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<document id="E8946243A4D97D4D364604C1EF9901ED" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758139" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726223362900" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zamani, Alireza, West, Rick C. &amp; Lamar, William W." docDate="2024" docId="03B087B6D533116EFF76FB2AA91BFDD5" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.29-32.1107-1143.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (29 - 32)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Blattodea" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1132" masterDocId="FF89FFCED5241177FFD6FFC3AB26FFF0" masterDocTitle="An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness" masterLastPageNumber="1143" masterPageNumber="1107" pageNumber="1130" updateTime="1726577934635" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="EF84B66C0E94CAA9F47DDB8A51D64441">An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6CAFA4B6B892095A8801C419C46F9C0B">Zamani, Alireza</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6CD50954C18F44646635031F50F138E0">Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="09EC5CA49D918BC4ED63F6653C5290FC">West, Rick C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CEA72816187E3D9B87BFC9117C1429B3">Sooke, British Columbia, Canada;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4A64F802DBA65D50EB9A6CB55A9283B2">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1ED5791337FD0E6D9CE5345DF8D2038D">College of Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA &amp; Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2B42F16D1CF847A96D813BE965B7A2C9">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FC877DFA57853A4CD040EBDB0CF15629">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2134834AAD4699E864A81094BD422649">2024-08-06</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4883F38431CE9AFD599C76CB2DA0F425">29 - 32</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B087B6D533116EFF76FB2AA91BFDD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13772910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13772910" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087B6D533116EFF76FB2AA91BFDD5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087B6D533116EFF76FB2AA91BFDD5" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1132" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
<subSubSection id="C303652BD5331160FF76FB2AA928FAF3" box="[160,526,1257,1283]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D5331160FF76FB2AA928FAF3" blockId="23.[160,526,1257,1283]" box="[160,526,1257,1283]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
<heading id="D0EE81CCD5331160FF76FB2AA928FAF3" bold="true" box="[160,526,1257,1283]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FF76FB2AA928FAF3" bold="true" box="[160,526,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
Termites (
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FECDFB2AAAB4FAF3" ID-CoL="TM" authority="Wattenwyl, 1882 " box="[283,402,1257,1283]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Blattodea</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FE77FB2AA922FAF3" authorityName="Okamura" authorityYear="1901" box="[417,516,1257,1283]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Isoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Isoptera</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C303652BD533116EFF76FADDA91BFDD5" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1132" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D533116FFF76FADDAF19FEA5" blockId="23.[160,1156,1310,1682]" lastBlockId="24.[160,1155,142,479]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="1131" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">
There are a few records of associations between tarantulas and termites in the literature.
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FF76FA82AA7FFAAA" author="LourenCo WR" box="[160,345,1345,1370]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="161 - 164" refId="ref17289" refString="LourenCo WR. 1978. Notas sobre a biologia de Acanthoscurria atrox Vellard, 1924 (Araneae: theraphosidae). Rev Bras Biol. 38: 161 - 164." type="journal article" year="1978">LourenÇo (1978)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FDD4FA82A8CAFAAA" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1923" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[514,1004,1345,1370]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulensis">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FDD4FA82A834FAAA" box="[514,786,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Acanthoscurria paulensis</emphasis>
Mello-Leitão, 1923
</taxonomicName>
(sub
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FBFBFA82AA12FA8D" authority="Vellard, 1924" authorityName="Vellard" authorityYear="1924" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FBFBFA82AFA5FAAA" box="[1069,1155,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">A. atrox</emphasis>
Vellard, 1924
</taxonomicName>
) inhabits the mounds of an unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC5CFAA7ABF1FA6F" authority="Wasmann, 1897" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Armitermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FC5CFAA7AF20FA8D" box="[906,1030,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Armitermes</emphasis>
Wasmann, 1897
</taxonomicName>
(Nasutitermitidae), while its diet primarily consists of orthopterans and small spiders and vertebrates.
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FEB1FA6AA97AFA32" author="Canning G &amp; Reilly BK &amp; Dippenaar-Schoeman AS" box="[359,604,1449,1474]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="293 - 298" refId="ref15598" refString="Canning G, Reilly BK, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS. 2014. Burrow structure and microhabitat characteristics of Nesiergus insulanus (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Fregate Island, Seychelles. J Arachnol. 42 (3): 293 - 298. doi: 10.1636 / J 13 - 59.1." type="journal article" year="2014">
Canning
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FE06FA6AA922FA32" box="[464,516,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
found that some individuals of the
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D5331160FBD9FA6AAFA5FA32" box="[1039,1155,1449,1474]" name="Seychelles" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
endemic
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FEDCFA0FA950FA15" authority="Simon, 1903" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[266,630,1484,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nesiergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insulanus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FEDCFA0FAAC7FA15" box="[266,481,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Nesiergus insulanus</emphasis>
Simon, 1903
</taxonomicName>
(Ischnocolinae) construct their retreats within arboreal and terrestrial termitaria (
<figureCitation id="13222A25D5331160FDCAFA2DA987F9F7" box="[540,673,1518,1543]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="24.[160,225,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,563,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-141@24.[163,1153,563,1573]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 9. Nesiergus insulanus living in drywood termite frass (Kalotermitidae) on Frégate Island, Seychelles. A. Decaying palm tree with a retreat (marked by an arrow). B. Same, detailed view of the retreat. C, E. Fallen decayed palm tree with retreats (marked by arrows). D, F. Same, detailed views of the retreats. A and F reproduced from Canning et al. (2014). Photo credits: Greg Canning." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758161" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758161/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Figure 9A–F</figureCitation>
) and feed on termites as a part of their diet.
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FF76F9D2AAD1F9DA" author="Chomphuphuang N &amp; Smith D &amp; Wongvilas S &amp; Sivayyapram V &amp; Songsangchote C &amp; Warrit N" box="[160,503,1553,1578]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
Chomphuphuang
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FEA6F9D2AA84F9DA" box="[368,418,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that some individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC5EF9D2AAC8F9BD" authority="Chomphuphuang et al., 2017" authorityName="Chomphuphuang" authorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phlogiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipalpus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FC5EF9D2AFA5F9DA" box="[904,1155,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Phlogiellus longipalpus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FF76F9F7AAC8F9BD" author="Chomphuphuang N &amp; Smith D &amp; Wongvilas S &amp; Sivayyapram V &amp; Songsangchote C &amp; Warrit N" box="[160,494,1588,1613]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="57 - 73" refId="ref15649" refString="Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N. 2017. New species of Southeast Asian dwarf tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys. 684: 57 - 73. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 684.12558." type="journal article" year="2017">
Chomphuphuang
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FEA7F9F7AA84F9BD" box="[369,418,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">et al</emphasis>
., 2017
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
were found in their retreats built in colonies of ants and termites, which were preyed upon by the tarantulas. The
<typeStatus id="54A28802D5331160FCE7F995A8B3F99F" box="[817,917,1622,1647]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and the only known specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FE97F9BAA8A4F962" authority="Sherwood and Gabriel, 2020" authorityName="Sherwood and Gabriel" authorityYear="2020" box="[321,898,1657,1682]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Umbyquyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gurleyi">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5331160FE97F9BAA93DF962" box="[321,539,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130">Umbyquyra gurleyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D5331160FDFFF9BAA8A4F962" author="Sherwood D &amp; Gabriel R" box="[553,898,1657,1682]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref18015" refString="Sherwood D, Gabriel R. 2020. A new species of Umbyquyra Gargiulo, Brescovit &amp; Lucas, 2018 from Goias, Brazil (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology. 18 (6): 619 - 622. doi: 10.13156 / arac. 2020.18.6. 619." type="journal article" year="2020">Sherwood and Gabriel, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5331160FC40F9BAAF62F962" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[918,1092,1657,1682]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="23" pageNumber="1130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
) was collected from termite mounds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFDDBFF4DA86CFF57" author="Sherwood D &amp; Gabriel R" box="[525,842,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="619 - 622" refId="ref18015" refString="Sherwood D, Gabriel R. 2020. A new species of Umbyquyra Gargiulo, Brescovit &amp; Lucas, 2018 from Goias, Brazil (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology. 18 (6): 619 - 622. doi: 10.13156 / arac. 2020.18.6. 619." type="journal article" year="2020">Sherwood and Gabriel 2020</bibRefCitation>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFC47FF4DABC0FF3A" author="Cifuentes Y &amp; Bertani R" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref15705" refString="Cifuentes Y, Bertani R. 2022. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the tarantula genera Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1985, and Amazonius n. gen. (Theraphosidae, Psalmopoeinae). Zootaxa. 5101 (1): 1 - 123. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5101.1.1." type="journal article" year="2022">Cifuentes and Bertani (2022)</bibRefCitation>
listed a female specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFDF0FF72A8D4FF3A" authority="Petrunkevitch, 1925" authorityName="Petrunkevitch, Psalmopoeinae" authorityYear="1925" box="[550,1010,177,202]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulcher">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFDF0FF72A82AFF3A" box="[550,780,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Psalmopoeus pulcher</emphasis>
Petrunkevitch, 1925
</taxonomicName>
collected off a termitarium in San José Island,
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFDE6FF17A9ABFF1D" box="[560,653,212,237]" name="Panama" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Panama</collectingCountry>
. Inhabitation of termite mounds has been further reported for
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFE59FF35A8B5FEFF" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1923" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[399,915,246,271]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gomesiana">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFE59FF35A990FEFF" box="[399,694,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Acanthoscurria gomesiana</emphasis>
Mello-Leitão, 1923
</taxonomicName>
and an unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFEC5FEDAA979FEC2" authority="Ausserer, 1871" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[275,607,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Acanthoscurria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEC5FEDAAA90FEC2" box="[275,438,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Acanthoscurria</emphasis>
Ausserer,
<quantity id="4CE19B45D53C116FFDFEFEDAA979FEC2" box="[552,607,281,306]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75234" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" unit="in" value="1871.0">1871</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFD56FEDAA99AFEC2" box="[640,700,281,306]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFD11FEDAA858FEC2" author="Costa D &amp; Carvalho RA &amp; de Lima Filho GF &amp; Brandao D" box="[711,894,281,306]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="443 - 453" refId="ref15931" refString="Costa D, Carvalho RA, de Lima Filho GF, Brandao D. 2009. Inquilines and invertebrate fauna associated with termite nests of Cornitermes cumulans (Isoptera, Termitidae) in the Emas National Park, Mineiros, Goias, Brazil. Sociobiology. 53 (2 B): 443 - 453." type="journal article" year="2009">
Costa
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFCDBFEDAA81AFEC2" box="[781,828,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFC5FFEDAAF7FFEC2" author="Macedo KWR &amp; Costa LJ &amp; Costa LJ &amp; Souza JO &amp; Vasconcelos IA &amp; Castro JS &amp; Santana CJ &amp; Magalhaes AC &amp; Castro MD &amp; Pires OR" box="[905,1113,281,306]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" refId="ref17387" refString="Macedo KWR, Costa LJ, Costa LJ, Souza JO, Vasconcelos IA, Castro JS, Santana CJ, Magalhaes AC, Castro MD, Pires OR. 2021. Brazilian Theraphosidae: a toxicological point of view. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 27: e 20210004. doi: 10.1590 / 1678 - 9199 - jvatitd- 2021 - 0004." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Macedo
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFC3EFEDAAF31FEC2" box="[1000,1047,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
), as well as an unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFDCBFEFFA9FFFEA5" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1889" box="[541,729,316,341]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Selenocosmiinae">Selenocosmiinae</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFD28FEFFA84DFEA5" box="[766,875,316,341]" name="Indonesia" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFCAEFEFFAF15FEA5" author="Hood ASC &amp; Pashkevich MD &amp; Dahlsjo CAL &amp; Advento AD &amp; Agung Ketut Aryawan A &amp; Caliman JP &amp; Naim M &amp; Head JJ &amp; Turner EC" box="[888,1075,316,341]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="345 - 350" refId="ref16810" refString="Hood ASC, Pashkevich MD, Dahlsjo CAL, Advento AD, Agung Ketut Aryawan A, Caliman JP, Naim M, Head JJ, Turner EC. 2020. Termite mounds house a diversity of taxa in oil palm plantations irrespective of understory management. Biotropica. 52 (2): 345 - 350. doi: 10.1111 / btp. 12754." type="journal article" year="2020">
Hood
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFC69FEFFA8C9FEA5" box="[959,1007,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D53C116EFF16FE9DAF72FEFF" blockId="24.[160,1155,142,479]" lastBlockId="25.[160,1156,142,549]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="1132" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">
Herein, we also report on a few observations of theraphosids living in association with termites (
<tableCitation id="C69B031BD53C116FFEDFFE42AA7CFE6A" box="[265,346,385,410]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="15.[89,145,438,461]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 3. A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" tableUuid="DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D">Table 3</tableCitation>
). These include one observation of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFD37FE42AFA5FE6A" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1923" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1923" box="[737,1155,385,410]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Avicularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juruensis">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFD37FE42A897FE6A" box="[737,945,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Avicularia juruensis</emphasis>
Mello-Leitão, 1923
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFF09FE67AA34FE4D" box="[223,274,420,445]" name="Peru" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53C116FFEF2FE67AAB5FE4D" box="[292,403,420,445]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
), one observation of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFD58FE67AF3FFE4D" authority="(Mello-Leitao, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Mello-Leitao" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[654,1049,420,445]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Vitalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubius">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFD58FE67A809FE4D" box="[654,815,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Vitalius dubius</emphasis>
(Mello-Leitão, 1923)
</taxonomicName>
and two observations of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFE85FE05A828FE2F" authority="(Schmidt, 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[339,782,454,479]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nhandu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloratovillosus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFE85FE05A97FFE2F" box="[339,601,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Nhandu coloratovillosus</emphasis>
(Schmidt, 1998)
</taxonomicName>
(both
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFC8EFE05A8D9FE2F" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[856,1023,454,479]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
) from
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53C116FFB91FE05AFA5FE2F" box="[1095,1155,454,479]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53D116EFF7EFF4DAA14FF57" box="[168,306,142,167]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Figure 8B–D</figureCitation>
), one observation of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFDFEFF4DA8FEFF57" authority="Pocock, 1895" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1895" box="[552,984,142,167]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambridgei">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFDFEFF4DA81FFF57" box="[552,825,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Psalmopoeus cambridgei</emphasis>
Pocock, 1895
</taxonomicName>
from the West Indies (
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53D116EFF2EFF72AA4FFF3A" box="[248,361,177,202]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
), one observation of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFDA4FF72A845FF3A" authorityName="Petrunkevitch, Psalmopoeinae" authorityYear="1925" box="[626,867,177,202]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Psalmopoeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulcher">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFDA4FF72A845FF3A" box="[626,867,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Psalmopoeus pulcher</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53D116EFC65FF72AF34FF3A" box="[947,1042,177,202]" name="Panama" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Panama</collectingCountry>
, and one observation of an unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFDBDFF17A8B1FF1D" authority="Pocock, 1897" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1897" box="[619,919,212,237]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachionopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFDBDFF17A9D9FF1D" box="[619,767,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Brachionopus</emphasis>
Pocock, 1897
</taxonomicName>
and one observation of
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53D116EFF68FF35A93EFEFF" authority="Purcell, 1902" authorityName="Purcell" authorityYear="1902" box="[190,536,246,271]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Harpactira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marksi">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53D116EFF68FF35AAA6FEFF" box="[190,384,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Harpactira marksi</emphasis>
Purcell, 1902
</taxonomicName>
(both Harpactirinae) from
<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D53D116EFC93FF35A8E9FEFF" box="[837,975,246,271]" name="South Africa" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13222A25D53D116EFC08FF35AF61FEFF" box="[990,1095,246,271]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[161,226,1184,1207]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetId="figure-105@21.[163,1153,142,1152]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758157" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758157/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">Figure 8F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF666628D53C116FFF76F986AF13F944" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758161" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758161" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758161/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" startId="24.[160,225,1605,1628]" targetBox="[163,1153,563,1573]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D53C116FFF76F986AF13F944" blockId="24.[160,1157,1605,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFF76F986ABD8F9AC" bold="true" box="[160,254,1605,1628]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFEDCF986AAECF9AC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[266,458,1605,1628]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Nesiergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insulanus">
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEDCF986AAECF9AC" box="[266,458,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">Nesiergus insulanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
living in drywood termite frass (
<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D53C116FFCF0F986A89CF9AC" box="[806,954,1605,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Kalotermitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalotermitidae</taxonomicName>
) on Frégate Island, Seychelles.
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEC5F9A1AA04F989" bold="true" box="[275,290,1634,1657]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">A</emphasis>
. Decaying palm tree with a retreat (marked by an arrow).
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFCA9F9A1A8ABF989" bold="true" box="[895,909,1634,1657]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">B</emphasis>
. Same, detailed view of the retreat.
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEC4F943AA11F967" bold="true" box="[274,311,1664,1687]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">C, E</emphasis>
. Fallen decayed palm tree with retreats (marked by arrows).
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFC52F943A88AF967" bold="true" box="[900,940,1664,1687]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">D, F</emphasis>
. Same, detailed views of the retreats.
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEEFF95EAA6EF944" bold="true" box="[313,328,1693,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">A</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFEAAF95EAAAEF944" bold="true" box="[380,392,1693,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">F</emphasis>
reproduced from
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53C116FFDE8F95EA82AF944" author="Canning G &amp; Reilly BK &amp; Dippenaar-Schoeman AS" box="[574,780,1693,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131" pagination="293 - 298" refId="ref15598" refString="Canning G, Reilly BK, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS. 2014. Burrow structure and microhabitat characteristics of Nesiergus insulanus (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Fregate Island, Seychelles. J Arachnol. 42 (3): 293 - 298. doi: 10.1636 / J 13 - 59.1." type="journal article" year="2014">
Canning
<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D53C116FFD40F95EA9E7F944" box="[662,705,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="1131">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
. Photo credits: Greg Canning.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA636A0D53D116EFF16FEDAA91BFDD5" blockId="25.[160,1156,142,549]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132">
Most, if not all, of these associations are likely not mutualistic, given that termite alates and workers are typically preyed upon by the spider and its young. Indeed, the use of termite mounds as retreats is common for a large number of vertebrate and invertebrate species (eg
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53D116EFEF0FE42A9CAFE6A" author="Haddad CR &amp; Dippenaar-Schoeman AS" box="[294,748,385,410]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" pagination="403 - 408" refId="ref16682" refString="Haddad CR, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. J Arachnol. 30 (2): 403 - 408. doi: 10.13156 / arac. 2006.17.1.28." type="journal article" year="2002">Haddad and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53D116EFD2FFE42A8D4FE6A" author="Costa C &amp; Vanin SA" box="[761,1010,385,410]" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" refId="ref15886" refString="Costa C, Vanin SA. 2010. Coleoptera larval fauna associated with termite nests (Isoptera) with emphasis on the &quot; bioluminescent termite nests &quot; from Central Brazil. Psyche. 2010: 723947. doi: 10.1155 / 2010 / 723947." type="journal volume" year="2010">Costa and Vanin 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B51D53D116EFBD6FE42AA12FE4D" author="Duleba S &amp; Ferreira VL" pageId="25" pageNumber="1132" pagination="10 - 16" refId="ref16215" refString="Duleba S, Ferreira VL. 2014. Herpetofauna associated with termite mounds in a pasture, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Herpetol Bull. 127: 10 - 16." type="journal article" year="2014">Duleba and Ferreira 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Nonetheless, we opted to include them in the manuscript owing to their prevalence and the poorly understood dynamics of these interactions. Termitaria may be chosen by certain theraphosids as an optimal retreat due to prey availability for the young and the stability of the burrow itself.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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