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<document id="6CC85541D3CD8321019B3C8C3ECC2B81" ID-DOI="10.1155/2014/176539" ID-ISSN="1687-7438" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15391425" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1747078564437" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schöller, Matthias" docDate="2014" docId="03A587CD8A065D75FF66C938FE0FFBA1" docLanguage="en" docName="Psyche.2014.176539.pdf" docOrigin="Psyche: A Journal of Entomology (176539) 2014" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/176539" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C7867117109CD9673064E01C7FB49DFB.1:Psyche.2009-.journal_article.affilindex" docStyleId="C7867117109CD9673064E01C7FB49DFB" docStyleName="Psyche.2009-.journal_article.affilindex" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Cryptocephalus rufipes" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2" masterDocId="FF9CFFB58A075D77FFE1CF52FFA9FFA8" masterDocTitle="Cryptocephaline Egg Case Provides Incomplete Protection from Generalist Predators (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="4" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1747159577149" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B00E8AD852031BFA0A5E30EFCA2B114C">Cryptocephaline Egg Case Provides Incomplete Protection from Generalist Predators (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03A587CD8A065D75FF66C938FE0FFBA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A587CD8A065D75FF66C938FE0FFBA1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A587CD8A065D75FF66C938FE0FFBA1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<subSubSection id="C31665508A065D76FF66C938FC66FB42" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB336DB8A065D76FF66C938FD48F89F" blockId="1.[135,776,1642,1848]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0FB81B78A065D76FF66C938FD48F89F" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FF66C938FE24F92A" box="[135,397,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3.1. Field Observations.</emphasis>
Beside
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FE11C938FDF7F92A" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[496,606,1642,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FE11C938FDF7F92A" box="[496,606,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, several other
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FF66C9DAFE80F908" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[135,297,1672,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
were occurring on
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FDEDC9DAFD02F908" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[524,683,1672,1696]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FDEDC9DAFD02F908" box="[524,683,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Salix purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in June and July, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FED7C9F4FEBDF975" authority="Drapiez, 1819" authorityName="Drapiez" authorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ocellatus" subGenus="Burlinius" subSpecies="ocellatus">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FED7C9F4FE7FF916" box="[310,470,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cryptocephalus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FE05C9F4FDEAF916" box="[484,579,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Burlinius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FDB0C9F4FCAEF916" box="[593,775,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">ocellatus ocellatus</emphasis>
Drapiez, 1819
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FEFCC997FD94F975" authority="Marseul, 1857" authorityName="Marseul" authorityYear="1857" box="[285,573,1733,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="androgyne">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FEFCC997FE01F975" box="[285,424,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. androgyne</emphasis>
Marseul, 1857
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FDA6C997FE92F953" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phratora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitellinae">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FDA6C997FCAEF975" box="[583,775,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Phratora vitellinae</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FE9AC9B1FCADF953" authority="(Ratzeburg, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[379,772,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Clytra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeviuscula">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FE9AC9B1FD93F953" box="[379,570,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Clytra laeviuscula</emphasis>
(Ratzeburg, 1837)
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, the weevil
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FE94C853FF5DF890" authority="(Fabricius, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picus" subGenus="Polydrusus">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FE94C853FE4FF8B1" box="[373,486,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Polydrusus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FE1BC853FDC2F8B1" box="[506,619,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Polydrusus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FD9FC850FD1AF8B1" box="[638,691,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">picus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1792)
</taxonomicName>
was found feeding and mating on
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FD83C872FD72F890" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[610,731,1824,1848]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FD83C872FD72F890" box="[610,731,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">S. purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336DB8A065D76FF66C83AFC66FB42" blockId="1.[135,776,1896,1981]" lastBlockId="1.[823,1464,991,1258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FF66C83AFDAEF828" box="[135,519,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
3.2. Morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FEBFC83AFE6EF828" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[350,455,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">C. rufipes</taxonomicName>
Eggs.
</emphasis>
The eggs of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FD7EC83AFCAEF828" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[671,775,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FD7EC83AFCAEF828" box="[671,775,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are blackish to greyish brown with eight narrow, regular ridges as illustrated in
<figureCitation id="13372A5E8A065D76FE9CC8F6FE78F815" box="[381,465,1956,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[135,206,505,526]" captionTargetBox="[227,679,218,478]" captionTargetId="figure-3@1.[269,600,231,481]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1: Egg of Cryptocephalus rufipes (Goeze, 1777), scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15391429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15391429/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figure 1</figureCitation>
. Each individual faecal plate bears a little crest; the regular arrangement of the faecal plates composes the ridges that have little gaps in case the faecal plates do not perfectly touch. The mean size ± SD was
<quantity id="4CF49B3E8A065D76FC85CB68FC64FBFA" box="[868,973,1082,1106]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.97" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.797">0.797 mm</quantity>
±
<quantity id="4CF49B3E8A065D76FC09CB68FBF8FBFA" box="[1000,1105,1082,1106]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.057">0.057 mm</quantity>
length and
<quantity id="4CF49B3E8A065D76FB2CCB68FA9CFBFA" box="[1229,1333,1082,1106]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.32" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.532">0.532 mm</quantity>
±
<quantity id="4CF49B3E8A065D76FAB1CB68FA11FBFA" box="[1360,1464,1082,1106]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.033">0.033 mm</quantity>
width; median was 0.80 for length and 0.53 for width. Length was ranging from 0.700 to
<quantity id="4CF49B3E8A065D76FB82CB25FB64FB26" box="[1123,1229,1143,1167]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.975">0.975 mm</quantity>
, width from 0.475 to 0.600 mm. The eggs are elongate oval; the mean length to width ratio was
<quantity id="4CF49B3E8A065D76FC09CBE1FBE8FB63" box="[1000,1089,1203,1227]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.50 mm</quantity>
± 0.095, ranging from 1.25 to 1.70 (median 1.50).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31665508A065D75FCD6CA45FE0FFBA1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB336DB8A065D76FCD6CA45FA83FA22" blockId="1.[823,1463,1303,1418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FCD6CA45FB53FA87" box="[823,1274,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
3.3. Experiments with Eggs of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FB8CCA4AFB5FFA87" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1879" box="[1133,1270,1303,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Ephestia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuehniella">E. kuehniella</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The experiments with eggs of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FC20CA64FBE1FAE5" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1879" box="[961,1096,1333,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Ephestia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuehniella">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FC20CA64FBE1FAE5" box="[961,1096,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">E. kuehniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resulted in complete predation of these eggs by both
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FC1ECA06FBCBFAC3" baseAuthorityName="Stephens" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1023,1122,1364,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnea">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FC1ECA06FBCBFAC3" box="[1023,1122,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. carnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FB77CA06FAA8FAC4" baseAuthorityName="Reuter" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1174,1281,1364,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" genus="Xylocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FB77CA06FAA8FAC4" box="[1174,1281,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">X. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the untreated control, 92% of the
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FBE4CA21FB3AFA22" box="[1029,1171,1394,1418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">E. kuehniella-</emphasis>
eggs emerged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336DB8A065D76FCD6CAE5FC34F90B" blockId="1.[823,1464,1463,1699]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FCD6CAE5FBC6FA67" box="[823,1135,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3.4. Experiments with Eggs of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FB99CAE5FC7FFA45" authority=", Behavioural Observations. When" authorityName="Behavioural Observations. When" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FB99CAE5FC20FA45" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes, Behavioural Observations.</emphasis>
When
</taxonomicName>
encountering the
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FB74CA84FB51FA45" box="[1173,1272,1493,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FB74CA84FB51FA45" box="[1173,1272,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
eggs, the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FCD6CAA6FC35F9A3" baseAuthorityName="Stephens" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[823,924,1524,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnea">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FCD6CAA6FC35F9A3" box="[823,924,1524,1547]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. carnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed the typical prey uplifting behaviour. They fixed the
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FC76C940FC53F982" box="[919,1018,1554,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FC76C940FC53F982" box="[919,1018,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
eggs and held them in position (
<figureCitation id="13372A5E8A065D76FAB0C940FA01F982" box="[1361,1448,1554,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[823,894,446,467]" captionTargetBox="[915,1369,195,421]" captionTargetId="figure-402@1.[915,1369,195,421]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2: Larva of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) uplifting an egg of Cryptocephalus rufipes (Goeze, 1777)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15391427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15391427/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figure 2</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FCD6C963FC0CF9E0" baseAuthorityName="Reuter" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[823,933,1584,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" genus="Xylocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FCD6C963FC0CF9E0" box="[823,933,1584,1608]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">X. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined the eggs after contacting it (
<figureCitation id="13372A5E8A065D76FAB0C962FA01F9E0" box="[1361,1448,1584,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="1.[823,894,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[915,1369,551,840]" captionTargetId="figure-420@1.[915,1369,551,840]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 3: Adult of Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter, 1875) handling an egg of Cryptocephalus rufipes (Goeze, 1777)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15391431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15391431/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figure 3</figureCitation>
). Within the first three days of the experiment, in all trials one predator consumed the second; consequently, cannibalism occurred.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336DB8A065D75FCD6C982FE0FFBA1" blockId="1.[823,1464,1744,1981]" lastBlockId="2.[135,776,858,1033]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FCD6C982FBCBF940" box="[823,1122,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3.5. Experiments with Eggs of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FB86C983FA1EF940" authority=", Larval Hatch. Larvae" authorityName="Larval Hatch. Larvae" box="[1127,1463,1744,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FB86C983FACAF940" box="[1127,1379,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes, Larval Hatch.</emphasis>
Larvae
</taxonomicName>
hatched after 10 to 13 days. The presence of the predators significantly affected the number of hatching
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FAA2C85FFA07F88D" box="[1347,1454,1805,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FAA2C85FFA07F88D" box="[1347,1454,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- larvae from the eggs (Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks, 𝐻 = 18.473, DF = 2, 𝑃 &lt;0.001). In the untreated control, a mean ± SD of 3.23±1.02 larvae hatched. The presence of both
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FBC2C8D5FB21F836" baseAuthorityName="Stephens" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1059,1160,1927,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnea">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FBC2C8D5FB21F836" box="[1059,1160,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. carnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FB20C8D5FA87F836" baseAuthorityName="Reuter" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1217,1326,1926,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" genus="Xylocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FB20C8D5FA87F836" box="[1217,1326,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">X. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
significantly reduced the number of hatching
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A065D76FB6EC8F7FB5BF815" box="[1167,1266,1957,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A065D76FB6EC8F7FB5BF815" box="[1167,1266,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-eggs (All Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures, Dunn’s Method, 𝑄 = 3.891 and 2.817, 𝑃 &lt;0.05). A mean of 0.91±1.38 and 1.55± 1.29 hatched in the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A055D75FE0FCCC5FDFCFC06" baseAuthorityName="Stephens" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[494,597,919,942]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysoperla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnea">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A055D75FE0FCCC5FDFCFC06" box="[494,597,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. carnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D588A055D75FD73CCC5FCA8FC06" baseAuthorityName="Reuter" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[658,769,918,942]" class="Insecta" family="Anthocoridae" genus="Xylocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B978EAC98A055D75FD73CCC5FCA8FC06" box="[658,769,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">X. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively. However, there was no statistical difference in reduction between the two predators (Dunn’s Method, 𝑄 = 0.929, 𝑃&gt;0.05) (
<figureCitation id="13372A5E8A055D75FEDECCA3FE3FFBA1" box="[319,406,1009,1033]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="2.[135,206,673,694]" captionTargetBox="[148,762,200,645]" captionTargetId="graphics-3@2.[232,762,209,594]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 4: Number of Cryptocephalus rufipes-larvae hatched out of five eggs exposed to Chrysoperla carnea or Xylocoris flavipes, or no predators (untreated). Means followed by the same lowercase letter do not differ significantly at 𝑃&lt;0.05 (Dunn’s Method) (𝑛=11)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15391433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15391433/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

318
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<mods:title id="35FF05529F42EF0FE731681976F1AE25">Diolcogaster flammeus sp. nov. from Brazil, a new Microgastrinae wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of importance in biological control</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390E045AFCC3FE75FCB346E4" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCC3FE75FCB346E4" blockId="1.[833,1504,451,499]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFCC3FE75FA3E46C0" authority="Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernandez-Triana" authorityName="Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" box="[864,1504,451,471]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flammeus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFCC3FE75FB9F46C0" box="[864,1089,451,471]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Diolcogaster flammeus</emphasis>
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFBE9FE72FA3E46C0" bold="true" box="[1098,1504,451,471]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernández-Triana sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<heading id="A53CFE35390E045AFCE2FE56FCB346E4" bold="true" box="[833,877,480,499]" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" reason="2">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFCE2FE56FCB746E4" bold="true" box="[833,873,480,499]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">nov</emphasis>
.
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390E045AFCC3FE4AFB704217" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="description">
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCC3FE4AFBAD43F3" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFCC3FE4AFB8B4518" bold="true" box="[864,1109,508,527]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Description. Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This is the only yellow-orange species of the
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFC2AFDA1FC2F453C" authorityName="Unknown" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[905,1009,535,555]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthaspis">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFC2AFDA1FC2F453C" box="[905,1009,535,555]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">xanthaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group recorded in the New World thus far. It is possible that more yellow-orange New World species will be discovered in a near future.
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFBCFFDE6FB674574" bold="true" box="[1132,1209,592,611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="66F055DC390E045AFB6AFDE6FADC4574" box="[1225,1282,592,611]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[85,112,1264,1278]" captionTargetBox="[396,1164,148,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-13@2.[396,1164,148,1233]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. (A) Female paratype.(B) Head,ventral view.(C) Head, frontal view.(D) Fore and hind wings.(E) Propodeum and metasomal tergites, dorsal view.(F) Mesosoma,dorsal view. (G) Miasma, lateral view.(H) Metasoma, dorsal view of Diolcogaster flammeus sp. nov.(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13195869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13195869/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Body color entirely yellow to orange yellow, except for dark brown to black on flagellomeres, parts of the scape, and most of the interocellar area, and most of T2–T4 brown. Fore wing with pterostigma and veins brown. Head mostly with striate sculpture on face, frons, gena and vertex; occiput strongly concave and smooth. Mesosoma with anteromesoscutum and scutellar disk rugose-punctate, scutellar disk posteriorly with a keel; propodeum with strong and complete median carina, and additional transverse rugosity on posterior 0.6 of propodeum. Metasoma with T1 slightly widening toward posterior margin and with strong and deep median sulcus running throughout the entire tergite; T2 subtriangular, with relatively strong sulcus delimiting lateral margins and a central area that is slightly raised and delimited laterally by punctures; T3+ smooth; ovipositor sheaths with a few setae on apical 0.3. Metacoxa relatively large, more than half the length of metasoma. Measurements (all in mm). Body length: 3.50. Fore wing length: 3.4. Metacoxa length: 0.96. Metafemur length/width: 1.12/0.31. Metatibia length: 1.22. Length of inner/outer spurs of metatibia: 0.53/0.30. Length of first segment of metatarsus: 0.70. Ovipositor sheath length: 0.25. T1 length: 0.60; T1 width at anterior margin/maximum width 0.20/0.28. T2 length/width at posterior margin: 0.24/0.50. T3 length: 0.36. Length of flagellomeres: F1/F2/F3/F14/F15/F16: 0.26/0.26/0.26/0.15/0.15/0.16.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCC3FB5BFB704217" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" box="[864,1198,1261,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFCC3FB5BFC4A4217" bold="true" box="[864,916,1261,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="66F055DC390E045AFC01FB5BFC064217" box="[930,984,1261,1280]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[114,141,1272,1286]" captionTargetBox="[425,1193,151,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-13@3.[425,1193,150,1242]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. (A) Male paratype. (B) Head, frontal view. (C) Habitus, dorsal view. (D) Propodeum and metasomal tergite, dorsal view. (E) Fore wing. (F) Metasoma, dorsal view of Diolcogaster flammeus sp. nov. (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13195873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13195873/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Identical to female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390E045AFCC3FABFFB4F4267" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCC3FABFFB4F4267" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFCC3FABFFC1A420B" bold="true" box="[864,964,1289,1308]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Remarks.</emphasis>
Accounting for the new species from
<collectingCountry id="86DC09C9390E045AFAC0FABFFA43420B" box="[1379,1437,1289,1308]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Brazil</collectingCountry>
being described in this study, the fauna of the
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFB4EFA92FA8B422F" authorityName="Unknown" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1261,1365,1316,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthaspis">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFB4EFA92FA8B422F" box="[1261,1365,1316,1336]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">xanthaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group in the New World now includes four species (
<tableCitation id="B3497CE2390E045AFB74FAF7FAFF4243" box="[1239,1313,1345,1364]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[114,160,1350,1364]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1 Hostcaterpillar (Lepidoptera) (author;family) and itsgeographical distribution,host plant (author;family),and reference ofspecies ofDiolcogaster (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) (author)." pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Table 1</tableCitation>
). A key to all New World species is provided below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390E045AFCE2FACEFBFD41D2" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="key">
<key id="8A5A1E68390E045AFCE2FACEFBFD41D2" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<keyStep id="453F51FC390E045AFCE2FACEFB3E42DD" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCE2FACEFA7842A4" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<keyLead id="453AEA6C390E045AFCE2FACEFA7842A4" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
1- Body almost entirely yellow to orange-yellow (except for flagellomeres, part of scape and most of interocellar area black, and most of T2–T4 partially brown)...
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFC3FFA12FAA142A4" authority="Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernandez-Triana" authorityName="Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernandez-Triana" authorityYear="2018" box="[924,1407,1444,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flammeus" status="sp.">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFC3FFA12FB9342A4" box="[924,1101,1444,1459]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Diolcogaster flammeus</emphasis>
Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernández-Triana
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D78C2830390E045AFAC4FA13FAA142A4" box="[1383,1407,1445,1459]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" rank="species">sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
nov.
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCE2FA0AFB3E42DD" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" box="[833,1248,1468,1482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<keyLead id="453AEA6C390E045AFCE2FA0AFB3E42DD" box="[833,1248,1468,1482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">- Body mostly to partially dark brown to black... 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="453F51FC390E045AFCE2FA65FB6C412B" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCE2FA65FADF4119" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<keyLead id="453AEA6C390E045AFCE2FA65FADF4119" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
2(1) Female antenna relatively short, as long as fore wing length, and with apical 8–9 flagellomeres with only one placode rank; metacoxa yellow or white-yellow...
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFC6EF9B6FADF4119" authority="(Cresson, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Cresson" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[973,1281,1536,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFC6EF9B6FBA14118" box="[973,1151,1536,1551]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Diolcogaster iridescens</emphasis>
(Cresson, 1865)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCE2F9AEFB6C412B" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<keyLead id="453AEA6C390E045AFCE2F9AEFB6C412B" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">- Female antenna longer than fore wing, most flagellomeres with two ranks of placodes; metacoxa black to dark brown... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="453F51FC390E045AFCE2F9F3FBFD41D2" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCE2F9F3FBAB4196" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<keyLead id="453AEA6C390E045AFCE2F9F3FBAB4196" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
3(2) Second submarginal cell of fore wing triangular and relatively large in size, without defined vein RS + r − m; tergite 2 0.5 × as long as tergite 3....
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFCE2F9C4FBAB4196" authority="(Muesebeck, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Muesebeck" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[833,1141,1650,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bakeri">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFCE2F9C4FC084196" box="[833,982,1650,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Diolcogaster bakeri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A5A34A8390E045AFC42F9C5FBB04196" author="Muesebeck, C. F. W." box="[993,1134,1651,1665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref4307" refString="Muesebeck, C. F. W., 1922. A revision of the North American ichneumon-flies, belonging to the subfamilies Neoneurinae and Microgasterinae. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 61, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1922">Muesebeck, 1922</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE744959390E045AFCE2F93CFBFD41D2" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
- Second submarginal cell of fore wing relatively small in size, slit-like, with short vein RS + r − m; tergite 2 0.6–0.7 × as long as tergite 3...
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFA9DF916FBFD41D2" authority="(Ashmead, 1900)" authorityName="Unknown" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthaspis">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFA9DF916FC4A41D1" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Diolcogaster xanthaspis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A5A34A8390E045AFC3CF901FBC241D2" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[927,1052,1719,1733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" pagination="1 - 220" refId="ref3525" refString="Ashmead, W. H., 1900. Classification of the ichneumon flies, or the superfamily Ichneumonoidea. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 23, 1 - 220." type="journal article" year="1900">Ashmead, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390E0459FCC3F978FE8042FE" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="234" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="FE744959390E0459FCC3F978FE8042FE" blockId="1.[833,1504,508,1985]" lastBlockId="2.[85,757,1439,1960]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="234" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFCC3F978FC2241F6" bold="true" box="[864,1020,1742,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="4EA34304390E045AFBA5F978FB52407B" collectedFrom="Host plants: C. spicatus and C. spiralis var. spiralis" collectingDate="2011-05-18" collectorName="Wagner de Souza Tavares &amp; Jose Cola Zanuncio" country="Brazil" elevation="651" location="Vicosa" municipality="Vicosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" specimenCode="UFVll" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Minas Gerais State" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFBA5F978FBB241F6" bold="true" box="[1030,1132,1742,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<typeStatus id="2170F7FB390E045AFBA5F978FBB641F6" box="[1030,1128,1742,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="E8CD82D0390E045AFBD5F978FB1F41F6" box="[1142,1217,1742,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="female">Female</specimenCount>
, “Museu Regional de Entomologia –
<superScript id="09BEE411390E045AFC14F95CFC3441E3" attach="left" box="[951,1002,1766,1789]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<specimenCode id="AE6DE122390E045AFC14F95CFC3441E3" box="[951,1002,1766,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">UFVll</specimenCode>
</superScript>
, 20
<superScript id="09BEE411390E045AFBB5F950FBC041E3" attach="left" box="[1046,1054,1766,1780]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">◦</superScript>
45
<superScript id="09BEE411390E045AFBE7F950FB9641E3" attach="left" box="[1092,1096,1766,1780]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">l</superScript>
S × 42
<superScript id="09BEE411390E045AFB29F950FB4C41E3" attach="left" box="[1162,1170,1766,1780]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">◦</superScript>
51
<superScript id="09BEE411390E045AFB1AF950FB6341E3" attach="left" box="[1209,1213,1766,1780]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">l</superScript>
W,
<elevation id="75E6AE6A390E045AFB49F95CFA0241EA" box="[1258,1500,1770,1789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.51" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="651.0">
<quantity id="3933E4BC390E045AFB49F95CFAF641EA" box="[1258,1320,1770,1789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.51" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="651.0">
<elevation id="75E6AE6A390E045AFB49F95CFAF641EA" box="[1258,1320,1770,1789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.51" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="651.0">651 m</elevation>
</quantity>
above sea level
</elevation>
,
<date id="8A756F99390E045AFCE2F8B0FC79400E" box="[833,935,1798,1817]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" value="2011-05-18">
<collectingDate id="9A319671390E045AFCE2F8B0FC79400E" box="[833,935,1798,1817]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" value="2011-05-18">18.V.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="533E2C8F390E045AFC10F8B0FB65400E" box="[947,1211,1798,1817]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Wagner de Souza Tavares</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="533E2C8F390E045AFB7AF8B0FA42400E" box="[1241,1436,1798,1817]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">José Cola Zanuncio</collectorName>
. Holotype locality:
<collectingMunicipality id="1E10D323390E045AFC70F894FBC84022" box="[979,1046,1826,1845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Viçosa</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="3C0F87BB390E045AFB87F894FB344022" box="[1060,1258,1826,1845]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Minas Gerais State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="86DC09C9390E045AFB54F894FAED4022" box="[1271,1331,1826,1845]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Holotype label: WAG01.18.05.2011.
<collectedFrom id="4DD70AA4390E045AFBB3F888FCB5407B" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
Host plants:
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFB31F88AFB274046" box="[1170,1273,1852,1873]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicatus">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFB31F88AFB274046" box="[1170,1273,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">C. spicatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFA88F88AFCB5407B" authority="var. spiralis" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="spiralis" variety="spiralis">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFA88F88AFA574046" box="[1323,1417,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">C. spiralis</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFA18F88BFCB5407B" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">spiralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
. Host caterpillar:
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390E045AFB89F8EEFB52407B" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[1066,1164,1880,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Agaraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFB89F8EEFB52407B" box="[1066,1164,1880,1900]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">A. minuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="4EA34304390E0459FB39F8ECFE8742FE" collectedFrom="Host plants: C. spicatus and C. spiralis var. spiralis" collectingDate="2011-05-18" collectionCode="UFV, CNC" collectorName="G. Salgado-Neto" country="Brazil" elevation="651" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="234" municipality="Vicosa" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" specimenCode="CNC649489, CNC649490" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Minas Gerais" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390E045AFB39F8ECFAD6407A" bold="true" box="[1178,1288,1882,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">
<typeStatus id="2170F7FB390E045AFB39F8ECFADA407A" box="[1178,1284,1882,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Same locality as for holotype,
<specimenCount id="E8CD82D0390E045AFC0BF8C3FBFA409F" box="[936,1060,1909,1928]" count="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="female">five females</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="E8CD82D0390E045AFBF9F8C3FB1A409F" box="[1114,1220,1909,1928]" count="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="233" type="male">five males</specimenCount>
(all in “Museu Regional de Entomologia –
<collectionCode id="98DAD19C390E045AFC79F827FBD940B3" box="[986,1031,1937,1956]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">UFV</collectionCode>
”, except one female and one male in Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes (
<collectionCode id="98DAD19C390E045AFA06F81BFA0840D7" box="[1445,1494,1965,1984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="233">CNC</collectionCode>
), Ottawa, Ontario. Labels:
<collectingCountry id="86DC09C9390D0459FEEDFA29FE5442A5" box="[334,394,1439,1458]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="3C0F87BB390D0459FE30FA29FDC642A5" box="[403,536,1439,1458]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="1E10D323390D0459FD83FA29FD7742A5" box="[544,681,1439,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Viçosa-Minas</collectingMunicipality>
Gerais, 2012, ex.
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390D0459FF62FA0CFE8942D9" box="[193,343,1466,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Agarea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FF62FA0CFE8942D9" box="[193,343,1466,1486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Agarea minuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll.
<collectorName id="533E2C8F390D0459FE3FFA0DFD9842D9" box="[412,582,1467,1486]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">G. Salgado-Neto</collectorName>
, voucher codes:
<specimenCode id="AE6DE122390D0459FFF6FA60FF1042FE" box="[85,206,1494,1513]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">CNC649489</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="AE6DE122390D0459FF74FA60FE8A42FE" box="[215,340,1494,1513]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">CNC649490</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="AAB419D1390D0459FFF6FB46FBF94202" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13195869" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13195869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13195869/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" startId="2.[85,112,1264,1278]" targetBox="[396,1164,148,1233]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="FE744959390D0459FFF6FB46FBF94202" blockId="2.[85,1474,1264,1301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FFF6FB46FF5843E9" bold="true" box="[85,134,1264,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
(A) Female paratype. (B) Head, ventral view. (C) Head, frontal view. (D) Fore and hind wings. (E) Propodeum and metasomal tergites, dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma, dorsal view. (G) Miasma, lateral view. (H) Metasoma, dorsal view of
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390D0459FDE4FAB0FD264202" authorityName="Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernández-Triana &amp; Tavares &amp; Zanuncio" authorityYear="2018" box="[583,760,1286,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flammeus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FDE4FAB0FD264202" box="[583,760,1286,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Diolcogaster flammeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D78C2830390D0459FD5EFAB1FCE24202" box="[765,828,1287,1301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390D0459FCE7FAB1FC674202" box="[836,953,1287,1301]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390D0459FC63FAB1FBC04202" box="[960,1054,1287,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390D0459FFD6FA45FD9A4136" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="FE744959390D0459FFD6FA45FD9A4136" blockId="2.[85,757,1439,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FFD6FA45FF334111" bold="true" box="[117,237,1523,1542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet,
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390D0459FE6EFA47FDF24112" authorityName="Salgado-Neto &amp; Fernández-Triana &amp; Tavares &amp; Zanuncio" authorityYear="2018" box="[461,556,1521,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diolcogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flammeus">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FE6EFA47FDF24112" box="[461,556,1521,1541]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">flammeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, comes from Latin, referring to the species color and means “flame”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390D0459FFD6F99CFE624043" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="FE744959390D0459FFD6F99CFE624043" blockId="2.[85,757,1439,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FFD6F99CFF14412A" bold="true" box="[117,202,1578,1597]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Biology.</emphasis>
A solitary parasitoid, reared from
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390D0459FD85F99FFD5B412A" box="[550,645,1577,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Agarea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FD85F99FFD5B412A" box="[550,645,1577,1597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">A. minuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The information available suggests that it is extremely efficient as a natural enemy. Last larval instar of the parasitoid emerged from
<taxonomicName id="39CB32DA390D0459FD36F9D7FD2A4162" box="[661,756,1633,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Agarea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FD36F9D7FD2A4162" box="[661,756,1633,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">A. minuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
caterpillars and pupated at the bottom of the plastic container on filter paper in the laboratory. Parasitoid larvae produced a cocoon made of white colored silk. The silk was wrapped around the leaves causing them to fold and become cone-shaped. Parasitized caterpillars survived only long enough to build an extra protection layer for the parasitoids and then died. Caterpillars of different ages were found in a same sampling which suggests ovipositions at different times and overlapping generations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D11AD2390D0459FFD6F8EBFE0740BF" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FE744959390D0459FFD6F8EBFE0740BF" blockId="2.[85,757,1439,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="CCBF954B390D0459FFD6F8EBFF234067" bold="true" box="[117,253,1885,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Distribution.</emphasis>
So far only found in Viçosa,
<collectingRegion id="3C0F87BB390D0459FD8EF8EBFD2F4067" box="[557,753,1885,1904]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Minas Gerais State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="86DC09C9390D0459FFF6F8CFFF4D409B" box="[85,147,1913,1932]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; the municipality is inland,
<quantity id="3933E4BC390D0459FE15F8CFFDDF409B" box="[438,513,1913,1932]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" unit="km" value="300.0">300 km</quantity>
north of
<collectingRegion id="3C0F87BB390D0459FDC7F8CFFF5640BF" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="234">Rio de Janeiro State</collectingRegion>
and west of the coast by
<quantity id="3933E4BC390D0459FE2BF823FE0B40BF" box="[392,469,1941,1960]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="234" unit="km" value="250.0">250 km</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>