,358]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref27452" refString="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, increasing the number of species in
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FC9C3B09C4ACFED2" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1824" box="[832,965,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FC9C3B09C4ACFED2" box="[832,965,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Prometheus</emphasis>
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to 10. Most species currently incorporated into this genus belong to various mimetic rings (
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FD673B2DC42FFE3E" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[699,838,367,393]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refId="ref27094" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera: Castnoidea: Castniidae), Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FC8E3B32C30BFE3E" author="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." box="[850,1122,367,394]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref26963" refString="Maes, J. M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2022) Ampliacion geografica de Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Westwood, 1877) y Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1977) para la fauna de Nicaragua (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 274, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 7200048" type="journal article" year="2022">Maes &amp; González 2022</bibRefCitation>
), among which they mainly mimic some species of
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FE703BD1C551FE1A" box="[428,568,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FDA93BD1C465FE1A" box="[629,780,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FCC23BD1C4C8FE1A" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1822" box="[798,929,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Heliconiini">Heliconiini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FC733BD1C370FE1A" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityYear="1879" box="[943,1049,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ithomiini">Ithomiini</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FBEE3BD1C3D6FE1A" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1074,1215,403,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refId="ref27094" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera: Castnoidea: Castniidae), Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FB123BD1C2FEFE1A" author="Vinciguerra, R." box="[1230,1431,403,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="491 - 499" refId="ref28779" refString="Vinciguerra, R. (2008) Osservazioni su alcuni taxa dei generi: Corybantes Hubner, [1819], Athis Hubner, [1819], Zegara Oiticica, 1955, Mirocastnia Miller, 1980 e Insigniocastnia Miller, 2007 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 36 (144), 491 - 499." type="journal article" year="2008">Vinciguerra 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FF4B3BF5C6EAFE66" author="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Boone, J. H. &amp; Brilmyer, G. M. &amp; Le, D." box="[151,387,439,465]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="385 - 409" refId="ref25361" refString="Gonzalez, J. M., Boone, J. H., Brilmyer, G. M. &amp; Le, D. (2010) The Giant Butterfly-moths of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, with notes on the Herman Strecker collection (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 38 (152), 385 - 409." type="journal article" year="2010">
González
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FED43BFAC628FE66" box="[264,321,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 2017;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FE093BFAC5B4FE66" author="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M." box="[469,733,439,466]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref27452" refString="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FD353BF5C3ABFE66" author="Parrales-Ramirez, D. A. &amp; Vargas-Fonseca, S. A." box="[745,1218,439,466]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="180 - 189" refId="ref27903" refString="Parrales-Ramirez, D. A. &amp; Vargas-Fonseca, S. A. (2017) Mariposas-polilla gigantes (Lepidoptera: Castniidae: Castniinae) en la Coleccion Entomologica del Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt. Biota Colombiana, 18 (2), 180 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.21068 / c 2017. v 18 n 02 a 11" type="journal article" year="2017">Parrales-Ramírez &amp; Vargas-Fonseca 2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FB123BFAC790FE42" author="van den Berghe, E. &amp; Maes, J. M. &amp; Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M." pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="272 - 284" refId="ref28713" refString="van den Berghe, E., Maes, J. M., Hernandez-Baz, F. &amp; Gonzalez, J. M. (2020) Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America. Zootaxa, 4895 (2), 272 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4895.2.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Van den Berghe
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FA543BFAC7DDFE42" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). All species are of medium to large size with a high phenotypic variation.
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FB903B99C38DFE41" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[1100,1252,475,502]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref27137" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller (1995)</bibRefCitation>
considered four valid taxa of this complex with a distribution in Central America, but
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FC623842C335FDAD" author="Lamas, G." box="[958,1116,511,538]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref26450" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller´s checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas (1995)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized most of them and accepted what would become
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FDF93861C464FD8A" baseAuthorityName="Maes &amp; Gonzalez" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[549,781,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagraea">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FDF93861C464FD8A" box="[549,781,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Prometheus zagraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(after
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FC813866C3EDFD8A" author="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M." box="[861,1156,547,574]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref27452" refString="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte (2014))</bibRefCitation>
as a single species with two subspecies, present in Central America and
<collectingCountry id="DFD37652324BFFC1FD6C3805C448FDD6" box="[688,801,583,609]" name="Colombia" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, respectively. Interestingly, the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FAF4380AC2F4FDD6" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[1320,1437,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochrus">
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FAF4380AC2F4FDD6" box="[1320,1437,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">P. cochrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs to a great extent from most species currently included in the genus, which are distributed mainly in Central America and the Andean region (
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FDD938CDC5E7FD1E" author="Miller, J. Y." box="[517,654,655,681]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refId="ref27094" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera: Castnoidea: Castniidae), Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Further review of this genus as currently treated by
<bibRefCitation id="C3554B33324BFFC1FB0638D2C78BFD7A" author="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M." pageId="26" pageNumber="177" pagination="362 - 399" refId="ref27452" refString="Moraes, S. &amp; Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102" type="journal article" year="2014">Moraes &amp; Duarte (2014)</bibRefCitation>
is certainly needed. Ongoing research (Worthy &amp; González, in prep.) suggests that
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FB7D38F6C25AFD7A" box="[1185,1331,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
P.
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FB6238F6C25AFD7A" baseAuthorityName="Maes &amp; Gonzalez" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[1214,1331,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Prometheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagraea">z. zagraea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="95B0EAD0324BFFC1FAB138F6C781FD46" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
P.
<taxonomicName id="60C44D41324BFFC1FA5638F6C781FD46" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Zegara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salvina">z. salvina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
may be separate species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>