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<document id="4B128D63B9AAFC0E040169F46C321567" ID-CLB-Dataset="301510" ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0209792" ID-GBIF-Dataset="447a44cd-2c7e-4499-b31b-6e529c586ed5" ID-ISSN="1932-6203" ID-PMC="PMC6334993" ID-PubMed="30650102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12630921" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1719975332143" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., García, Carolina Carrizo, González, Segundo Leiva, Scaldaferro, Marisel &amp; Reyes, Ximena" docDate="2019" docId="03F887D6FFB5FFEE305EFED4620DFE15" docLanguage="en" docName="PLoSONE.14.1.e0209792.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE (e 0209792) 14 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792" docStyle="DocumentStyle:55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE.2:PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE" docStyleName="PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFC1FFAEFFB8FFFC326BFF8E615BFFE8" masterDocTitle="Four new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the tropical Andes and an update on the phylogeny of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1723726385848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8B10289CDEBC11363356495E48D3B4B5">Four new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the tropical Andes and an update on the phylogeny of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EA0B5647C803095D9BC678A636CDDCE6">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="718311B501670BC3C599427682424411">García, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BA960F7A20AD86C79A0B6094A19E10C1">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina, &amp; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="45DF63C43915DDC82F6B46D77934B4DF">González, Segundo Leiva</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="EBF8D7F1A24431FB8E9C414E804AE653">Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="254776EE15C94B3F392C7948E7953345">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina, &amp; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E535DFC2D6DF4FF6CA264A8F8607011D">Reyes, Ximena</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5C1ECBC8B207102CAB879F350C312D9E">Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani, Cochabamba, Bolivia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2368A9F0654B1DB47A860C70AFA9B52B">PLoS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BEA02A103AF3054F34CF6E6D9DCFE2BE">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5821BD9440AE6979094D5D575732A3ED">2019-01-16</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5CF14B835B3985AE3ED5D67FBECB0930" type="DOI">10.1371/journal.pone.0209792</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F887D6FFB5FFEE305EFED4620DFE15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13326498" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13326498" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887D6FFB5FFEE305EFED4620DFE15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887D6FFB5FFEE305EFED4620DFE15" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB5FFF1305EFED464BCFE9A" box="[565,1511,346,370]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB5FFF1305EFED464BCFE9A" blockId="13.[533,1536,208,1896]" box="[565,1511,346,370]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF1305EFED46517FE9A" bold="true" box="[565,1100,346,370]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB5FFF1305EFED462B7FE9A" ID-CoL="7TBQR" authority="Barboza &amp; S. Leiva" authorityName="Barboza &amp; S. Leiva" authorityYear="2019" box="[565,1004,346,370]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF1305EFED4624EFE9A" bold="true" box="[565,789,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
Barboza &amp; S. Leiva
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21657A9FFB5FFF1319CFED46517FE9A" box="[1015,1100,346,370]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[urn:lsid:ipni.org:names: 77192559–1]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB5FFF1305EFEF363EFFE15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB5FFF1305EFEF3629CFE32" blockId="13.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB5FFF1305EFEF36522FE50" collectingDate="2011-03-22" collectorName="T. Mione" country="Peru" elevation="2385" location="Type" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Piura" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="8E8E601BFFB5FFF1305EFEF36336FE7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887D6FFB5FFEE305EFED4620DFE15:8E8E601BFFB5FFF1305EFEF36336FE7D" box="[565,621,381,405]" country="Peru" name="Type" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" stateProvince="Piura">Type</location>
:
<collectingCountry id="F3467650FFB5FFF1301CFEF363F7FE7D" box="[631,684,381,405]" name="Peru" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Peru</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="4995F822FFB5FFF130DEFEF363AAFE7D" box="[693,753,381,405]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Piura</collectingRegion>
: Prov. Huancabamba, borde de carretera y riachuelo, 5˚22’46”S, 79˚ 33’47”W,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13015FE2E6254FE50" box="[638,783,416,440]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.385" metricValueMax="2.459" metricValueMin="2.311" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2385.0" valueMax="2459.0" valueMin="2311.0">2311–2459 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFEF1000FFB5FFF13172FE2E62C5FE50" box="[793,926,416,440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2011-03-22">
<collectingDate id="EFABE9E8FFB5FFF13172FE2E62C5FE50" box="[793,926,416,440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2011-03-22">22 Mar 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
(fl, fr),
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB5FFF13186FE2E6516FE5F" box="[1005,1101,416,440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF13186FE2E62A6FE5F" box="[1005,1021,416,439]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF13662FE2E6522FE50" box="[1033,1145,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mione 812</emphasis>
</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB5FFF13615FE2E63D1FE32" collectingDate="2011-03-22" collectorName="T. Mione" country="Peru" elevation="2385" location="Type" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Piura" typeStatus="holotype">
(
<typeStatus id="54EA8862FFB5FFF136EDFE2E65BCFE50" box="[1158,1255,416,440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, CORD [CORD-00006936];
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB5FFF130FBFE4C6299FE32" box="[656,962,450,474]" collectingDate="2011-03-22" collectorName="T. Mione" country="Peru" elevation="2385" location="Type" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Piura" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54EA8862FFB5FFF130FBFE4C6385FE32" box="[656,734,450,474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
, NY [NY-03231447])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB5FFF1305EFE6B63EFFE15" blockId="13.[533,1536,208,1896]" box="[565,692,485,509]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB5FFF1305EFE6B6328FE15" box="[565,627,485,509]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="15.[373,401,203,222]" captionTargetId="figure-1@14.[373,1536,208,1872]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig 7. Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Flowering branch. (B) Calyx. (C) Flower. (D) Opened corolla. (E, F, G). Anther, ventral, dorsal and lateral view, respectively. (H) Gynoecium. (I) Fruit. (J) Seed. Drawn by S. Leiva González." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13326500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13326500/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 7</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB5FFF130CCFE6B63EFFE15" box="[679,692,485,509]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="16.[527,555,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 8. Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Plant. (B) Leaves, abaxial surface. (C) Fruiting branch. (D) Flower bud. (E) Flower and immature fruit. (F) Mature fruit. (G) Fruit, transverse section, showing placenta and seeds. (H) Fruit transverse section, showing a stone cell at the apex (arrow). Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630929/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB5FFF1305EFD86622EFD8D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB5FFF1305EFD86622EFD8D" blockId="13.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF1305EFD8663F8FDC8" bold="true" box="[565,675,520,544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Like
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB5FFF13088FD866551FDC8" authority="M. Nee" authorityName="M. Nee" box="[739,1034,519,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caballeroi">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF13088FD8662ECFDF7" box="[739,951,519,543]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Capsicum caballeroi</emphasis>
M. Nee
</taxonomicName>
but differing in the purple calyx, the 5 equal calyx appendages, the longer tubular-campanulate corolla, the globose orange non-pungent mature fruit, and the black seeds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB5FFF1305EFDFE64B4F8CA" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB5FFF1305EFDFE64B4F8CA" blockId="13.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF1305EFDFE63E3FD60" bold="true" box="[565,696,624,648]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description</emphasis>
. Scandent shrubs 2–2.20 (3) m tall, densely branched. Young stems green, shiny, fragile, flexuous, glabrous, striate; bark of older stems green to dark brown, glabrous, striate; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, geminate, leaf pair markedly anisophyllous in size and shape. Leaves simple, membranaceous, discolorous, adaxial surface dark green and shiny, abaxial surface light green and opaque, glabrous or with sparse simple antrorse trichomes
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13006FC9363B0FCDD" box="[621,747,797,821]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.85" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.2 mm</quantity>
long adaxially and abaxially, occasionally trichomes more abundant on main veins and margins; the larger leaves with blades (8)
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13619FCCE65B7FCB0" box="[1138,1260,832,856]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4849999999999999" metricValueMax="1.77" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="14.85" valueMax="17.7" valueMin="12.0">12–17.7 cm</quantity>
long, (2)
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13739FCCE649EFCB0" box="[1362,1477,832,856]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–4.5 cm</quantity>
wide, elliptic, major veins 7–9 on each side of midvein, base asymmetric and attenuate, margin entire, apex long-acuminate; petioles 0.7–1.4 (1.7) cm long, slightly winged from the decurrent leaf bases, glabrous or glabrescent with trichomes like those of the leaves; the minor leaves
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF137BAFC266307FC0A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5– 4.5 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF130F6FC44624BFC0A" box="[669,784,970,994]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.6 cm</quantity>
wide, ovate or elliptic, major veins 3–4 on each side of midvein, base short attenuate or rounded, asymmetric, margin entire, apex acute or slightly rounded; petioles
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF1307EFB9E63D2FBC0" box="[533,649,1040,1064]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.5 cm</quantity>
long, glabrescent or pubescent. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 3; flowering pedicels green, filiform, terete, pendent, slightly curved, not geniculate at anthesis,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF1373BFBBC6498FBA2" box="[1360,1475,1074,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.6 cm</quantity>
long, glabrous or glabrescent, the trichomes simple, non-glandular, multicellular, antrorse,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF137F5FBDB6328FB78" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.375" valueMax="0.45" valueMin="0.3">0.30– 0.45 mm</quantity>
long. Flower buds ovoid, yellow or pale yellow. Calyx 1.5–2.6 (3) mm long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF137F8FBF664B7FB78" box="[1427,1516,1144,1168]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
wide, cup-shaped, thick, purple or greenish purple, the margin truncate, glabrescent to pubescent, with 5 appendages (0.9)
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF1313BFB3362E0FB3D" box="[848,955,1213,1237]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13197FB336521FB3D" box="[1020,1146,1213,1237]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 mm</quantity>
wide, thick, erect, subulate, inserted close to the margin, glabrous or glabrescent with the same trichomes as pedicels and calyx tube. Corolla
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF130CEFA8C6271FAF2" box="[677,810,1282,1306]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="15.75" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="14.5">14.5–17 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13100FA8C6286FAF2" box="[875,989,1282,1306]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="12.0">12–17 mm</quantity>
diam, tubular-campanulate, thick, entirely yellow; tube
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13021FAAB63E7FAD5" box="[586,700,1317,1341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="11.0">11–12 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous inside and outside; lobes
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13603FAAB658FFAD5" box="[1128,1236,1317,1341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF1377FFAAB64DBFAD5" box="[1300,1408,1317,1341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–5 mm</quantity>
wide, broadly ovate, erect, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the tips papillose. Stamens 5, equal, filaments subequal,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF130ACFAE4627BFA6A" box="[711,800,1386,1410]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 mm</quantity>
long, greenish white, glabrous, inserted on the corolla
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13709FAE464E0FA6A" box="[1378,1467,1386,1410]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
from the base, with inconspicuous auricles at point of insertion; anthers 2–2.5 (2.8) mm long, slightly connivent before anthesis, elliptic, yellowish white. Ovary
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF136A5FA3E6402FA20" box="[1230,1369,1456,1480]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.25" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="1.375" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.25">1.25–1.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF137F1FA3E64B0FA20" box="[1434,1515,1456,1480]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
diam, subglobose, white, glabrous; nectary ca.
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13195FA5C650BFA02" box="[1022,1104,1490,1514]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
tall, inconspicuous, yellowish white; style
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13020FA7B63ECF9E5" box="[587,695,1525,1549]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="7.75" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.5">7.5–8 mm</quantity>
long, white, widening distally, glabrous; stigma
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF136D9FA7B6458F9E5" box="[1202,1283,1525,1549]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF1372FFA7B64EBF9E5" box="[1348,1456,1525,1549]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 mm</quantity>
wide, green, somewhat bilobed. Berry
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13100F9966285F9D8" box="[875,990,1560,1584]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 cm</quantity>
in diameter, globose, slightly flattened at the apex, green or white when immature, orange to red at maturity, glabrous, not pungent, the pericarp lacking giant cells (endocarp smooth), sclerotic granules 2, polyhedral, yellowish white; fruiting pedicels
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF130F3F90E6257F970" box="[664,780,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="3.2" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.6 cm</quantity>
long, pendent, slightly striate and widened distally; the fruiting calyx persistent, non-accrescent, ca.
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13132F92C62C3F952" box="[857,920,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
diam, discoid, green-purple or green, the reflexed appendages
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF130FCF94B6258F935" box="[663,771,1733,1757]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.55" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="5.55" valueMax="6.1" valueMin="5.0">5–6.1 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF1312FF94B62F4F935" box="[836,943,1733,1757]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 mm</quantity>
wide at base, fleshy and subulate. Seeds ca. 50–80 per fruit,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF1303BF96663E7F8E8" box="[592,700,1768,1792]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="2.0">2–2.2 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB5FFF13174F966622BF8E8" box="[799,880,1768,1792]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
wide, somewhat compressed, subreniform or obconic, dark brown, the surface reticulate, cells polygonal in shape, lateral walls straight or slightly sinuate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB5FFF3305EF8A362EEFE21" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB5FFF1305EF8A364A7F880" blockId="13.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF1305EF8A3620AF8AD" bold="true" box="[565,849,1837,1861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
Endemic to a restricted area in northern
<collectingCountry id="F3467650FFB5FFF1376DF8A36463F8AD" box="[1286,1336,1837,1861]" name="Peru" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="4995F822FFB5FFF1372DF8A364D8F8AD" box="[1350,1411,1837,1861]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Piura</collectingRegion>
,
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB5FFF137E6F8A3649AF8AD" box="[1421,1473,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="6.[533,561,1150,1169]" captionTargetBox="[533,1320,208,1128]" captionTargetId="figure-278@6.[533,1320,208,1129]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 2. Distribution of Capsicum species. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g002" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630923/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig 2</figureCitation>
) growing in montane misty rain forests, associated with other
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB5FFF136F6F8DE644AF880" box="[1181,1297,1872,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
shrubs (
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB5FFF13707F8C164A7F880" box="[1388,1532,1871,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB5FFF13707F8C16492F88F" box="[1388,1481,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Solanum</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2E6648FFB7FFF3331EFF45645CFF1F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13326500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13326500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13326500/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[373,401,203,222]" targetBox="[374,1529,211,1872]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3331EFF45645CFF1F" blockId="15.[373,1491,203,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3331EFF456255FF36" bold="true" box="[373,782,203,222]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fig 7.
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF333C7FF456255FF36" authority="Barboza &amp; S. Leiva." authorityName="Barboza &amp; S. Leiva." box="[428,782,203,222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF333C7FF456304FF36" bold="true" box="[428,607,203,222]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
Barboza &amp; S. Leiva.
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(A) Flowering branch. (B) Calyx. (C) Flower. (D) Opened corolla. (E, F, G). Anther, ventral, dorsal and lateral view, respectively. (H) Gynoecium. (I) Fruit. (J) Seed. Drawn by S. Leiva González.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3331EFE806257FEC9" blockId="15.[373,780,270,289]" box="[373,780,270,289]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g007</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3307EFEC462EEFE21" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33028FEC7628AFE8A" authority="(Benth.) Miers" authorityName="Miers" baseAuthorityName="Benth." box="[579,977,329,354]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Streptosolen" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jamesonii">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33028FEC76276FE89" box="[579,813,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Streptosolen jamesonii</emphasis>
(Benth.) Miers
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33188FEC4656CFE89" box="[995,1079,330,353]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Begoniaceae" genus="Begonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33188FEC4656CFE89" box="[995,1079,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Begonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33635FEC465BCFE8A" box="[1118,1255,330,354]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Begoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Begoniaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33693FEC764B8FE8A" authority="C. H. Stirt." authorityName="C. H. Stirt." box="[1272,1507,329,354]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Otholobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33693FEC7642CFE89" box="[1272,1399,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Otholobium</emphasis>
C.H.Stirt.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33076FEE263D8FE6C" box="[541,643,364,388]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF330FFFEE26209FE6C" authority="R. Br." authorityName="R. Br." box="[660,850,364,388]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Aphelandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330FFFEE2624BFE6C" box="[660,784,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Aphelandra</emphasis>
R. Br.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33135FEE262B0FE6C" box="[862,1003,364,388]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33197FEE26513FE6C" box="[1020,1096,364,388]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33197FEE26513FE6C" box="[1020,1096,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Juglans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33604FEE265A5FE6C" box="[1135,1278,364,388]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juglandaceae</taxonomicName>
) amongst other herbs and shrubs. It grows in margins of forest and near streams, between
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF3368CFE01642DFE4F" box="[1255,1398,399,423]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.58" metricValueMax="2.86" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2580.0" valueMax="2860.0" valueMin="2300.0">2300–2860 m</quantity>
elevation, in areas of low temperature and rich soils.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB7FFF3305EFE5A6493FE04" box="[565,1480,468,492]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3305EFE5A6493FE04" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" box="[565,1480,468,492]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3305EFE5A63E9FE04" bold="true" box="[565,690,468,492]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Phenology.</emphasis>
Flowering from November to May, with a peak of fruiting in March–May.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB7FFF3305EFE796587FCE9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3305EFE796386FDD9" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3305EFE7963EFFDE7" bold="true" box="[565,692,503,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology.</emphasis>
The new species is named in allusion to its very restricted habitat in Department
<collectingRegion id="4995F822FFB7FFF33038FD9763D6FDD9" box="[595,653,537,561]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Piura</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3467650FFB7FFF330F1FD97638AFDD9" box="[666,721,537,561]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3305EFDB26587FCE9" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3305EFDB262F5FDBC" bold="true" box="[565,942,572,596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Species Conservation Assessment.</emphasis>
According to IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2017),
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33715FDB2631DFD9E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33715FDB264D4FDBB" box="[1406,1423,572,595]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF337F0FDB3631DFD9E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is proposed as Critically Endangered (
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF331B5FDD1655FFD9F" box="[990,1028,607,631]" country="Costa Rica" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15652" name="Museo Nacional de Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">CR</collectionCode>
) species. The extent of occurrence is calculated to be
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF33024FD0F63E5FD71" box="[591,702,641,665]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0195" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="10.195">10.195 km</quantity>
2 (Criterion B1 &lt;
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF33114FD0F628BFD71" box="[895,976,641,665]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
2, Critically Endangered), the area of occupancy,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF337BDFD0F6363FD54" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
2 (Criterion B2 &lt;
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF33092FD2A6265FD54" box="[761,830,676,700]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
2, Critically Endangered). The species is known from only three locations (Criterion B2a
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33170FD49626BFD37" bold="true" box="[795,816,711,735]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"><EFBFBD></emphasis>
5, Endangered) and the number of mature individuals observed in each subpopulation is
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33169FD67624CFCE9" bold="true" box="[770,791,745,769]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"><EFBFBD></emphasis>
50 (Criterion C2a, Critically Endangered).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB7FFF3305EFC8265E7FBB4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3305EFC8264AEFBFF" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3305EFC8263F5FCCC" bold="true" box="[565,686,780,804]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Karyology.</emphasis>
A somatic chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 26 was found in this species. The karyotype comprises
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF33084FCA1624CFCAF" box="[751,791,815,839]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
pairs of rather similar length (1–9), 3 sm pairs (10–12), and one st pair (13) (
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB7FFF33025FCDF63DBFC81" box="[590,640,849,873]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="17.[533,561,1378,1397]" captionTargetBox="[533,1324,203,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-173@17.[533,1324,203,1356]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 9. Somatic metaphase chromosomes and ideogram of Capsicum piuranum. (A) Methaphase chromosomes. (B) Ideogram. Solid black blocks or dots denote CMA+/DAPI- (NOR) or CMA+/DAPIo (terminal and intercalary) heterochromatic bands. The NOR is indicated as a separate block. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630933/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 9</figureCitation>
, S
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB7FFF330F0FCDF63FEFC81" box="[667,677,849,873]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="5.[454,482,203,222]" captionTargetId="figure-1@4.[454,1536,208,1872]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig 1. Capsicum benoistii Hunz. ex Barboza. (A) Flowering branch. (B) Flower. (C) Calyx. (D) Section of the calyx showing venation in tube and appendages. (E) Trichome of the calyx. (F) Opened corolla. (G, H) Gynoecium, with long and short style, respectively. Drawn by N. de Flury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13326484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13326484/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">1</figureCitation>
Table). One pair is satellited (10 sm). As in
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33608FCDC65A9FC81" box="[1123,1266,849,873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolium">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33608FCDC6528FC81" box="[1123,1139,850,873]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33614FCDF65A9FC81" box="[1151,1266,849,873]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">longifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this species bears
<specimenCount id="9D57FD49FFB7FFF337DAFCDF6311FC64" count="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of constitutive heterochromatin, GC-rich heterochromatin (
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF336DDFCFA65A8FC64" box="[1206,1267,884,908]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12899" name="Crayford Manor House Adult Education Centre" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">CMA</collectionCode>
+/DAPI-) located in the large heterochromatic band associated to the NOR in pair 10, and moderately GC-rich heterochromatin (
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF330E5FC376390FC39" box="[654,715,953,977]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12899" name="Crayford Manor House Adult Education Centre" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">CMA</collectionCode>
+/DAPIo), located in the small terminal bands and in the intercalary band on the long arm of pair 3. The fluorescent banding pattern is quite simple and very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF337C5FC526306FBFF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolium">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF337C5FC5264E5FC1B" box="[1454,1470,988,1011]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF337A2FC526306FBFF" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">longifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except for the presence of 3 small bands that are not seen in that species (
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB7FFF33739FC7164DFFBFF" box="[1362,1412,1023,1047]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="17.[533,561,1378,1397]" captionTargetBox="[533,1324,203,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-173@17.[533,1324,203,1356]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 9. Somatic metaphase chromosomes and ideogram of Capsicum piuranum. (A) Methaphase chromosomes. (B) Ideogram. Solid black blocks or dots denote CMA+/DAPI- (NOR) or CMA+/DAPIo (terminal and intercalary) heterochromatic bands. The NOR is indicated as a separate block. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630933/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 9</figureCitation>
, S
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB7FFF337F7FC7164F2FBFF" box="[1436,1449,1023,1047]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="10.[333,361,203,222]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[333,1536,208,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Capsicum longifolium Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Plant. (B) Internode with lenticels. (C, D) Flower buds. (E) Flower, longitudinal section. (F) Flowers showing corolla yellow with brownish center. (G) Same flower as in F, lateral view. (H, I) Flowers with completely yellow corollas, upper and lateral view, respectively. (J, K) Flowers with yellow corollas with red-brown edges, upper and lateral view, respectively. (L, M) Immature fruits. (N) Mature fruit. Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13326494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13326494/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">4</figureCitation>
Table).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3305EFBAF65E7FBB4" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3305EFBAF63C5FBD1" bold="true" box="[565,670,1057,1081]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Affinities</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF330C1FBAC62D9FBD1" box="[682,898,1058,1081]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330C1FBAC62D9FBD1" box="[682,898,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved within the Andean clade, strongly supported as sister to the
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF330FEFBCA6260FBB4" box="[661,827,1092,1116]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycianthoides">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330FEFBCA63FDFBB3" box="[661,678,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330D9FBCA6260FBB4" box="[690,827,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">lycianthoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33150FBCA621FFBB4" box="[827,836,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">-</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF3312FFBCA62B7FBB4" box="[836,1004,1092,1116]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geminifolium">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3312FFBCA620EFBB3" box="[836,853,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3310AFBCA62B7FBB4" box="[865,1004,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">geminifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblage (
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB7FFF33613FBCA65F7FBB4" box="[1144,1196,1092,1116]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="12.[133,161,1434,1453]" captionTargetBox="[134,1535,208,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-188@12.[133,1536,208,1412]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 6. Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree of Capsicum. Posterior probabilities values indicated by each branch. New species are highlighted in bold-colored letters and the clade to which they belong is indicated. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g006" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630927/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFB7FFF3305EFBE964ACF8BF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3305EFBE96481FA5F" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3305EFBE96561FB97" bold="true" box="[565,1082,1127,1151]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Additional specimens examined.
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB7FFF331CEFBE965CEFB0F" collectingDate="2015-11-01" collectingDateMax="2017-05-08" collectingDateMin="2015-11-01" collectionCode="CORD, USM, HAO, HUSA" country="Peru" county="Canchaque-Huancabamba" elevation="2343" location="Cuello del Indio" municipality="Huancabamba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Piura">
<collectingCountry id="F3467650FFB7FFF331CEFBE962B0FB97" box="[933,1003,1127,1151]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">PERU</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="4995F822FFB7FFF3319DFBE9656DFB97" box="[1014,1078,1127,1151]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Piura</collectingRegion>
: Prov. Huancabamba, carretera
<collectingCounty id="628F4E4CFFB7FFF337E1FBE963B8FB49" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Canchaque-Huancabamba</collectingCounty>
, km 98–99 (ca. 20 km de Canchaque rumbo a
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8AACBAFFB7FFF336A6FB076437FB49" box="[1229,1388,1161,1185]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Huancabamba</collectingMunicipality>
), subiendo a
<location id="8E8E601BFFB7FFF3307EFB226398FB2C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887D6FFB5FFEE305EFED4620DFE15:8E8E601BFFB7FFF3307EFB226398FB2C" box="[533,707,1196,1220]" country="Peru" county="Canchaque-Huancabamba" municipality="Huancabamba" name="Cuello del Indio" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Piura">Cuello del Indio</location>
, 05˚22’43”-05˚22’44”S, 79˚33’34”-79˚33’37”W, 2341–2346 m,
<date id="FFEF1000FFB7FFF3373FFB226494FB2C" box="[1364,1487,1196,1220]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2017-05-08">
<collectingDate id="EFABE9E8FFB7FFF3373FFB226494FB2C" box="[1364,1487,1196,1220]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2017-05-08">8 May 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
(fl, fr),
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB7FFF33057FB416390FB0E" box="[572,715,1230,1255]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33057FB416315FB0E" box="[572,590,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33031FB416332FB0E" box="[602,617,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3301FFB4063A3FB0E" box="[628,760,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Barboza &amp;
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB7FFF33087FB4162F8FB0E" box="[748,931,1230,1255]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
S.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3316FFB416575FB0F" box="[772,1070,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Leiva González 4841 &amp; 4842</emphasis>
</collectorName>
</emphasis>
</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF33650FB4165D1FB0F" box="[1083,1162,1231,1255]" country="Argentina" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15636" name="Universidad Nacional de Córdoba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">CORD</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB7FFF336F7FB4163BDFAC4" collectingDate="2015-11-01" collectingDateMax="2017-05-08" collectingDateMin="2015-11-01" collectionCode="CORD, USM, HAO, HUSA" country="Peru" county="Canchaque-Huancabamba" elevation="2343" location="Cuello del Indio" municipality="Huancabamba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Piura">
carretera Huancabamba-Canchaque, a una hora del Abra Cruz Blanca, 05˚22’25&quot;S, 79˚34’02&quot;W, 2860 m,
<date id="FFEF1000FFB7FFF33764FB7C64CAFAE2" box="[1295,1425,1266,1290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2017-04-13">
<collectingDate id="EFABE9E8FFB7FFF33764FB7C64CAFAE2" box="[1295,1425,1266,1290]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2017-04-13">13 Apr 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
(fl, fr),
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB7FFF3378AFB7C630CFAC3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3378AFB7C64A3FAE1" box="[1505,1528,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3307EFA9A63CBFAC4" box="[533,656,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cueva 2912</emphasis>
</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF330F6FA9A6381FAC4" box="[669,730,1300,1324]" country="Malaysia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/11pi-mg53" name="Universiti Sains Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USM</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB7FFF33087FA9A6552FA9A" collectingDate="2015-11-01" collectingDateMax="2017-05-08" collectingDateMin="2015-11-01" collectionCode="CORD, USM, HAO, HUSA" country="Peru" county="Canchaque-Huancabamba" elevation="2343" location="Cuello del Indio" municipality="Huancabamba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Piura">
distrito Canchaque, km 98–99 (ruta Canchaque-Huancabamba), 5˚ 22’44.1”-5˚ 22’42.7”S, 79˚ 33’37.2”-79˚ 33’34.1” W, 2341–2346 m,
<date id="FFEF1000FFB7FFF336A5FAB96412FAA7" box="[1230,1353,1335,1359]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2017-05-08">
<collectingDate id="EFABE9E8FFB7FFF336A5FAB96412FAA7" box="[1230,1353,1335,1359]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2017-05-08">8 May 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
(fl, fr),
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB7FFF337F3FAB9632DFA99" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF337F3FAB964FFFAA6" box="[1432,1444,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF337DBFAB963F3FA99" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Leiva González &amp;
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB7FFF330FDFAD4627DFA99" box="[662,806,1369,1394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
G.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330DFFAD46398FA99" box="[692,707,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330A4FAD762EAFA99" box="[719,945,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Barboza 6561 &amp; 6562</emphasis>
</collectorName>
</emphasis>
</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF331D5FAD462A6FA9A" box="[958,1021,1370,1394]" country="Peru" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15351" name="Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">HAO</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB7FFF33664FAD46436FA7C" collectingDate="2015-11-01" collectingDateMax="2017-05-08" collectingDateMin="2015-11-01" collectionCode="CORD, USM, HAO, HUSA" country="Peru" county="Canchaque-Huancabamba" elevation="2343" location="Cuello del Indio" municipality="Huancabamba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Piura">
Prov. Morropon: Chalaco, Bosque Mijal, 05˚ 03’51.1&quot;S, 79˚43’25.9&quot;W, 2800 m,
<date id="FFEF1000FFB7FFF33112FAF262A9FA7C" box="[889,1010,1404,1428]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2015-11-01">
<collectingDate id="EFABE9E8FFB7FFF33112FAF262A9FA7C" box="[889,1010,1404,1428]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2015-11-01">1 Nov 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
(fl, fr),
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB7FFF3362AFAF365FDFA7B" box="[1089,1190,1404,1428]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3362AFAF36503FA7C" box="[1089,1112,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3360FFAF26583FA7C" box="[1124,1240,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cueva et al</emphasis>
</collectorName>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3368FFAF2644CFA7C" box="[1252,1303,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2655</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF3374FFAF2643AFA7C" box="[1316,1377,1404,1428]" country="Malaysia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/11pi-mg53" name="Universiti Sains Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USM</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B393C9DFFB7FFF33718FAF2648DFA5F" collectingDate="2015-11-01" collectingDateMax="2017-05-08" collectingDateMin="2015-11-01" collectionCode="CORD, USM, HAO, HUSA" country="Peru" county="Canchaque-Huancabamba" elevation="2343" location="Cuello del Indio" municipality="Huancabamba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Piura">
same locality and date,
<collectorName id="26A45316FFB7FFF33017FA1163BAFA5E" box="[636,737,1439,1463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33017FA1163C8FA5E" box="[636,659,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330F4FA116248FA5E" box="[671,787,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cueva et al</emphasis>
</collectorName>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33174FA10620AFA5E" box="[799,849,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2656</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33135FA1062B8FA5E" box="[862,995,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2657 &amp; 2658</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF3319BFA116577FA5F" box="[1008,1068,1439,1463]" country="Malaysia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/11pi-mg53" name="Universiti Sains Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USM</collectionCode>
, duplicates to be sent to CORD,
<collectionCode id="ED40AE05FFB7FFF337E8FA116494FA5F" box="[1411,1487,1439,1463]" country="Peru" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14917" name="Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">HUSA</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFB7FFF3305EFA4C64ACF8BF" blockId="15.[533,1536,329,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF3305EFA4C6256FA31" box="[565,781,1474,1497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3305EFA4C6256FA31" box="[565,781,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF336E8FA4C6402FA32" authority="M. Nee" authorityName="M. Nee" box="[1155,1369,1473,1498]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caballeroi">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF336E8FA4C65CFFA31" box="[1155,1172,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF336CBFA4F645DFA31" box="[1184,1286,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">caballeroi</emphasis>
M. Nee
</taxonomicName>
of the Bolivian yungas (
<collectingRegion id="4995F822FFB7FFF33006FA6A63BFFA14" box="[621,740,1508,1532]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="4995F822FFB7FFF33173FA6A62FDFA14" box="[792,934,1508,1532]" country="Bolivia" name="Cochabamba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cochabamba</collectingRegion>
) based on their campanulate yellow corollas. However, these species can be distinguished in the calyx color, the calyx appendages (number, size, and shape), the position of the corolla lobes at anthesis, the fruit size, shape, color and pungency, the presence of stone cells, and the seed color.
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33194F9C2658DF98C" box="[1023,1238,1612,1636]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33194F9C2658DF98C" box="[1023,1238,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a purple or greenish purple calyx with 5 equal subulate appendages (
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB7FFF33666F9E165FEF96F" box="[1037,1189,1647,1671]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="16.[527,555,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 8. Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Plant. (B) Leaves, abaxial surface. (C) Fruiting branch. (D) Flower bud. (E) Flower and immature fruit. (F) Mature fruit. (G) Fruit, transverse section, showing placenta and seeds. (H) Fruit transverse section, showing a stone cell at the apex (arrow). Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630929/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 8D and 8E</figureCitation>
), while
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33693F9E16420F96E" box="[1272,1403,1646,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caballeroi">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33693F9E16452F96E" box="[1272,1289,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3377EF9E06420F96E" box="[1301,1403,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">caballeroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has green calyx with 10 unequal linear appendages. Corolla lobes are erect compared to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF337C8F91C6318F924" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caballeroi">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF337C8F91C64EFF941" box="[1443,1460,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF337ABF91F6318F924" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">caballeroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which are recurved. Mature fruits are smaller (up to
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF33618F93A659EF924" box="[1139,1221,1716,1740]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
diam), globose, orange and not pungent in
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF330D1F959621BF906" box="[698,832,1751,1775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330D1F9596390F906" box="[698,715,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF330BDF959621BF906" box="[726,832,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but are larger (up to
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF3364BF959652AF907" box="[1056,1137,1751,1775]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
diam), globose-depressed to globose, bright red and pungent in
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF33145F97462EBF8F9" box="[814,944,1785,1809]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caballeroi">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33145F9746264F8F9" box="[814,831,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF33121F97762EBF8F9" box="[842,944,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">caballeroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF331D7F97465CFF8F9" box="[956,1172,1786,1809]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF331D7F97465CFF8F9" box="[956,1172,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two stone cells (
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFB7FFF33700F97764EFF8F9" box="[1387,1460,1785,1809]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="16.[527,555,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 8. Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Plant. (B) Leaves, abaxial surface. (C) Fruiting branch. (D) Flower bud. (E) Flower and immature fruit. (F) Mature fruit. (G) Fruit, transverse section, showing placenta and seeds. (H) Fruit transverse section, showing a stone cell at the apex (arrow). Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630929/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 8H</figureCitation>
) and dark brown smaller seeds (
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF3315BF89262C5F8DC" box="[816,926,1820,1844]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="2.0">2–2.2 mm</quantity>
long, ca.
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF3366AF8926509F8DC" box="[1025,1106,1820,1844]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
wide) while
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFB7FFF336B3F8926400F8DC" box="[1240,1371,1820,1844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caballeroi">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF336B3F89265B2F8DB" box="[1240,1257,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFB7FFF3369EF8926400F8DC" box="[1269,1371,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">caballeroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks of stone cells and the seeds are pale yellow or light brown and larger (
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF336FEF8B16458F8BF" box="[1173,1283,1855,1879]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="3.6" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.2">3.2–4 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFB7FFF33728F8B164F4F8BF" box="[1347,1455,1855,1879]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="4.4" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.8">3.8–5 mm</quantity>
wide).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2E6648FFA8FFEC3064F92862FDF8FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12630929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630929/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[527,555,1702,1721]" targetBox="[527,1536,208,1680]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFA8FFEC3064F9286499F903" blockId="16.[527,1528,1701,1813]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA8FFEC3064F92862F2F951" bold="true" box="[527,937,1701,1721]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig 8.
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA8FFEC302DF92B62F2F951" authority="Barboza &amp; S. Leiva." authorityName="Barboza &amp; S. Leiva." box="[582,937,1701,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA8FFEC302DF92B63A2F950" bold="true" box="[582,761,1701,1720]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
Barboza &amp; S. Leiva.
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(A) Plant. (B) Leaves, abaxial surface. (C) Fruiting branch. (D) Flower bud. (E) Flower and immature fruit. (F) Mature fruit. (G) Fruit, transverse section, showing placenta and seeds. (H) Fruit transverse section, showing a stone cell at the apex (arrow). Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFA8FFEC3064F88C62FDF8FD" blockId="16.[527,1528,1701,1813]" box="[527,934,1794,1813]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g008</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2E6648FFA9FFED307EFAEC62F6FA39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630933" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12630933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630933/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[533,561,1378,1397]" targetBox="[533,1324,203,1356]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFA9FFED307EFAEC651AFA40" blockId="17.[533,1527,1378,1489]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED307EFAEC6592FA9D" bold="true" box="[533,1225,1378,1397]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 9. Somatic metaphase chromosomes and ideogram of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED3679FAEC659EFA9D" box="[1042,1221,1378,1397]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED3679FAEC659EFA9D" bold="true" box="[1042,1221,1378,1397]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(A) Methaphase chromosomes. (B) Ideogram. Solid black blocks or dots denote CMA+/DAPI- (NOR) or CMA+/DAPIo (terminal and intercalary) heterochromatic bands. The NOR is indicated as a separate block.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFA9FFED307EFA3062F6FA39" blockId="17.[533,1527,1378,1489]" box="[533,941,1470,1489]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g009</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34B654BFFA9FFEE305EFA7D620DFE15" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFA9FFED305EFA7D64F4F88E" blockId="17.[533,1532,1523,1894]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED305EFA7D6256F9E3" box="[565,781,1523,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED305EFA7D6256F9E3" box="[565,781,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Capsicum piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with other two Andean species,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED3681FA7D64C9F9E3" box="[1258,1426,1523,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geminifolium">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED3681FA7D65A0F9E2" box="[1258,1275,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED376CFA7D64C9F9E3" box="[1287,1426,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">geminifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dam- mer) Hunz. and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED30AEF998622DF9C6" box="[709,886,1558,1582]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboideum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED30AEF998638DF9C5" box="[709,726,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED3089F998622DF9C6" box="[738,886,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">rhomboideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both of which have also yellow corollas and non-pungent fruits, but a moderate to dense pubescence on stems and leaves.
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED36D0F9B764E8F9B8" box="[1211,1459,1592,1616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geminifolium">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED36D0F9B764E8F9B8" box="[1211,1459,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Capsicum geminifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in having longer calyx appendages (
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFA9FFED31E5F9D562A0F99B" box="[910,1019,1627,1651]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="3.0">3–6.5 mm</quantity>
long) compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED36A7F9D56409F99B" box="[1228,1362,1627,1651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED36A7F9D56586F99A" box="[1228,1245,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED3683F9D26409F99B" box="[1256,1362,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFA9FFED3734F9D56496F99B" box="[1375,1485,1627,1651]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
long) and funnel-shaped generally purple spotted yellow corollas (tubular-campanulate and pure yellow in
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED30D9F92F6262F950" box="[690,825,1697,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED30D9F92F6398F950" box="[690,707,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED30A4F92F6262F950" box="[719,825,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFA9FFED312FF92F62D3F951" box="[836,904,1697,1721]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="16.[527,555,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 8. Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Plant. (B) Leaves, abaxial surface. (C) Fruiting branch. (D) Flower bud. (E) Flower and immature fruit. (F) Mature fruit. (G) Fruit, transverse section, showing placenta and seeds. (H) Fruit transverse section, showing a stone cell at the apex (arrow). Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630929/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig 8E</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED31F6F92F65C5F950" box="[925,1182,1696,1720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboideum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED31F6F92F65C5F950" box="[925,1182,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Capsicum rhomboideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has ovate or rhomboid-ovate leaves, up to 12 axillary flowers, campanulate-rotate smaller corollas (
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFA9FFED369AF94D6428F933" box="[1265,1395,1731,1755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.749999999999999" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="0.7749999999999999" valueMax="0.95" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.95 cm</quantity>
long), and smaller (up to
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFA9FFED30C4F96863AEF916" box="[687,757,1766,1790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="0.9">0.9 cm</quantity>
diam) bright red to blackish red fruits in contrast to
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFA9FFED3748F96864F1F915" box="[1315,1450,1766,1790]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED3748F968646FF915" box="[1315,1332,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFA9FFED372BF96864F1F915" box="[1344,1450,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where leaves are elliptic or narrowly elliptic (sometimes the minor leaves are ovate,
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFA9FFED372BF887648EF8C9" box="[1344,1493,1801,1825]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="16.[527,555,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 8. Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Plant. (B) Leaves, abaxial surface. (C) Fruiting branch. (D) Flower bud. (E) Flower and immature fruit. (F) Mature fruit. (G) Fruit, transverse section, showing placenta and seeds. (H) Fruit transverse section, showing a stone cell at the apex (arrow). Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630929/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig 8B and 8C</figureCitation>
), the flowers are solitary or in fascicles of 3 (
<figureCitation id="136A2A45FFA9FFED31BDF8A56542F8AB" box="[982,1049,1835,1859]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="16.[527,555,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[527,1536,208,1680]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 8. Capsicum piuranum Barboza &amp; S. Leiva. (A) Plant. (B) Leaves, abaxial surface. (C) Fruiting branch. (D) Flower bud. (E) Flower and immature fruit. (F) Mature fruit. (G) Fruit, transverse section, showing placenta and seeds. (H) Fruit transverse section, showing a stone cell at the apex (arrow). Photos by S. Leiva González and G. E. Barboza. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12630929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12630929/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig 8E</figureCitation>
), the corolla is tubular-campanulate and longer (
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFA9FFED302FF8C06390F88E" box="[580,715,1870,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="15.75" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="14.5">14.5–17 mm</quantity>
long), and the fruits are larger (
<quantity id="4CA99B25FFA9FFED3672F8C065D4F88E" box="[1049,1167,1870,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 cm</quantity>
diam) and orange colored.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFAAFFEE305EFF5E6232FEB8" blockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
This species exhibits the same number of chromosomes as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFAAFFEE36CFFF5E6462FF0F" box="[1188,1337,207,232]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolium">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE36CFFF5E65EEFF0F" box="[1188,1205,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE36AAFF416462FF0F" box="[1217,1337,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">longifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the species that belong to the Andean clade [
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B31FFAAFFEE311EFF7C62D5FEE2" author="Scaldaferro MA &amp; Grabiele M &amp; Moscone EA" box="[885,910,242,266]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="693 - 709" refId="ref14020" refString="32. Scaldaferro MA, Grabiele M, Moscone EA. Heterochromatin type, amount and distribution in wild species of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae). Genet Resour Crop Ev. 2013; 60: 693 - 709." type="journal article" year="2013">32</bibRefCitation>
–
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B31FFAAFFEE31F7FF7C62EEFEE2" author="Scaldaferro MA &amp; Barboza GE &amp; Moscone EA" box="[924,949,242,266]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref14095" refString="34. Scaldaferro MA, Barboza GE, Moscone EA. Estudios citogeneticos en especies andinas silvestres de Capsicum (Solanaceae). J Basic Appl Genet. 2011; 41: 31." type="journal volume" year="2011">34</bibRefCitation>
]. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFAAFFEE3625FF7D658EFEE2" box="[1102,1237,242,266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE3625FF7D6504FEE2" box="[1102,1119,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE3600FF7D658EFEE2" box="[1131,1237,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFAAFFEE3762FF7D64C6FEE2" box="[1289,1437,242,266]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolium">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE3762FF7D6441FEE2" box="[1289,1306,243,266]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE374EFF7C64C6FEE2" box="[1317,1437,242,266]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">longifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the same karyotype formula, little heterochromatin, one only pair of NOR, and the smallest chromosomes in the genus [
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B31FFAAFFEE312AFEB66201FEB8" author="Scaldaferro MA &amp; Grabiele M &amp; Moscone EA" box="[833,858,312,336]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="693 - 709" refId="ref14020" refString="32. Scaldaferro MA, Grabiele M, Moscone EA. Heterochromatin type, amount and distribution in wild species of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae). Genet Resour Crop Ev. 2013; 60: 693 - 709." type="journal article" year="2013">32</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C0FFAAFFEE305EFED4620DFE15" blockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The markedly anisophyllous leaves, the deflexed non-geniculate pedicels, the yellow corollas, the globose orange to red non-pungent fruits, the absence of giant cells and the presence of stone cells in the pericarp, the black seeds, and the chromosome number 2n = 26 place
<taxonomicName id="4C514D43FFAAFFEE37C6FE2E6308FE32" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piuranum">
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE37C6FE2E64E5FE5F" box="[1453,1470,416,439]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B925EAD2FFAAFFEE37A2FE2E6308FE32" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">piuranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Andean clade proposed by Carrizo García et al. [
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B31FFAAFFEE36F4FE4C65F7FE32" author="Carrizo Garcia C &amp; Sehr EM &amp; Barfuss MHJ &amp; Barboza GE &amp; Samuel R &amp; Moscone EA" box="[1183,1196,450,474]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="35 - 51" refId="ref12646" refString="1. Carrizo Garcia C, Sehr EM, Barfuss MHJ, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA et al. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Ann Bot. 2016; 118: 35 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcw 079 PMID: 27245634" type="journal article" year="2016">1</bibRefCitation>
], as it has been determined in this work based on DNA data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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