treatments-xml/data/02/16/87/021687A07C73242517F731B4FC3187D6.xml

<document id="C11F2E270274B62DCAD0623CF623F690" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8ec7b5cd-9648-41f0-91de-22e226d73892" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="238634" ID-ZooBank="E724E578-EEA7-4385-BB0F-70D143E11232" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461298631615" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio &amp; Yang, Ding" docDate="2015" docId="021687A07C73242517F731B4FC3187D6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04033p599.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4033 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sialis primitivus Liu, Hayashi &amp; Yang, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="597" masterDocId="FE2FFFD87C72242117603334FFCB833E" masterDocTitle="Sialis primitivus sp. nov. (Megaloptera: Sialidae), a remarkable new alderfly species from China" masterLastPageNumber="599" masterPageNumber="593" pageNumber="594" updateTime="1698616941937" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F9F4662D4664B7F10FDE3AA21EA66C86">Sialis primitivus sp. nov. (Megaloptera: Sialidae), a remarkable new alderfly species from China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5294261853A38E8D49B8E8160A6F34F4">Liu, Xingyue</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="021687A07C73242517F731B4FC3187D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6105730" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119643023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6105730" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:021687A07C73242517F731B4FC3187D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/021687A07C73242517F731B4FC3187D6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="597" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
<subSubSection id="C2A5653D7C73242017F731B4FED48182" pageId="1" pageNumber="594" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C73242017F731B4FE0B81A5" blockId="1.[151,448,640,701]" box="[151,448,640,667]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
<heading id="D14881DA7C73242017F731B4FE0B81A5" bold="true" box="[151,448,640,667]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="594" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C73242017F731B4FE0B81A5" bold="true" box="[151,448,640,667]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C73242017F731B4FE9081A4" box="[151,347,640,666]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C73242017F731B4FE9081A4" bold="true" box="[151,347,640,666]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Sialis primitivus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F857DF7C732420160231B5FE0B81A5" box="[354,448,641,667]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8A0036B67C73242017F73190FED48182" blockId="1.[151,448,640,701]" box="[151,287,676,701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
(
<figureCitation id="12842A337C73242017FF3190FEDD8182" box="[159,278,676,701]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStart-1="FIGURES 6 – 9" captionStart-2="FIGURES 10 – 11" captionStartId-0="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1431,671,1887]" captionTargetBox-2="[180,1372,198,1920]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetId-1="figure@2.[151,1436,661,1887]" captionTargetId-2="figure@3.[180,1387,193,1933]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." captionText-1="FIGURES 6 – 9. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES 10 – 11. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/238636/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/238637/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Figs. 1–11</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2A5653D7C73242517F731D8FA5C82B6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="597" pageId="1" pageNumber="594" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C73242017F731D8FA8F803A" blockId="1.[151,1436,748,952]" box="[151,1348,748,773]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C73242017F731D8FEE2803B" bold="true" box="[151,297,748,773]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Description.</emphasis>
Male. Body length 
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; forewing length 
<quantity id="4D479B537C732420143631D8FC26803A" box="[854,1005,748,772]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.55" metricValueMax="10.4" metricValueMin="8.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="594" unit="mm" value="9.55" valueMax="10.4" valueMin="8.7">8.7–10.4 mm</quantity>
, hindwing length 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C73242017A7303BFC138086" blockId="1.[151,1436,748,952]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C73242017A7303BFECC8016" bold="true" box="[199,263,783,808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="12842A337C7324201676303BFE4A8016" box="[278,385,783,808]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Figs. 1, 3</figureCitation>
) smoothly orange, pale brown on clypeus, with dense short yellowish pilosity dorsally and a few brown setae laterally; raised scars indistinct. Compound eyes brown. Antennae blackish brown, with scape and pedicel yellowish brown. Mouthparts pale brown, with maxillary and labial palpi blackish brown; labrum (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C73242012303063FA5F804E" box="[1360,1428,855,880]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) with a U-shaped median notch; mandibles with two small teeth posterior to terminal tooth and a tiny tooth anterior to terminal tooth, and distally with a feebly developed inner fossa (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C73242014E530ABFC008086" box="[901,971,927,952]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A0036B67C73242017F735ECFDA28412" blockId="1.[151,1436,1752,1836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C73242017F735ECFEF885D0" bold="true" box="[151,307,1752,1775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">FIGURES 1–5</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C732420162035EDFE2E85D1" box="[320,485,1753,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="594" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C732420162035EDFE2E85D1" box="[320,485,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Sialis primitivus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C732420168B35EDFDF085D0" bold="true" box="[491,571,1753,1774]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3–5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1–2).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C73242317A73460FE1B8223" blockId="1.[151,1437,1876,2008]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,608]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="595" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C73242017A73460FE898453" bold="true" box="[199,322,1876,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Prothorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="12842A337C73242016303460FE738452" box="[336,440,1876,1901]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Figs. 1, 3</figureCitation>
) orange, pronotum with anterior margin reddish brown; meso- and metathorax yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown, bearing dense brownish setae, with tibiae and tarsi blackish brown; tarsal claws auratus. Wings (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C732420163134A8FE58848A" box="[337,403,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="594">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) pale blackish brown, slightly darker on costal areas and proximal portions; veins brown. Forewing about 3.0 times as long as wide, with 6–7 distinct costal crossveins (remaining distal ones almost reduced); sc-r present; Rs with two simple branches; MA with two simple branches, MP with simple anterior branch and bifurcate posterior branch; CuA bifurcated; three crossveins present between R and Rs. Hindwing about 3.0 times as long as wide; venations similar to that of forewing, with 3–4 distinct costal crossveins (remaining distal ones almost reduced).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C70242317A73213FC658103" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C70242317A73213FEF7827E" bold="true" box="[199,316,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">Abdomen</emphasis>
blackish brown. Tergite 9 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C70242315153213FD72827E" box="[629,697,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,671,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,661,1887]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 9. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238636/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) in dorsal view nearly 3.0 times as wide as long, anterior margin broadly and arcuately concaved, posterior margin nearly truncate. Sternite 9 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C702423149A3278FBF5825A" box="[1018,1086,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,671,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,661,1887]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 9. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238636/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) short, about 3.0 times as wide as long, posterior margin arcuately convexed. Gonocoxites 9 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C7024231419325BFC2282B6" box="[889,1001,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,671,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,661,1887]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 9. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238636/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">Figs. 6–9</figureCitation>
) widely apart from each other, each gonocoxite directed posterodorsad, anteriorly feebly sclerotized, posterior portion setose, subtriangular in ventral view and ovoid in caudal view. Ectoproct (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C70242315A43283FCF182EE" box="[708,826,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,671,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,661,1887]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 9. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238636/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">Figs. 6–9</figureCitation>
) present as a short, ring–like structure, directed posteroventrad, with dorsal and ventral ends almost touching but not tightly fused with each other. Fused gonocoxites 11 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C702423162F32CBFE728126" box="[335,441,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,671,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,661,1887]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 9. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238636/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">Figs. 7–9</figureCitation>
) proximally with a pair of broad foliate lobes, distally with a pair of median processes (= gonostyli 11), which are simply claw-like and directed posteroventrad.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C70242317A73173FAC98161" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,608]" box="[199,1282,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">
Female. Body length 
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; forewing length 
<quantity id="4D479B537C70242314673173FC578161" box="[775,924,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.065" metricValueMax="1.16" metricValueMin="0.97" pageId="2" pageNumber="595" unit="mm" value="10.649999999999999" valueMax="11.6" valueMin="9.7">9.7–11.6 mm</quantity>
, hindwing length 8.9–10.0 mm.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DEC0663E7C70242317F73440FAD98494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238636/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="595" targetBox="[151,1431,671,1887]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C70242317F73440FAD98494" blockId="2.[151,1436,1908,1962]" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C70242317F73440FEF884B4" bold="true" box="[151,307,1908,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">FIGURES 6–9</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C70242316203441FE2E84B5" box="[320,485,1909,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="595" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C70242316203441FE2E84B5" box="[320,485,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">Sialis primitivus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F857DF7C702423168C3441FDF784B4" box="[492,572,1909,1930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="595" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C702423168C3441FDF784B4" bold="true" box="[492,572,1909,1930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="595">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DEC0663E7C71242217F7348EFAF584CD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238637/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="596" targetBox="[180,1372,198,1920]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C71242217F7348EFAF584CD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1978,2035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="596">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C71242217F7348EFE9984EE" bold="true" box="[151,338,1978,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="596">FIGURES 10–11</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C7124221604348FFDC484EF" box="[356,527,1979,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="596" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C7124221604348FFDC484EF" box="[356,527,1979,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="596">Sialis primitivus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F857DF7C712422157C348FFDB884EE" box="[540,627,1979,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="596" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C712422157C348FFDB884EE" bold="true" box="[540,627,1979,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="596">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C76242517A733A3FEF683EB" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
Labrum (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C762425165133A3FEBD838E" box="[305,374,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) with a small V-shaped median notch; mandibles (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C76242514A133A3FBCE838E" box="[961,1029,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1752,1775]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1011,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,1005,1731]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3 – 5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1 – 2)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238635/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) with three small teeth posterior to terminal tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C76242517A733EBFA5C82B6" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
Sternite 7 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C762425162C33EBFE1C83C6" box="[332,471,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[180,1372,198,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1387,193,1933]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 11. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238637/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Figs. 10–11</figureCitation>
) broad, subtrapezoidal in lateral view and broadly lingulate in ventral view, with posterior margin arcuately convexed. Fused gonocoxites 8 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C76242514593230FC758222" box="[825,958,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[180,1372,198,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1387,193,1933]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 11. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238637/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Figs. 10–11</figureCitation>
) rather short, much narrower than sternite 7, medially strongly narrowed, forming a pair of ovoid lateral parts, a small genital hole present at middle; gonapophysis 8 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C76242516393278FE2B825A" box="[345,480,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[180,1372,198,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1387,193,1933]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 11. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238637/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Figs. 10–11</figureCitation>
) feebly sclerotized and distinctly convex posteriad. Gonocoxite 9 (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C76242513823278FAFE825A" box="[1250,1333,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[180,1372,198,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1387,193,1933]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 11. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238637/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) broadly valvate, arcuately margined ventrad, posteriorly with a small gonostylus 9 at tip. Ectoprocts (
<figureCitation id="12842A337C76242513C9325BFB3182B6" box="[1193,1274,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[180,1372,198,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1387,193,1933]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 11. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238637/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) short, ovoid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2A5653D7C76242517A732A0FE4D815E" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C76242517A732A0FE4D815E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242517A732A0FE4F8293" bold="true" box="[199,388,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242517A732A0FEC98293" box="[199,258,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Type</typeStatus>
materials.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242516F032A0FE338293" box="[400,504,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
♂, “ 
<collectingCountry id="F2A876267C762425155632A0FDB68293" box="[566,637,404,429]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">China</collectingCountry>
, W[est]. Hupeh [= Hubei Province], Lichuan Distr[ict]., Suisapa [= Shuishanba Village, 
<geoCoordinate id="EF8B50717C762425161F3283FE2B82EE" box="[383,480,439,464]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" precision="925" value="30.083334">30°05′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EF8B50717C762425168C3283FD9282EE" box="[492,601,439,464]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" precision="925" value="108.61667">108°37′E</geoCoordinate>
], 
<quantity id="4D479B537C762425150D328CFD0F82F1" box="[621,708,440,464]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C76242515B13283FCD682EE" box="[721,797,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1931-07">VII-31</date>
-[19]48/Collectors Gressitt &amp; Djou” (
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C76242513A5328CFADF82EE" box="[1221,1300,440,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
). 
<typeStatus id="550488147C7624251247328CFA5382EE" box="[1319,1432,440,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCount id="9CB9FD3F7C76242517F732E8FF7182CA" box="[151,186,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="generic">9♂</specimenCount>
10♀, same data as 
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242516F832E8FE3682CA" box="[408,509,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C762425156B32E8FD5F82CA" box="[523,660,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1948-07-31">31.VII.1948</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C76242515C632E8FD3E82CA" box="[678,757,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
); 
<specimenCount id="9CB9FD3F7C762425146B32E8FCFB82CA" box="[779,816,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
, same data as 
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242514BC32E8FB8A82CB" box="[988,1089,476,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C762425132F32E8FB1382CA" box="[1103,1240,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1948-07-30">30.VII.1948</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C762425138A32E8FAF282CA" box="[1258,1337,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
); 
<specimenCount id="9CB9FD3F7C762425122F32E8FABC82CA" box="[1359,1399,476,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="generic">4♂</specimenCount>
3♀, same data as 
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242516503134FE5E8126" box="[304,405,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C76242516C13134FDE18126" box="[417,554,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1948-07-26">26.VII.1948</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C762425155B3134FD418126" box="[571,650,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
); 1♀, same data as 
<typeStatus id="550488147C762425140A3134FC048126" box="[874,975,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C76242514BC3134FBAF8126" box="[988,1124,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1948-07-29">29.VII.1948</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C76242513153134FB0F8126" box="[1141,1220,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
); 1♀, same data as 
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242517F73110FF378103" box="[151,252,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C762425166E3110FEBF8102" box="[270,372,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1948-07">VII.1948</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C76242516EA3110FE128102" box="[394,473,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
); 
<specimenCount id="9CB9FD3F7C76242516943110FDD38102" box="[500,536,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
, same data as 
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242515B63110FCF08103" box="[726,827,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C762425142D3110FC1B8103" box="[845,976,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1948-08-06">6.VIII.1948</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C76242514873110FBFD8102" box="[999,1078,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
); 
<specimenCount id="9CB9FD3F7C76242513313110FBBE8102" box="[1105,1141,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
, same data as 
<typeStatus id="550488147C76242512533110FA538103" box="[1331,1432,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<date id="FE0110767C76242517F7317CFED0815E" box="[151,283,584,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" value="1948-08-08">8.VIII.1948</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECAEAE737C762425164A317CFEB1815E" box="[298,378,584,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">CASC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2A5653D7C76242517A73158FDDB81BB" box="[199,528,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C76242517A73158FDDB81BB" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1256]" box="[199,528,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242517A73158FEAB81BB" bold="true" box="[199,352,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F2A876267C76242516073158FE6181BB" box="[359,426,620,645]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">China</collectingCountry>
(Hubei).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2A5653D7C76242517A731BBFF1781F2" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C76242517A731BBFF1781F2" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242517A731BBFE858196" bold="true" box="[199,334,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet “ 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C762425152D31A4FD748199" box="[589,703,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C762425152D31A4FD748199" box="[589,703,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">primitivus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” refers to the putative basalmost position of the new species in 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C76242517F73180FF1E81F2" box="[151,213,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242517F73180FF1E81F2" box="[151,213,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2A5653D7C76242517A731E3FC3187D6" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C76242517A731E3FD288731" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242517A731E3FEF081CE" bold="true" box="[199,315,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Remarks.</emphasis>
The new species can be easily distinguished from all other 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C762425148E31ECFBE781CE" box="[1006,1068,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C762425148E31ECFBE781CE" box="[1006,1068,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by the orange head and prothorax and by the Rs with only two branches. In all other known species of 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C762425135B31C8FBB2802A" box="[1083,1145,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C762425135B31C8FBB2802A" box="[1083,1145,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the Rs has three to five branches, and there is only one species, i.e. 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C76242515E23014FC3C8006" authority="Liu &amp; Yang, 2006" authorityName="Liu &amp; Yang" authorityYear="2006" box="[642,1015,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicoloris">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242515E23014FCE98006" box="[642,802,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">S. versicoloris</emphasis>
Liu &amp; Yang, 2006
</taxonomicName>
, in which the female has orange head and prothorax, but the head of conspecific male is entirely black (
<bibRefCitation id="EE2E4B477C76242514103070FB8E8063" author="Liu" box="[880,1093,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" refString="Liu, X. Y. &amp; Yang, D. (2006 a) Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae). Zootaxa, 1108, 23 - 35." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">Liu &amp; Yang 2006a</bibRefCitation>
). Notably, the orange head and prothorax as well as the wing venation features (i.e. Rs 2-branched and MP with simple anterior branch and bifurcated posterior branch) are shared by the Madagascan endemic genus 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C762425136630B8FAE9809A" authority="Navas, 1927" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1927" box="[1030,1314,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Haplosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C762425136630B8FB4C809A" box="[1030,1159,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Haplosialis</emphasis>
Navás, 1927
</taxonomicName>
and some species of the American endemic genera 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C76242515E53084FD3480F6" box="[645,767,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Protosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242515E53084FD3480F6" box="[645,767,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Protosialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C76242514203084FC5180F6" box="[832,922,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Ilyobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242514203084FC5180F6" box="[832,922,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Ilyobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EE2E4B477C76242514CF309BFBBC80F6" author="Liu" box="[943,1143,943,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" refString="Liu, X. Y., Hayashi, F. &amp; Yang, D. (2015 a) Phylogeny of the family Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) inferred from morphological data, with implications for generic classification and historical biogeography. Cladistics, 31, 18 - 49. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12071" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">
Liu 
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242514843085FBE980F6" box="[996,1058,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">et al.</emphasis>
2015a
</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C76242512693084FA5780F9" box="[1289,1436,944,967]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242512693084FA5780F9" box="[1289,1436,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">S. primitivus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses an important synapomorphy of 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C762425151D30E0FD7080D2" box="[637,699,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C762425151D30E0FD7080D2" box="[637,699,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the inner fossae on male mandibles (
<bibRefCitation id="EE2E4B477C762425131E30E0FA8B80D3" author="Liu" box="[1150,1344,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" refString="Liu, X. Y., Hayashi, F. &amp; Yang, D. (2015 a) Phylogeny of the family Sialidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) inferred from morphological data, with implications for generic classification and historical biogeography. Cladistics, 31, 18 - 49. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12071" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">
Liu 
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242513D130E1FB2680D2" box="[1201,1261,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">et al.</emphasis>
2015a
</bibRefCitation>
), which indicates that this new species is a member of 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C76242515FD30CCFD10872E" box="[669,731,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242515FD30CCFD10872E" box="[669,731,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Sialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0036B67C76242517A73728FC3187D6" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">
All examined specimens of the new species were collected from western Hubei Province of central 
<collectingCountry id="F2A876267C76242512393728FA57870B" box="[1369,1436,1052,1077]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">China</collectingCountry>
during a joint expedition called “The California Academy-Lingnan Dawn-Redwood Expedition” in 1948 (see the description of this expedition in 
<bibRefCitation id="EE2E4B477C76242515723750FD018743" author="Gressitt" box="[530,714,1124,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" refString="Gressitt, J. L. (1953) The California Academy-Lingnan Dawn-Redwood Expedition. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 28, 25 - 58." type="journal article" year="1953">Gressitt (1953))</bibRefCitation>
. The collecting site “Suisapa [= Shuishanba Village]” is wellknown with the largest natural population of 
<taxonomicName id="4DBF4D357C76242515F837BCFB48879E" authority="Hu &amp; Cheng" authorityName="Hu &amp; Cheng" box="[664,1155,1159,1184]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Metasequoia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="597" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glyptostroboides">
<emphasis id="B8CBEAA47C76242515F837BCFC21879E" box="[664,1002,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="597">Metasequoia glyptostroboides</emphasis>
Hu &amp; Cheng
</taxonomicName>
(dawn redwood), one of three species of conifers known as redwoods and considered to be a “living fossil” since its congeneric relatives are fossil taxa from the Late Cretaceous to Miocene in the Northern Hemisphere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>