plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/BD/87/03BD87E9FFEB1D56BD728DA25F43F42E.xml

530 lines
72 KiB
XML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="8A49AD6DD929136FC48251112E4D95AB" ID-CLB-Dataset="305693" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a23" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a9445361-3a35-4c82-b718-a1ef71ff68a7" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13683058" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:315BC2E8-5F5D-4F57-A265-B625969F5A3A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1732638312854" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Marciszak, Adrian, Hilpert, Brigitte &amp; Ambros, Dieta" docDate="2024" docId="03BD87E9FFEB1D56BD728DA25F43F42E" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.23.23.339-383.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (23)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a23" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Mustela erminea Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="352" masterDocId="FF84FF91FFE51D47BC6188715E18F65E" masterDocTitle="The remarkable record of mustelids from Hunas (Bavaria, Germany)" masterLastPageNumber="383" masterPageNumber="339" pageNumber="351" updateTime="1734612733707" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="83D32EB6A63F9544890B333583440A4E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="2CC1972B1D2569B87FFAA61230746110">
<mods:title id="0CB25DE560C1E7E3416D243E04CCF597">The remarkable record of mustelids from Hunas (Bavaria, Germany)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="CB877D3CF99277A6DAA49FA8B6A79A2A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D8A5B7D889A54CA36CD6A340320CB440">
<mods:roleTerm id="4B4E582EF0DC14F002BC2BCC01BD983E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9F40D2CEC50A45C801099AE12CABDA6B">Marciszak, Adrian</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="651AB2F32F9CE1E20E81DA2BB3BD5040">Department of Paleozoology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50 - 335 Wrocław (Poland)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BA31E034F8E3AE449067A05AB605EA9D" type="email">adrian.marciszak@uwr.edu.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5FBD9B4BC72ECBA5E063CC8123C7669A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="95AB874D5E4193C73126F7AAD2ED0FE7">
<mods:roleTerm id="7162B3D7F9EB6B55AF70AFE7B9DE74FF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="454FE3F9B4B9F222CD384B3C0FC0FAA4">Hilpert, Brigitte</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D2163CE94A089CEFCD0EE4101399B156">GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paleobiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen (Germany)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="66991EC768FB4CFC940CDC0845ECACD1" type="email">brigitte-hilpert@gmx.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C85929033C17EB1480ED3584F2B262B7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B9CF5326BF8264DF87042F1B03D442F3">
<mods:roleTerm id="38B4920CFE2EAC9A1449CFC63683D17E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1A7AB8D9546D849359B07DA0F8180691">Ambros, Dieta</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="814B243664B0F0F865694C7061599F6F">GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paleobiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen (Germany)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C05E4597817A23D91ED96C5401435747" type="email">dieta.ambros@fau.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="AA7C539EEDBC98809C6104496ABDB4F0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="F1F93BE17B29DC667B40CF72C2DB3768" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="35817199BC3D3572DA200746DF8D305B">
<mods:title id="91825C0D35FCEE49572C8015E0D98933">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="120DF6BABBA592E1FAB66085910C0458">
<mods:date id="2D71AC8664E4D09347BA8805427D49A7">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="83FA968B5D40FE69C3E88B3B53C5325B" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="7D870E3B21C78B5C28EA2906FD9055DA">2024-09-04</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="01F0F1F6A039B1C019083D938F62CE27" type="volume">
<mods:number id="755D12471137D81AA17C848DCB0287F1">23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="5618FD695537F9130D06EE85A0573771" type="issue">
<mods:number id="5573C5CB123F454B8988E8F525F038A7">23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="89CC6FAACEA6F33CEBD1BBA14C813690" unit="page">
<mods:start id="63CA68FFCB61DA746CD8091D760E726C">339</mods:start>
<mods:end id="6554CE5C6E9F08CD93FA93C8CB99E940">383</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="34F7466EA5AEF975A215A382E673630E">
<mods:url id="8C9AED3FC37876E9B992CBE2249CAC81">http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a23</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="AEC81F7407097A2EAFA35DC9C9CAD903">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="81F1F51E23F58AF7EB59827FE1057080" type="CLB-Dataset">305693</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2D60E2E1DC883D7BF752D9C1ACE7D93E" type="DOI">10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a23</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="17D24775FC1D6C297325777356FA239C" type="GBIF-Dataset">a9445361-3a35-4c82-b718-a1ef71ff68a7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="73DFA2DDC600B484E1C948D478C09A9B" type="ISSN">1777-571X</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1AABD3C83BB88FCF6A993C640B57217B" type="Zenodo-Dep">13683058</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="518CFEF973AC195B02BC02EE44CD73DF" type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:315BC2E8-5F5D-4F57-A265-B625969F5A3A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03BD87E9FFEB1D56BD728DA25F43F42E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14248863" ID-GBIF-Taxon="248070546" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14248863" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BD87E9FFEB1D56BD728DA25F43F42E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E9FFEB1D56BD728DA25F43F42E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" scope_class="Mammalia" scope_family="Mustelidae" scope_infraOrder="Arctoidea" scope_order="Carnivora" scope_subOrder="Caniformia">
<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFEB1D49BD728DA25C60F3B0" box="[275,632,1491,1518]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D49BD728DA25C60F3B0" blockId="14.[275,632,1491,1518]" box="[275,632,1491,1518]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
<heading id="D0E38193FFEB1D49BD728DA25C60F3B0" box="[275,632,1491,1518]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEB1D49BD728DA25C60F3B0" ID-CoL="44QWG" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[275,632,1491,1518]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEB1D49BD728DA25FD1F3B3" bold="true" box="[275,457,1491,1518]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">Mustela erminea</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFEB1D49BDF58D825FEEF053" box="[404,502,1523,1550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D49BDF58D825FEEF053" blockId="14.[404,502,1523,1550]" box="[404,502,1523,1550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
(
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEB1D49BDFC8D825FF7F053" box="[413,495,1523,1550]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-148@16.[698,1267,785,1359]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Long bones of the hindlimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas:A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus,1758, right femur (♂, Hu/4205);B-I, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, right femur (♂, Hu/4226); C, left femur (♂, Hu/4475); D, right femur (♀, Hu/4419); E, left femur (♀, Hu/4493); F, right tibia (♂, Hu/4229); G, left tibia (♂, Hu/4151); H, right tibia (♀, Hu/4444); I, left tibia (♀, Hu/4170). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2,ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525815/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFEB1D49BCE58E5D5C19F080" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D49BCE58E5D5F85F0F0" blockId="14.[131,776,1580,1710]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0411D1FFEB1D49BCE58E5D5F85F0F0" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEB1D49BCE58E5D5C58F01A" authority="Heller, 1983: 200" authorityName="Heller" authorityPageNumber="200" authorityYear="1983" box="[132,576,1580,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palerminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEB1D49BCE58E5D5ECBF01A" box="[132,211,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">Mustela</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEB1D49BD678E5D5F6EF01A" box="[262,374,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">palerminea</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFEB1D49BD1E8E5D5C58F01A" author="HELLER F." box="[383,576,1580,1604]" page="200" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" year="1983">Heller, 1983: 200</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; fig. 44; pl. 6/5-8; table 26. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFEB1D49BC8E8E365F84F000" author="GROISS J. T." box="[239,412,1606,1631]" page="354" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEB1D49BC8E8E365F84F000" author="GROISS J. T." box="[239,412,1606,1631]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" pagination="351 - 376" refId="ref24106" refString="GROISS J. T. 1983. - Faunenzusammensetzung, Okologie und Altersdatierung der Fundstelle Hunas, in HELLER F. (ed.), Die Hohlenruine Hunas bei Hartmannshof (Landkreis Nurnberger Land). Eine palaontologische und urgeschichtliche Fundstelle aus dem Spat-Riss. Quartar-Bibliothek 4: 351 - 376." type="journal article" year="1983">Groiss 1983: 354</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; table 48. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFEB1D49BE718E365EFAF027" author="KOENIGSWALD W. V. &amp; HEINRICH W. - D." page="94" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEB1D49BE718E365EFAF027" author="KOENIGSWALD W. V. &amp; HEINRICH W. - D." pageId="14" pageNumber="351" pagination="53 - 112" refId="ref25411" refString="KOENIGSWALD W. V. &amp; HEINRICH W. - D. 1999. - Mittelpleistozane Saugetierfaunen aus Mitteleuropa - der Versuch einer biostratigraphischen Zuordnung. Kaupia 9: 53 - 112." type="journal article" year="1999">Koenigswald &amp; Heinrich 1999: 94</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFEB1D49BC9E8E105FA8F027" author="AMBROS D. C." box="[255,432,1633,1657]" page="35" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEB1D49BC9E8E105FA8F027" author="AMBROS D. C." box="[255,432,1633,1657]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" refId="ref21813" refString="AMBROS D. C. 2006. - Morphologische und metrische Untersuchungen an Phalangen und Metapodien quartarer Musteliden unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Unterscheidung von Baum- und Steinmarder (Martes martes (Linne 1758) und Martes foina (Erxleben 1777 )). Der Andere Verlag, Tonning, Lubeck, Marburg, 103 p." type="book" year="2006">Ambros 2006: 35</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; fig. 41-3/7/8; tables 47, 78, 85. –
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFEB1D49BCE48E0A5F2BF0F0" author="ROSENDAHL W. &amp; AMBROS D. &amp; HILPERT B. &amp; HAMBACH U. &amp; ALT K. W. &amp; KNIPPING M. &amp; REISCH L. &amp; KAULICH B." page="19" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEB1D49BCE48E0A5F2BF0F0" author="ROSENDAHL W. &amp; AMBROS D. &amp; HILPERT B. &amp; HAMBACH U. &amp; ALT K. W. &amp; KNIPPING M. &amp; REISCH L. &amp; KAULICH B." pageId="14" pageNumber="351" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref27368" refString="ROSENDAHL W., AMBROS D., HILPERT B., HAMBACH U., ALT K. W., KNIPPING M., REISCH L. &amp; KAULICH B. 2011. - Neanderthals and monkeys in the Wurmian of Central Europe - The Middle Palaeolithic site of Hunas, Southern Germany, in CONARD N. J. &amp; RICHTER J. (eds), Neanderthal lifeways, subsistence and technology - one hundred fifty years of Neanderthal study. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology 19 (4): 15 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 0415 - 2 - 3" type="journal article" year="2011">Rosendahl, Ambros, Hilpert, Hambach, Alt, Knipping, Reisch &amp; Kaulich 2011: 19</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; table 3/2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D49BCE58EB75C19F080" blockId="14.[132,513,1734,1758]" box="[132,513,1734,1758]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0411D1FFEB1D49BCE58EB75C19F080" box="[132,513,1734,1758]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFEB1D49BCE58EB75FE6F080" author="BAUMANN CH" box="[132,510,1734,1758]" page="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" year="2011">
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEB1D49BCE58EB75FE6F080" authority="Baumann, 2011: 8" authorityName="Baumann" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="2011" box="[132,510,1734,1758]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palerminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEB1D49BCE58EB75F26F080" box="[132,318,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">Mustela palerminea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEB1D49BD258EB75FE6F080" author="BAUMANN CH" box="[324,510,1734,1758]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" refId="ref22153" refString="BAUMANN CH. 2011. - Kleinsaugerfunde aus drei Profilsaulen (N 2, Q 1, S 2) der mittel- bis spatpleistozanen Hohlenruine Hunas (Mittelfranken). Ein Beitrag zur biostratigraphischen und palaookologischen Auswertung der Fundstelle. Bachelorarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Bachelor of Arts, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Philosophische Fakultat, Ur- und Fruhgeschichte." type="journal volume" year="2011">Baumann, 2011: 8</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFEB1D49BCE58E875D10F153" box="[132,776,1781,1805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D49BCE58E875D10F153" blockId="14.[132,776,1781,1805]" box="[132,776,1781,1805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
<materialsCitation id="3B7C3CA2FFEB1D49BCE58E875D1CF153" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4986898303" box="[132,772,1781,1805]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" specimenCount="1">
<smallCapsWord id="8D4DA023FFEB1D49BCE58E875EFDF155" baselines="1799,1799" box="[132,229,1782,1805]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Referred" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">REFERRED</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D4DA023FFEB1D49BC8B8E8A5F5EF152" baselines="1800" box="[234,326,1787,1804]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="material" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
. — Humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, 3 metapodials
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFEB1D48BCE58F425D1FF152" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="14" pageNumber="351" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D49BCE58F425F0DF115" blockId="14.[130,776,1843,2027]" box="[132,277,1843,1869]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
<smallCapsWord id="8D4DA023FFEB1D49BCE58F425F0DF115" baselines="1862,1862" box="[132,277,1843,1869]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D49BCE58F225AFBF113" blockId="14.[130,776,1843,2027]" lastBlockId="14.[811,1457,1491,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
Long and narrow humerus has a flat and narrow head. The greater tubercle extends distally along the side of the articulation surface (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEB1D49BD6D8FE35F5FF1F2" box="[268,327,1938,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-191@14.[698,1267,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Long bones of the forelimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas: A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758, right humerus (♂, Hu/4207); B-N, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, left humerus (♂, Hu/4569);C, right humerus (♂, Hu/4217);D, right humerus (♂, Hu/4393);E, right humerus (♀, Hu/4481); F, right humerus (♀, Hu/4431); G, left ulna (♂, Hu/4408); H, left ulna (♂, Hu/4510); I, left ulna (♀, Hu/4487); J, left ulna (♀, Hu/4425); K, left radius (♂, Hu/4310); L, right radius (♂, Hu/4519); M, left radius (♀, Hu/4182); N, left radius (♀, Hu/4434). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525811/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The well-marked neck is directed distally. The lesser tubercle is well-developed. The rugose area on the inner surface of the shaft for the attachment of the inner humeral head of the triceps muscle is prominent. The lateral epicondylar crest is strongly developed towards the lateral epicondyle from the last distal fourth. The medial epicondylar crest is prominent and has a narrow supracondylar foramen. The strong medial condyle is situated slightly back, while the lateral condyle is deeper in the mesio-distal direction. A rounded and shallow coronoid fossa does not connect with the wide and deep olecranon pit (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEB1D49B8FA8EC35AC2F092" box="[1179,1242,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-191@14.[698,1267,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Long bones of the forelimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas: A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758, right humerus (♂, Hu/4207); B-N, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, left humerus (♂, Hu/4569);C, right humerus (♂, Hu/4217);D, right humerus (♂, Hu/4393);E, right humerus (♀, Hu/4481); F, right humerus (♀, Hu/4431); G, left ulna (♂, Hu/4408); H, left ulna (♂, Hu/4510); I, left ulna (♀, Hu/4487); J, left ulna (♀, Hu/4425); K, left radius (♂, Hu/4310); L, right radius (♂, Hu/4519); M, left radius (♀, Hu/4182); N, left radius (♀, Hu/4434). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525811/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The radius is thin and flattened dorso-ventrally, and it has a slightly concave ventral surface (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEB1D49BFB48E835A09F152" box="[981,1041,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-191@14.[698,1267,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Long bones of the forelimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas: A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758, right humerus (♂, Hu/4207); B-N, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, left humerus (♂, Hu/4569);C, right humerus (♂, Hu/4217);D, right humerus (♂, Hu/4393);E, right humerus (♀, Hu/4481); F, right humerus (♀, Hu/4431); G, left ulna (♂, Hu/4408); H, left ulna (♂, Hu/4510); I, left ulna (♀, Hu/4487); J, left ulna (♀, Hu/4425); K, left radius (♂, Hu/4310); L, right radius (♂, Hu/4519); M, left radius (♀, Hu/4182); N, left radius (♀, Hu/4434). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525811/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The moderately large head has a shallow and rounded articular surface. It is mesially collared by a moderately prominent coronoid process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEB1D48BF228F235C2FF2D1" blockId="14.[811,1457,1491,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[130,777,758,1805]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="14" pageNumber="351">
The articulation surface for the lesser sigmoid cavity is relatively large. The distal end is widened laterally, with a well-marked elliptical glenoid cavity, framed by a rough condyle on the ventral and medial sides. The facet for the ulna is small, while the styloid process is well-developed. The grooves for the extensor muscle tendons, extensors carpi radialis longior and brevior muscles are broad and deep. The scapholunar articulation area is relatively short and broad (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEA1D48BEE48B475CDDF511" box="[645,709,821,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-191@14.[698,1267,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Long bones of the forelimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas: A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758, right humerus (♂, Hu/4207); B-N, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, left humerus (♂, Hu/4569);C, right humerus (♂, Hu/4217);D, right humerus (♂, Hu/4393);E, right humerus (♀, Hu/4481); F, right humerus (♀, Hu/4431); G, left ulna (♂, Hu/4408); H, left ulna (♂, Hu/4510); I, left ulna (♀, Hu/4487); J, left ulna (♀, Hu/4425); K, left radius (♂, Hu/4310); L, right radius (♂, Hu/4519); M, left radius (♀, Hu/4182); N, left radius (♀, Hu/4434). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525811/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The ulna is massive, with a strong but short proximal end (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEA1D48BEDA8B245CEFF531" box="[699,759,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-191@14.[698,1267,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Long bones of the forelimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas: A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758, right humerus (♂, Hu/4207); B-N, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, left humerus (♂, Hu/4569);C, right humerus (♂, Hu/4217);D, right humerus (♂, Hu/4393);E, right humerus (♀, Hu/4481); F, right humerus (♀, Hu/4431); G, left ulna (♂, Hu/4408); H, left ulna (♂, Hu/4510); I, left ulna (♀, Hu/4487); J, left ulna (♀, Hu/4425); K, left radius (♂, Hu/4310); L, right radius (♂, Hu/4519); M, left radius (♀, Hu/4182); N, left radius (♀, Hu/4434). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525811/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The surface for attachment of the scapular head of the triceps muscle is broad and strongly rugose. The olecranon has a quadrilateral shape with its apex hollowed out in part of a small cavity bordered by two fairly prominent tubercles. The shaft is curved in the lateral and medial view and massive in its longitudinal extent. The articulating surface for the radius is large, while the articulating surface for the pisiform is quite narrow. The distal end is characterised by a significant protrusion of the ulnar styloid process (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEA1D48BD888C055C3FF2D0" box="[489,551,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-191@14.[698,1267,769,1326]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Long bones of the forelimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas: A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758, right humerus (♂, Hu/4207); B-N, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, left humerus (♂, Hu/4569);C, right humerus (♂, Hu/4217);D, right humerus (♂, Hu/4393);E, right humerus (♀, Hu/4481); F, right humerus (♀, Hu/4431); G, left ulna (♂, Hu/4408); H, left ulna (♂, Hu/4510); I, left ulna (♀, Hu/4487); J, left ulna (♀, Hu/4425); K, left radius (♂, Hu/4310); L, right radius (♂, Hu/4519); M, left radius (♀, Hu/4182); N, left radius (♀, Hu/4434). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525811/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6B6677FFEA1D48BD1F88AA5AA0F6B2" ID-Table-UUID="DF6B6677FFEA1D48BD1F88AA5AA0F6B2" box="[382,1208,219,236]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6B6677FFEA1D48BD1F88AA5AA0F6B2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" startId="15.[382,427,219,236]" targetBox="[134,1441,295,699]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEA1D48BD1F88AA5AA0F6B2" blockId="15.[382,1208,219,236]" box="[382,1208,219,236]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<smallCapsWord id="8D4DA023FFEA1D48BD1F88AA5FB3F6B2" baselines="232,233" box="[382,427,219,236]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Table" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">TABLE</smallCapsWord>
5. — Dimensions of long bones of different small, European
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48BFC788AA5AA0F6B2" box="[934,1208,219,236]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BFC788AA5DFFF6B2" box="[934,999,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Mustela</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758 species.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEA1D48BE5789565BB9F4E5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<table id="F914C45FFFEAE2B8BCE789565BB9F4E5" box="[134,1441,295,699]" gridcols="8" gridrows="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE789565BB9F765" box="[134,1441,295,315]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC89565CE8F765" box="[477,752,295,315]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BE5789565C6FF765" bold="true" box="[566,631,295,315]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Hunas</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF6789565A55F765" box="[774,1101,295,315]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48BF6789565A55F765" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[774,1101,295,315]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BF6789565A55F765" bold="true" box="[774,1101,295,315]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BF6789565DA9F765" bold="true" box="[774,945,295,315]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Mustela erminea</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B80989565BB9F765" box="[1128,1441,295,315]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B80989565B84F765" authority="Linnaeus, 1766 Bone Sex" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1128,1436,295,315]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B80989565B84F765" bold="true" box="[1128,1436,295,315]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B80989565AE7F765" bold="true" box="[1128,1279,295,315]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Mustela nivalis</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1766
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE7893A5BB9F701" box="[134,1441,331,351]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE7893A5EE2F701" box="[134,250,331,351]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BCE7893A5EA3F701" bold="true" box="[134,187,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Bone</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD30893A5F6FF701" box="[337,375,331,351]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BD30893A5F6FF701" bold="true" box="[337,375,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Sex</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC893A5C0BF701" box="[477,531,331,351]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BD8F893A5C19F701" bold="true" box="[494,513,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE35893A5CE8F701" box="[596,752,331,351]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BE04893A5CC6F701" bold="true" box="[613,734,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">min-max (n)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF67893A5D7FF701" box="[774,871,331,351]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BF23893A5D4DF701" bold="true" box="[834,853,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC9893A5A55F701" box="[936,1101,331,351]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BFD8893A5A2AF701" bold="true" box="[953,1074,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">min-max (n)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B809893A5AA3F701" box="[1128,1211,331,351]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8F7893A5AB1F701" bold="true" box="[1174,1193,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B893A5BB9F701" box="[1274,1441,331,351]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B970893A5B92F701" bold="true" box="[1297,1418,331,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">min-max (n)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE7891D5BB9F7DC" box="[134,1441,364,386]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE7891D5EE2F7DC" box="[134,250,364,386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">humerus L</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD30891D5F6FF7DC" box="[337,375,364,386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♂♂</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC891D5C0BF7DC" box="[477,531,364,386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">22.63</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE35891D5CE8F7DC" box="[596,752,364,386]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">19.94-26.14 (19)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF67891D5D7FF7DC" box="[774,871,364,386]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">36.69</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC9891D5A55F7DC" box="[936,1101,364,386]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">34.10-39.76 (72)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B809891D5AA3F7DC" box="[1128,1211,364,386]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">23.72</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B891D5BB9F7DC" box="[1274,1441,364,386]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">20.49-26.89 (124)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE789F55BB9F7C4" box="[134,1441,388,410]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD3089F55F6FF7C4" box="[337,375,388,410]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♀♀</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC89F55C0BF7C4" box="[477,531,388,410]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">17.10</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE3589F55CE8F7C4" box="[596,752,388,410]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">16.42-18.02 (14)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF6789F55D7FF7C4" box="[774,871,388,410]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">30.52</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC989F55A55F7C4" box="[936,1101,388,410]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">26.04-33.16 (69)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B80989F55AA3F7C4" box="[1128,1211,388,410]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">18.06</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B89F55BB9F7C4" box="[1274,1441,388,410]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">15.84-19.32 (112)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE789ED5BB9F7EC" box="[134,1441,412,434]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE789ED5EE2F7EC" box="[134,250,412,434]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">humerus dB</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD3089ED5F6FF7EC" box="[337,375,412,434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♂♂</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC89ED5C0BF7EC" box="[477,531,412,434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">4.81</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE3589ED5CE8F7EC" box="[596,752,412,434]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">4.06-5.66 (19)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF6789ED5D7FF7EC" box="[774,871,412,434]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">7.39</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC989ED5A55F7EC" box="[936,1101,412,434]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">6.39-7.94 (72)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B80989ED5AA3F7EC" box="[1128,1211,412,434]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">4.72</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B89ED5BB9F7EC" box="[1274,1441,412,434]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">4.27-5.51 (124)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE789C45BB9F795" box="[134,1441,437,459]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD3089C45F6FF795" box="[337,375,437,459]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♀♀</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC89C45C0BF795" box="[477,531,437,459]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">3.48</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE3589C45CE8F795" box="[596,752,437,459]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">3.09-4.16 (21)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF6789C45D7FF795" box="[774,871,437,459]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">5.93</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC989C45A55F795" box="[936,1101,437,459]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">5.17-6.63 (69)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B80989C45AA3F795" box="[1128,1211,437,459]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">3.31</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B89C45BB9F795" box="[1274,1441,437,459]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">2.98-3.68 (112)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE789BC5BB9F7BD" box="[134,1441,461,483]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE789BC5EE2F7BD" box="[134,250,461,483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">radius L</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD3089BC5F6FF7BD" box="[337,375,461,483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♂♂</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC89BC5C0BF7BD" box="[477,531,461,483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">16.22</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE3589BC5CE8F7BD" box="[596,752,461,483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">15.46-17.56 (12)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF6789BC5D7FF7BD" box="[774,871,461,483]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">27.09</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC989BC5A55F7BD" box="[936,1101,461,483]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">24.48-28.97 (72)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B80989BC5AA3F7BD" box="[1128,1211,461,483]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">16.83</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B89BC5BB9F7BD" box="[1274,1441,461,483]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">14.68-18.17 (124)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE789945BB9F7A5" box="[134,1441,485,507]" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD3089945F6FF7A5" box="[337,375,485,507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♀♀</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC89945C0BF7A5" box="[477,531,485,507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">12.57</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE3589945CE8F7A5" box="[596,752,485,507]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">11.36-13.75 (4)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF6789945D7FF7A5" box="[774,871,485,507]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">21.30</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC989945A55F7A5" box="[936,1101,485,507]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">19.51-22.97 (69)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B80989945AA3F7A5" box="[1128,1211,485,507]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">12.20</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B89945BB9F7A5" box="[1274,1441,485,507]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">11.18-13.44 (112)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE7898C5BB9F44D" box="[134,1441,509,531]" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE7898C5EE2F44D" box="[134,250,509,531]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">ulna L</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD30898C5F6FF44D" box="[337,375,509,531]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♂♂</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC898C5C0BF44D" box="[477,531,509,531]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">19.91</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE35898C5CE8F44D" box="[596,752,509,531]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">17.66-21.26 (4)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF67898C5D7FF44D" box="[774,871,509,531]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">33.52</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC9898C5A55F44D" box="[936,1101,509,531]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">29.97-37.14 (72)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B809898C5AA3F44D" box="[1128,1211,509,531]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">21.76</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B898C5BB9F44D" box="[1274,1441,509,531]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">19.14-23.97 (124)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE78A645BB9F475" box="[134,1441,533,555]" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD308A645F6FF475" box="[337,375,533,555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♀♀</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC8A645C0BF475" box="[477,531,533,555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">14.61</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE358A645CE8F475" box="[596,752,533,555]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">13.27-16.84 (5)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF678A645D7FF475" box="[774,871,533,555]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">25.99</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC98A645A55F475" box="[936,1101,533,555]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">24.18-28.81 (69)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B8098A645AA3F475" box="[1128,1211,533,555]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">15.21</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B8A645BB9F475" box="[1274,1441,533,555]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">14.28-16.48 (112)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE78A5C5BB9F41D" box="[134,1441,557,579]" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE78A5C5EE2F41D" box="[134,250,557,579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">femur L</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD308A5C5F6FF41D" box="[337,375,557,579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♂♂</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC8A5C5C0BF41D" box="[477,531,557,579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">23.45</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE358A5C5CE8F41D" box="[596,752,557,579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">20.04-26.74 (29)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF678A5C5D7FF41D" box="[774,871,557,579]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">41.88</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC98A5C5A55F41D" box="[936,1101,557,579]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">36.59-44.46 (72)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B8098A5C5AA3F41D" box="[1128,1211,557,579]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">25.15</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B8A5C5BB9F41D" box="[1274,1441,557,579]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">21.39-28.15 (124)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE78A345BB9F405" box="[134,1441,581,603]" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD308A345F6FF405" box="[337,375,581,603]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♀♀</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC8A345C0BF405" box="[477,531,581,603]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">16.33</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE358A345CE8F405" box="[596,752,581,603]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">13.00-19.50</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF678A345D7FF405" box="[774,871,581,603]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">33.01</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC98A345A55F405" box="[936,1101,581,603]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">30.39-35.51 (69)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B8098A345AA3F405" box="[1128,1211,581,603]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">17.95</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B8A345BB9F405" box="[1274,1441,581,603]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">16.25-19.31 (112)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE78A2C5BB9F42D" box="[134,1441,605,627]" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE78A2C5EE2F42D" box="[134,250,605,627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">femur dB</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD308A2C5F6FF42D" box="[337,375,605,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♂♂</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC8A2C5C0BF42D" box="[477,531,605,627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">4.40</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE358A2C5CE8F42D" box="[596,752,605,627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">3.64-5.02 (28)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF678A2C5D7FF42D" box="[774,871,605,627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">7.65</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC98A2C5A55F42D" box="[936,1101,605,627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">6.99-7.99 (72)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B8098A2C5AA3F42D" box="[1128,1211,605,627]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">4.73</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B8A2C5BB9F42D" box="[1274,1441,605,627]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">4.18-5.21 (124)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE78A045BB9F4D5" box="[134,1441,629,651]" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD308A045F6FF4D5" box="[337,375,629,651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♀♀</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC8A045C0BF4D5" box="[477,531,629,651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">2.88</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE358A045CE8F4D5" box="[596,752,629,651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">1.15-3.48 (13)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF678A045D7FF4D5" box="[774,871,629,651]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">6.04</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC98A045A55F4D5" box="[936,1101,629,651]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">5.61-6.59 (69)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B8098A045AA3F4D5" box="[1128,1211,629,651]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">3.33</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B8A045BB9F4D5" box="[1274,1441,629,651]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">3.13-3.56 (112)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE78AFC5BB9F4FD" box="[134,1441,653,675]" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BCE78AFC5EE2F4FD" box="[134,250,653,675]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">tibia L</th>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD308AFC5F6FF4FD" box="[337,375,653,675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♂♂</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC8AFC5C0BF4FD" box="[477,531,653,675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">24.77</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE358AFC5CE8F4FD" box="[596,752,653,675]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">21.22-27.06 (21)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF678AFC5D7FF4FD" box="[774,871,653,675]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">44.97</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC98AFC5A55F4FD" box="[936,1101,653,675]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">39.57-48.25 (72)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B8098AFC5AA3F4FD" box="[1128,1211,653,675]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">25.94</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B8AFC5BB9F4FD" box="[1274,1441,653,675]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">22.29-28.77 (124)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352434BDFFEAE2B8BCE78AD45BB9F4E5" box="[134,1441,677,699]" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BD308AD45F6FF4E5" box="[337,375,677,699]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">♀♀</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BDBC8AD45C0BF4E5" box="[477,531,677,699]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">17.73</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BE358AD45CE8F4E5" box="[596,752,677,699]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">16.44-18.67 (10)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BF678AD45D7FF4E5" box="[774,871,677,699]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">34.66</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8BFC98AD45A55F4E5" box="[936,1101,677,699]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">31.37-36.89 (69)</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B8098AD45AA3F4E5" box="[1128,1211,677,699]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">19.40</td>
<td id="76F55DC1FFEAE2B8B89B8AD45BB9F4E5" box="[1274,1441,677,699]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">17.64-20.78 (112)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEA1D48BCFA8CE55D1FF152" blockId="15.[130,777,758,1805]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
The long, cylindrical femur possesses a spherical head with a prominent neck (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEA1D48BD378CC55F8DF291" box="[342,405,1204,1231]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-148@16.[698,1267,785,1359]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Long bones of the hindlimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas:A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus,1758, right femur (♂, Hu/4205);B-I, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, right femur (♂, Hu/4226); C, left femur (♂, Hu/4475); D, right femur (♀, Hu/4419); E, left femur (♀, Hu/4493); F, right tibia (♂, Hu/4229); G, left tibia (♂, Hu/4151); H, right tibia (♀, Hu/4444); I, left tibia (♀, Hu/4170). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2,ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525815/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The trochanteric fossa is narrow and deep. The lesser trochanter is a slight conical prominence. The shaft is slightly bowed in its longitudinal extent. The greater trochanter rises distinctly above the head level and is obliquely truncated on its lateral side. The surface of the trochanter extends further down the proximal extremity of the femur. The tibial articulations are nearly equal in size. At the distal end, the condyles are separated by a broad and deep groove. The lateral condyle is slightly more developed than the medial one (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEA1D48BD0D8DA25FB2F3B0" box="[364,426,1491,1518]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-148@16.[698,1267,785,1359]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Long bones of the hindlimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas:A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus,1758, right femur (♂, Hu/4205);B-I, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, right femur (♂, Hu/4226); C, left femur (♂, Hu/4475); D, right femur (♀, Hu/4419); E, left femur (♀, Hu/4493); F, right tibia (♂, Hu/4229); G, left tibia (♂, Hu/4151); H, right tibia (♀, Hu/4444); I, left tibia (♀, Hu/4170). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2,ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525815/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The body of the long and thin tibia is triangular in its proximal third, slightly convex medially, with a large tibial fossa from the lateral side (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEA1D48BEED8E625CD0F070" box="[652,712,1555,1582]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-148@16.[698,1267,785,1359]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Long bones of the hindlimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas:A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus,1758, right femur (♂, Hu/4205);B-I, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, right femur (♂, Hu/4226); C, left femur (♂, Hu/4475); D, right femur (♀, Hu/4419); E, left femur (♀, Hu/4493); F, right tibia (♂, Hu/4229); G, left tibia (♂, Hu/4151); H, right tibia (♀, Hu/4444); I, left tibia (♀, Hu/4170). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2,ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525815/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The distal surface below the head is narrow and shallow. The tibial crest is well marked but relatively short. At the distal end, the articular surface consists of two separate grooves. The medial throat is deeper than the lateral one. The grooves for tendons of the flexor longus digitorum and tibialis posticus muscles are well defined at the distal epiphysis. The notch incising the mesial border of the distal surface is quite small (
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEA1D48BED88E835CEFF153" box="[697,759,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1963,1980]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-148@16.[698,1267,785,1359]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 7. — Long bones of the hindlimb of the two smallest mustelids from Hunas:A, Mustela erminea Linnaeus,1758, right femur (♂, Hu/4205);B-I, Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766: B, right femur (♂, Hu/4226); C, left femur (♂, Hu/4475); D, right femur (♀, Hu/4419); E, left femur (♀, Hu/4493); F, right tibia (♂, Hu/4229); G, left tibia (♂, Hu/4151); H, right tibia (♀, Hu/4444); I, left tibia (♀, Hu/4170). Numbers: 1, dorsal view; 2,ventral view. Credits: photo by B. Hilpert. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525815/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFEA1D56BCE58F425F43F42E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEA1D48BCE58F425EF0F115" blockId="15.[130,775,1843,2028]" box="[132,232,1843,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<smallCapsWord id="8D4DA023FFEA1D48BCE58F425EF0F115" baselines="1862,1862" box="[132,232,1843,1869]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEA1D48BCE58F235B58F231" blockId="15.[130,775,1843,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[811,1458,758,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
A permanent problem in faunistic analyses is distinguishing small species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48BDEC8F035FC5F1D2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[397,477,1906,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BDEC8F035FC5F1D2" box="[397,477,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Mustela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Many authors made several attempts, resulting in the conclusion that the only reliable criterion is size. This was largely the case with the rich material from Hunas, where
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48BDE98FA05C39F1B5" author="HELLER F." box="[392,545,2001,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="103 - 263" refId="ref24612" refString="HELLER F. 1983 d. - Vertebrata, in HELLER F. (ed.), Die Hohlenruine Hunas bei Hartmannshof (Landkreis Nurnberger Land). Eine palaontologische und urgeschichtliche Fundstelle aus dem Spat-Riss. Quartar-Bibliothek 4: 103 - 263." type="journal article" year="1983">Heller (1983d</bibRefCitation>
, e) also attempted to classify this material. No cranial material of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B9668A865B99F54E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1287,1409,758,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B9668A865B07F54E" box="[1287,1311,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B94C8A865B99F54E" box="[1325,1409,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in Hunas. Apart from the abundant cranial material, attributed exclusively to
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B8468B475A97F50E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1063,1167,822,848]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8468B475A27F511" box="[1063,1087,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B82C8B475A97F50E" box="[1101,1167,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">nivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even more numerous postcranial skeletal elements in Hunas were found. It is represented mainly by long bones, but also some pelvis and metapodials. They are well preserved and about one-third are complete. No substantial differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B8FD8BC75B0EF591" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1180,1302,950,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8FD8BC75AACF591" box="[1180,1204,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8A28BC75B0EF591" box="[1219,1302,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B9278BC75BB7F591" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1350,1455,949,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B9278BC75B46F591" box="[1350,1374,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B90D8BC45BB7F591" box="[1388,1455,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">nivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in the morphology of the postcranial bones. The variability of the features is so high that it is impossible to establish any characteristics for that species. In this context, the only reliable criteria for distinguishing the postcranial elements of small
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48BF8F8C245A88F231" box="[1006,1168,1109,1135]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BF8F8C245A58F231" box="[1006,1088,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Mustela</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are dimensions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEA1D48BF228C045A85F132" blockId="15.[811,1458,758,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
A similar situation was found for the material of the Early and early Middle Pleistocene
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B80C8CE45B1FF2F0" authorityName="Baumann" authorityYear="2011" box="[1133,1287,1172,1199]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palerminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B80C8CE45A9DF2F0" box="[1133,1157,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8F28CE55B1FF2F0" box="[1171,1287,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">palerminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B95E8CE45D43F290" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praenivalis">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B95E8CE45B4FF2F0" box="[1343,1367,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B9048CE45D43F290" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">praenivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where size was the only criteria for their classification (
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48BF578CA55DD6F2B0" author="RABEDER G." box="[822,974,1236,1262]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="5 - 119" refId="ref27213" refString="RABEDER G. 1976. - Die Carnivoren (Mammalia) aus dem Altpleistozan von Deutsch-Altenburg 2. Mit Beitragen zur Systematik einiger Musteliden und Caniden. Beitrage zur Palaontologie von Osterreich 1: 5 - 119." type="journal article" year="1976">Rabeder 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48BFBC8CA55AB1F2B0" author="WISZNIOWSKA T." box="[989,1193,1236,1262]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="589 - 630" refId="ref28406" refString="WISZNIOWSKA T. 1989. - Middle Pleistocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from Kozi Grzbiet in the Swietokrzyskie Mts, Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 32 (14): 589 - 630." type="journal article" year="1989">Wiszniowska 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48B8D98CA55BB8F2B0" author="MARCISZAK A. &amp; AMBROS D. &amp; HILPERT B." box="[1208,1440,1236,1262]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref26476" refString="MARCISZAK A., AMBROS D. &amp; HILPERT B. 2021. - Mustelids from Sackdilling Cave (Bavaria, Germany) and their biostratigraphic significance. Geobios 68: 83 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2021.04.004" type="journal article" year="2021">
Marciszak
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B94D8CA45B78F2B0" box="[1324,1376,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Long bones are recognisable and measurable markers for species determination. Small mustelids are characterised by extreme sexual dimorphism, with ♂♂ 1.5 times larger than
<specimenCount id="9D12FD76FFEA1D48BF4C8D255D4FF32F" box="[813,855,1364,1393]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48BF048D255A07F330" author="KRATOCHVIL J." box="[869,1055,1364,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref25782" refString="KRATOCHVIL J. 1977 a. - Sexual dimorphism and status of Mustela nivalis in Central Europe (Mamm., Mustelidae). Acta Scientarum Naturalium Bohemoslovacae Brno 11: 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1977">Kratochvíl 1977a</bibRefCitation>
, b;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48B8278D255AA0F330" author="KING C. M." box="[1094,1208,1364,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="302 - 334" refId="ref25268" refString="KING C. M. 1989. - The advantages and disadvantages of small size to weasels, Mustela species, in GITTLEMAN J. (ed.), Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution. Cornell University Press, London: 302 - 334." type="book chapter" year="1989">King 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48B8A48D255BB8F330" author="KING C. M. &amp; POWELL R. A." box="[1221,1440,1364,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" refId="ref25372" refString="KING C. M. &amp; POWELL R. A. 2007. - The natural history of weasels and stoats. Ecology, behavior, and management. Oxford University Press, New York: 464 p." type="book" year="2007">King &amp; Powell 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The metrical analysis of sexes’ long bones of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B9678D055B98F3D3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1286,1408,1396,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B9678D055B06F3D3" box="[1286,1310,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B94D8D055B98F3D3" box="[1324,1408,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48BF4D8DE55D80F3F3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[812,920,1427,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BF4D8DE55D5CF3F3" box="[812,836,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BF358DE25D80F3F3" box="[852,920,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">nivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Hunas is based on the differences in size of ♂♂ and
<specimenCount id="9D12FD76FFEA1D48BFE78DC25DA8F38E" box="[902,944,1459,1488]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
in extant, Silesian populations. These differences were shown in all long bones, and the most important was greatest length (L). This value was lower in
<specimenCount id="9D12FD76FFEA1D48B8868D825B09F04E" box="[1255,1297,1523,1552]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
than♂♂ in all analysed bones (
<tableCitation id="C6960344FFEA1D48BFBD8E625A34F070" box="[988,1068,1555,1582]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[382,393,219,236]" captionText="TABLE 5. — Dimensions of long bones of different small, European Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 species." pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Table 5</tableCitation>
). The long bones differ significantly in size like in extant forms, where size ranges of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B9548E455BB7F013" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1333,1455,1588,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B9548E455B55F013" box="[1333,1357,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B93A8E455BB7F013" box="[1371,1455,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<specimenCount id="9D12FD76FFEA1D48BF4C8E225D4FF02E" box="[813,855,1619,1648]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48BFEE8E255DE2F033" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[911,1018,1619,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BFEE8E255DBFF033" box="[911,935,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BFD78E225DE2F033" box="[950,1018,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">nivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
♂♂ do not overlap (
<tableCitation id="C6960344FFEA1D48B8828E225B2CF030" box="[1251,1332,1619,1646]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[382,393,219,236]" captionText="TABLE 5. — Dimensions of long bones of different small, European Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 species." pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Table 5</tableCitation>
). Since the individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48BFB18E055A54F0D3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[976,1100,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BFB18E055DFFF0D3" box="[976,999,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48BF968E055A54F0D3" box="[1015,1100,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B8E88E055AEDF0D3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1161,1269,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8E88E055AB8F0D3" box="[1161,1184,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8D18E025AEDF0D3" box="[1200,1269,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">nivalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Hunas are comparable in size with the extant, Silesian populations, respectively, it is possible to track sexual dimorphism based on long bones. It is possible even in the case of incomplete bones, since the proportions of bone parts are quite constant (
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48BF578F635DFBF172" author="REICHSTEIN H. V." box="[822,995,1810,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="293 - 304" refId="ref27278" refString="REICHSTEIN H. V. 1986. - Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Sexualdimorphismus von Mustela nivalis Linne, 1766 und M. erminea Linne, 1758 nach Untersuchungen an postcranialen Skeletten aus Schleswig-Holstein. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 88 - 89 B: 293 - 304." type="book chapter" year="1986">Reichstein 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48BF918F635A82F172" author="MARCISZAK A." box="[1008,1178,1810,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" refId="ref26174" refString="MARCISZAK A. 2012. - Mustelids (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Poland. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Paleozoology, University of Wroclaw, 1076 p." type="book" year="2012">Marciszak 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEA1D48B8C68F635B91F172" author="MARCISZAK A. &amp; AMBROS D. &amp; HILPERT B." box="[1191,1417,1810,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref26476" refString="MARCISZAK A., AMBROS D. &amp; HILPERT B. 2021. - Mustelids from Sackdilling Cave (Bavaria, Germany) and their biostratigraphic significance. Geobios 68: 83 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2021.04.004" type="journal article" year="2021">
Marciszak
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B9788F625B53F172" box="[1305,1355,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). It allows us to estimate the total length of such bones and also use them in the analysis (
<tableCitation id="C6960344FFEA1D48B85C8F235A95F133" box="[1085,1165,1874,1901]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[382,393,219,236]" captionText="TABLE 5. — Dimensions of long bones of different small, European Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 species." pageId="15" pageNumber="352">Table 5</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEA1D56BF228F035F43F42E" blockId="15.[811,1458,758,2030]" lastBlockId="17.[130,776,216,624]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">
The analysis of the dimensions of the numerous postcranial materials allowed to include for
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEA1D48B81A8FE25AEDF1F2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1147,1269,1938,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B81A8FE25A8BF1F2" box="[1147,1171,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEA1D48B8C08FE25AEDF1F2" box="[1185,1269,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="352">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only a few bones. Between two humeri, the larger (HHu 4207, L
<quantity id="4CEC9B1AFFEA1D48B96F8FC35B66F192" box="[1294,1406,1970,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.444" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="34.44">34.44 mm</quantity>
) was determined as ♂, while the smaller (HHu 4569, L
<quantity id="4CEC9B1AFFEA1D48B9598FA35BBFF1B2" box="[1336,1447,2002,2028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7809999999999997" pageId="15" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="27.81">27.81 mm</quantity>
) was assigned as
<specimenCount id="9D12FD76FFF41D56BD4188A95F2DF6AB" box="[288,309,216,245]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="354" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
. A single incomplete radius (HHu 4301) and three femora, one intact (HHu 4205, L =
<quantity id="4CEC9B1AFFF41D56BE5488865CBDF74C" box="[565,677,247,274]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.502" pageId="17" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="35.02">35.02 mm</quantity>
) and two incomplete (HHu 4209 and HHu 4496), showed intermediate values, so they cannot be properly sexed. The proximal half of the sole tibia (HHu 4206) belongs to a moderately large individual, most probably
<specimenCount id="9D12FD76FFF41D56BDC189065FADF7CA" box="[416,437,375,404]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="354" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
(
<tableCitation id="C6960344FFF41D56BDA489065C0CF7CC" box="[453,532,375,402]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[382,393,219,236]" captionText="TABLE 5. — Dimensions of long bones of different small, European Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 species." pageId="17" pageNumber="354">Table 5</tableCitation>
). Because metapodials of the extant
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFF41D56BD7089E95F93F7EF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[273,395,408,434]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFF41D56BD7089E95F31F7EF" box="[273,297,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="354">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFF41D56BD5689E95F93F7EF" box="[311,395,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="354">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be reliably sexed, we did do this for the material of this species from Hunas. The study of the postcranial material of
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFF41D56BDA989A95C5BF7AF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[456,579,471,497]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFF41D56BDA989A95FC7F7AF" box="[456,479,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="354">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFF41D56BD8E89A95C5BF7AF" box="[495,579,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="354">erminea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Hunas does not show a predominance of♂♂ or
<specimenCount id="9D12FD76FFF41D56BE6489865C37F44A" box="[517,559,503,532]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="354" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
and shows the presence of medium-sized individuals (
<tableCitation id="C6960344FFF41D56BE608A665C49F46F" box="[513,593,534,561]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[382,393,219,236]" captionText="TABLE 5. — Dimensions of long bones of different small, European Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 species." pageId="17" pageNumber="354">Table 5</tableCitation>
). Metrically and morphologically, they are indistinguishable from the extant Silesian population.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink