diff --git a/data/03/A5/87/03A587CD8A065D75FF66C938FE0FFBA1.xml b/data/03/A5/87/03A587CD8A065D75FF66C938FE0FFBA1.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 550143d73aa..00000000000 --- a/data/03/A5/87/03A587CD8A065D75FF66C938FE0FFBA1.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,211 +0,0 @@ - - - -Cryptocephaline Egg Case Provides Incomplete Protection from Generalist Predators (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) - - - -Author - -Schöller, Matthias - -text - - -Psyche: A Journal of Entomology - - -2014 - -176539 - - -2014-12-30 - - -2014 - - -1 -4 - - - - -https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/176539 - -journal article -10.1155/2014/176539 -1687-7438 -15391425 - - - - - -3.1. Field Observations. -Beside - -C. rufipes - -, several other -Chrysomelidae -were occurring on - -Salix purpurea - -in June and July, namely - -Cryptocephalus -( -Burlinius -) -ocellatus ocellatus -Drapiez, 1819 - -, - -C. androgyne -Marseul, 1857 - -, - -Phratora vitellinae -(Linnaeus, 1758) - -, and - -Clytra laeviuscula -(Ratzeburg, 1837) - -. Moreover, the weevil - -Polydrusus -( -Polydrusus -) -picus -(Fabricius, 1792) - -was found feeding and mating on - -S. purpurea - -. - - - - -3.2. Morphology of -C. rufipes -Eggs. - -The eggs of - -C. rufipes - -are blackish to greyish brown with eight narrow, regular ridges as illustrated in -Figure 1 -. Each individual faecal plate bears a little crest; the regular arrangement of the faecal plates composes the ridges that have little gaps in case the faecal plates do not perfectly touch. The mean size ± SD was -0.797 mm -± -0.057 mm -length and -0.532 mm -± -0.033 mm -width; median was 0.80 for length and 0.53 for width. Length was ranging from 0.700 to -0.975 mm -, width from 0.475 to 0.600 mm. The eggs are elongate oval; the mean length to width ratio was -1.50 mm -± 0.095, ranging from 1.25 to 1.70 (median 1.50). - - - - - -3.3. Experiments with Eggs of -E. kuehniella -. - -The experiments with eggs of - -E. kuehniella - -resulted in complete predation of these eggs by both - -C. carnea - -and - -X. flavipes - -. In the untreated control, 92% of the -E. kuehniella- -eggs emerged. - - -3.4. Experiments with Eggs of - -C. rufipes, Behavioural Observations. -When - -encountering the - -C. rufipes - -eggs, the larvae of - -C. carnea - -showed the typical prey uplifting behaviour. They fixed the - -C. rufipes - -eggs and held them in position ( -Figure 2 -). - -X. flavipes - -examined the eggs after contacting it ( -Figure 3 -). Within the first three days of the experiment, in all trials one predator consumed the second; consequently, cannibalism occurred. - - -3.5. Experiments with Eggs of - -C. rufipes, Larval Hatch. -Larvae - -hatched after 10 to 13 days. The presence of the predators significantly affected the number of hatching - -C. rufipes - -- larvae from the eggs (Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks, 𝐻 = 18.473, DF = 2, 𝑃 <0.001). In the untreated control, a mean ± SD of 3.23±1.02 larvae hatched. The presence of both - -C. carnea - -and - -X. flavipes - -significantly reduced the number of hatching - -C. rufipes - --eggs (All Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures, Dunn’s Method, 𝑄 = 3.891 and 2.817, 𝑃 <0.05). A mean of 0.91±1.38 and 1.55± 1.29 hatched in the presence of - -C. carnea - -and - -X. flavipes - -, respectively. However, there was no statistical difference in reduction between the two predators (Dunn’s Method, 𝑄 = 0.929, 𝑃>0.05) ( -Figure 4 -). - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/76/62/F8/7662F84F390E0459FCC3FE75FE0740BF.xml b/data/76/62/F8/7662F84F390E0459FCC3FE75FE0740BF.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3a7e15a76af --- /dev/null +++ b/data/76/62/F8/7662F84F390E0459FCC3FE75FE0740BF.xml @@ -0,0 +1,318 @@ + + + +Diolcogaster flammeus sp. nov. from Brazil, a new Microgastrinae wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of importance in biological control + + + +Author + +Salgado-Neto, Geraldo +Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária, Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil + + + +Author + +Fernández-Triana, José L. +Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada + + + +Author + +Tavares, Wagner de Souza +Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitotecnia / Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Viçosa, MG, Brazil + + + +Author + +Zanuncio, José Cola +Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Entomologia / Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Viçosa, MG, Brazil + +text + + +Revista Brasileira de Entomologia + + +2018 + +2018-06-15 + + +62 + + +3 + + +232 +236 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.06.001 + +journal article +10.1016/j.rbe.2018.06.001 +1806-9665 +13195865 + + + + + +Diolcogaster flammeus +Salgado-Neto & Fernández-Triana sp. + + +nov +. + + + + + +Description. Diagnosis. +This is the only yellow-orange species of the + +xanthaspis + +group recorded in the New World thus far. It is possible that more yellow-orange New World species will be discovered in a near future. +Female +( +Fig. 2 +). Body color entirely yellow to orange yellow, except for dark brown to black on flagellomeres, parts of the scape, and most of the interocellar area, and most of T2–T4 brown. Fore wing with pterostigma and veins brown. Head mostly with striate sculpture on face, frons, gena and vertex; occiput strongly concave and smooth. Mesosoma with anteromesoscutum and scutellar disk rugose-punctate, scutellar disk posteriorly with a keel; propodeum with strong and complete median carina, and additional transverse rugosity on posterior 0.6 of propodeum. Metasoma with T1 slightly widening toward posterior margin and with strong and deep median sulcus running throughout the entire tergite; T2 subtriangular, with relatively strong sulcus delimiting lateral margins and a central area that is slightly raised and delimited laterally by punctures; T3+ smooth; ovipositor sheaths with a few setae on apical 0.3. Metacoxa relatively large, more than half the length of metasoma. Measurements (all in mm). Body length: 3.50. Fore wing length: 3.4. Metacoxa length: 0.96. Metafemur length/width: 1.12/0.31. Metatibia length: 1.22. Length of inner/outer spurs of metatibia: 0.53/0.30. Length of first segment of metatarsus: 0.70. Ovipositor sheath length: 0.25. T1 length: 0.60; T1 width at anterior margin/maximum width 0.20/0.28. T2 length/width at posterior margin: 0.24/0.50. T3 length: 0.36. Length of flagellomeres: F1/F2/F3/F14/F15/F16: 0.26/0.26/0.26/0.15/0.15/0.16. + + +Male +( +Fig. 3 +). Identical to female. + + + + +Remarks. +Accounting for the new species from +Brazil +being described in this study, the fauna of the + +xanthaspis + +group in the New World now includes four species ( +Table 1 +). A key to all New World species is provided below. + + + + + + + +1- Body almost entirely yellow to orange-yellow (except for flagellomeres, part of scape and most of interocellar area black, and most of T2–T4 partially brown)... + +Diolcogaster flammeus +Salgado-Neto & Fernández-Triana +sp. + +nov. + + + +- Body mostly to partially dark brown to black... 2 + + + + + +2(1) Female antenna relatively short, as long as fore wing length, and with apical 8–9 flagellomeres with only one placode rank; metacoxa yellow or white-yellow... + +Diolcogaster iridescens +(Cresson, 1865) + + + + +- Female antenna longer than fore wing, most flagellomeres with two ranks of placodes; metacoxa black to dark brown... 3 + + + + + +3(2) Second submarginal cell of fore wing triangular and relatively large in size, without defined vein RS + r − m; tergite 2 0.5 × as long as tergite 3.... + +Diolcogaster bakeri +( +Muesebeck, 1922 +) + + + + +- Second submarginal cell of fore wing relatively small in size, slit-like, with short vein RS + r − m; tergite 2 0.6–0.7 × as long as tergite 3... + +Diolcogaster xanthaspis +( +Ashmead, 1900 +) + + + + + + + +Type material. + + +Holotype +. + +Female +, “Museu Regional de Entomologia – + +UFVll + +, 20 +◦ +45 +l +S × 42 +◦ +51 +l +W, + + +651 m + +above sea level + +, + +18.V.2011 + +, +Wagner de Souza Tavares +& +José Cola Zanuncio +. Holotype locality: +Viçosa +, +Minas Gerais State +, +Brazil +. Holotype label: WAG01.18.05.2011. + +Host plants: + +C. spicatus + +and + +C. spiralis +var. +spiralis + + +. Host caterpillar: + +A. minuta + + +. + + +Paratypes +. + +Same locality as for holotype, +five females +and +five males +(all in “Museu Regional de Entomologia – +UFV +”, except one female and one male in Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes ( +CNC +), Ottawa, Ontario. Labels: +Brazil +, +Minas Gerais +, +Viçosa-Minas +Gerais, 2012, ex. + +Agarea minuta + +, coll. +G. Salgado-Neto +, voucher codes: +CNC649489 +, +CNC649490 +) + +. + + + + +Fig. 2. +(A) Female paratype. (B) Head, ventral view. (C) Head, frontal view. (D) Fore and hind wings. (E) Propodeum and metasomal tergites, dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma, dorsal view. (G) Miasma, lateral view. (H) Metasoma, dorsal view of + +Diolcogaster flammeus + +sp. nov. +( +Hymenoptera +: +Braconidae +). + + + + +Etymology. +The specific epithet, + +flammeus + +, comes from Latin, referring to the species color and means “flame”. + + + + +Biology. +A solitary parasitoid, reared from + +A. minuta + +. The information available suggests that it is extremely efficient as a natural enemy. Last larval instar of the parasitoid emerged from + +A. minuta + +caterpillars and pupated at the bottom of the plastic container on filter paper in the laboratory. Parasitoid larvae produced a cocoon made of white colored silk. The silk was wrapped around the leaves causing them to fold and become cone-shaped. Parasitized caterpillars survived only long enough to build an extra protection layer for the parasitoids and then died. Caterpillars of different ages were found in a same sampling which suggests ovipositions at different times and overlapping generations. + + + + +Distribution. +So far only found in Viçosa, +Minas Gerais State +, +Brazil +; the municipality is inland, +300 km +north of +Rio de Janeiro State +and west of the coast by +250 km +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file