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<document id="3F61849FF749A6148E6BE22FA81443F1" ID-CLB-Dataset="22422" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2015.120" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5fb91ffb-69b9-4e0f-9626-08d75ab0cba8" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3780152" ID-ZooBank="54714320-5726-44CB-8FF5-60E0B984873D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1588343872265" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Boudinot, Brendon E." docDate="2015" docId="038E878CFF86B14BFDE0FD84FB131B92" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2015-120.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 120" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Paraponerinae Emery 1901" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FFB7FFF4FFA8B165FFB0FFEBFF941F34" masterDocTitle="Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1740107146222" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="9737E5FC51132D3C185793C4BB614B9D">Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="26E547ECAD93708591B10640D56FC6B2">Boudinot, Brendon E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B2E4F2C48B4912FA7CCC3E56043FFD58">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2A5E8BBABEA5051FD1977B034C4FC665">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="3C7B5D79EFBAEE1308BB1445DA5EA6F4" type="DOI">10.5852/ejt.2015.120</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038E878CFF86B14BFDE0FD84FB131B92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3795041" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163879845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3795041" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E878CFF86B14BFDE0FD84FB131B92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E878CFF86B14BFDE0FD84FB131B92" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" scope_class="Hexapoda" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_infraOrder="Aculeata" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subOrder="Apocrita" scope_superFamily="Formicoidea">
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14BFDE0FD84FBBB1DBD" box="[592,1071,623,650]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFDE0FD84FBBB1DBD" blockId="46.[592,1071,623,685]" box="[592,1071,623,650]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="D0D081F6FF86B14BFDE0FD84FBBB1DBD" box="[592,1071,623,650]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFD68FD84FBBB1DBD" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[728,1071,623,650]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Paraponerinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFD68FD84FC061DBD" bold="true" box="[728,914,623,649]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Paraponerinae</emphasis>
Emery, 1901
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14BFD2FFD79FC4B1D99" box="[671,991,658,685]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFD2FFD79FC4B1D99" blockId="46.[592,1071,623,685]" box="[671,991,658,685]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFD2FFD79FD7C1D99" box="[671,744,658,685]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[227,270,1966,1992]" captionTargetBox="[384,1279,303,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[382,1282,302,1928]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. Mesosoma of Paraponera clavata male (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). A. Dorsal view. B. Dorsal posterolateral oblique view. C. Lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780154/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFD47FD78FC8F1D99" box="[759,795,659,685]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[227,270,1968,1994]" captionTargetBox="[322,1387,333,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[227,1481,302,1946]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Pterothoracic venter morphology of representative hymenopterans. A. Tenthredinidae, female. B. Polistes (Vespidae), worker. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780156/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">2C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFC97FD78FCD81D99" box="[807,844,659,685]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[227,269,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[349,1285,302,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[317,1335,302,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 3. Coxal morphology of representative hymenopterans: right procoxae, left column; right mesocoxae, middle column; right metacoxae, right column; top procoxa lateral view, bottom procoxa medial view; top meso- and metacoxae anterior view, bottom meso- and metacoxae posterior view. A. Tenthredinidae. B. Polistes sp., Vespidae. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14900271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14900271/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">3C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFCE8FD78FCE81D99" box="[856,892,659,685]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">4D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFC3BFD78FC311D99" box="[907,933,659,685]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[227,270,1900,1926]" captionTargetBox="[291,1360,302,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[291,1361,302,1875]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 13. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, C, E. Frontal view. B, D, F. Lateral view. — A–B. Tatuidris tatusia, Agroecomyrmecinae (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). C–D. Paraponera clavata, Paraponerinae (Guyana, CASENT0902407, R. Perry). E–F. Pseudoponera stigma, Ponerinae (Paraguay, CASENT0178182, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm, B = 0.5 mm, C, F = 1.0 mm, D = 2.0 mm, E = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780174/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">13</figureCitation>
C–D
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14BFF53FD3FFD341B27" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53FD3FFEC81DDA" blockId="46.[227,348,724,750]" box="[227,348,724,750]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="D0D081F6FF86B14BFF53FD3FFEC81DDA" bold="true" box="[227,348,724,750]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFF53FD3FFEC81DDA" bold="true" box="[227,348,724,750]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53FCE9FD341B27" blockId="46.[227,1436,770,1043]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
The hatchet-shaped petiole (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFF86B14BFD84FCE9FD041C29" box="[564,656,770,797]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
) and the morphology of abdominal sternum IX are both globally unique among the
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFE7EFCCDFDCC1C74" box="[462,600,806,832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
. The ninth abdominal sternum of
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFBB6FCCCFB001C74" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1858" box="[1030,1172,807,832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFBB6FCCCFB001C74" box="[1030,1172,807,832]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Paraponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strongly produced posteriorly as an apically bidentate linear process.These characters may be supplemented by the following combination: mandibles triangular, unidentate; clypeus well-developed, antennal toruli situated distant from anterior clypeal margin; antenna 13-merous; meso- and metatibiae with two ventroapical spurs each; eight closed cells present on forewing; jugal lobe present; petiolar tergum and sternum distinct; abdominal segment IV pre- and postsclerites separated by cinctus; abdominal tergum IV not vaulted; abdominal tergum VIII not spiniform.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FF86B14BFF53FBD1FB131B92" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53FBD1FECB1B60" blockId="46.[227,351,1082,1108]" box="[227,351,1082,1108]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="D0D081F6FF86B14BFF53FBD1FECB1B60" bold="true" box="[227,351,1082,1108]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFF53FBD1FECB1B60" bold="true" box="[227,351,1082,1108]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Comment</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFF86B14BFF53FB82FB131B92" blockId="46.[227,1436,1129,1190]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
One species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFE75FB82FDF91BB7" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[453,621,1129,1155]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Paraponerinae">Paraponerinae</taxonomicName>
is extant,
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FF86B14BFD57FB81FC471BB7" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[743,979,1129,1155]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavata">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FF86B14BFD57FB81FC471BB7" box="[743,979,1129,1155]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Paraponera clavata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species dwells in rainforests and is known from
<collectingCountry id="F330760AFF86B14BFE25FB67FD931B92" box="[405,519,1164,1190]" name="Honduras" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Honduras</collectingCountry>
through Central America into tropical South America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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