337 lines
54 KiB
XML
337 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="DFE81F271DE1378C90388FCABCB953D5" ID-DOI="10.37520/fi.2024.027" ID-ISSN="2533-4069" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1737334965523" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tsoukala, Evangelia, Nagel, Doris, Youlatos, Dionisios, Crégut-Bonnoure, Evelyne, Vlachos, Evangelos & Spassov, Nikolai" docDate="2024" docId="03F887FBFF90FFF2FF16FA97FECF3F56" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilImprint.80.2.362-389.pdf" docOrigin="Fossil Imprint 80 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634.4:FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634" docStyleName="FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Adcrocuta eximia" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="376" masterDocId="FFC1FF83FF9CFFFCFFAAFFADFFE63762" masterDocTitle="Primates And Carnivores From Late Miocene And Earliest Late Pliocene Sites Of Macedonia, Northern Greece" masterLastPageNumber="389" masterPageNumber="362" pageNumber="374" updateTime="1737595785549" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0">
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<mods:title id="9F3FA096AA37BAC25879765DBF06510E">Primates And Carnivores From Late Miocene And Earliest Late Pliocene Sites Of Macedonia, Northern Greece</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D77F5F10C466CA3000C574335AB11907">Tsoukala, Evangelia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1B1ABB291A401F16453C30326CEE9F59">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; e-mail: lilits @ geo. auth. gr.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EFB20F36586880299BBFA44B73786D99">Nagel, Doris</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7BCF1D9B9311544B1B7AFF9917F252C9">Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: DORIS. Nagel @ UNIVIe. aC. at.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AD1305D067522D78C672205437F39C6D">Youlatos, Dionisios</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C7D66A85172136957CA27048A1BB9FF5">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Biology, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; e-mail: dyoul @ bio. auth. gr. & International Center for Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, 671003 Dali, Yunnan, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2ED0AF1BE5C3F607CA509F34F39926D1" type="email">dyoul@bio.auth.gr.</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="0F11E6B6DC8893B707D75086626F834A">Crégut-Bonnoure, Evelyne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FB3183F25C689EB4E2244390BAAFC27B">Muséum Requien, Avignon. & TRACES, UMR 5608 (CNRS) - Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France; e-mail: evelyne. cregut 1313 @ orange. fr.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CF688B741FBF3E3B482219E4302B6776">Vlachos, Evangelos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CA8DE8139831EA35CD7945D45838AE9E">CONICET and Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Av. Fontana 140, 9100 Trelew, Chubut, Argentina; e-mail: evlacho @ mef. org. ar.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3CA3AD018DDF99F36FB3B28369F3B4B3" type="email">evlacho@mef.org.ar.</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4BEFD49BB46324F14DDBC262B6FC9DB5">Spassov, Nikolai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6A5F8B1B5996FB0D313DDBC0520666CF">National Museum of Natural History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; e-mail: nspassov @ nmnhs. com. * corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4261F675668DB2A5E2C8007E641356E7" type="email">nspassov@nmnhs.com.</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="57C4C0076488FF8B086D828DD608ECFF">Fossil Imprint</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A2868B34003B2BA1EBA9E1E132221B80">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C1ABA2B0967E0708C07F4318B031F0FC">2024-12-20</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CDFDB8227BFFBDF0A45FA0DB2F9B7964" type="DOI">10.37520/fi.2024.027</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D53ACC5A465FAF83567670653AB1AC05" type="ISSN">2533-4069</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F887FBFF90FFF2FF16FA97FECF3F56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887FBFF90FFF2FF16FA97FECF3F56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887FBFF90FFF2FF16FA97FECF3F56" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FF16FA97FD703230" blockId="12.[188,662,1338,1363]" box="[188,662,1338,1363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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<heading id="D0A68181FF90FFF0FF16FA97FD703230" box="[188,662,1338,1363]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF90FFF0FF16FA97FD703230" authority="(ROTH et WAGNER, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="ROTH et WAGNER" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[188,662,1338,1363]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
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<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF90FFF0FF16FA97FD703230" bold="true" box="[188,662,1338,1363]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF90FFF0FF16FA97FE993230" bold="true" box="[188,383,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
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(
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<smallCapsWord id="8D08A031FF90FFF0FE24FA96FE2D3233" baselines="1357,1357" box="[398,459,1339,1363]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Roth" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">ROTH</smallCapsWord>
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et
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<smallCapsWord id="8D08A031FF90FFF0FE47FA96FDAC3233" baselines="1357,1357" box="[493,586,1339,1363]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Wagner" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">WAGNER</smallCapsWord>
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, 1854)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6566FF90FFF2FEC9FAF6FECF3F56" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FEC9FAF6FE093211" blockId="12.[355,495,1371,1395]" box="[355,495,1371,1395]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FEC9FAF6FE313211" box="[355,471,1371,1395]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-figs 8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FE48FAF6FE093211" box="[482,495,1371,1395]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="14.[125,206,971,992]" captionTargetBox="[126,1439,152,931]" captionTargetId="figure-220@14.[125,1440,151,970]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 9. Adcrocuta eximia, Platania. Maxilla PLD 464 with right and left tooth rows P2–P4. a: occlusal, b: left buccal, c: left palatal view. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FF3AFA27FEDC3140" blockId="12.[106,745,1418,1635]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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M a t e r i a l.
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<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF90FFF0FE8FFA27FE5332C0" bold="true" box="[293,437,1418,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Thermopigi:</emphasis>
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Skull with P2–M1 left SIT 1421; 2P2 right SIT 531 and left 940, P3 left SIT 1057, mandible with p2–m1 fr. left SIT 713+714; m1 right SIT 529, anterior
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<superScript id="7C249BA5FF90FFF0FEAAFA46FEC73295" attach="left" box="[256,289,1513,1538]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">pad</superScript>
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, d4 fr right SIT 1280, p3 right SIT 530; coprolite SIT 1359.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FF3AF987FF343101" blockId="12.[106,745,1418,1635]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF90FFF0FF3AF987FF1E3120" bold="true" box="[144,248,1578,1602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Platania:</emphasis>
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A maxilla with the right and left P2–P4, PLD 464.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FF3AF9D7FB9837B2" blockId="12.[106,745,1658,2100]" lastBlockId="12.[820,1460,151,2100]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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<materialsCitation id="3B393CB0FF90FFF0FF3AF9D7FB9C37B2" collectionCode="SIT" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" specimenCode="SIT 1421" specimenCount="1">
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D e s c r i p t i o n.
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<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF90FFF0FEFFF9D7FE0331F0" bold="true" box="[341,485,1658,1682]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Thermopigi:</emphasis>
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The corroded skull
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<specimenCode id="DBF79E96FF90FFF0FD6BF9D7FF7931D0" collectionCode="SIT" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">SIT 1421</specimenCode>
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bears the very poorly preserved left tooth row P2–P4 and M1, nasals, nasal cavity, infra-orbital foramina, frontal with the orbital cavities and ecto-orbitals, post-orbital constriction to the parietals, most of the left zygomatic arch, and a palate showing a deep depression below the metastyle of the left P4, in front of the molar, followed by the choanae (
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<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FFDBF8F6FF163011" box="[113,240,1883,1907]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8a</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FF5AF8F6FEFF3011" box="[240,281,1883,1907]" captionStart-0="Text-fig" captionStart-1="Text-fig" captionStart-2="Text-fig" captionStartId-0="2.[125,206,1056,1077]" captionStartId-1="3.[147,228,1990,2011]" captionStartId-2="4.[147,228,1966,1987]" captionTargetBox-0="[125,1439,151,1040]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1462,701,1973]" captionTargetBox-2="[149,1376,154,1932]" captionTargetId-0="figure-493@2.[125,1440,151,1040]" captionTargetId-1="figure-353@3.[147,1462,701,1974]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@4.[147,1252,152,2013]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Text-fig. 1. a: Map of Greece with Miocene sites of Thermopigi (SIT), and Platania (PLD). b: SIT, excavation site with grid of squares. c: PLD, excavation site with (d) hyenid maxilla in situ." captionText-1="Text-fig. 2. a: Map of Greece showing Pliocene sites of Milia (MIL) and Promachonas (PRC). b: MIL, site with its eleven fossil localities; two of which, MIL 4 (b1) and MIL 5 (b2) provided ulna and tibia of a primate, respectively. c: New site PRC: greenish-gray argillaceous sediments on slopes of site. d: Isolated primate teeth found during sieving process in sieves of a 0.8 mm mesh (bottom sieve) and 5 mm (top sieve)." captionText-2="Text-fig. 3. Mesopithecus delsoni, Thermopigi. a: Humerus left SIT 986; a1: dorsal, a2: ventral, a3: medial view. b: Tibia right SIT 980; b1: anterior, b2: posterior, b3: lateral, b4: medial, b5: distal view. c: Calcaneus left SIT 1100; c1: anterior, c2: lateral, c3: medial, c4: posterior, c5: proximal, c6: distal view. Scale bars 30 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">1–3</figureCitation>
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). The toothrow is damaged (
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<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FDE4F8F6FD2A3011" box="[590,716,1883,1907]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8a</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FD66F8F6FD3D3011" box="[716,731,1883,1907]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[147,228,1107,1128]" captionTargetBox="[156,1451,154,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-485@7.[147,1462,151,1092]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. aff. Dolichopithecus sp., Milia. Proximal ulna left MIL 1779. a: medial, b: dorsal, c: lateral, d: palmar view. Scale bar 30 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">4</figureCitation>
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); only traces remain that allow us to make a few measurements (
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<tableCitation id="C6D30356FF90FFF0FFDBF836FF5130D1" box="[113,183,1947,1971]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[129,185,152,173]" captionText="Table 4. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi (SIT), Platania (PLD). Measurements of cranium, maxilla, mandible and teeth. (See abbreviations in text.)" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
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). There are traces of the mesial accessory cusp of the P2 and P3, and the metastyle of the upper carnassial. The worn and slender M1 rotates 90 degrees inwards; paracone, metacone and protocone are barely distinguishable. There is palatal asymmetry, on the right side of the maxilla, where paleopathological evidence indicates a
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<typeStatus id="54EA884FFF90FFF0FB58FF35FAC637D2" box="[1266,1312,152,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">type</typeStatus>
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of exostosis bearing the roots of P2 and P3
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FCF0FF75FBB13513" blockId="12.[820,1460,151,2100]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
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Of the two isolated P2s, SIT 940 retains only the upper part of the unworn crown, the pointed tip and the two well-defined crests (
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<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FC7CFEB5FBB33652" box="[982,1109,280,304]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8e</figureCitation>
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). The preserved dimensions are: length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FC28FE95FC35362D" box="[898,979,312,336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
, breadth
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FB97FE95FB64362D" box="[1085,1154,312,336]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The P2 SIT 531 is almost complete and only a little worn (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FB0FFEF5FACF3612" box="[1189,1321,344,368]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two sharp anterior and posterior crests extend from the tip of the tooth, the latter meeting the well-distinct posterior accessory cusp (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D30356FF90FFF0FC96FE15FC6E36B2" box="[828,904,440,464]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[129,185,152,173]" captionText="Table 4. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi (SIT), Platania (PLD). Measurements of cranium, maxilla, mandible and teeth. (See abbreviations in text.)" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). The P3 SIT 1057 is almost complete, missing only the mesial part with the accessory cusp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FA8FFE75FA403692" box="[1317,1446,472,496]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The main cusp is unworn and strong with two sharp crests extending from the tip anterior and posterior of the tooth. The latter terminates in the well-developed posterior accessory cusp; dimensions in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D30356FF90FFF0FBA4FDF4FBB53513" box="[1038,1107,601,625]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[129,185,152,173]" captionText="Table 4. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi (SIT), Platania (PLD). Measurements of cranium, maxilla, mandible and teeth. (See abbreviations in text.)" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FCF0FDD4FB7B3390" blockId="12.[820,1460,151,2100]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
|
||
The left mandible SIT 713+714 preserves the corpus with p2-m1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FC6BFD34FBA235D3" box="[961,1092,665,689]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8b</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FBEEFD34FB8D35D3" box="[1092,1131,665,689]" captionStart-0="Text-fig" captionStart-1="Text-fig" captionStart-2="Text-fig" captionStartId-0="2.[125,206,1056,1077]" captionStartId-1="3.[147,228,1990,2011]" captionStartId-2="4.[147,228,1966,1987]" captionTargetBox-0="[125,1439,151,1040]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1462,701,1973]" captionTargetBox-2="[149,1376,154,1932]" captionTargetId-0="figure-493@2.[125,1440,151,1040]" captionTargetId-1="figure-353@3.[147,1462,701,1974]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@4.[147,1252,152,2013]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Text-fig. 1. a: Map of Greece with Miocene sites of Thermopigi (SIT), and Platania (PLD). b: SIT, excavation site with grid of squares. c: PLD, excavation site with (d) hyenid maxilla in situ." captionText-1="Text-fig. 2. a: Map of Greece showing Pliocene sites of Milia (MIL) and Promachonas (PRC). b: MIL, site with its eleven fossil localities; two of which, MIL 4 (b1) and MIL 5 (b2) provided ulna and tibia of a primate, respectively. c: New site PRC: greenish-gray argillaceous sediments on slopes of site. d: Isolated primate teeth found during sieving process in sieves of a 0.8 mm mesh (bottom sieve) and 5 mm (top sieve)." captionText-2="Text-fig. 3. Mesopithecus delsoni, Thermopigi. a: Humerus left SIT 986; a1: dorsal, a2: ventral, a3: medial view. b: Tibia right SIT 980; b1: anterior, b2: posterior, b3: lateral, b4: medial, b5: distal view. c: Calcaneus left SIT 1100; c1: anterior, c2: lateral, c3: medial, c4: posterior, c5: proximal, c6: distal view. Scale bars 30 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The slightly worn tooth row consists of the complete p2, p3, the talonid of the damaged p4, and the mesial half of the lower carnassial. The alveolus of the single root p1 is also preserved (Depth =
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FA83FD54FA6D3473" box="[1321,1419,761,785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="4.45">4.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
), as well as parts of the symphysis. The corpus is relatively high and straight at its preserved inferior border. There are two mental foramina below p2: the larger below the middle and the smaller below the posterior border of the tooth. The p2 is short but robust, with a small anterior and a larger posterior accessory cuspid. There is a lingual cingulum. The larger p3 bears a strong anterior and a posterior accessory cuspids on the mesio- and distolingual sides of the tooth. There is a faint buccal cingulum. The p4 is damaged, and only the well-developed distal accessory cuspid is preserved on a large, raised base of the distal cingulum around the distal area of the tooth. The mesial part of the lower carnassial is preserved with a mesial cingulum at the crown base, whereas only the root of the distal part of the tooth remains. Dimensions of the mandible and teeth are in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D30356FF90FFF0FBE2FB77FB7F3390" box="[1096,1177,1242,1266]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[129,185,152,173]" captionText="Table 4. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi (SIT), Platania (PLD). Measurements of cranium, maxilla, mandible and teeth. (See abbreviations in text.)" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FCF0FB56FB3A31F1" blockId="12.[820,1460,151,2100]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
|
||
From the lower deciduous carnassial d4 SIT 1280, only part of the blade is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FB25FAB7FAF23250" box="[1167,1300,1306,1330]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8h</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is slightly worn. The paraconid and protoconid form an angle of 115° at
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FCFBFAF7FC793210" box="[849,927,1370,1394]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
between their peaks. The preserved dimensions are a length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FC7CFAD7FBA532F0" box="[982,1091,1402,1426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.573" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="15.73">15.73 mm</quantity>
|
||
and breadth of 6.0 mm. The nearcomplete p3 SIT 530 is well-preserved and unworn. The protoconid is relatively high and the distal crest is sharp. The mesiolingual accessory cuspid is weak, while the distolingual one is larger (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FBFCFA56FB333171" box="[1110,1237,1531,1555]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8f</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dimensions are in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D30356FF90FFF0FC9EF9B6FC9D3151" box="[820,891,1563,1587]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[129,185,152,173]" captionText="Table 4. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi (SIT), Platania (PLD). Measurements of cranium, maxilla, mandible and teeth. (See abbreviations in text.)" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
|
||
. From the carnassial SIT 529, a half-fragment bears the unworn paraconid of a juvenile. The mesiolingual crest is strong. The preserved dimensions are a length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FAECF9F6FA543110" box="[1350,1458,1627,1651]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="13.1">13.10 mm</quantity>
|
||
and breadth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FC7FF9D6FBA731F0" box="[981,1089,1659,1683]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.005" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="10.05">10.05 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FBE5F9D6FB3631F1" box="[1103,1232,1659,1683]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
|
||
Text-fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FB18F9D6FB3631F1" box="[1202,1232,1659,1683]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="g" value="8.0">8g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF0FCF0F936FA4D3071" blockId="12.[820,1460,151,2100]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
|
||
The well-preserved coprolite SIT 1359 shows a typical constriction at one third of its total length and a shallow depression at one of its ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FBD3F976FB133191" box="[1145,1269,1755,1779]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" captionTargetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" captionTargetId="figure-353@13.[147,1462,144,1257]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi. a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior pad, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 8i</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dimensions are length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FCD7F956FC0A3071" box="[893,1004,1787,1811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.731" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="47.31">47.31 mm</quantity>
|
||
, breadth
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FBE4F956FB5F3071" box="[1102,1209,1787,1811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7079999999999997" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="37.08">37.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
and height
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FA9DF956FA413071" box="[1335,1447,1787,1811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.449" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="24.49">24.49 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF90FFF1FCF0F8B6FE9031C7" blockId="12.[820,1460,151,2100]" lastBlockId="13.[129,768,1452,1701]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="375" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF90FFF0FCF0F8B6FC243051" bold="true" box="[858,962,1819,1843]" pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Platania:</emphasis>
|
||
Maxilla PLD 464 preserves both right and left tooth rows with P2–P4, nasal cavity and the left infraorbital foramen (ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B08FF90FFF0FC66F8F6FBC23016" box="[972,1060,1883,1908]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="374" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) above and medial to the P3 roots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF90FFF0FC91F8D6FC3E30F6" box="[827,984,1915,1940]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="14.[125,206,971,992]" captionTargetBox="[126,1439,152,931]" captionTargetId="figure-220@14.[125,1440,151,970]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 9. Adcrocuta eximia, Platania. Maxilla PLD 464 with right and left tooth rows P2–P4. a: occlusal, b: left buccal, c: left palatal view. Scale bars 20 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="374">Text-fig. 9a–c</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both tooth rows are well-preserved; only the protocone of the right carnassial is missing. The highcrowned tooth rows are slightly worn and with lingual cingula. P2 is oval shaped with a palatal cingulum, with sharp anterior and posterior crests, a vestigial anterior and a small posterior accessory cusp. P3 is large, with sharp mesiopalatal and distal crests, a small anterior and a larger posterior accessory cusp. The anterior part of the tooth is broader than the posterior. The upper carnassial is large, long, and robust. The parastyle is well-developed, the paracone high and the metastyle forms a long blade. The protocone is relatively weak, confined to the base of the tooth, posteriorly to the anterior border of the parastyle, typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF91FFF1FD3BF9C1FD1931E6" box="[657,767,1644,1668]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF91FFF1FD3BF9C1FD1931E6" box="[657,767,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(dimensions in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D30356FF91FFF1FE8EF921FE8F31C7" box="[292,361,1676,1701]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[129,185,152,173]" captionText="Table 4. Adcrocuta eximia, Thermopigi (SIT), Platania (PLD). Measurements of cranium, maxilla, mandible and teeth. (See abbreviations in text.)" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6665FF91FFF1FF39FB55FCB93207" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" startId="13.[147,228,1272,1293]" targetBox="[158,1451,156,1192]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF91FFF1FF39FB55FCB93207" blockId="13.[147,1463,1272,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF91FFF1FF39FB55FB7D325D" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">
|
||
Text-fig. 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF91FFF1FEA6FB54FDAD326C" authority=", Thermopigi." authorityName="Thermopigi." box="[268,587,1272,1294]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF91FFF1FEA6FB54FE58326C" bold="true" box="[268,446,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
, Thermopigi.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a: Skull SIT 1421; a1: left lateral, a2: ventral, a3: frontal, a4: detail occlusal view. b: Left mandible with p2–m1 SIT 713+714; b1: lingual, b2: buccal, b3: occlusal. c–e: Upper teeth; c: P3 left SIT 1057, d: P2 right SIT 531, e: Tip 940 left. f–h: Lower teeth; f: p3 right SIT 530, g: m1 right SIT 529; anterior
|
||
<superScript id="7C249BA5FF91FFF1FBD0FA9EFB7D325D" attach="left" box="[1146,1179,1330,1352]" fontSize="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">pad</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, h: d4 frag. right SIT 1280; c–g – lingual, h – buccal view. i: coprolite SIT 1359. Scale bars 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF91FFF1FF0CF911FDC23F51" blockId="13.[128,768,1724,2100]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">
|
||
D i s c u s s i o n. The PLD maxilla is described and discussed here to compare the two richest Turolian mammal sites, located close to each other in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346767DFF91FFF1FD2BF951FD1A3076" box="[641,764,1788,1812]" name="Macedonia" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Thermopigi and Platania. Thermopigi
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF91FFF1FDECF8B1FCE63056" authority="(SIT)" baseAuthorityName="SIT" box="[582,768,1820,1844]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF91FFF1FDECF8B1FD523056" box="[582,692,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
(SIT)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears less robust than Platania (PLD) hyena. They generally fall within the variation between Axios Vallesian and Axios Turolian (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF91FFF1FEF0F8D1FE3830F6" box="[346,478,1916,1940]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="14.[106,187,1628,1649]" captionTargetBox="[108,737,1125,1611]" captionTargetId="figure-251@14.[83,778,1092,1616]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 10. Adcrocuta eximia: Comparative diagram of upper teeth from various sites in Greece and other well-known sites (Roussiakis 2002, Koufos 2016)." pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Text-figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF91FFF1FE43F8D1FDE330F6" box="[489,517,1916,1940]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="14.[820,901,1479,1500]" captionTargetBox="[826,1445,1137,1449]" captionTargetId="figure-282@14.[815,1460,1043,1527]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 11. Adcrocuta eximia: Comparative diagram of lower teeth from various sites in Greece and other well-known sites (Roussiakis 2002, Koufos 2016)." pageId="13" pageNumber="375">11</figureCitation>
|
||
). When comparing SIT and PLD maxillae, it should be noted that (a) longer tooth row (even damaged) P2–P4 and carnassials in SIT than in PLD, (b) index B/LX100 for P2: SIT = 56.16, PLD= 71.10, (c) P3 higher but slenderer in SIT than in PLD and the B/ HX100 index: SIT=71.35, PLD=84.53.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF91FFF1FCDBFA01FBA63F56" blockId="13.[843,1483,1452,2100]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">
|
||
The morphology of the Platania P2–3 (relatively narrow, with a strong mesial additional cusp and a strong lingual cingulum) indicates an earlier geological age of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF91FFF1FAF1FA43FA2F3164" box="[1371,1481,1518,1542]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF91FFF1FAF1FA43FA2F3164" box="[1371,1481,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Platania, and places it apparently in the pre-middle Turolian stage of premolar evolution of this hyena, close to some other Balkan samples from the Vallesian/Turolian boundary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF91FFF1FC6EF9DCFB4F31EB" author="Spassov, N. & Geraads, D. & Hristova, L. & Markov, G. & Garevska, B. & Garevski, R." box="[964,1193,1649,1673]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref21953" refString="Spassov, N., Geraads, D., Hristova, L., Markov, G., Garevska, B., Garevski, R. (2018): The Late Miocene mammal faunas of the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). - Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 311 (1 - 6): 1 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / pala / 2018 / 0073" type="journal article" year="2018">Spassov et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF91FFF1FB10F9DCFB1231EB" author="Spassov, N. & Geraads, D. & Hristova, L. & Markov, G. N." box="[1210,1268,1649,1673]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" pagination="317 - 350" refId="ref21876" refString="Spassov, N., Geraads, D., Hristova, L., Markov, G. N. (2019): The Late Miocene mammal fauna from Gorna Sushitsa, Southwestern Bulgaria and the early / middle Turolian transition. - Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 291 (3): 317 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2019 / 0804" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This morphology seems to support the above-assumed biochronological position of the locality. Also, it is noteworthy to compare these two faunal associations of Thermopigi and Platania with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF91FFF1FC28F959FC16306E" box="[898,1008,1780,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF91FFF1FC28F959FC16306E" box="[898,1008,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as already discussed in earlier publications on rhinoceroses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF91FFF1FBA8F8B8FB42304F" author="Tsoukala" box="[1026,1188,1813,1837]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" pagination="609 - 630" refId="ref22277" refString="Tsoukala, Ε. (2018): Rhinocerotidae from the Late Miocene and Late Pliocene of Macedonia, Greece. A revision of the Neogene - Quaternary Rhinocerotidae of Greece. - Revue de Paleobiologie, 37 (2): 609 - 630." type="journal article" year="2018">Tsoukala 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), proboscideans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF91FFF1FAF5F8B8FBFF302C" author="Konidaris, G. & Tsoukala, E." pageId="13" pageNumber="375" refId="ref19085" refString="Konidaris, G., Tsoukala, E. (2020): Proboscideans from the upper Miocene localities of Thermopigi, Neokaisareia and Platania (Northern Greece). - Annales de Paleontologie, 106: 102380 (15 pp.). https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2019.102380" type="book" year="2020">Konidaris and Tsoukala 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), bovids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF91FFF1FB28F89BFA92302C" author="Vasileiadis, N. & Tsoukala, E. & Kostopoulos, D." box="[1154,1396,1846,1870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref22461" refString="Vasileiadis, N., Tsoukala, E., Kostopoulos, D. (2019): The Late Miocene bovids from Platania (Drama, Greece), with description of a new species of Paleoryx. - Geobios, 55: 57 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2019.06.005" type="journal article" year="2019">Vasileiadis et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), turtles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF91FFF1FCF8F8FAFB68300D" author="Vlachos, E. & Tsoukala, E." box="[850,1166,1879,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" pagination="27 - 40" refId="ref22523" refString="Vlachos, E., Tsoukala, E. (2014): Testudo cf. graeca from the new Late Miocene locality of Platania (Drama basin, N. Greece) and a reappraisal of previously published specimens. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 48: 27 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.12681 / bgsg. 11046" type="journal article" year="2014">Vlachos and Tsoukala 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the paleoenvironment. The bite marks of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF91FFF1FB88F8D5FB7630F2" box="[1058,1168,1912,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF91FFF1FB88F8D5FB7630F2" box="[1058,1168,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="375">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear comparatively more often in the bone-remains of Platania than in those of Thermopigi. Especially in hipparions, young rhinos and bovids, there is a common presence of bitten and broken bones, presumably making it a feeding site for this top carnivorous scavenger.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6665FF92FFF2FFD7FC66FE5B349F" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" startId="14.[125,206,971,992]" targetBox="[126,1439,152,931]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF92FFF2FFD7FC66FE5B349F" blockId="14.[125,1440,971,1021]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">
|
||
Text-fig. 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF92FFF2FF59FC66FDEA3482" authority=", Platania." authorityName="Platania." box="[243,524,971,992]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF92FFF2FF59FC66FE423482" bold="true" box="[243,420,971,992]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
, Platania.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Maxilla PLD 464 with right and left tooth rows P2–P4. a: occlusal, b: left buccal, c: left palatal view. Scale bars 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF92FFF2FEA9FBE1FAF93307" blockId="14.[259,613,1100,1120]" box="[259,1311,1100,1125]" lastBlockId="14.[961,1311,1105,1125]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF92FFF2FEA9FBE1FE7B3302" box="[259,413,1100,1120]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF92FFF2FEA9FBE1FE7B3302" box="[259,413,1100,1120]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
upper teeth compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF92FFF2FC6BFBFCFBBD3307" box="[961,1115,1105,1125]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF92FFF2FC6BFBFCFBBD3307" box="[961,1115,1105,1125]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lower teeth compared
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6665FF92FFF2FC9EFA6AFB9E3175" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" startId="14.[820,901,1479,1500]" targetBox="[826,1445,1137,1449]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF92FFF2FC9EFA6AFB9E3175" blockId="14.[820,1446,1479,1559]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">
|
||
Text-fig. 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF92FFF2FC1AFA6AFBB932BE" box="[944,1119,1479,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF92FFF2FC1AFA6AFBB932BE" bold="true" box="[944,1119,1479,1500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Comparative diagram of lower teeth from various sites in Greece and other well-known sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FC90F9AFFC073175" author="Roussiakis, S. J." box="[826,993,1538,1559]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="699 - 719" refId="ref21200" refString="Roussiakis, S. J. (2002): Musteloids and feloids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Miocene locality of Pikermi (Attica, Greece). - Geobios, 35: 699 - 719. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00083 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">Roussiakis 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FC46F9AFFB883175" author="Koufos, G. D." box="[1004,1134,1538,1559]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="53 - 67" refId="ref19709" refString="Koufos, G. D. (2016): Carnivora. - In: Koufos, D., Kostopoulos, D. (eds), Palaeontology of the upper Miocene vertebrate localities of Nikiti (Chalkidiki Peninsula, Macedonia, Greece). Geobios, 49 (1 - 2): 53 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2016.01.013" type="journal article" year="2016">Koufos 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6665FF92FFF2FFC0F9F1FE4831CE" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" startId="14.[106,187,1628,1649]" targetBox="[108,737,1125,1611]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF92FFF2FFC0F9F1FE4831CE" blockId="14.[106,738,1628,1708]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">
|
||
Text-fig. 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF92FFF2FF42F9F1FE713113" box="[232,407,1628,1649]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF92FFF2FF42F9F1FE713113" bold="true" box="[232,407,1628,1649]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Comparative diagram of upper teeth from various sites in Greece and other well-known sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FFDAF93AFEF031CE" author="Roussiakis, S. J." box="[112,278,1687,1708]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="699 - 719" refId="ref21200" refString="Roussiakis, S. J. (2002): Musteloids and feloids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Miocene locality of Pikermi (Attica, Greece). - Geobios, 35: 699 - 719. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (02) 00083 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">Roussiakis 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FE8BF93AFE4231CE" author="Koufos, G. D." box="[289,420,1687,1708]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="53 - 67" refId="ref19709" refString="Koufos, G. D. (2016): Carnivora. - In: Koufos, D., Kostopoulos, D. (eds), Palaeontology of the upper Miocene vertebrate localities of Nikiti (Chalkidiki Peninsula, Macedonia, Greece). Geobios, 49 (1 - 2): 53 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2016.01.013" type="journal article" year="2016">Koufos 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36EDFF92FFF2FF3AF95EFECF3F56" blockId="14.[106,745,1779,2100]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346767DFF92FFF2FF05F95EFF1B3069" box="[175,253,1779,1803]" name="Greece" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF92FFF2FEA1F95EFE2F3069" box="[267,457,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF92FFF2FEA1F95EFE2F3069" box="[267,457,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread and known from at least 20 sites dating from the late Vallesian to the late Turolian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FEA3F898FE4A302F" author="Koufos, G. D." box="[265,428,1845,1869]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" refId="ref19859" refString="Koufos, G. D. (2022 b): The fossil record of Hyaenids (Mammalia: Carnivora, Felidae) in Greece. - In: Vlachos, E. (ed.), Fossil Vertebrates of Greece, Vol. 2. Springer, Cham, pp. 555 - 576. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 68442 - 6 _ 19" type="book" year="2022">Koufos 2022b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dental dimensions are close to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D6EFF92FFF2FE80F8FBFE0F300C" box="[298,489,1878,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAFFFF92FFF2FE80F8FBFE0F300C" box="[298,489,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from sites of Northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346767DFF92FFF2FFC0F8DAFF5E30ED" box="[106,184,1911,1935]" name="Greece" pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
, such as Axios Valley (late Vallesian, MN 10), Nikiti (early Turolian, MN 11) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FE27F835FDC730D2" author="Koufos, G. D." box="[397,545,1944,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="51 - 92" refId="ref19266" refString="Koufos, G. D. (2000): Revision of the Late Miocene carnivores from the Axios valley, Macedonia, Greece. - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, A, 39: 51 - 92." type="journal article" year="2000">Koufos 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FD9AF835FD8E30D2" author="Koufos, G. D." box="[560,616,1944,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref19579" refString="Koufos, G. D. (2012): New material of Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Axios Valley, Macedonia, Greece. - Comptes Rendus Palevol, 11: 49 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2011.09.004" type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FDD2F835FD4930D2" author="Koufos, G. D." box="[632,687,1944,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="53 - 67" refId="ref19709" refString="Koufos, G. D. (2016): Carnivora. - In: Koufos, D., Kostopoulos, D. (eds), Palaeontology of the upper Miocene vertebrate localities of Nikiti (Chalkidiki Peninsula, Macedonia, Greece). Geobios, 49 (1 - 2): 53 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2016.01.013" type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Kryopigi Kassandra (MN 12/MN 13) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B1CFF92FFF2FDB3F814FD2530B3" author="Lazaridis, G." box="[537,707,1977,2001]" pageId="14" pageNumber="376" pagination="1 - 355" refId="ref20467" refString="Lazaridis, G. (2015): Study of the Late Miocene vertebrate locality of Kryopigi and other localities of Kassandra Peninsula, Chalkidiki (Greece). Systematics, Taphonomy, Paleoecology, Biochronology. - Scientific Annals, School of Geology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece, 174: 1 - 355." type="journal article" year="2015">Lazaridis 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It must be noted that the upper carnassials are more robust in the SIT and PLD specimens than those of the other sites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF92FFF2FFDBF7B1FF133F56" box="[113,245,2076,2100]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="14.[106,187,1628,1649]" captionTargetBox="[108,737,1125,1611]" captionTargetId="figure-251@14.[83,778,1092,1616]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 10. Adcrocuta eximia: Comparative diagram of upper teeth from various sites in Greece and other well-known sites (Roussiakis 2002, Koufos 2016)." pageId="14" pageNumber="376">Text-figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A68FF92FFF2FEAAF7B1FEFA3F56" box="[256,284,2076,2100]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="14.[820,901,1479,1500]" captionTargetBox="[826,1445,1137,1449]" captionTargetId="figure-282@14.[815,1460,1043,1527]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 11. Adcrocuta eximia: Comparative diagram of lower teeth from various sites in Greece and other well-known sites (Roussiakis 2002, Koufos 2016)." pageId="14" pageNumber="376">11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |