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<document id="BBD7AE8CA172FB7B01E7003BC8BCC0F3" ID-CLB-Dataset="301517" ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0250403" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b83f9ed2-1a72-4f1e-b9b0-10d6940f37fa" ID-ISSN="1932-6203" ID-PMC="PMC8099068" ID-PubMed="33951070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151726" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1719975072736" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Neves, Ricardo Cardoso, Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg &amp; Møbjerg, Nadja" docDate="2021" docId="0396B20369195162FD9FFA7AC274F88A" docLanguage="en" docName="PLoSONE.16.5.e0250403.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE (e 0250403) 16 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE.2:PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE" docStyleName="PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Nanaloricus mathildeae Neves, Kristensen &amp; Møbjerg, 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFAFCA7B69175175FFAAFF8FC75BFF8B" masterDocTitle="New records on the rich loriciferan fauna of Trezen ar Skoden (Roscoff, France): Description of two new species of Nanaloricus and the new genus Scutiloricus" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1723729699044" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DE627A898FE7A40D9CA418CFDCAFB104">New records on the rich loriciferan fauna of Trezen ar Skoden (Roscoff, France): Description of two new species of Nanaloricus and the new genus Scutiloricus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DB67FB9A1B1D75F9D000CCBF24D83EDB">Neves, Ricardo Cardoso</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3941F3CE25F766C3C38783D422030EEE">Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="48B417D5B992B01B6573224FAD0599BD">Møbjerg, Nadja</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="B94BDF076919517BFD9FFA7AC460F986" bold="true" box="[565,827,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nanaloricus mathildeae</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B8003156919517BFD9FF996C445F9BA" blockId="14.[533,1536,486,1897]" box="[565,798,1561,1585]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
(
<figureCitation id="13041F906919517BFD96F996C5F8F9BA" box="[572,675,1561,1585]" captionStart-0="Fig 8" captionStart-1="Fig 9" captionStart-2="Fig 10" captionStart-3="Fig 11" captionStart-4="Fig 12" captionStart-5="Fig 13" captionStart-6="Fig 14" captionStartId-0="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionStartId-1="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-2="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionStartId-3="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-4="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionStartId-5="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionStartId-6="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox-0="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetBox-1="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-2="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetBox-3="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-4="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetBox-5="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetBox-6="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetId-3="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-4="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetId-5="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetId-6="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionTargetPageId-3="17" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionTargetPageId-5="19" captionTargetPageId-6="20" captionText-0="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" captionText-1="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" captionText-2="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" captionText-3="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" captionText-4="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" captionText-5="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" captionText-6="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 8–14</figureCitation>
, S 
<figureCitation id="13041F906919517BFD15F996C592F9BA" box="[703,713,1561,1585]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="4.[416,444,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,183,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[416,1536,180,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig 1. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. Note the pair of longitudinal stripes (ls) spanning the anterior two thirds of the dorsal plate of the lorica. (C) Anterior region of the specimen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of the posterior region of the introvert and neck, ventral view. White arrowhead points to the small, midventral anterior spike. Arrows point to trichoscalid sensory organs. Abbreviations: af, anal field; bpa/b, basal plate of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; dp, dorsal plate; fu, oral furca; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; sr, spinoscalid of 8th or 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, 8/9 ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g001" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151728/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</figureCitation>
Video).
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<emphasis id="B94BDF076919517BFD9FF9D1C456F9FD" bold="true" box="[565,781,1630,1654]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Material examined.</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13041F906919517BFC25F9D1C498F9FD" box="[911,963,1630,1654]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig 9</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF076919517BFC69F9D1C497F9FE" box="[963,972,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">)</emphasis>
. Adult male collected on 
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at the type locality at ca. 
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water depth, mounted in glycerin on a glass slide, and deposited at the 
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of 
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<emphasis id="B94BDF076919517BFD9FF949C5C9F955" box="[565,658,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Allotypic</emphasis>
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(
</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13041F906919517BFCA9F949C418F955" box="[771,835,1734,1758]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig 11</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF076919517BFCE9F949C417F956" box="[835,844,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">)</emphasis>
. Adult female collected on 
<date id="FF8125D56919517BFBC7F949C242F955" box="[1133,1305,1734,1758]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2013-02-07">
<collectingDate id="EFC5DC3D6919517BFBC7F949C242F955" box="[1133,1305,1734,1758]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2013-02-07">7 February 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
at the type locality at ca. 
<quantity id="4CC7AEF06919517BFD92F966C536F88A" box="[568,621,1769,1793]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="45.0">
<elevation id="0012E4266919517BFD92F966C536F88A" box="[568,621,1769,1793]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="45.0">45 m</elevation>
</quantity>
water depth, mounted in glycerol on a glass slide, and deposited at the 
<location id="8EE055CE6919517BFAF2F966C52FF8A8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396B20369195162FD9FFA7AC274F88A:8EE055CE6919517BFAF2F966C52FF8A8" country="Denmark" name="Natural History Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Natural History Museum</location>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F32843856919517BFD3FF884C5A0F8A8" box="[661,763,1803,1827]" name="Denmark" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Denmark</collectingCountry>
under accession number NHMD-678039
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569195167FD9FF8A0C335F9DA" blockId="14.[533,1536,486,1897]" lastBlockId="18.[533,1534,1385,1895]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<materialsCitation id="3B57094869195167FD9FF8A0C331F9DA" collectingDate="1985-07-12" collectionCode="SEM" country="Denmark" county="In" elevation="49" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" location="The" municipality="The" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="46" specimenCount-adult="23" specimenCount-female="17" specimenCount-male="6" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B94BDF076919517BFD9FF8A0C5C0F8CD" box="[565,667,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus id="5484BDB76919517BFD9FF8A0C5C0F8CD" box="[565,667,1839,1862]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<specimenCount id="9D39C89C6919517BFD02F8A1C45CF8CD" box="[680,775,1838,1862]" count="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="adult">23 adults</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="9D39C89C6919517BFCBEF8A1C43CF8CD" box="[788,871,1838,1862]" count="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D39C89C6919517BFCDBF8A1C4BFF8CD" box="[881,996,1838,1862]" count="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="female">17 females</specimenCount>
), 2 tentatively assigned postlarvae and 2 putative postlarval exuvia collected at the type locality between 
<collectingDate id="EFC5DC3D6919517BFBFFF8DEC2C9F8E2" box="[1109,1426,1873,1897]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<date id="FF8125D56919517BFBFFF8DEC38CF8E2" box="[1109,1239,1873,1897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1985-07-12">12 July 1985</date>
and 
<date id="FF8125D56919517BFAA0F8DEC2C9F8E2" box="[1290,1426,1873,1897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2013-05-15">15 May 2013</date>
</collectingDate>
at 43–55 m water depths. 
<location id="8EE055CE69055167FD6FFAE6C5B4FA0A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396B20369195162FD9FFA7AC274F88A:8EE055CE69055167FD6FFAE6C5B4FA0A" box="[709,751,1385,1409]" country="Denmark" county="In" municipality="The" name="The" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">The</location>
27 paratypic specimens are mounted in glycerin or Fluoromount-G on glass slides, deposited at the 
<location id="8EE055CE69055167FCEAFA03C316FA2F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396B20369195162FD9FFA7AC274F88A:8EE055CE69055167FCEAFA03C316FA2F" box="[832,1101,1420,1444]" country="Denmark" county="In" municipality="The" name="Natural History Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Natural History Museum</location>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F328438569055167FBC4FA03C38FFA2F" box="[1134,1236,1420,1444]" name="Denmark" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Denmark</collectingCountry>
under the access numbers NHMD-678022 to NHMD-678027, NHMD-678030, NHMD-678032 to NHMD-678038, NHMD-678040 to NHMD-678051 and NHMD-678053. 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE4996F69055167FBDBFA5EC3C0FA62" box="[1137,1179,1489,1513]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">The</collectingMunicipality>
specimen registered with access number NHMD- 
<quantity id="4CC7AEF069055167FD60FA7BC46EF987" box="[714,821,1524,1548]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72223176" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="678044.0">678044 in</quantity>
shown in 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069055167FC09FA7BC4B8F987" box="[931,995,1524,1548]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 12</figureCitation>
. 
<collectingCounty id="62E17B9969055167FC45FA7BC35CF987" box="[1007,1031,1524,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">In</collectingCounty>
addition, an adult male collected at the type locality on 
<date id="FF8125D569055167FD20F998C455F9A4" box="[650,782,1559,1583]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1985-07-12">
<collectingDate id="EFC5DC3D69055167FD20F998C455F9A4" box="[650,782,1559,1583]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1985-07-12">12 July 1985</collectingDate>
</date>
, at ca. 
<quantity id="4CC7AEF069055167FCF9F998C4D2F9A4" box="[851,905,1559,1583]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="55.0">
<elevation id="0012E42669055167FCF9F998C4D2F9A4" box="[851,905,1559,1583]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="55.0">55 m</elevation>
</quantity>
water depth, and mounted on an 
<collectionCode id="ED2E9BD069055167FB5AF998C27FF9A4" box="[1264,1316,1559,1583]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">SEM</collectionCode>
stub (NHMD-866005) was analyzed for comparative purposes (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069055167FBB4F9B6C305F9DA" box="[1054,1118,1593,1617]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 14</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40539D6918517AFE0AF929C463F819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" targetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8003156918517AFE0AF929C594F8E0" blockId="15.[416,1535,1702,1938]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B94BDF076918517AFE0AF929C3F9F932" bold="true" box="[416,1186,1702,1721]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F78966918517AFC23F929C301F932" authorityName="Neves &amp; Kristensen &amp; Møbjerg" authorityYear="2021" box="[905,1114,1702,1721]" family="Nanaloricidae" genus="Nanaloricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nanaloricida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Loricifera" rank="species" species="mathildeae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94BDF076918517AFC23F929C301F932" bold="true" box="[905,1114,1702,1721]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nanaloricus mathildeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A278627C6918517AFBF4F929C3F9F932" box="[1118,1186,1702,1721]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D6918517AFA16F961C292F970" attach="left" box="[1468,1481,1774,1787]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">th</superScript>
row 
<subScript id="17BB01506918517AFB4DF974C3A7F883" attach="left" box="[1255,1276,1787,1800]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">a/b</subScript>
(sr 
<subScript id="17BB01506918517AFE1DF89BC6E4F8AA" attach="right" box="[439,447,1812,1825]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9</subScript>
); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8003156918517AFE0AF8F0C463F819" blockId="15.[416,1535,1702,1938]" box="[416,824,1919,1938]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40539D69075165FE26F936C47FF805" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" targetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80031569075165FE26F936C6E0F8EE" blockId="16.[396,1534,1721,1934]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769075165FE26F936C32EF947" bold="true" box="[396,1141,1721,1740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F789669075165FCF6F936C376F947" authorityName="Neves &amp; Kristensen &amp; Møbjerg" authorityYear="2021" box="[860,1069,1721,1740]" family="Nanaloricidae" genus="Nanaloricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nanaloricida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Loricifera" rank="species" species="mathildeae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769075165FCF6F936C376F947" bold="true" box="[860,1069,1721,1740]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nanaloricus mathildeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A278627C69075165FB98F936C32EF947" box="[1074,1141,1721,1740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; 
<subScript id="17BB015069075165FA20F95CC2EFF963" attach="left" box="[1418,1460,1747,1768]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">bpa/b</subScript>
, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or 
<subScript id="17BB015069075165FBC7F881C3D9F890" attach="left" box="[1133,1154,1806,1819]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1/2</subScript>
, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069075165FAD7F881C2CFF890" attach="left" box="[1405,1428,1806,1819]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2–9</subScript>
, spinoscalids of 2 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69075165FDBCF895C57CF8AC" attach="left" box="[534,551,1818,1831]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">nd</superScript>
to 9 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69075165FDE6F895C502F8AC" attach="left" box="[588,601,1818,1831]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">th</superScript>
row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69075165FC17F895C491F8AC" attach="left" box="[957,970,1818,1831]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">th</superScript>
row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 
<subScript id="17BB015069075165FD5AF8A8C457F8BF" attach="left" box="[752,780,1831,1844]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4a/b</subScript>
trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069075165FC9FF8CEC466F8C5" attach="left" box="[821,829,1857,1870]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1</subScript>
, single trichoscalid; tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069075165FC5CF8CEC4A5F8C5" attach="left" box="[1014,1022,1857,1870]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2</subScript>
, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569075165FE26F8F4C47FF805" blockId="16.[396,1534,1721,1934]" box="[396,804,1915,1934]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40539D69065164FE0AF929C463F819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" targetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80031569065164FE0AF929C463F819" blockId="17.[416,1535,1702,1938]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769065164FE0AF929C3EDF932" bold="true" box="[416,1206,1702,1721]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F789669065164FC36F929C336F932" authorityName="Neves &amp; Kristensen &amp; Møbjerg" authorityYear="2021" box="[924,1133,1702,1721]" family="Nanaloricidae" genus="Nanaloricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nanaloricida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Loricifera" rank="species" species="mathildeae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769065164FC36F929C336F932" bold="true" box="[924,1133,1702,1721]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nanaloricus mathildeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A278627C69065164FBD8F929C3EDF932" box="[1138,1206,1702,1721]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40539D69055167FF7CFB3FC535FAB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" targetBox="[217,1532,197,1176]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80031569055167FF7CFB3FC21BFA84" blockId="18.[214,1528,1200,1336]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769055167FF7CFB3FC4BAFB48" bold="true" box="[214,993,1200,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F789669055167FD62FB3FC4C2FB48" authorityName="Neves &amp; Kristensen &amp; Møbjerg" authorityYear="2021" box="[712,921,1200,1219]" family="Nanaloricidae" genus="Nanaloricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nanaloricida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Loricifera" rank="species" species="mathildeae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769055167FD62FB3FC4C2FB48" bold="true" box="[712,921,1200,1219]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nanaloricus mathildeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A278627C69055167FC34FB3FC4BAFB48" box="[926,993,1200,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569055167FF7CFAAAC535FAB3" blockId="18.[214,1528,1200,1336]" box="[214,622,1317,1336]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80031569055167FD9FF9D3C516F957" blockId="18.[533,1534,1385,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769055167FD9FF9D3C42DF9F8" box="[565,886,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Additional reference material (</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13041F9069055167FCDCF9D3C4ECF9FF" box="[886,951,1628,1652]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetId="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig 13</figureCitation>
, S 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069055167FC79F9D3C486F9FF" box="[979,989,1628,1652]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="4.[416,444,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,183,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[416,1536,180,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig 1. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. Note the pair of longitudinal stripes (ls) spanning the anterior two thirds of the dorsal plate of the lorica. (C) Anterior region of the specimen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of the posterior region of the introvert and neck, ventral view. White arrowhead points to the small, midventral anterior spike. Arrows point to trichoscalid sensory organs. Abbreviations: af, anal field; bpa/b, basal plate of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; dp, dorsal plate; fu, oral furca; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; sr, spinoscalid of 8th or 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, 8/9 ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g001" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151728/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1</figureCitation>
Video
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769055167FB89F9D3C377F9F8" box="[1059,1068,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">)</emphasis>
. In addition to the fixed material examined, four 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769055167FDE2F9F0C445F91C" box="[584,798,1663,1687]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">non-type specimens</typeStatus>
(all females), collected at the 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769055167FBFFF9F0C3D9F91C" box="[1109,1154,1663,1687]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
locality in 
<date id="FF8125D569055167FB5CF9F0C23DF91C" box="[1270,1382,1663,1687]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2019-04">April 2019</date>
and 
<date id="FF8125D569055167FA30F9F0C511F932" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2020-08">August 2020</date>
, were observed and photographed alive. Two of these animals were also video recorded alive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569055167FD9FF969C2B4F974" blockId="18.[533,1534,1385,1895]" box="[565,1519,1766,1791]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769055167FD9FF969C46DF975" box="[565,822,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Habitat and distribution</emphasis>
. Marine sediments composed of clean shell gravel at 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769055167FAC2F968C2CEF974" box="[1384,1429,1767,1791]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569055167FD9FF885C209F8AA" blockId="18.[533,1534,1385,1895]" box="[565,1362,1801,1825]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769055167FD9FF885C5E2F8AA" box="[565,697,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type locality</emphasis>
. Trezen ar Skoden, Roscoff, 
<collectingCountry id="F328438569055167FC42F886C368F8AA" box="[1000,1075,1801,1825]" name="France" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">France</collectingCountry>
, (48˚45’55”N, 04˚06’45”E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569055167FD9FF8A3C3AFF8EC" blockId="18.[533,1534,1385,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769055167FD9FF8A3C5F8F8CF" box="[565,675,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Etymology</emphasis>
. The species is named after Mathilde MØbjerg Boslev Kristensen, who is granddaughter and niece to the middle author and last author, respectively.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40539D69045166FF7CFB2CC535FAA0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" targetBox="[217,1532,211,1161]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80031569045166FF7CFB2CC419FA89" blockId="19.[214,1524,1187,1323]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769045166FF7CFB2CC4F6FB3D" bold="true" box="[214,941,1187,1206]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F789669045166FD39FB2CC43FFB3D" authorityName="Neves &amp; Kristensen &amp; Møbjerg" authorityYear="2021" box="[659,868,1187,1206]" family="Nanaloricidae" genus="Nanaloricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nanaloricida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Loricifera" rank="species" species="mathildeae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769045166FD39FB2CC43FFB3D" bold="true" box="[659,868,1187,1206]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Nanaloricus mathildeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A278627C69045166FCC3FB2CC4F6FB3D" box="[873,941,1187,1206]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569045166FF7CFA97C535FAA0" blockId="19.[214,1524,1187,1323]" box="[214,622,1304,1323]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80031569045166FD9FFAEFC522FA36" blockId="19.[533,1535,1376,1885]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The following description will solely focus on adult specimens, as postlarvae have only been tentatively assigned to species (see section below: 
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769045166FB8BFA0CC531FA36" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">&quot;Notes on the postlarvae found at Trezen ar Skoden&quot;</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325509E69045160FD9FFA47C59BFD42" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B80031569045166FD9FFA47C225F8D6" blockId="19.[533,1535,1376,1885]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769045166FD9FFA47C5F1FA6B" bold="true" box="[565,682,1480,1504]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769045166FD15FA47C45FFA6B" box="[703,772,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Adults</emphasis>
. (1) mouth cone with a telescopic mouth tube and 8 oral ridges of different length. Oral ridges are characterized by posterior sclerotized oral furca and are preceded by cuticularized bars; (2) introvert with 9 rows of scalids; (3) first row with eight clavoscalids that are different between males (multiform, very broad to slender, all branched except for the midventral pair) and females (four-segmented, slender, unbranched); (4) second row with 9 four-segmented, leg-like spinoscalids; (5) third row with 7 two-segmented, feather-like scalids; (6) fourth row with 16 spinoscalids of 
<specimenCount id="9D39C89C69045166FC03F917C34BF93B" box="[937,1040,1688,1712]" count="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
: 8 two-segmented, leg-like scalids (
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769045166FA2BF917C2EBF93B" box="[1409,1456,1688,1712]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
A) alternate with 8 two-segmented scalids with a feather-like distal segment (
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769045166FA8AF934C214F958" box="[1312,1359,1723,1747]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
B); (7) fifth to seventh rows all similar, each row with 30 leg-like, three-segmented scalids; (8) eighth row with 30 very long unsegmented spinoscalids whith a small conical base; (9) ninth row with 30 small, teeth-like scalids with four cuspid-like protrusions; (10) neck with 8 single trichoscalids alternating with 7 double trichoscalids, with both the single and each of the double
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40539D69035161FE20F950C2B5F8D3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" targetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80031569035161FE20F950C2B5F8D3" blockId="20.[394,1523,1759,1882]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769035161FE20F950C3A8F979" bold="true" box="[394,1267,1759,1778]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F789669035161FC70F950C3F0F979" authorityName="Neves &amp; Kristensen &amp; Møbjerg" authorityYear="2021" box="[986,1195,1759,1778]" family="Nanaloricidae" genus="Nanaloricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nanaloricida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Loricifera" rank="species" species="mathildeae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769035161FC70F950C3F0F979" bold="true" box="[986,1195,1759,1778]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nanaloricus mathildeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A278627C69035161FB05F950C3A8F979" box="[1199,1267,1759,1778]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769035161FCA8F880C452F897" bold="true" box="[770,777,1807,1820]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69035161FCA8F880C452F897" attach="none" box="[770,777,1807,1820]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"><EFBFBD></superScript>
</emphasis>
). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069035161FDACF8C2C555F8D1" attach="left" box="[518,526,1869,1882]" fontSize="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">1</subScript>
) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069035161FC5DF8C2C4A4F8D1" attach="left" box="[1015,1023,1869,1882]" fontSize="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">2</subScript>
). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80031569025160FE20FF5FC47AFE00" blockId="21.[394,1509,208,395]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
trichoscalid. (E) Close up of the trichoscalid sensory organ with a small pore (black arrow). Note also a 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769025160FB46FF5FC24BFF68" box="[1260,1296,208,227]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
b basal plate (
<subScript id="17BB015069025160FA2CFF5FC2FEFF6E" attach="left" box="[1414,1445,208,229]" fontSize="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">bpb</subScript>
) of the anterior neck region. (F) Overview of the posterodorsal region of the lorica. Black double arrowheads indicate the cluster of flosculi situated on each dorsolateral plate, while the white double arrowheads point to the small flosculum of the dorsal plate. (G) Detail of a dorsolateral cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern. Abbreviations: ac, anal cone; af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; fu, oral furca; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss, spinoscalid; sp, anterior spike; sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069025160FDBDFED8C50DFEEF" attach="left" box="[535,598,343,356]" fontSize="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">2-4a/b,7,8</subScript>
, spinoscalid of 2 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69025160FD49FEC5C5AFFEDC" attach="left" box="[739,756,330,343]" fontSize="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">nd</superScript>
to 4 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69025160FCB2FEC5C47EFEDC" attach="left" box="[792,805,330,343]" fontSize="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">th</superScript>
(
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769025160FC9AFEC1C40DFEEA" box="[816,854,334,353]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
a and b), 7 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69025160FC18FEC5C4E4FEDC" attach="left" box="[946,959,330,343]" fontSize="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">th</superScript>
and 8 
<superScript id="7C4AAE5D69025160FC59FEC5C35BFEDC" attach="left" box="[1011,1024,330,343]" fontSize="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">th</superScript>
rows; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g014
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569025160FDBFFE31C59BFD42" blockId="21.[533,1536,446,1891]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">trichoscalids protruding from a single trichoscalid plate; (11) short sensory organ located anteroproximally to the ventral and ventrolateral double trichoscalids, characterized by serrated margins, anteroproximal pore and a double-square plate; (12) lorica composed of six cuticular plates, with honeycomb sculpturing and bearing 14 large anterior spikes and a very small midventral spike; (13) 9 flosculi (1 dorsal and 4 pairs laterodorsal) present posteriorly on the dorsal side of the lorica (dorsal and dorsolateral plates); (14) posterior region of the lorica characterized by a small anal cone and two pairs of pores: one dorsolateral (gonopores?) and one ventral (gland outlets?).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325509E69025162FD9FFD5CC274F88A" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B80031569025160FD9FFD5CC589FCBA" blockId="21.[533,1536,446,1891]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FD9FFD5CC59BFD60" bold="true" box="[565,704,723,747]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FD7FFD5CC442FD61" box="[725,793,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Body (</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FCB3FD5CC426FD60" box="[793,893,723,747]" captionStart-0="Fig 9" captionStart-1="Fig 10" captionStart-2="Fig 11" captionStart-3="Fig 12" captionStart-4="Fig 13" captionStart-5="Fig 14" captionStartId-0="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-1="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionStartId-2="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-3="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionStartId-4="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionStartId-5="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox-0="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-1="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetBox-2="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-3="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetBox-4="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetBox-5="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-3="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetId-4="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetId-5="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="19" captionTargetPageId-5="20" captionText-0="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" captionText-1="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" captionText-2="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" captionText-3="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" captionText-4="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" captionText-5="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 9–14</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FCD4FD5CC4DCFD61" box="[894,903,723,746]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">)</emphasis>
. Divided into head (mouth cone and introvert), neck, thorax, and abdomen. The holotypic adult male (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FC53FD79C375FC85" box="[1017,1070,758,782]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 9</figureCitation>
) is 283 μm long, including the mouth cone, and 103 μm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569025160FD9FFCB4C3D1FB25" blockId="21.[533,1536,446,1891]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FD9FFCB4C584FCD9" box="[565,735,827,851]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mouth cone (mc</emphasis>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FD41FCB4C40BFCD8" box="[747,848,827,851]" captionStart-0="Fig 9" captionStart-1="Fig 10" captionStart-2="Fig 11" captionStart-3="Fig 12" captionStart-4="Fig 13" captionStart-5="Fig 14" captionStartId-0="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-1="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionStartId-2="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-3="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionStartId-4="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionStartId-5="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox-0="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-1="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetBox-2="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-3="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetBox-4="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetBox-5="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-3="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetId-4="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetId-5="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="19" captionTargetPageId-5="20" captionText-0="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" captionText-1="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" captionText-2="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" captionText-3="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" captionText-4="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" captionText-5="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 9–14</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FCFAFCB4C402FCD9" box="[848,857,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">)</emphasis>
. Long (76 μm long in the 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769025160FBC1FCB4C397FCD8" box="[1131,1228,827,851]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), narrow, with three distinct sections. The first, most proximal section is short, broad and characterized by eight large, sclerotized oral furcae (fu) of identical structure; each furca is posteriorly preceded by a cuticularized bar (ba; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FD34FC2CC5B3FC30" box="[670,744,931,955]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FCB6FC2CC41EFC30" box="[796,837,931,955]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">14B</figureCitation>
). The furcae and the bars are arranged radially. The middle section is long, conical and characterized by a wall reinforced by eight oral ridges of different length (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FDCDFC66C5F3FB8A" box="[615,680,1001,1025]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 10</figureCitation>
). The four primary oral ridges (or 
<subScript id="17BB015069025160FBB8FC7CC340FB88" attach="left" box="[1042,1051,1011,1027]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">1</subScript>
) are long and span the whole length of the middle section, while the four secondary oral ridges (or 
<subScript id="17BB015069025160FBF5FB99C333FBAD" attach="left" box="[1119,1128,1046,1062]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">2</subScript>
) are shorter and span only the posterior three quarters of the middle section. Each of the oral ridges is a continuation of an oral furca. The distal section of the mouth cone is a telescopic mouth tube that ends in a terminal mouth aperture. The mouth tube can be extended, thereby significantly increasing the total length of the mouth cone (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FC85FB19C42BFB25" box="[815,880,1174,1198]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 12</figureCitation>
). There are no oral stylets.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569025160FD9FFB36C416FB78" blockId="21.[533,1536,446,1891]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FD9FFB36C5EDFB5B" box="[565,694,1209,1232]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Introvert (in</emphasis>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FD68FB36C45BFB5A" box="[706,768,1209,1233]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 9</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FCACFB37C474FB5B" box="[774,815,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">and</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FC9EFB36C416FB5A" box="[820,845,1209,1233]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">10</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769025160FCE4FB36C40CFB5B" box="[846,855,1209,1232]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">)</emphasis>
. Round in shape and characterized by nine rows of scalids arranged radially (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FD7DFB54C465FB78" box="[727,830,1243,1267]" captionStart-0="Fig 8" captionStart-1="Fig 9" captionStart-2="Fig 10" captionStart-3="Fig 11" captionStart-4="Fig 12" captionStart-5="Fig 13" captionStart-6="Fig 14" captionStartId-0="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionStartId-1="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-2="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionStartId-3="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-4="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionStartId-5="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionStartId-6="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox-0="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetBox-1="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-2="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetBox-3="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-4="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetBox-5="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetBox-6="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetId-3="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-4="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetId-5="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetId-6="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionTargetPageId-3="17" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionTargetPageId-5="19" captionTargetPageId-6="20" captionText-0="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" captionText-1="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" captionText-2="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" captionText-3="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" captionText-4="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" captionText-5="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" captionText-6="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 8–14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569025160FD9FFB71C3CFF93D" blockId="21.[533,1536,446,1891]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
First row (sr1; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FD7BFB71C45EFA9D" box="[721,773,1278,1302]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 8</figureCitation>
) with eight clavoscalids (cs) that differ between males and females (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FA64FB71C512FAB2" captionStart-0="Fig 9" captionStart-1="Fig 10" captionStart-2="Fig 11" captionStartId-0="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-1="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionStartId-2="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox-0="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-1="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetBox-2="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionText-0="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" captionText-1="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" captionText-2="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 9–11</figureCitation>
). In females, all clavoscalids are similar and divided into four segments (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FAE3FAAEC2D2FAB2" box="[1353,1417,1313,1337]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 11</figureCitation>
). The first, most proximal segment is relatively short and possesses several long papillae arranged anteriorly. It consists of a conical base that projects distally in a curved, cylindrical shape. The second segment, which is the longest segment of the clavoscalid, is club-shaped. The third segment is very short and thin. The fourth segment is also very short and ends as a spinose tip. In males, the clavoscalids are multiform (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FCC8FA41C4F9FA6D" box="[866,930,1486,1510]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FC07FA41C49DFA6D" box="[941,966,1486,1510]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FC51FA41C34FFA6D" box="[1019,1044,1486,1510]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">14</figureCitation>
). The most ventral pair is exactly as those of the female (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FD38FA7EC589F982" box="[658,722,1521,1545]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 10</figureCitation>
). The other six clavoscalids each possess a robust base (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FAB7FA7EC236F982" box="[1309,1389,1521,1545]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 14B</figureCitation>
) that branches off into primary, secondary and tertiary branches. All branches are very broad and flat, though the secondary branch is the broadest one. This secondary branch has a short, relatively thin base and it branches off halfway through the length of the clavoscalid base (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FA0BF9D6C2B9F9FA" box="[1441,1506,1625,1649]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 10</figureCitation>
). The primary branch is in turn segmented, possessing distaly two short, slightly curved segments: a thin one followed by a terminal spine-like segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569025163FD9FF94EC33BFEA6" blockId="21.[533,1536,446,1891]" lastBlockId="22.[533,1532,208,1896]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The second row (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069025160FCABF944C451F950" attach="left" box="[769,778,1739,1755]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">2</subScript>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FCBDF94EC410F952" box="[791,843,1729,1753]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 8</figureCitation>
) consists of nine leg-like spinoscalids (ss), each divided into four segments (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069025160FD31F961C5FFF975" attach="left" box="[667,676,1774,1790]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">2</subScript>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FD1AF96BC5ABF977" box="[688,752,1764,1788]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 10</figureCitation>
). The first, most proximal segment has a robust, round base with a row of stiff hairs arranged anteriorly (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069025160FCC4F89FC42CF8AB" attach="left" box="[878,887,1808,1824]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">2</subScript>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069025160FC29F889C488F895" box="[899,979,1798,1822]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig 14B</figureCitation>
). The base narrows distally and ends as a cylindrical short portion with a few papillae arranged anteriorly in a row on both sides. The second segment is short and cylindrical, with short hairs arranged posteriorly. The third segment is slightly thinner, represents approximately half of the scalid length, and has serrated margins with several thin hairs. The fourth, most distal segment is slightly curved, terminates as a spinose tip and represents one quarter of the scalid length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569015163FD9FFEB7C45CFE33" blockId="22.[533,1532,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The third row (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FD46FECDC5AEFED9" attach="left" box="[748,757,322,338]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">3</subScript>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FCABFEB7C46DFEDB" box="[769,822,312,336]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 8</figureCitation>
) is composed of seven short, two-segmented feather-like spinoscalids (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FDE2FED5C5CFFEF9" box="[584,660,346,370]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FD0AFED5C473FEF9" box="[672,808,346,370]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">14B and 14C</figureCitation>
). The proximal segment has a swollen, round base that narrows distally and bears two rows of papillae. The distal segment possesses numerous thick hairs and a small hook-shaped tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569015163FD9FFE4DC4ADFC16" blockId="22.[533,1532,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The fourth row (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FD50FE42C458FE56" attach="left" box="[762,771,461,477]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">4</subScript>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FCA5FE4DC41FFE51" box="[783,836,450,474]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 8</figureCitation>
) consists of 16 spinoscalids of 
<specimenCount id="9D39C89C69015163FB22FE4DC3B4FE51" box="[1160,1263,450,474]" count="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
: 
<specimenCount id="9D39C89C69015163FB52FE4DC23BFE51" box="[1272,1376,450,474]" count="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic" typeStatus="type">eight type</specimenCount>
A leg-like spinoscalids (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FD30FE60C5F7FE74" attach="left" box="[666,684,495,511]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">4a</subScript>
) alternating with 
<specimenCount id="9D39C89C69015163FCC0FE6AC48AFE76" box="[874,977,485,509]" count="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic" typeStatus="type">eight type</specimenCount>
B spinoscalids (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FB3AFE60C3F8FE74" attach="left" box="[1168,1187,495,511]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">4b</subScript>
) with thick hairs that are only seen by SEM (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FD00FD87C5ADFDAB" box="[682,758,520,544]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FCA9FD87C4D0FDAB" box="[771,907,520,544]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">14B and 14C</figureCitation>
). The 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769015163FC65FD87C4A7FDAB" box="[975,1020,520,544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
A spinoscalids are divided into four segments. The first, most proximal segment has a short, round base that narrows distally and forms a relatively long, cylindrical region characterized by several minute papillae (well discernible by SEM, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FDFFFDFFC45FFD03" box="[597,772,624,648]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 14B and 14C</figureCitation>
). This segment represents slightly more than one fourth of the scalid total length and terminates as a large, round knee. The second segment is thin, slightly shorter than the preceding segment, and possesses serrated margins with a few hairs. The third segment is also thin and possesses serrated margins and a few hairs. The fourth, most distal segment lacks the hairs and terminates as a thin tip. Both the third and fourth segments have approximately the same size as the second segment. The 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769015163FBC6FC92C3C2FCBE" box="[1132,1177,797,821]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
B spinoscalids are two-segmented. The proximal segment is a short, slightly broad base that narrows distally and possesses several short papillae. The distal segment is thin and characterized by numerous thick hairs arranged posteriorly along the segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569015163FD9FFC27C50BFB39" blockId="22.[533,1532,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The fifth to seventh rows (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FCF5FC3DC422FC49" attach="left" box="[863,889,946,962]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">5-7</subScript>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FC2FFC27C4E2FC4B" box="[901,953,936,960]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 8</figureCitation>
) are each composed of 30 three-segmented, leg-like spinoscalids (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FD09FC45C5B4FC69" box="[675,751,970,994]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FC89FC45C414FC69" box="[803,847,970,994]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">14C</figureCitation>
). Each of the three segments comprise approximately one third of the total scalid length. The first, most proximal segment has a short, conical base that narrows distally and forms a cylindrical region with serrated margins that terminates in a small knee bearing papillae. The second and third, most distal segments are both thin; the latter terminates in a slightly curved spine-like tip. These two most distal segments have finely serrated margins and several long hairs scattered along their length, which are only seen by SEM (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FA69FBF7C51AFB39" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 14C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569015163FD9FFB32C3B9FB73" blockId="22.[533,1532,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The eighth row (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FD50FB48C45FFB5C" attach="left" box="[762,772,1223,1239]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">8</subScript>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FCA5FB32C41FFB5E" box="[783,836,1213,1237]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 8</figureCitation>
) consists of 30 unsegmented whip-like spinoscalids with a small conical base (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FD08FB6FC5B5FB73" box="[674,750,1248,1272]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FC89FB6FC415FB73" box="[803,846,1248,1272]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">14C</figureCitation>
). These scalids terminate as a thin tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569015163FD9FFA8DC3F0FAEB" blockId="22.[533,1532,208,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The ninth row (sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FD5BFA82C5A1FA96" attach="left" box="[753,762,1293,1309]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">9</subScript>
) consists of 30 very short scalids (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FBCAFA8DC3EFFA91" box="[1120,1204,1282,1306]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 9D</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FB42FA8DC25AFA91" box="[1256,1281,1282,1306]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">10</figureCitation>
). Each of these scalids possesses an oval anterior edge and four cuspid-like protrusions, of which three extend backwards from the posterior edge and one from the anterior edge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569015162FD9FFAE5C43AFDAB" blockId="22.[533,1532,208,1896]" lastBlockId="23.[533,1536,208,648]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769015163FD9FFAE5C5CAFA0A" box="[565,657,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Neck (ne</emphasis>
; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FD36FAE5C580FA09" box="[668,731,1386,1410]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 8</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769015163FD4AFAE5C452FA09" box="[736,777,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">and</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FCA4FAE5C47CFA09" box="[782,807,1386,1410]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">10</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769015163FC82FAE5C46AFA0A" box="[808,817,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">)</emphasis>
. Composed of at least five rows of neck flat plates divided into columns by several longitudinal folds (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FC3AFA02C48BFA2E" box="[912,976,1421,1445]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 10</figureCitation>
). The anterior neck region is characterized by a row of conspicuous plates situated immediately under the ninth row of spinoscalids (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FACDFA3FC2E0FA43" box="[1383,1467,1456,1480]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 9D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FA6CFA3FC284FA43" box="[1478,1503,1456,1480]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FDE9FA5DC537FA61" box="[579,620,1490,1514]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">14E</figureCitation>
). Specifically, this row consists of seven triangular plates (
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FB65FA5DC3AEFA66" attach="left" box="[1231,1269,1490,1517]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">bpa</subScript>
), which alternate with eight trapezoid plates (
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FCAEFA7AC470F984" attach="left" box="[772,811,1525,1551]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">bpb</subScript>
). Both 
<typeStatus id="5484BDB769015163FCD3FA7AC4EBF986" box="[889,944,1525,1549]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">types</typeStatus>
are characterized by two transverse rows of teeth. Each basal plate is situated in the center of the neck flat plates. The posterior region of the neck is characterized by 15 trichoscalids (tr; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FC31F9B5C494F9D9" box="[923,975,1594,1618]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 9</figureCitation>
) arranged radially: eight single (tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FA92F9CAC219F9DE" attach="left" box="[1336,1346,1605,1621]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</subScript>
) alternating with seven double trichoscalids (tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069015163FCE6F9E8C40DF9FC" attach="left" box="[844,854,1639,1655]" fontSize="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</subScript>
) (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FCC1F9D2C4ECF9FE" box="[875,951,1629,1653]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FC46F9D2C342F9FE" box="[1004,1049,1629,1653]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">14D</figureCitation>
). The trichoscalids are all flat and with a central ridge, serrated margins with few hairs and terminate in either a blunt or a pointy tip. The upper appendages of the double trichoscalids are longer than the lower appendages. In addition, the upper appendages have a pointy tip, while the lower appendages have a blunt tip. The single trichoscalids are broader than the double trichoscalids, and possess a unique blunt end composed of several (ca. 14?) robust finger-like processes. On both sides of the single trichoscalids, the most lateral finger-like process is longer and thus extends further than the more medial ones (only seen by SEM; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069015163FCC6F8DFC49AF8E3" box="[876,961,1872,1896]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig 14D</figureCitation>
). Both the single trichoscalids and each of the two appendages composing the double trichoscalids protrude from a single trapezoid trichoscalid plate (tp). However, each single trichoscalid composing the midventral pair protrudes from a pentagonal plate. Each of these midventral single trichoscalids is further characterized by two sclerotized plates, one large and one small, located anteriorly to their trichoscalid plate. A short sensory organ is located anteroproximally to the ventral and ventrolateral double trichoscalids (to; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FD28FEF2C597FE1E" box="[642,716,381,405]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FD72FEF2C43AFE1E" box="[728,865,381,405]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">14D and 14E</figureCitation>
). The trichoscalid sensory organ protrudes from a plate with a double-square shape (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FD55FE2FC464FE33" box="[767,831,416,440]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 10</figureCitation>
), and is characterized by serrated (toothed) margins and an anteroproximally situated pore (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC95FE4DC4D4FE51" box="[831,911,450,474]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 14E</figureCitation>
). The putative sensory organs of the dorsal side could not be observed neither by light nor scanning electron microscopy; their presence/absence remains thus to be determined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FD9FFDA5C21DFDC9" blockId="23.[533,1536,208,648]" box="[565,1350,554,578]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Summing up, the number of head and neck appendages (cs = clavoscalids,</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FDBFFDC2C539FD03" blockId="23.[533,1536,208,648]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
ss = spinoscalids, tp = trichoscalid plates, tr = trichoscalids) is given in the following formula (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FDB4FDFFC508FD03" box="[542,595,624,648]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="12.[474,502,1734,1753]" captionTargetBox="[477,1533,211,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[474,1536,208,1712]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 8. Schematic diagrams of the distribution of introvert and neck appendages in adult forms of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. and Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Note that for sake of clarity clavoscalid sexual dimorphism is not depicted. Note also that the shaded area indicates the neck region. (A) Polar diagram. (B) Planar projection. Abbreviations: bpa/b, basal plates of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; MD, middorsal line; MV, midventral line; sr, scalids of 1st to 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, 1–9 trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g008" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151755/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 8</figureCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FDFBFD44C29FFD68" blockId="23.[593,1476,715,743]" box="[593,1476,715,743]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Introvert: 8 cs; 9 sr 
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; 7 sr 
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; 
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8 
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FC1EFD44C492FD68" bold="true" box="[948,969,715,739]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">þ</emphasis>
</quantity>
8 sr 
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; 30 sr 
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; 30 sr 
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; 30 sr 
<subScript id="17BB015069005162FAA9FD56C250FD6C" attach="left" box="[1283,1291,729,743]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">7</subScript>
; 30 sr 
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; 30 sr 
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;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FD17FCADC203FCB1" blockId="23.[701,1368,802,830]" box="[701,1368,802,830]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Neck: 7a 
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FC80FCADC464FCB1" bold="true" box="[810,831,802,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">þ</emphasis>
8b bp; 
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8 
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FC05FCADC49FFCB1" bold="true" box="[943,964,802,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">þ</emphasis>
</quantity>
14 tp; 8 tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069005162FBEFFCBFC316FCB5" attach="both" box="[1093,1101,816,830]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</subScript>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FBE4FCADC303FCB1" bold="true" box="[1102,1112,802,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">ð</emphasis>
single 
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FB3CFCADC3E0FCB1" bold="true" box="[1174,1211,802,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Þ þ</emphasis>
7 tr 
<subScript id="17BB015069005162FB40FCBFC3A9FCB5" attach="both" box="[1258,1266,816,830]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">2</subScript>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FB5EFCADC3A5FCB1" bold="true" box="[1268,1278,802,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">ð</emphasis>
double 
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FAEDFCADC203FCB1" bold="true" box="[1351,1368,802,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Þ:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FDBFFCECC2F2FCF0" blockId="23.[533,1528,867,1897]" box="[533,1449,867,891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FDBFFCECC539FCF0" box="[533,610,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Thorax</emphasis>
. Short, surrounded by the lorica and without any appendages or segmentation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FD9FFC09C3D8FBE5" blockId="23.[533,1528,867,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FD9FFC09C5C0FC15" box="[565,667,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Enclosed in a lorica (lo; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC0FFC09C351FC15" box="[933,1034,902,926]" captionStart-0="Fig 9" captionStart-1="Fig 10" captionStart-2="Fig 11" captionStart-3="Fig 12" captionStart-4="Fig 13" captionStart-5="Fig 14" captionStartId-0="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-1="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionStartId-2="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionStartId-3="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionStartId-4="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionStartId-5="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox-0="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-1="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetBox-2="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetBox-3="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetBox-4="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetBox-5="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetId-3="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetId-4="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetId-5="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="19" captionTargetPageId-5="20" captionText-0="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" captionText-1="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" captionText-2="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" captionText-3="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" captionText-4="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" captionText-5="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 9–14</figureCitation>
) composed of six cuticularized plates with a honeycomb sculpture: one ventral, two ventrolateral, two dorsolateral and one dorsal. The latter plate possesses four anterior spikes (sp), while each of the other plates bears only two. In total, the anterior edge of the lorica is characterized by 14 large spikes of equal length, except for one larger spike on each of the dorsolateral plates. In addition, a very small midventral anterior spike is located between the two large anterior spikes of the ventral plate. The total number of anterior spikes is thus 15 (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC34FBD9C4B6FBE5" box="[926,1005,1110,1134]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 9E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC53FBD9C349FBE5" box="[1017,1042,1110,1134]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FBEDFBD9C32FFBE5" box="[1095,1140,1110,1134]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">11D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FD9FFBF6C200FB72" blockId="23.[533,1528,867,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
A cluster of four flosculi (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FCEBFBF6C4C7FB1A" box="[833,924,1145,1169]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 11F</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC7AFBF6C4A6FB1A" box="[976,1021,1145,1169]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">14G</figureCitation>
) is arranged in a rectangular pattern on each of the dorsolateral plates (dlp; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC91FB14C4D2FB38" box="[827,905,1179,1203]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 14F</figureCitation>
). These flosculi are characterized by 4–5 microvilli-like stuctures covered with cuticle (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FCF4FB31C4E9FB5D" box="[862,946,1214,1238]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 14G</figureCitation>
). Additionally, one smaller flosculum with 3 microvilli-like structures is located posteriorly on the dorsal plate (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FB3EFB6EC3ABFB72" box="[1172,1264,1249,1273]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 11E</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FA8EFB6EC210FB72" box="[1316,1355,1249,1273]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">14F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FD9FFA8CC4D0FA67" blockId="23.[533,1528,867,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The postero-dorsal region of the lorica consists of an anal field (af, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FB5DFA8CC234FA90" box="[1271,1391,1283,1307]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 9A, 9B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FAD1FA8CC2CFFA90" box="[1403,1428,1283,1307]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">10</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FDBFFAA9C51AFAB5" box="[533,577,1318,1342]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">11A</figureCitation>
). In both males and females this anus-gonopore region is characterized by a small anal cone (
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FDFDFAC6C5FDFAEA" box="[599,678,1353,1377]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="20.[394,422,1759,1778]" captionTargetBox="[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-1@20.[394,1536,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 14. Scanning electron micrographs of a paratypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. (A) Overview of the extended specimen, ventral view, anterior faces up. (B) Close up of the anterior body region. Note the broad, multiform clavoscalids (cs). Clavoscalid bases are marked with asterisks (<28>). (C) Close up of spinoscalids from different rows, each with distinct gross morphology. Note the numerous long hairs (ha) scattered along the length of the various spinoscalids. (D) Close up of a dorsolateral single trichoscalid (tr1) and a midlateral (right-hand side) double trichoscalid (tr2). Note the relatively small sensory organ (to) of the double" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151769/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 14F</figureCitation>
) and, close to it, a pair of putative gonopores (go?; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FB6BFAC6C24BFAEA" box="[1217,1296,1353,1377]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="17.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@17.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 11. Light micrographs of the allotypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes. (B) Close-up of anterior body half, ventral view. (C) Introvert, neck and anterior region of the abdomen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the very small midventral anterior spike. (E) Close up of the posterior region of the lorica, dorsal view. Note the putative gonopores (go?) located on the posteriormost region of the dorsolateral plate. Double arrowheads point to the small flosculum situated on the dorsal plate. (F) Detail of a cluster of flosculi arranged in a rectangular pattern on the right dorsolateral plate. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g011" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151763/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 11E</figureCitation>
). These large pores are located on the posterior region of the dorsolateral plates. A cuticularized crest (cc, 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FA08FAE3C2BDFA0F" box="[1442,1510,1388,1412]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="15.[416,444,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,186,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-3@15.[416,1536,183,1687]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 9. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Black arrowheads indicate anterior spikes.The inset shows a detail of the mouth tube (mt), which is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. (C) Close-up of multiform clavoscalids (cs). (D) Close-up of the introvert and anterior spikes of the dorsal plate. Note the presence of basal plates of type a and b (bp), and spinoscalids of 9th row a/b (sr9); (E) Close-up of the anterior spikes of the ventral and ventrolateral plates. White arrowhead points to the small midventral anterior spike. Abbreviations: af, anal field; cc, cuticularized crest; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; dp, dorsal plate; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; ss spinoscalid; to, trichoscalid sensory organ; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151757/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 9B</figureCitation>
) spans between each of the putative gonopores and the posterior end of the lorica. On the ventral side, a pair of small pores (gland outlets?) is furthermore located posteriorly on each margin of the ventral plate (gl?; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC90FA5BC420FA67" box="[826,891,1492,1516]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80031569005162FD9FFA79C274F88A" blockId="23.[533,1528,867,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FD9FFA79C5A7F986" box="[565,764,1526,1550]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Internal anatomy (</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FD56FA79C41DF985" box="[764,838,1526,1550]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 12</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FCE6FA79C42EF985" box="[844,885,1526,1550]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">and</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FCD0FA79C4C8F985" box="[890,915,1526,1550]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetId="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">13</figureCitation>
, S 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC05FA79C4E2F985" box="[943,953,1526,1550]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="4.[416,444,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,183,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[416,1536,180,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig 1. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. Note the pair of longitudinal stripes (ls) spanning the anterior two thirds of the dorsal plate of the lorica. (C) Anterior region of the specimen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of the posterior region of the introvert and neck, ventral view. White arrowhead points to the small, midventral anterior spike. Arrows point to trichoscalid sensory organs. Abbreviations: af, anal field; bpa/b, basal plate of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; dp, dorsal plate; fu, oral furca; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; sr, spinoscalid of 8th or 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, 8/9 ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g001" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151728/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</figureCitation>
Video
<emphasis id="B94BDF0769005162FC55FA79C353F986" box="[1023,1032,1526,1549]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">)</emphasis>
. A long buccal tube (bu; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FABBFA79C20AF985" box="[1297,1361,1526,1550]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="18.[214,242,1200,1219]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,197,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-196@18.[214,1535,194,1179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig 12. Light micrographs of a paratypic adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Overview of the fully extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is fully extended. (B) Close up of the anterior region of the body. (C) Detail of the anteriormost region of the mouth tube. Short, black arrowheads point to ring-like thickenings of the fully extended mouth tube.Abbreviations: bu, buccal tube; cs, clavoscalids; fu, oral furca; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; or, oral ridge; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid; tr, trichoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g012" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151765/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 12</figureCitation>
) extends from the mouth aperture (mo; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC88F996C439F9BA" box="[802,866,1561,1585]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="16.[396,424,1721,1740]" captionTargetBox="[399,1533,199,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[396,1536,196,1700]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig 10. Line art drawing of the adult male habitus of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Ventral view, anterior faces up. Note that only a selected number of scalids from rows 1 to 8 are represented for clarity. Abbreviations: af, anal field; ba, mouth cone bar; bpa/b, basal plates of type a and b; cs, clavoscalid; dlp, dorsolateral plate; fu, oral furca; gl?, putative gland outlets; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mo, mouth aperture; mt, mouth tube; mvs, midventral anterior spike; ne, neck; or1/2, oral ridges of type 1 and 2; sr2–9, spinoscalids of 2nd to 9th row (including sr, i.e. spinoscalids of 4th row of type a and b); sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; to, 4a/b trichoscalid sensory organ; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr1, single trichoscalid; tr2, double trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g010" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151761/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 10</figureCitation>
)—through the head/thoracic region—to the pharyngeal bulb (pb; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FDECF9B3C5DDF9DF" box="[582,646,1596,1620]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetId="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 13</figureCitation>
, S 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FD08F9B3C5F7F9DF" box="[674,684,1596,1620]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="4.[416,444,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,183,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[416,1536,180,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig 1. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. Note the pair of longitudinal stripes (ls) spanning the anterior two thirds of the dorsal plate of the lorica. (C) Anterior region of the specimen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of the posterior region of the introvert and neck, ventral view. White arrowhead points to the small, midventral anterior spike. Arrows point to trichoscalid sensory organs. Abbreviations: af, anal field; bpa/b, basal plate of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; dp, dorsal plate; fu, oral furca; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; sr, spinoscalid of 8th or 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, 8/9 ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g001" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151728/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</figureCitation>
Video). The most posterior region of the buccal tube is characterized by a supporting pre-pharyngeal armature, which is composed of three internal buccal furcae (not shown). In females, the abdominal region is characterized by the presence of two ovaries, each of which may contain oocytes. In a female observed alive, each of the two ovaries (ov) was found containing a large oocyte (oo; 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC31F949C480F955" box="[923,987,1734,1758]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="19.[214,242,1187,1206]" captionTargetBox="[217,1532,211,1161]" captionTargetId="figure-207@19.[214,1535,208,1165]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 13. Light micrographs of a live adult female of Nanaloricus mathildeae sp. nov. Anterior faces up in both aspects. Note the video sequence of this animal in the S1 Video. (A and B) Overview of the body with partly extended introvert and mouth cone. Internally, note the presence of a large oocyte (oo) within each ovary (ov) in the abdomen. Note also the shape and relative position of the pharyngeal bulb (pb). Abbreviations: af, anal field; cs, clavoscalid; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp, anterior spike; ss spinoscalid. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151767/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig 13</figureCitation>
, S 
<figureCitation id="13041F9069005162FC5DF949C35AF955" box="[1015,1025,1734,1758]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="4.[416,444,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[419,1533,183,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-3@4.[416,1536,180,1684]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig 1. Light micrographs of the holotypic adult male of Nanaloricus valdemari sp. nov. Anterior faces up in all aspects. (A) Ventral view of the extended specimen. Note that the mouth tube is not fully extended. (B) Dorsal view of the specimen. Note the pair of longitudinal stripes (ls) spanning the anterior two thirds of the dorsal plate of the lorica. (C) Anterior region of the specimen, dorsal view. (D) Close-up of the posterior region of the introvert and neck, ventral view. White arrowhead points to the small, midventral anterior spike. Arrows point to trichoscalid sensory organs. Abbreviations: af, anal field; bpa/b, basal plate of type a or b; cs, clavoscalid; dp, dorsal plate; fu, oral furca; in, introvert; lo, lorica; mc, mouth cone; mt, mouth tube; sp (and black arrowheads), anterior spike; sr, spinoscalid of 8th or 9th row; ss, spinoscalid; tp, trichoscalid plate; tr, trichoscalid; vlp, ventrolateral plate; vp, 8/9 ventral plate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250403.g001" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151728/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</figureCitation>
Video). Males are characterized by two large testes, which contain mature spermatozoa in some specimens (not shown).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>