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<mods:title id="8C67452A2AEAE391BD2992E8DA1A5E59">Phylogeny of tribe Dacini revisited (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC4FFABFF41F897F561C4A4" blockId="1.[151,307,151,177]" box="[151,307,151,177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
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Tribe 
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<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC4FFABFF41F8E0F512C04F" blockId="1.[151,1437,223,1114]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
To the four genera included by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFDD7F8E0F762C4EC" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[513,816,223,250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="633 - 775" refId="ref5372" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (1999) Bamboo-shoot fruit flies of Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae). Journal of Natural History, 33, 633 - 775. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229399300164" type="journal article" year="1999">Drew and Hancock (1999)</bibRefCitation>
may be added 
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<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFC37F8E0F01BC4EC" box="[993,1097,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dacimita</emphasis>
David &amp; Hancock
</taxonomicName>
, described recently from 
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFE5BF903F634C508" author="David, K. J. &amp; Hancock, D. L. &amp; Gracy, R. G. &amp; Sachin, K." box="[397,614,259,286]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="585 - 597" refId="ref4695" refString="David, K. J., Hancock, D. L., Gracy, R. G. &amp; Sachin, K. (2022) A new genus of fruit fly in subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from India. Zootaxa, 5195 (6), 585 - 597. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5195.6.7" type="journal article" year="2022">
David 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFE36F904F644C508" box="[480,534,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
). Although not yet reared from bamboo, its association with adjacent tiger grass (
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFEC9F927F5B7C554" box="[287,485,295,321]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Thysanolaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFEC9F927F5EEC554" box="[287,444,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Thysanolaena</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
) and broad, dorsoventrally flattened aculeus suggest a bamboo or grass host. Since 
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<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFF41F94BF51FC570" box="[151,333,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does breed in bamboo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFD8EF94BF776C570" author="Kovac, D. &amp; Freidberg, A. &amp; Steck, G. J." box="[600,804,331,358]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="117 - 132" refId="ref5868" refString="Kovac, D., Freidberg, A. &amp; Steck, G. J. (2013) Biology and description of the third instar larva and puparium of Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), a bamboo-breeding fruit fly from the Oriental Region. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61, 117 - 132." type="journal article" year="2013">
Kovac 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFD7CF94CF689C570" box="[682,731,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFCF9F94BF049C570" author="Freidberg, A. &amp; Kovac, D. &amp; Shiao, S. - F." box="[815,1051,331,358]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref5133" refString="Freidberg, A., Kovac, D. &amp; Shiao, S. - F. (2017) A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies. European Journal of Taxonomy, 315, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2017.317" type="journal article" year="2017">
Freidberg 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFC75F94CF786C570" box="[931,980,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
) and both it and 
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<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFB01F94CF16DC570" box="[1239,1343,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dacimita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an enlarged proctiger, they are currently or frequently included within tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC14F96FF004C59C" box="[962,1110,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
. However, they share several synapomorphies with other 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFE01F993F670C5B8" box="[471,546,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
genera, suggesting further paraphyly of tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFBE2F993F097C5B8" box="[1076,1221,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
and homoplasious utilisation of non-bamboo host plants in both 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFD17F9B7F713C5C4" box="[705,833,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ceratitidini">Ceratitidini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC55F9B7F783C5C4" box="[899,977,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFBB7F9B7F145C5C4" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[1121,1303,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFBB7F9B7F145C5C4" box="[1121,1303,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differ significantly from other 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFE64F9DBF766C5E0" authority="(Kovac et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Kovac" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[434,820,475,502]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">
Gastrozonini (
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Kovac 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFD7CF9DCF68DC5E0" box="[682,735,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, while those of 
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<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFC25F9DCF009C5E0" box="[1011,1115,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dacimita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are currently unknown. An enlarged proctiger is possibly ancestral in both 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFD14F9FFF701C60C" box="[706,851,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC47F9FFF78DC60C" box="[913,991,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
, as is the often coiled and convoluted spermathecae. The proctiger is greatly reduced in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFD06FA24F74AC628" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[720,792,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFD06FA24F74AC628" box="[720,792,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC87FA24F79CC628" box="[849,974,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFC87FA24F79CC628" box="[849,974,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Bactrocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFBF9FA23F0E3C628" box="[1071,1201,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ceratitidini">Ceratitidini</taxonomicName>
) but much less so in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFF41FA47F518C674" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,330,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFF41FA47F518C674" box="[151,330,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, resembling a moderately reduced version of that seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC09FA48F015C674" authorityName="David &amp; Hancock" authorityYear="2022" box="[991,1095,584,609]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacimita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFC09FA48F015C674" box="[991,1095,584,609]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dacimita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFB8FFA47F03FC674" box="[1113,1133,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">cf</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFBAAFA47F150C674" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[1148,1282,583,609]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="1 - 266" refId="ref5770" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1974) The fruit flies of the Philippines (Diptera - Tephritidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 32, 1 - 266." type="journal article" year="1974">Hardy 1974</bibRefCitation>
and 
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David 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFA5EFA48F4FFC690" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
); it is also (homoplasiously) reduced in some 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFD26FA6BF7D3C690" box="[752,897,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
genera such as 
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<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFBF9FA6BF0C8C690" box="[1071,1178,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dietheria</emphasis>
Hardy
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFACDFA6BF485C6BC" authority="Bezzi" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Taeniostola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFACDFA6BF1CFC690" box="[1307,1437,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Taeniostola</emphasis>
Bezzi
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFF30FA8FF53CC6BC" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[230,366,655,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="1 - 353" refId="ref5737" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1973) The fruit flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) of Thailand and bordering countries. Pacific Insects Monograph, 31, 1 - 353." type="journal article" year="1973">Hardy 1973</bibRefCitation>
) and its phylogenetic value is uncertain. 
<tableCitation id="C6A7036CFFC4FFABFCEAFA8FF7C8C6BC" box="[828,922,655,681]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[152,244,1161,1185]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Character states in Gastrozonini (outgroup) and Dacini." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5A665FFFC4FFABFF4EFC89F734C0B4" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" tableUuid="DF5A665FFFC4FFABFF4EFC89F734C0B4">Tables 1</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="C6A7036CFFC4FFABFC04FA8FF7B2C6BC" box="[978,992,655,681]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="2.[152,244,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 2. Distribution of character states 1–20 from Table 1 in Gastrozonini (plesiotypic state) and the genera of Dacini. The Zeugodacus group of subgenera is included within Bactrocera (see Hancock and Drew 2018c)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5A665FFFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" tableUuid="DF5A665FFFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1">2</tableCitation>
list the character states in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFADAFA8FF1CFC6BC" box="[1292,1437,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFF11FAB3F540C6D8" box="[199,274,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
and their distribution, although scutellum shape (character 9) is a little variable in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFB6FFAB4F153C6D8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[1209,1281,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFB6FFAB4F153C6D8" box="[1209,1281,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a shape similar to that of state 2 sometimes present. For comments on the secondary presence of Characters 3, 5, 7 &amp; 8 see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFF14FAFBF50AC700" author="White, I. M." box="[194,344,763,789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref6648" refString="White, I. M. (2006) Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle East. African Entomology, Memoir 2, i - v, 1 - 156, cd-rom." type="journal article" year="2006">White (2006)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFE59FAFBF6E6C700" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[399,692,763,790]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="113 - 120" refId="ref5468" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2017) A review of the Pacific islands subgenus Notodacus Perkins of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). Australian Entomologist, 44, 113 - 120." type="journal article" year="2017">Hancock and Drew (2017</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFD69FAFBF75AC700" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[703,776,763,789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref5515" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2018 a) A review of the subgenera Apodacus Perkins, Hemizeugodacus Hardy, Neozeugodacus May, stat. rev., Semicallantra Drew and Tetradacus Miyake of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). Australian Entomologist, 45, 105 - 132." type="journal article" year="2018">2018a</bibRefCitation>
–c). In some 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC41FAFBF07AC700" box="[919,1064,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
genera ocellar setae are vestigial or absent and male 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFEA2FB1FF61CC72C" authority="Bezzi" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1913" box="[372,590,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Chaetellipsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFEA2FB1FF654C72C" box="[372,518,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Chaetellipsis</emphasis>
Bezzi
</taxonomicName>
lack frontal and orbital setae, but none shows the apomorphic states of the whole setal series 1–8. Apical scutellar setae are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFCE1FB43F7F0C748" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[823,930,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dietheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFCE1FB43F7F0C748" box="[823,930,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dietheria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but always present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFB71FB43F0A7C748" box="[1191,1269,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
. Extreme setal reduction also occurs (slightly differently and homoplasiously) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC58FB67F095C794" box="[910,1223,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFC58FB67F05CC794" box="[910,1038,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Anastrepha</emphasis>
Schiner species
</taxonomicName>
formerly included in its synonym 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFE90FB8CF631C7B0" authority="Gerstaecker" authorityName="Gerstaecker" authorityYear="1860" box="[326,611,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Toxotrypana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFE90FB8CF581C7B0" box="[326,467,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Toxotrypana</emphasis>
Gerstaecker
</taxonomicName>
, that also resemble wasps, but the uniformity of its expression in all five 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFF41FBAFF4B0C7DC" box="[151,226,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
genera included here suggests a common ancestry. The presence of preapical spines on the ventral surface of the fore femora in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFEB7FBD3F645C7F8" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[353,535,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFEB7FBD3F645C7F8" box="[353,535,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFDF5FBD3F684C7F8" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[547,726,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFDF5FBD3F684C7F8" box="[547,726,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFCE7FBD4F05AC7F8" authorityName="Meijere" authorityYear="1911" box="[817,1032,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conopsoides">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFCE7FBD4F05AC7F8" box="[817,1032,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dacus conopsoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFBA7FBD3F1CAC7F8" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[1137,1432,979,1006]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="167 - 205" refId="ref5424" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2006) A revised classification of subgenera and species groups in Dacus Fabricius (Diptera, Tephritidae). Biodiversitatis Instrumentatis, 7, 167 - 205." type="journal article" year="2006">Hancock and Drew (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, also suggests a common ancestry. 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFDC1FBF7F69FC004" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[535,717,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFDC1FBF7F69FC004" box="[535,717,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also grouped with 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC01FBF7F070C004" box="[983,1058,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
in a morphological phylogeny by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC4FFABFF41FC1BF5ECC020" author="David, K. J. &amp; Ramani, S." box="[151,446,1051,1077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" pagination="101 - 146" refId="ref4541" refString="David, K. J. &amp; Ramani, S. (2019) New species, descriptions and phylogenetic revision of tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from India based on morphological characters. Zootaxa, 4551 (2), 101 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4551.2.1" type="journal article" year="2019">David and Ramani (2019)</bibRefCitation>
. Generic relationships are clearly evident in 
<tableCitation id="C6A7036CFFC4FFABFC66FC1BF051C020" box="[944,1027,1051,1077]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="2.[152,244,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 2. Distribution of character states 1–20 from Table 1 in Gastrozonini (plesiotypic state) and the genera of Dacini. The Zeugodacus group of subgenera is included within Bactrocera (see Hancock and Drew 2018c)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5A665FFFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" tableUuid="DF5A665FFFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1">Table 2</tableCitation>
and computer analysis of the matrix is unnecessary.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5A665FFFC4FFABFF4EFC89F734C0B4" ID-Table-UUID="DF5A665FFFC4FFABFF4EFC89F734C0B4" box="[152,870,1161,1185]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5A665FFFC4FFABFF4EFC89F734C0B4" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" startId="1.[152,244,1161,1185]" targetBox="[163,1390,1200,2030]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="1" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC4FFABFF4EFC89F734C0B4" blockId="1.[152,870,1161,1185]" box="[152,870,1161,1185]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFF4EFC89F55DC0B4" bold="true" box="[152,271,1161,1185]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Character states in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFE37FC89F639C0B4" box="[481,619,1161,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
(outgroup) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFCCEFC89F731C0B4" box="[792,867,1161,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC4FFABFF75FCB0F16DC3FB" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<table id="F925C477FFC40055FF75FCB0F13CC3FB" box="[163,1390,1200,2030]" gridcols="3" gridrows="21" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FCB0F13CC0DD" box="[163,1390,1200,1224]" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FCB0F540C0DD" box="[163,274,1200,1224]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFF75FCB0F540C0DD" bold="true" box="[163,274,1200,1224]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Character</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FCB0F13CC0DD" box="[724,1390,1200,1224]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFD02FCB0F759C0DD" bold="true" box="[724,779,1200,1224]" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">State</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FCD9F13CC0E4" box="[163,1390,1241,1265]" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FCD9F540C0E4" box="[163,274,1241,1265]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">1</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFCD9F61DC0E4" box="[345,591,1241,1265]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Frontal and orbital setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FCD9F13CC0E4" box="[724,1390,1241,1265]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); vestigial or absent (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FD01F13CC10C" box="[163,1390,1281,1305]" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FD01F540C10C" box="[163,274,1281,1305]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">2</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFD01F61DC10C" box="[345,591,1281,1305]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Ocellar setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FD01F13CC10C" box="[724,1390,1281,1305]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); absent (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FD29F13CC157" box="[163,1390,1321,1346]" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FD29F540C157" box="[163,274,1321,1346]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">3</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFD29F61DC157" box="[345,591,1321,1346]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Postpronotal setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FD29F13CC157" box="[724,1390,1321,1346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); absent (1); absent or secondarily present (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FD52F13CC17F" box="[163,1390,1362,1386]" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FD52F540C17F" box="[163,274,1362,1386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">4</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFD52F61DC17F" box="[345,591,1362,1386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Presutural setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FD52F13CC17F" box="[724,1390,1362,1386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); absent (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FD7AF13CC187" box="[163,1390,1402,1426]" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FD7AF540C187" box="[163,274,1402,1426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">5</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFD7AF61DC187" box="[345,591,1402,1426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Supra-alar setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FD7AF13CC187" box="[724,1390,1402,1426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); absent (1); absent or secondarily present (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FDA2F13CC1AF" box="[163,1390,1442,1466]" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FDA2F540C1AF" box="[163,274,1442,1466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">6</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFDA2F61DC1AF" box="[345,591,1442,1466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Dorsocentral setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FDA2F13CC1AF" box="[724,1390,1442,1466]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); absent (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FDCAF13CC1F6" box="[163,1390,1482,1507]" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FDCAF540C1F6" box="[163,274,1482,1507]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">7</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFDCAF61DC1F6" box="[345,591,1482,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Prescutellar setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FDCAF13CC1F6" box="[724,1390,1482,1507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); absent (1); absent or secondarily present (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FDF3F13CC21E" box="[163,1390,1523,1547]" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FDF3F540C21E" box="[163,274,1523,1547]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">8</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFDF3F61DC21E" box="[345,591,1523,1547]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Basal scutellar setae</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FDF3F13CC21E" box="[724,1390,1523,1547]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); absent (1); absent or secondarily present (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FE1BF13CC226" box="[163,1390,1563,1587]" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FE1BF540C226" box="[163,274,1563,1587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">9</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFE1BF61DC226" box="[345,591,1563,1587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Scutellum</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FE1BF13CC226" box="[724,1390,1563,1587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Semicircular (0); short, broad, subtriangular (1); subquadrate (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FE43F13CC24E" box="[163,1390,1603,1627]" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FE43F540C24E" box="[163,274,1603,1627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">10</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFE43F61DC24E" box="[345,591,1603,1627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Wing cell bm</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FE43F13CC24E" box="[724,1390,1603,1627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Narrow (0); broad (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FE6BF13CC296" box="[163,1390,1643,1667]" gridrow="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FE6BF540C296" box="[163,274,1643,1667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">11</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFE6BF61DC296" box="[345,591,1643,1667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Anal stripe</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FE6BF13CC296" box="[724,1390,1643,1667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Absent (0); frequently present (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FE94F13CC2A4" box="[163,1390,1684,1713]" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FE94F540C2A4" box="[163,274,1684,1713]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">12</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFE94F61DC2A4" box="[345,591,1684,1713]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Wing vein R2+3</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FE94F13CC2A4" box="[724,1390,1684,1713]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Straight (0); strongly bowed in basal portion, angled apically (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FEBCF13CC2C1" box="[163,1390,1724,1748]" gridrow="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FEBCF540C2C1" box="[163,274,1724,1748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">13</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFEBCF61DC2C1" box="[345,591,1724,1748]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Abdominal tergites</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FEBCF13CC2C1" box="[724,1390,1724,1748]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">I–II fused, III–V free (0); I–V fused (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FEE4F13CC2E8" box="[163,1390,1764,1789]" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FEE4F540C2E8" box="[163,274,1764,1789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">14</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFEE4F61DC2E8" box="[345,591,1764,1789]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Male proctiger</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FEE4F13CC2E8" box="[724,1390,1764,1789]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Larger than epandrium (0); slightly smaller (1); much smaller (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FF0CF13CC331" box="[163,1390,1804,1828]" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FF0CF540C331" box="[163,274,1804,1828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">15</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFF0CF61DC331" box="[345,591,1804,1828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Posterior surstylus lobe</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FF0CF13CC331" box="[724,1390,1804,1828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Short and broad (0); absent (1); elongate (2); elongate or short (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FF35F13CC358" box="[163,1390,1845,1869]" gridrow="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FF35F540C358" box="[163,274,1845,1869]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">16</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFF35F61DC358" box="[345,591,1845,1869]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Pecten on tergite III</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FF35F13CC358" box="[724,1390,1845,1869]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Absent (0); frequently present in males (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FF5DF13CC360" box="[163,1390,1885,1909]" gridrow="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FF5DF540C360" box="[163,274,1885,1909]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">17</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFF5DF61DC360" box="[345,591,1885,1909]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Ceromata on tergite V</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FF5DF13CC360" box="[724,1390,1885,1909]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
Absent (0); present except in subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFBB2FF5DF084C360" authorityName="Drew &amp; Hancock" authorityYear="1995" box="[1124,1238,1885,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bulladacus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFBB2FF5DF084C360" box="[1124,1238,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Bulladacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FF85F13CC388" box="[163,1390,1925,1949]" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FF85F540C388" box="[163,274,1925,1949]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">18</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFF85F61DC388" box="[345,591,1925,1949]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Female tergite VI</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FF85F13CC388" box="[724,1390,1925,1949]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Well developed (0); vestigial (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FFADF13CC3D0" box="[163,1390,1965,1989]" gridrow="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FFADF540C3D0" box="[163,274,1965,1989]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">19</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFFADF61DC3D0" box="[345,591,1965,1989]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Host plants</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FFADF13CC3D0" box="[724,1390,1965,1989]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
Bamboo (0); 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC4FFABFC8AFFAEF7C9C3D0" box="[860,923,1966,1989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="1" pageNumber="381" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC4FFABFC8AFFAEF7C9C3D0" box="[860,923,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Citrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fruit (1); pods, fruit and flowers (2)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC40055FF75FFD6F13CC3FB" box="[163,1390,2006,2030]" gridrow="20" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC40055FF75FFD6F540C3FB" box="[163,274,2006,2030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">20</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FE8FFFD6F61DC3FB" box="[345,591,2006,2030]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">Response to lures</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC40055FD02FFD6F13CC3FB" box="[724,1390,2006,2030]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="1" pageNumber="381">None (0); cue lure, methyl eugenol or similar compounds (1)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5A665FFFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1" ID-Table-UUID="DF5A665FFFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5A665FFFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" startId="2.[152,244,151,175]" targetBox="[156,1409,228,473]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC7FFA8FF4EF897F14DC4C1" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF4EF897F540C4BA" bold="true" box="[152,274,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Distribution of character states 1–20 from Table 1 in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FCA3F897F052C4BA" box="[885,1024,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
(plesiotypic state) and the genera of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF41F8BBF4B0C4C6" box="[151,226,187,211]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
. The 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FECBF8BBF5CDC4C6" box="[285,415,187,211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="386" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zeugodacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FECBF8BBF5CDC4C6" box="[285,415,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Zeugodacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of subgenera is included within 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FC93F8BCF7EFC4C6" box="[837,957,188,211]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FC93F8BCF7EFC4C6" box="[837,957,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FC21F8BBF146C4C1" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[1015,1300,187,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="251 - 272" refId="ref5639" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2018 c) A review of the subgenus Zeugodacus Hendel of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae): an integrative approach. Australian Entomologist, 45, 251 - 272." type="journal article" year="2018">Hancock and Drew 2018c</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC7FFA8FE9AF8E4F125C5CC" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<table id="F925C477FFC70055FF4AF8E4F1D3C5CC" box="[156,1409,228,473]" gridcols="21" gridrows="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<tr id="35153495FFC70055FF4AF8E4F1D3C4E2" box="[156,1409,228,247]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE9AF8E4F505C4E2" box="[332,343,228,247]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE9AF8E4F505C4E2" bold="true" box="[332,343,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">1</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE52F8E4F5DDC4E2" box="[388,399,228,247]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE52F8E4F5DDC4E2" bold="true" box="[388,399,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">2</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE6BF8E4F59AC4E2" box="[445,456,228,247]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE6BF8E4F59AC4E2" bold="true" box="[445,456,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">3</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE27F8E4F5AEC4E2" box="[497,508,228,247]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE27F8E4F5AEC4E2" bold="true" box="[497,508,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">4</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FDF0F8E4F663C4E2" box="[550,561,228,247]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FDF0F8E4F663C4E2" bold="true" box="[550,561,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">5</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD8AF8E4F635C4E2" box="[604,615,228,247]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD8AF8E4F635C4E2" bold="true" box="[604,615,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">6</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD46F8E4F6C9C4E2" box="[656,667,228,247]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD46F8E4F6C9C4E2" bold="true" box="[656,667,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">7</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD13F8E4F682C4E2" box="[709,720,228,247]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD13F8E4F682C4E2" bold="true" box="[709,720,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">8</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD2DF8E4F754C4E2" box="[763,774,228,247]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD2DF8E4F754C4E2" bold="true" box="[763,774,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">9</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FCE4F8E4F715C4E2" box="[818,839,228,247]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FCE4F8E4F715C4E2" bold="true" box="[818,839,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">10</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FCB9F8E4F7D1C4E2" box="[879,899,228,247]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FCB9F8E4F7D1C4E2" bold="true" box="[879,899,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">11</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FC7AF8E4F793C4E2" box="[940,961,228,247]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FC7AF8E4F793C4E2" bold="true" box="[940,961,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">12</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FC3CF8E4F7ADC4E2" box="[1002,1023,228,247]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FC3CF8E4F7ADC4E2" bold="true" box="[1002,1023,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">13</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FBF3F8E4F068C4E2" box="[1061,1082,228,247]" gridcol="14" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FBF3F8E4F068C4E2" bold="true" box="[1061,1082,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">14</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB8AF8E4F023C4E2" box="[1116,1137,228,247]" gridcol="15" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB8AF8E4F023C4E2" bold="true" box="[1116,1137,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">15</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB45F8E4F0FAC4E2" box="[1171,1192,228,247]" gridcol="16" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB45F8E4F0FAC4E2" bold="true" box="[1171,1192,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">16</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB1EF8E4F08FC4E2" box="[1224,1245,228,247]" gridcol="17" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB1EF8E4F08FC4E2" bold="true" box="[1224,1245,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">17</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB28F8E4F141C4E2" box="[1278,1299,228,247]" gridcol="18" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB28F8E4F141C4E2" bold="true" box="[1278,1299,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">18</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FAE1F8E4F11EC4E2" box="[1335,1356,228,247]" gridcol="19" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FAE1F8E4F11EC4E2" bold="true" box="[1335,1356,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">19</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FABAF8E4F1D3C4E2" box="[1388,1409,228,247]" gridcol="20" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FABAF8E4F1D3C4E2" bold="true" box="[1388,1409,228,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">20</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC70055FF4AF90AF1D3C508" box="[156,1409,266,285]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FF4AF90AF575C508" box="[156,295,266,285]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF4AF90AF558C508" box="[156,266,266,285]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gastrozonini">Gastrozonini</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE9AF90AF505C508" box="[332,343,266,285]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE52F90AF5DDC508" box="[388,399,266,285]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE6BF90AF59AC508" box="[445,456,266,285]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FE27F90AF5AEC508" box="[497,508,266,285]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FDF0F90AF663C508" box="[550,561,266,285]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD8AF90AF635C508" box="[604,615,266,285]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD46F90AF6C9C508" box="[656,667,266,285]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD13F90AF682C508" box="[709,720,266,285]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FD2DF90AF754C508" box="[763,774,266,285]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FCE4F90AF715C508" box="[818,839,266,285]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FCB9F90AF7D1C508" box="[879,899,266,285]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FC7AF90AF793C508" box="[940,961,266,285]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FC3CF90AF7ADC508" box="[1002,1023,266,285]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FBF3F90AF068C508" box="[1061,1082,266,285]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB8AF90AF023C508" box="[1116,1137,266,285]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB45F90AF0FAC508" box="[1171,1192,266,285]" gridcol="16" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB1EF90AF08FC508" box="[1224,1245,266,285]" gridcol="17" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FB28F90AF141C508" box="[1278,1299,266,285]" gridcol="18" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FAE1F90AF11EC508" box="[1335,1356,266,285]" gridcol="19" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FABAF90AF1D3C508" box="[1388,1409,266,285]" gridcol="20" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153495FFC70055FF4AF930F1D3C556" box="[156,1409,304,323]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<th id="76C45DE9FFC70055FF4AF930F575C556" box="[156,295,304,323]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF4AF930F4B9C557" authorityName="David &amp; Hancock" authorityYear="2022" box="[156,235,304,322]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacimita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF4AF930F4B9C557" box="[156,235,304,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacimita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF4AF955F577C57D" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[156,293,341,360]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF4AF955F577C57D" box="[156,293,341,360]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF4AF97AF575C598" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[156,295,378,397]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF4AF97AF575C598" box="[156,295,378,397]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF4AF9A1F481C5A6" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[156,211,417,435]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF4AF9A1F481C5A6" box="[156,211,417,435]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FAE1F9A0F11EC5A6" box="[1335,1356,416,435]" gridcol="19" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">2</td>
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF4AF9C6F4A9C5CD" box="[156,251,454,472]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF4AF9C6F4A9C5CD" box="[156,251,454,472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
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<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FAE1F9C6F11EC5CC" box="[1335,1356,454,473]" gridcol="19" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">2</td>
<td id="76C45DE9FFC70055FABAF9C6F1D3C5CC" box="[1388,1409,454,473]" gridcol="20" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC7FFA8FF11FA2DF59DC102" blockId="2.[151,1437,557,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
Tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FEDFFA2DF506C652" ID-CoL="9G29G" box="[265,340,557,583]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
is believed to have originated on the Indian plate during its post-Gondwanan drifting phase (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FA8AFA2EF53FC679" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="633 - 775" refId="ref5372" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (1999) Bamboo-shoot fruit flies of Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae). Journal of Natural History, 33, 633 - 775. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229399300164" type="journal article" year="1999">Drew and Hancock 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FEACFA51F61CC679" author="Krosch, M. N. &amp; Schutze, M. K. &amp; Armstrong, K. F. &amp; Graham, G. C. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Clarke, A. C." box="[378,590,593,620]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="513 - 523" refId="ref5931" refString="Krosch, M. N., Schutze, M. K., Armstrong, K. F., Graham, G. C., Yeates, D. K. &amp; Clarke, A. C. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae): systematic and biogeographical implications. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 64, 513 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.05.006" type="journal article" year="2012">
Krosch 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE04FA52F656C67E" box="[466,516,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
), with all genera except 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FCB4FA51F047C67E" ID-CoL="63BPB" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[866,1045,593,619]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FCB4FA51F047C67E" box="[866,1045,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originating there. 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FB30FA51F1CEC67E" ID-CoL="53CW" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[1254,1436,593,619]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB30FA51F1CEC67E" box="[1254,1436,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF11FA76F57DC69A" ID-CoL="BXYLX" authorityName="David &amp; Hancock" authorityYear="2022" box="[199,303,630,655]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacimita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF11FA76F57DC69A" box="[199,303,630,655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacimita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remain within 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FE0AFA75F644C69A" box="[476,534,629,655]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
and Southeast Asia and, with their bamboo associations and enlarged proctiger, are regarded as ancestral sister-genera. 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FDB7FA9AF6FBC6A6" ID-CoL="62PV2" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[609,681,666,691]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FDB7FA9AF6FBC6A6" box="[609,681,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spread to and diversified in Africa and, following unification of 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FF41FABDF483C6C2" box="[151,209,701,727]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
with the rest of Asia, it and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FDD8FABEF6D9C6C2" ID-CoL="375F" box="[526,651,702,727]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FDD8FABEF6D9C6C2" box="[526,651,702,727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spread to and diversified in Southeast Asia and Australasia, with later minor spread of African 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE7DFAE2F5A1C6EE" ID-CoL="62PV2" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[427,499,738,763]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE7DFAE2F5A1C6EE" box="[427,499,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FDC0FAE1F602C6EE" box="[534,592,737,763]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
and Indian 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FD03FAE2F700C6EE" ID-CoL="375F" box="[725,850,738,763]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD03FAE2F700C6EE" box="[725,850,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FC1CFAE2F0B5C6E9" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[970,1255,737,764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="633 - 775" refId="ref5372" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (1999) Bamboo-shoot fruit flies of Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae). Journal of Natural History, 33, 633 - 775. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229399300164" type="journal article" year="1999">Drew and Hancock 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The indication that the Madagascan 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE53FB06F61EC70A" ID-CoL="883WD" baseAuthorityName="Munro" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[389,588,773,799]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthaspis">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE53FB06F61EC70A" box="[389,588,773,799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus xanthaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group utilises 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FD24FB05F7C0C70A" ID-CoL="8SC" box="[754,914,773,799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
rather than 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FBC1FB05F4ACC751" authority="(Rasolofoarivao et al. 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Rasolofoarivao" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Asclepiadaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FB02FB05F4A4C751" author="Rasolofoarivao, H. &amp; Ravoamanarivo, L. H. R. &amp; Delatte, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref6205" refString="Rasolofoarivao, H., Ravoamanarivo, L. H. R. &amp; Delatte, H. (2022) Host plant ranges of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Madagascar. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 112, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485321000511" type="journal article" year="2022">
Rasolofoarivao 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FA5EFB06F4FFC756" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
suggests that a relationship of its three included species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FC58FB29F045C756" author="White, I. M." box="[910,1047,809,835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref6648" refString="White, I. M. (2006) Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle East. African Entomology, Memoir 2, i - v, 1 - 156, cd-rom." type="journal article" year="2006">White 2006</bibRefCitation>
) with subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FB07FB29F1CEC756" authority="Perkins" authorityName="Perkins" box="[1233,1436,809,835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neodacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB07FB29F16DC756" box="[1233,1343,809,835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Neodacus</emphasis>
Perkins
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FF49FB4DF596C772" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[159,452,845,872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="167 - 205" refId="ref5424" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2006) A revised classification of subgenera and species groups in Dacus Fabricius (Diptera, Tephritidae). Biodiversitatis Instrumentatis, 7, 167 - 205." type="journal article" year="2006">Hancock and Drew 2006</bibRefCitation>
) is incorrect—reinvestigation suggests that they are closely related to (or belong in) the 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF12FB72F61BC79E" ID-CoL="883YN" authorityName="Speiser" authorityYear="1910" box="[196,585,881,908]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphaeristicus" subGenus="Mictodacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF12FB72F55EC79E" box="[196,268,882,907]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FEC9FB71F5F0C79E" box="[287,418,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Mictodacus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE63FB71F61BC79E" box="[437,585,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">sphaeristicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FD16FB71F7A5C79E" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[704,1015,881,908]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="167 - 205" refId="ref5424" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2006) A revised classification of subgenera and species groups in Dacus Fabricius (Diptera, Tephritidae). Biodiversitatis Instrumentatis, 7, 167 - 205." type="journal article" year="2006">Hancock and Drew (2006)</bibRefCitation>
; in both groups wing cells bc and c are fuscous and all or at least most of cell c (and often at least part of cell bc) is densely microtrichose. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FA8EFB95F4B0C7C6" author="White, I. M." pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref6648" refString="White, I. M. (2006) Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle East. African Entomology, Memoir 2, i - v, 1 - 156, cd-rom." type="journal article" year="2006">White (2006)</bibRefCitation>
also suggested a possible relationship between species in these two groups. 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FBE2FBB9F145C7C1" ID-CoL="C2BTW" authority="Munro" authorityName="Munro" box="[1076,1303,953,980]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Tythocalama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FBE2FBB9F096C7C6" box="[1076,1220,953,979]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Tythocalama</emphasis>
Munro
</taxonomicName>
is therefore removed from synonymy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE25FBDDF633C7E2" box="[499,609,989,1015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neodacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE25FBDDF633C7E2" box="[499,609,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Neodacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and placed as a 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FCCAFBDEF7ECC7ED" bold="true" box="[796,958,990,1016]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">new synonym</emphasis>
of subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FB82FBDDF1CFC7ED" authority="Munro. Contrary" authorityName="Munro. Contrary" box="[1108,1437,989,1016]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Mictodacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB82FBDDF085C7E2" box="[1108,1239,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Mictodacus</emphasis>
Munro. Contrary
</taxonomicName>
to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FF60FC01F5CDC009" author="Krosch, M. N. &amp; Schutze, M. K. &amp; Armstrong, K. F. &amp; Graham, G. C. &amp; Yeates, D. K. &amp; Clarke, A. C." box="[182,415,1025,1052]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="513 - 523" refId="ref5931" refString="Krosch, M. N., Schutze, M. K., Armstrong, K. F., Graham, G. C., Yeates, D. K. &amp; Clarke, A. C. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae): systematic and biogeographical implications. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 64, 513 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.05.006" type="journal article" year="2012">
Krosch 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FED9FC02F510C00E" box="[271,322,1025,1051]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
, there is therefore no evidence of dispersal from 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FC07FC01F00AC00E" box="[977,1112,1025,1051]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
to mainland Africa, or from mainland Africa to 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FEA0FC25F5E2C02A" box="[374,432,1061,1087]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
via 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FE32FC25F63DC02A" box="[484,623,1061,1087]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
; the 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FD7EFC25F71AC02A" ID-CoL="8SC" box="[680,840,1061,1087]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
did not reach 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FC26FC25F025C02A" box="[1008,1143,1061,1087]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
prior to its first dispersal from the African mainland 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE1BFC4AF5B5C076" box="[461,487,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">ca</emphasis>
50 Mya (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FD80FC49F712C071" author="Schaefer, H. &amp; Heibl, C. &amp; Renner, S. S." box="[598,832,1097,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="843 - 851" refId="ref6382" refString="Schaefer, H., Heibl, C. &amp; Renner, S. S. (2008) Gourds afloat: a dated phylogeny reveals an Asian origin of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) and numerous oversea dispersal events. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 843 - 851. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1447" type="journal article" year="2008">
Schaefer 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD15FC4AF6A7C076" box="[707,757,1097,1123]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
), long after its separation from 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FB71FC49F0B6C076" box="[1191,1252,1097,1123]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
. The only direct India-Madagascar link in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE0BFC6DF67AC092" ID-CoL="9G29G" box="[477,552,1133,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
appears to have resulted in the endemic Madagascan subgenus 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB31FC6EF0AAC092" box="[1255,1272,1134,1159]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">B</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FAD9FC6DF1C1C092" ID-CoL="BYLC7" box="[1295,1427,1133,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Aglaodacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FAD9FC6DF1C1C092" box="[1295,1427,1133,1159]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Aglaodacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) Munro in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FEFBFC91F5E6C0BE" box="[301,436,1169,1195]" pageId="2" pageNumber="386" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zeugodacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FEFBFC91F5E6C0BE" box="[301,436,1169,1195]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Zeugodacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of subgenera (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FD4BFC91F791C0B9" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." box="[669,963,1169,1196]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="251 - 272" refId="ref5639" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2018 c) A review of the subgenus Zeugodacus Hendel of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae): an integrative approach. Australian Entomologist, 45, 251 - 272." type="journal article" year="2018">Hancock and Drew 2018c</bibRefCitation>
). The 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FBD0FC92F072C0BE" box="[1030,1056,1170,1195]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">ca</emphasis>
40 million years since collision of 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FF41FCB5F483C0DA" box="[151,209,1205,1231]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
with Eurasia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FEA5FCB5F605C0C5" author="Bouilhol, P. &amp; Jagoutz, O. &amp; Hanchar, J. M. &amp; Dudas, F. O." box="[371,599,1205,1232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="163 - 175" refId="ref4338" refString="Bouilhol, P., Jagoutz, O., Hanchar, J. M. &amp; Dudas, F. O. (2013) Dating the India - Eurasia collision through arc magmatic records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 366, 163 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2013.01.023" type="journal article" year="2013">
Bouilhol 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE08FCB6F65DC0DA" box="[478,527,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) would have provided ample time for an ancestor of the relatively uniform African 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF25FCDAF569C0E6" ID-CoL="62PV2" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[243,315,1242,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF25FCDAF569C0E6" box="[243,315,1242,1267]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to reach there and proliferate. Subsequent dispersal to 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FC48FCD9F077C0E6" box="[926,1061,1241,1267]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
likely occurred several times and consists of several lineages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A36D7FFC7FFA8FF11FD21F05DC2F9" blockId="2.[151,1437,557,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">
The similar absence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE06FD21F622C12E" ID-CoL="8SC" box="[464,624,1313,1339]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FD60FD21F6A2C12E" box="[694,752,1313,1339]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
during the evolution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FBD5FD21F01CC12E" ID-CoL="9G29G" box="[1027,1102,1313,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacini">Dacini</taxonomicName>
genera (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FB79FD21F1C7C129" author="Schaefer, H. &amp; Heibl, C. &amp; Renner, S. S." box="[1199,1429,1313,1340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="843 - 851" refId="ref6382" refString="Schaefer, H., Heibl, C. &amp; Renner, S. S. (2008) Gourds afloat: a dated phylogeny reveals an Asian origin of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) and numerous oversea dispersal events. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 843 - 851. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1447" type="journal article" year="2008">
Schaefer 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FACCFD22F11EC12E" box="[1306,1356,1313,1339]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
) rules that plant family out of consideration as an ancestral host plant in both 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FBF5FD46F039C14A" ID-CoL="62PV2" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[1059,1131,1350,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FBF5FD46F039C14A" box="[1059,1131,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FB7EFD46F537C196" ID-CoL="375F" authority="(Hancock and Drew 2018 b)" baseAuthorityName="Hancock and Drew" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB7EFD46F177C14A" box="[1192,1317,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FAE1FD45F50FC196" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I." pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="181 - 208" refId="ref5578" refString="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Drew, R. A. I. (2018 b) A review of the subgenera Asiadacus Perkins, Diplodacus May, Hemigymnodacus Hardy, Niuginidacus Drew, Papuodacus Drew and Sinodacus Zia of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). Australian Entomologist, 45, 181 - 208." type="journal article" year="2018">Hancock and Drew 2018b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The same is true of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FD89FD6AF6F7C191" ID-CoL="3QB2" box="[607,677,1386,1412]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD89FD6AF6F7C191" box="[607,677,1386,1412]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Citrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FD61FD6AF776C191" ID-CoL="626WT" box="[695,804,1386,1412]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
), a Southeast Asian genus that originated 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FADAFD6AF174C196" box="[1292,1318,1386,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">ca</emphasis>
8 Mya in Yunnan and radiated rapidly 6–8 Mya (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FD8FFD8EF759C1BD" author="Wu, G. A. &amp; Terol, J. &amp; Ibanez, V. &amp; Lopez-Garcia, A. &amp; Perez-Roman, E. &amp; Borreda, C. &amp; Domingo, C. &amp; Tadeo, F. R. &amp; Carbonell-Caballero, J. &amp; Alonso, R. &amp; Curk, F. &amp; Du, D. &amp; Ollitrault, P. &amp; Roose, M. L. &amp; Dopazo, J. &amp; Gmitter Jr, F. G. &amp; Rokhsar, D. S. &amp; Talon, M." box="[601,779,1421,1448]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="311 - 316" refId="ref6689" refString="Wu, G. A., Terol, J., Ibanez, V., Lopez-Garcia, A., Perez-Roman, E., Borreda, C., Domingo, C., Tadeo, F. R., Carbonell-Caballero, J., Alonso, R., Curk, F., Du, D., Ollitrault, P., Roose, M. L., Dopazo, J., Gmitter Jr, F. G., Rokhsar, D. S. &amp; Talon, M. (2018) Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus. Nature, 554, 311 - 316 + 12 pp extended data. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 25447" type="book chapter" year="2018">
Wu 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD5AFD8EF6EDC1B2" box="[652,703,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
), and is used as a host plant by both 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FB61FD8DF138C1B2" ID-CoL="63BPB" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1207,1386,1421,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB61FD8DF138C1B2" box="[1207,1386,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF0BFDB2F5A1C1D9" ID-CoL="87LHW" authorityName="Miyake" authorityYear="1919" box="[221,499,1457,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tetradacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF0BFDB2F508C1DE" box="[221,346,1458,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FEB8FDB1F5BBC1DE" box="[366,489,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Tetradacus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
species. The absence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FCCAFDB1F79DC1DE" ID-CoL="63BPB" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[796,975,1457,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FCCAFDB1F79DC1DE" box="[796,975,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3327647FFC7FFA8FBCAFDB1F004C1DE" box="[1052,1110,1457,1483]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">India</collectingCountry>
and its utilisation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FA80FDB2F1CEC1D9" ID-CoL="3QB2" box="[1366,1436,1458,1484]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FA80FDB2F1CEC1D9" box="[1366,1436,1458,1484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Citrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
excludes it as a direct 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE5CFDD6F60AC1FA" box="[394,600,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus-Bactrocera</emphasis>
ancestor, leaving only 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FC81FDD5F05FC1FA" ID-CoL="53CW" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[855,1037,1493,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FC81FDD5F05FC1FA" box="[855,1037,1493,1519]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FB97FDD6F0FBC1FA" ID-CoL="BXYLX" authorityName="David &amp; Hancock" authorityYear="2022" box="[1089,1193,1494,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacimita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FB97FDD6F0FBC1FA" box="[1089,1193,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacimita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as potential ancestors of the tribe. These two genera are linked to the other three by the synapomorphies of extreme setal reduction and, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF61FE1DF538C222" ID-CoL="63BPB" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[183,362,1565,1591]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF61FE1DF538C222" box="[183,362,1565,1591]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and (most) 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE2DFE1EF611C222" ID-CoL="62PV2" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[507,579,1566,1591]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE2DFE1EF611C222" box="[507,579,1566,1591]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD80FE1EF638C22D" box="[598,618,1566,1592]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">cf</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FDADFE1DF776C22D" author="Hancock, D. L." box="[635,804,1565,1592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" pagination="111 - 148" refId="ref5332" refString="Hancock, D. L. (2003) An annotated checklist of the Tephritidae of Zimbabwe (Diptera: Schizophora), with a key to subgenera of Dacus Fabricius. Cimbebasia, 19, 111 - 148." type="journal article" year="2003">Hancock 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B26FFC7FFA8FCE5FE1EF010C22D" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[819,1090,1565,1592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" refId="ref5004" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2013) Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia. CAB International, Wallingford, vii + 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780640358.0000" type="book" year="2013">Drew and Romig 2013</bibRefCitation>
], a short, broad, subtriangular scutellum. The plesiomorphic absence of basal scutellar and prescutellar acrostichal setae (frequently but irregularly present (secondarily) in all groups of 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FDEFFE66F6E4C26A" ID-CoL="375F" baseAuthorityName="Hancock and Drew" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[569,694,1638,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FDEFFE66F6E4C26A" box="[569,694,1638,1663]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera, including the 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FC03FE65F00EC26A" box="[981,1116,1637,1663]" pageId="2" pageNumber="386" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zeugodacus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FC03FE65F00EC26A" box="[981,1116,1637,1663]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Zeugodacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) also unites these two genera with 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FEF7FE8AF53BC2B6" ID-CoL="62PV2" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[289,361,1674,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FEF7FE8AF53BC2B6" box="[289,361,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE48FE89F603C2B6" ID-CoL="63BPB" authorityName="Bezzi" authorityYear="1914" box="[414,593,1673,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Monacrostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE48FE89F603C2B6" box="[414,593,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Monacrostichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it is likely that they represent the ancestral dacines as a sister-pair, with either 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FF36FEADF5C4C2D2" ID-CoL="53CW" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1973" box="[224,406,1709,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ichneumonopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FF36FEADF5C4C2D2" box="[224,406,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Ichneumonopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE16FEAEF67AC2D2" ID-CoL="BXYLX" authorityName="David &amp; Hancock" authorityYear="2022" box="[448,552,1710,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacimita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FE16FEAEF67AC2D2" box="[448,552,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacimita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
representing the ancestor of 
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FCA1FEAEF017C2D2" box="[887,1093,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus-Bactrocera</emphasis>
, accompanied by a host plant shift from bamboo to 
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FE5CFED1F66AC2FE" box="[394,568,1745,1771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asclepiadaceae</taxonomicName>
pods (
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FD52FED2F69EC2FE" ID-CoL="62PV2" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[644,716,1746,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Dacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FD52FED2F69EC2FE" box="[644,716,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Dacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or forest fruit (
<taxonomicName id="4C254D54FFC7FFA8FC54FED2F7ADC2FE" ID-CoL="375F" baseAuthorityName="Hancock and Drew" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[898,1023,1746,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC5FFC7FFA8FC54FED2F7ADC2FE" box="[898,1023,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="382">Bactrocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>