349 lines
50 KiB
XML
349 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="859BC93127BE651E9197C20E23F68742" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5477.3.8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12733101" ID-ZooBank="79D8505A-63D8-42A4-B819-BF8EB8F07B9C" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1720789987975" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cairns, Stephen D. & Rodriguez-Bermudez, Adriana" docDate="2024" docId="03C2425EFFA3FF972C870348FCB2FED3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5477.3.8.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5477 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5477.3.8" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Plumarella longispina Kinoshita 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="394" masterDocId="FFFB3A26FFA6FF902C10010EFFF8FFB6" masterDocTitle="A new species of Plumarella (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia: Primnoidae) from the Northeast Pacific, and the redescription of Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908" masterLastPageNumber="396" masterPageNumber="387" pageNumber="392" updateTime="1720790549904" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="476D2E85481F84CAC599293AC80BD833">A new species of Plumarella (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia: Primnoidae) from the Northeast Pacific, and the redescription of Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="592EEE6FD817192D0D1AF6773435565B">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="09C52D030CF9A7C70294991869C69C53">Research Zoologist Emeritus, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, NHB- 163, P. O. Box 37012, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 20560, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D58CDDD7D0A33A1D9DB335F7A0FAA26D">Rodriguez-Bermudez, Adriana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="357070B4E516A00E448228304B722044">Graduate Student Fellow, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, NHB- 163, P. O. Box 37012, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 20560, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="733F6FAE0689920245FD4A3FB19FB744">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C2425EFFA3FF972C870348FCB2FED3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733073" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12733073" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C2425EFFA3FF972C870348FCB2FED3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2425EFFA3FF972C870348FCB2FED3" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
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<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952C870348FD88FDD6" blockId="5.[151,624,582,645]" box="[151,624,582,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
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<heading id="D09C4424FFA3FF952C870348FD88FDD6" bold="true" box="[151,624,582,609]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF952C870348FD88FDD6" ID-CoL="4KJ6C" authority="Kinoshita, 1908" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,624,582,609]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
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<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952C870348FD88FDD6" bold="true" box="[151,624,582,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
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<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952C870348FE5DFDD7" bold="true" box="[151,421,582,609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Plumarella longispina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA3FF952DBC0348FD88FDD6" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[428,624,582,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5222" refString="Kinoshita, K. (1908) Primnoidae from Japan. In: Journal of the College of Science. 23 (12). Imperial University, Tokyo, pp. 1 - 74." type="book chapter" year="1908">Kinoshita, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C371A0C3FFA3FF952C870365FEC6FD33" box="[151,318,619,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952C870365FEC6FD33" blockId="5.[151,624,582,645]" box="[151,318,619,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
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<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952C870365FF00FD33" box="[151,248,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,883,907]" captionTargetBox="[308,1280,414,857]" captionTargetId="figure-156@2.[308,1280,414,857]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, holotype of Callogorgia williamsi. B, topotypic specimen of Callogorgia longispina from Japan, USNM 49344. Scale bar = 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733103/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Figs. 1B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952D140365FEC6FD33" box="[260,318,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">4A–I</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACAD559FFA3FF952C8703A1FD81FD71" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[151,633,687,711]" page="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" year="1908">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF952C8703A1FD81FD71" ID-CoL="4KJ6C" authority="Kinoshita, 1908: 14 - 15" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityPageNumber="14 - 15" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,633,687,711]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
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<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952C8703A1FE84FD71" box="[151,380,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Plumarella longispina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA3FF952D9403A1FD81FD71" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[388,633,687,711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5222" refString="Kinoshita, K. (1908) Primnoidae from Japan. In: Journal of the College of Science. 23 (12). Imperial University, Tokyo, pp. 1 - 74." type="book chapter" year="1908">Kinoshita, 1908: 14–15</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 5, fig. 39a–e.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACAD559FFA3FF952FDB03A1FB1BFD71" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[971,1251,687,711]" page="349" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" year="1919">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA3FF952FDB03A1FB1BFD71" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[971,1251,687,711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref5258" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 1898 - 1899 Wissenschaftliche, 13 (2), 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal, 1919: 349–350</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACAD559FFA3FF9528E003A1FAA0FD71" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1264,1368,687,711]" page="255" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" year="1924">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA3FF9528E003A1FAA0FD71" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1264,1368,687,711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" refId="ref5292" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Coelenterata: Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich 47. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 478 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783111569642" type="book" year="1924">1924: 255</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
(key), 260–261, fig. 149.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACAD559FFA3FF952D8A03C0FDA8FD50" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[410,592,718,742]" page="512" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" year="2007">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA3FF952D8A03C0FDA8FD50" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[410,592,718,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" pagination="511 - 541" refId="ref4637" refString="Cairns, S. D. (2007) Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Eastern Pacific seamounts. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 58 (25), 511 - 541." type="journal article" year="2007">Cairns, 2007: 512</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(in part: listing from
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<collectingCountry id="F37CB3D8FFA3FF952F3B03C0FC9EFD50" box="[811,870,718,742]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Japan</collectingCountry>
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)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C371A0C3FFA3FF952C87021AFECBFC09" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952C87021AFCACFCE4" blockId="5.[151,1437,788,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
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<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952C87021AFE87FC98" bold="true" box="[151,383,788,814]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
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.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B03F915FFA3FF952D9D021AFCDFFC99" box="[397,807,788,815]" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" specimenCode="USNM 50117" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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fragment of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D04DEAFFA3FF952E07021AFD84FC98" box="[535,636,788,814]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
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,
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||
<specimenCode id="DBCD5B33FFA3FF952E96021AFCDFFC99" box="[646,807,788,815]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="Museum">USNM 50117</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B03F915FFA3FF952F21021AFCA8FCE4" collectingDate="1900-05-19" collectionCode="USNM" elevation="85" location="Albatross" municipality="Sagami Bay" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" specimenCode="USNM 49344" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952F21021AFC63FC98" box="[817,923,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
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<location id="8EB4A593FFA3FF952F21021AFC63FC98" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C2425EFFA3FF972C870348FCB2FED3:8EB4A593FFA3FF952F21021AFC63FC98" box="[817,923,788,814]" municipality="Sagami Bay" name="Albatross" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Albatross</location>
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</emphasis>
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3747,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BB06932FFA3FF952FF8021AFB89FC99" box="[1000,1137,788,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Sagami Bay</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF95286C021AFB18FC99" box="[1148,1248,788,815]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="m" value="85.0" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="82.0">
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<elevation id="0046147BFFA3FF95286C021AFB18FC99" box="[1148,1248,788,815]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="m" value="85.0" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="82.0">82–88 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FFD5D588FFA3FF9528FC021AFA7BFC98" box="[1260,1411,788,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" value="1900-05-19">
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<collectingDate id="EF912C60FFA3FF9528FC021AFA7BFC98" box="[1260,1411,788,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" value="1900-05-19">19 May 1900</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
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||
, 2 colonies in alcohol and SEM stubs 2845–2847,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD5B33FFA3FF952EBE0236FCA8FCE4" box="[686,848,824,850]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="Museum">USNM 49344</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952CD70252FECBFC09" blockId="5.[151,1437,788,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
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<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952CD70252FE14FCC0" bold="true" box="[199,492,860,886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Types and Type Locality</emphasis>
|
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.
|
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<materialsCitation id="3B03F915FFA3FF952DEA0252FECBFC09" collectionCode="NMNH" country="Japan" county="Sagami Bay" elevation="604" location="Zoological Institute" municipality="University" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" specimenCode="USNM 50117" specimenCount="604" stateProvince="Tokyo" typeStatus="holotype">
|
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The
|
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<typeStatus id="54D04DEAFFA3FF952E3D0252FD77FCC0" box="[557,655,860,886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
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is presumed to be deposited at the
|
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<location id="8EB4A593FFA3FF95280C0252FB04FCC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C2425EFFA3FF972C870348FCB2FED3:8EB4A593FFA3FF95280C0252FB04FCC0" box="[1052,1276,860,886]" country="Japan" county="Sagami Bay" municipality="University" name="Zoological Institute" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" stateProvince="Tokyo">Zoological Institute</location>
|
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,
|
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BB06932FFA3FF9529170252FA85FCC0" box="[1287,1405,860,886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">University</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
of
|
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<collectingRegion id="49AF3DAAFFA3FF952C87028EFF1AFC2C" box="[151,226,896,922]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
|
||
. A fragment of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D04DEAFFA3FF952DD3028EFDDDFC2C" box="[451,549,896,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is also deposited at the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7A6B8DFFA3FF952F2E028FFC6CFC2D" box="[830,916,897,923]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/142r-0w94" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="Museum">NMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCD5B33FFA3FF952FB6028EFBB2FC2D" box="[934,1098,896,923]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="Museum">USNM 50117</specimenCode>
|
||
). Type Locality:
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62B58BC4FFA3FF95291D028EFA60FC2D" box="[1293,1432,896,923]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Sagami Bay</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37CB3D8FFA3FF952C8702ABFF22FC09" box="[151,218,933,959]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6D38C1FFA3FF952CF502AAFECBFC09" box="[229,307,932,959]" count="604" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF952CF502AAFED7FC09" box="[229,303,932,959]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.04" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="m" value="604.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0046147BFFA3FF952CF502AAFED7FC09" box="[229,303,932,959]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.04" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="m" value="604.0">604 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C371A0C3FFA3FF952CD702C6FCDCF8F4" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952CD702C6FD72FB9D" blockId="5.[151,1437,788,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952CD702C6FEA9FC54" bold="true" box="[199,337,968,994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Colonies branch in a uniplanar fashion, the largest specimen known (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D04DEAFFA3FF95286F02C6FB4AFC54" box="[1151,1202,968,994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">type</typeStatus>
|
||
) is
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF9528CF02C6FADFFC55" box="[1247,1319,968,995]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
|
||
in height. Branching occurs in a regular alternate-pinnate manner (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952F1B02E2FC98FBB0" box="[779,864,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,883,907]" captionTargetBox="[308,1280,414,857]" captionTargetId="figure-156@2.[308,1280,414,857]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, holotype of Callogorgia williamsi. B, topotypic specimen of Callogorgia longispina from Japan, USNM 49344. Scale bar = 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733103/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
), the branchlets are of fairly uniform length (
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF95294502E2FF3FFB9C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="13.0">13–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
), producing a regular comb-like pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952CD7053AFB48FB20" blockId="5.[151,1437,788,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
|
||
Polyps are densely arranged (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952E1B053BFDCCFBF8" box="[523,564,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">i.e.,</emphasis>
|
||
16–20 polyps per cm - not 10/cm as stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA3FF95283B053AFB25FBF8" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[1067,1245,1076,1102]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5222" refString="Kinoshita, K. (1908) Primnoidae from Japan. In: Journal of the College of Science. 23 (12). Imperial University, Tokyo, pp. 1 - 74." type="book chapter" year="1908">Kinoshita, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in an alternating arrangement (never in pairs,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952DCC0556FDCDFBC4" box="[476,565,1112,1138]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
), and always in the plane of the flabellum. The polyps are cylindrical, curved distally (somewhat adnate), and quite short, measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF952F130572FC5EFB21" box="[771,934,1148,1175]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.625" valueMax="0.75" valueMin="0.5">0.50–0.75 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF95280F0572FB5CFB20" box="[1055,1188,1148,1174]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Figs. 4B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952CD705AEFBDFF94C" blockId="5.[151,1437,788,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
|
||
Each polyp is encased in eight triangular opercular scales and eight rows of body wall scales. The opercular scales are isosceles triangular in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952E5E05CAFD5BFB68" box="[590,675,1220,1246]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
), ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF952F5D05CAFC17FB69" box="[845,1007,1220,1247]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.39" valueMax="0.49" valueMin="0.29">0.29–0.49 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and having a L:W of 1.6-2.1; their size gradually decreases from the ab- to the adaxial margin. The outer face of each opercular is covered with small granules arranged in a radiating pattern from a center located near the base of the scale; their proximal inner face is tuberculate, whereas the distal inner face is smooth. The marginal scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952822043EFB4CFAFC" box="[1074,1204,1328,1354]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Figs. 4B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
) are polymorphic in shape and size. The abaxial and outer-lateral pairs of marginals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952F76045AFC44FAD8" box="[870,956,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) range from
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF95285C045AFAFCFAD9" box="[1100,1284,1364,1391]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.575" valueMax="0.65" valueMin="0.5">0.50 to 0.65 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height and are often broken during collection. Each marginal has a massive rectangular base up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF95286D0476FB1BFA25" box="[1149,1251,1400,1427]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, which supports an elongate, cylindrical, pointed spine that can be up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF952F7F0492FC2BFA01" box="[879,979,1436,1463]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, thus composing about half the length of the scale. The inner-lateral marginals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952EB804CEFD05FA6C" box="[680,765,1472,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
) are shorter, about
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF952FC104CEFBDEFA6D" box="[977,1062,1472,1499]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, but also bear a terminal spine. The adaxial marginals are rectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952E8504EAFD17FA48" box="[661,751,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
), about
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF952F5804EAFC54FA49" box="[840,940,1508,1535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.23">0.23 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, thin, non-spinose scales. Proximal to the marginal scales are the curved body wall scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952F1A0706FC57F994" box="[778,943,1544,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Figs. 4B–C, G</figureCitation>
|
||
), which are somewhat rectangular in shape (the greater width
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF952D760722FE36F9F0" box="[358,462,1580,1606]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.30 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and often with a rounded, finely serrate margin. The body wall scales are arranged in eight longitudinal rows. Including the marginals, each of the two abaxial rows includes 4 scales, each outer- and inner-lateral row has 3–4 scales, and the adaxial rows have 3 scales plus an irregular scattering of smaller scales on the proximal adaxial body region. The body wall scale formula is thus: 4:3-4:3-4:3+. Wide, strongly curved infrabasal scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952D4E07B2FE4EF960" box="[350,438,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
) may also be present proximally. The outer face of the marginal scale is smooth, whereas the outer surface of the body wall scale is granular, at least on its proximal edges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF952CD7060AFCDCF8F4" blockId="5.[151,1437,788,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
|
||
The coenenchymal scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1350EFCDFFA3FF952DE3060AFD91F8A8" box="[499,617,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" captionTargetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[212,1376,181,1768]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polyps and sclerites of P. longispina from USNM 49344. A, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps. B, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales. C, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales. D, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales. E, marginal scales. F, opercular scales. G, body wall scales. H, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Figs. 4B, I</figureCitation>
|
||
) are elongate (L:W = 3.3–3.9) or polygonal, rarely exceeding
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA3FF95290D060AFA79F8A9" box="[1309,1409,1796,1823]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length; their outer surface is covered with robust granules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C371A0C3FFA3FF972CD70642FC05FEF7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA3FF972CD70642FC05FEF7" blockId="5.[151,1437,788,2039]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952CD70642FECCF8D0" bold="true" box="[199,308,1868,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Of the 33 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF952E550642FD3AF8D0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[581,706,1868,1894]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952E550642FD3AF8D0" box="[581,706,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Plumarella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 15 of them have prominent marginal spines, like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF9529980643FEF5F83C" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF9529980643FEF5F83C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">P. longispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. But of those, five species have polyps on all sides of branchlets (vs alternating or paired), which at one time formed the basis for the subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF952E6E069AFBB7F818" authority="Kinoshita, 1907" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1907" box="[638,1103,1940,1966]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dicholapis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952E6E069AFD03F818" box="[638,763,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Plumarella</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952F1D069AFC69F818" box="[781,913,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Dicholapis)</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA3FF952F8A069AFBB7F818" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[922,1103,1940,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" pagination="229 - 237" refId="ref5194" refString="Kinoshita, K. (1907) Vorlaufige Mitteilung uber einige neue japanische Primnoidkorallen. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 6 (3), 229 - 237." type="journal article" year="1907">Kinoshita, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and thus cannot be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF952CC206B7FE9DF864" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[210,357,1976,2002]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952CC206B7FE9DF864" box="[210,357,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">P. longispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As discussed above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF952E7306B7FD0EF864" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[611,758,1976,2002]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF952E7306B7FD0EF864" box="[611,758,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">P. longispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite similar to but distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF95288906B7FAE5F864" authorityName="Cairns & Rodriguez-Bermudez" authorityYear="2024" box="[1177,1309,1976,2002]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Callogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="williamsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF95288906B7FAE5F864" box="[1177,1309,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">P. williamsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but of the eight other species with prominent marginal spines, five occur off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37CB3D8FFA3FF952F6406D3FC4FF841" box="[884,951,2013,2039]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D04DEAFFA3FF952FF806D3FBE0F841" box="[1000,1048,2013,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA3FF95288606D3FADEF840" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[1174,1318,2012,2038]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="392" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA3FF95288606D3FADEF840" box="[1174,1318,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="392">P. longispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA1FF972C870199FE3CFF07" authority="Kinoshita, 1907" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,452,151,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF972C870199FEF0FF06" box="[151,264,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">P. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA1FF972D1E0199FE3CFF07" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[270,452,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" pagination="229 - 237" refId="ref5194" refString="Kinoshita, K. (1907) Vorlaufige Mitteilung uber einige neue japanische Primnoidkorallen. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 6 (3), 229 - 237." type="journal article" year="1907">Kinoshita, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA1FF972DDE0199FC6AFF07" authority="Kukenthal & Gorzawsky, 1908" authorityName="Kukenthal & Gorzawsky" authorityYear="1908" box="[462,914,151,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rigida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF972DDE0199FDD5FF07" box="[462,557,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">P. rigida</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA1FF972E240199FC6AFF07" author="Kukenthal, W. H. & Gorzawsky, H." box="[564,914,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" pagination="621 - 631" refId="ref5328" refString="Kukenthal, W. H. & Gorzawsky, H. (1908) Diagnosen neuer japanischer Gorgoniden (Reise Doflein 1904 - 05). Zoologischen Anzeiger, 32, 621 - 631." type="journal article" year="1908">Kükenthal & Gorzawsky, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA1FF972F8C0199FB2AFF07" authority="Nutting, 1912" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1912" box="[924,1234,151,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="adhaerans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF972F8C0199FBD5FF07" box="[924,1069,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">P. adhaerans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA1FF9728240199FB2AFF07" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1076,1234,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref5581" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1912) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer " Albatross ", mainly in Japanese waters, during 1906. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 43, 1 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1923.1" type="journal article" year="1912">Nutting, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA1FF9728CC0199FF23FF63" authority="(Nutting, 1912)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1912" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="recta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF9728CC0199FAC8FF06" box="[1244,1328,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">P. recta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA1FF97292E0199FF2BFF63" author="Nutting, C. C." pageId="7" pageNumber="394" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref5581" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1912) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer " Albatross ", mainly in Japanese waters, during 1906. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 43, 1 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1923.1" type="journal article" year="1912">Nutting, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA1FF972D0601B5FDA8FF63" authority="(Nutting, 1912)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[278,592,187,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF972D0601B5FE60FF63" box="[278,408,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">P. alternata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA1FF972DB601B5FDB0FF63" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[422,584,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref5581" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1912) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer " Albatross ", mainly in Japanese waters, during 1906. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 43, 1 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1923.1" type="journal article" year="1912">Nutting, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA8EB9FFA1FF972E4B01B5FCD9FF63" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[603,801,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" refId="ref5292" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Coelenterata: Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich 47. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 478 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783111569642" type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provides a dichotomous key to all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA1FF97290F01B5FA64FF63" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1311,1436,187,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF97290F01B5FA64FF63" box="[1311,1436,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">Plumarella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described before 1924, the first couplet being whether the marginals are pointed/spined or not. He concluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA1FF97299801D1FEF5FEAB" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF97299801D1FEF5FEAB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">P. longispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinctive by having a relatively small number of abaxial body wall scales (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF972896000DFB59FEAA" box="[1158,1185,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
., 4), a high number of adaxial body wall scales (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF972DA80029FE2CFEF6" box="[440,468,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
., 3+), and small polyps less than
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA1FF972F5B0029FC74FEF7" box="[843,908,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF14A3C0FFA0FF962C87060EFB83F81E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12733110" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12733110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12733110/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="393" startId="6.[151,250,1792,1816]" targetBox="[212,1376,181,1768]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA0FF962C87060EFB83F81E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1792,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF962C87060EFEEAF8AE" bold="true" box="[151,274,1792,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Polyps and sclerites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B88CBFFA0FF962DEF060FFD7AF8AE" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[511,642,1792,1816]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="393" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longispina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF962DEF060FFD7AF8AE" box="[511,642,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">P. longispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from USNM 49344.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF962F48060EFC92F8AE" bold="true" box="[856,874,1792,1816]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">A</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo view of branch segment with alternating polyps.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF962C87062AFF50F88A" bold="true" box="[151,168,1828,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">B</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing abaxial marginal spines, outer-lateral and coenenchymal scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF9628D4062AFB2EF88A" bold="true" box="[1220,1238,1828,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">C</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo lateral view of a polyp showing inner- and outer-lateral body wall scales and coenenchymal scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF962FE90646FBF3F8D6" bold="true" box="[1017,1035,1864,1888]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">D</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo adaxial view of a polyp showing six marginal spines and two rectangular adaxial marginal scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF962F330662FCCCF832" bold="true" box="[803,820,1900,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">E</emphasis>
|
||
, marginal scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF962FF70662FC0EF832" bold="true" box="[999,1014,1900,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">F</emphasis>
|
||
, opercular scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF9628A00662FB3CF832" bold="true" box="[1200,1220,1900,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">G</emphasis>
|
||
, body wall scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA0FF9629920662FA6EF832" bold="true" box="[1410,1430,1900,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="393">H</emphasis>
|
||
, infrabasal scale. I, coenenchymal scales. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B–G = 0.1 mm; H–I = 0.04 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C371A0C3FFA1FF972CDE0044FCB2FED3" box="[206,842,330,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4F348FFA1FF972CDE0044FCB2FED3" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,357]" box="[206,842,330,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91F2F5AFFA1FF972CDE0044FE98FED2" bold="true" box="[206,352,330,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="394">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Known only from Sagami Bay,
|
||
<quantity id="4C935EADFFA1FF972EC20045FCBEFED3" box="[722,838,331,357]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.46" metricValueMax="6.04" metricValueMin="0.88" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" unit="m" value="346.0" valueMax="604.0" valueMin="88.0">
|
||
88–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6D38C1FFA1FF972EEC0045FCBEFED3" box="[764,838,331,357]" count="604" pageId="7" pageNumber="394" type="generic">604 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |