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<mods:title id="13DD6C74F1C220E1CF0DF2CA908B0A71">Position taxonomique de Hemiperis micrantha (Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae; Habenariinae), par séquençage des gènes ITS et matK</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F6A4F45514A50C166A7822D923442186">Pailler, Thierry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E66A8905EA68B84E0F231DB94EA10BFF">Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F- 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion (France) thierry. pailler @ univ-reunion. fr (corresponding author) mirana. gauche @ univ-reunion. fr denis. dasilva @ univ-reunion. fr pascale. besse @ univ-reunion. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="F9CCBC7993E59B281596E6739B4FFC74">Adansonia</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03A8F977FFFBFF95FCCEED1FFBADABAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743239" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13743239" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8F977FFFBFF95FCCEED1FFBADABAF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8F977FFFBFF95FCCEED1FFBADABAF" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">
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<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFBFF95FCCEED1FFA9CA82E" blockId="3.[811,1457,1109,2028]" box="[813,1357,1109,1135]" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FB40ED1FFA9CA82E" ID-CoL="7WKR2" authority="Frapp. ex Cordem." authorityName="Cordem." box="[1187,1357,1109,1134]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Hemiperis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FB40ED1FFB13A82D" box="[1187,1218,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">H.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FB29ED10FA9CA82E" box="[1226,1357,1114,1133]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">MICRANTHA</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFBFF95FCCEED3FFBADABAF" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFBFF95FCCEED3FFBADABAF" blockId="3.[811,1457,1109,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">
Les arbres phylogénétiques obtenus à partir des marqueurs chloroplastiques (matK) et nucléaires (ITS) sont congruents (
<figureCitation id="133A54E4FFFBFF95FC76EDFEFBC0A88D" box="[917,1041,1204,1231]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[132,143,1962,1979]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,215,1885]" captionTargetId="graphics-262@4.[181,950,1040,1878]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Arbre phylogénétique à maximum de vraisemblance déduit de l'analyse matK (A) et ITS (B). La prise en charge du bootstrap à partir des analyses du maximum de vraisemblance (MV) supérieures à 50% est indiquée au-dessus des branches. Le symbole (*) représente les espèces types des genres Cynorkis Thouars et Benthamia A. Rich. et le symbole (+) positionne Cynorkis micrantha (Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr. dans les arbres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13739659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13739659/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
). Dans les deux arbres produits, les cinq espèces réunionnaises du genre
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FB37ED9EFA9CA8AD" box="[1236,1357,1236,1262]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Benthamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FB37ED9EFA9CA8AD" box="[1236,1357,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Benthamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(hormis
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FCCEEDBFFC12A94D" box="[813,963,1268,1294]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Hemiperis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FCCEEDBFFC12A94D" box="[813,963,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">H. micrantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) constituent un ensemble monophylétique plus ou moins soutenu, incluant lespèce type du genre
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FCCDEC7EFC77A90D" box="[814,934,1332,1358]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Benthamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FCCDEC7EFC77A90D" box="[814,934,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Benthamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. La position phylogénétique de
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FAF9EC7EFC72A92D" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Benthmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perularioides">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FAF9EC7EFC72A92D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Benthmia perularioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
apparait comme ambiguë dans les deux arbres en apparaissant basale du clade
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FB72EC3EFB20A9CD" box="[1169,1265,1396,1422]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Cynorkis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FB72EC3EFB20A9CD" box="[1169,1265,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Cynorkis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dans larbre ITS et basale du clade
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FC16ECD9FB84A9EE" box="[1013,1109,1427,1453]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Cynorkis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FC16ECD9FB84A9EE" box="[1013,1109,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Cynorkis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FB83ECD9FB08A9EE" box="[1120,1241,1427,1453]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Benthamia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FB83ECD9FB08A9EE" box="[1120,1241,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Benthamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dans larbre matK. La position phylogénétique de
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FB6DECFEFAF2A98E" box="[1166,1315,1459,1485]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Hemiperis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FB6DECFEFAF2A98E" box="[1166,1315,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">H. micrantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sur les deux arbres produits montre clairement que ce taxon appartient au genre
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FC78ECB9FC2DAA4E" box="[923,1020,1523,1549]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Cynorkis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FC78ECB9FC2DAA4E" box="[923,1020,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Cynorkis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133A54E4FFFBFF95FBF3ECB9FB5EAA4E" box="[1040,1167,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[132,143,1962,1979]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,215,1885]" captionTargetId="graphics-262@4.[181,950,1040,1878]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Arbre phylogénétique à maximum de vraisemblance déduit de l'analyse matK (A) et ITS (B). La prise en charge du bootstrap à partir des analyses du maximum de vraisemblance (MV) supérieures à 50% est indiquée au-dessus des branches. Le symbole (*) représente les espèces types des genres Cynorkis Thouars et Benthamia A. Rich. et le symbole (+) positionne Cynorkis micrantha (Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr. dans les arbres." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13739659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13739659/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
). Aussi, nous proposons ici daccepter le binôme
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FBB2EF59FC21AA0E" authority="(Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr." authorityName="Schltr." baseAuthorityName="Cordem." class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Cynorkis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FBB2EF59FAFFAA6E" box="[1105,1326,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Cynorkis micrantha</emphasis>
(Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr.
</taxonomicName>
créé par Schlechter en 1915. De plus, la description de
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFBFF95FC13EF1EFB57AA2E" box="[1008,1158,1619,1645]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Cynorkis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FC13EF1EFB57AA2E" box="[1008,1158,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">H. micrantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proposée par
<bibRefCitation id="EF903590FFFBFF95FAC4EF19FC19AACE" author="HERMANS J. &amp; CRIBB P." pageId="3" pageNumber="150" refId="ref3570" refString="HERMANS J. &amp; CRIBB P. 2023. - Flore des Mascareignes: 170 e famille, Orchidaceae, in HERMANS J., CRIBB P. J. &amp; PAILLER T. (eds), Flore des Mascareignes. Tome 1 &amp; 2. IRD, France, 51 p." type="book" year="2023">Hermans &amp; Cribb (2023)</bibRefCitation>
apparaît erronée comparée au protologue et au type. Nous fournissons donc ci-dessous une nouvelle description à partir du matériel frais et dherbier disponible. Enfin, le
<typeStatus id="54BAF6C3FFFBFF95FBC6EF98FB5CAAAF" box="[1061,1165,1746,1772]" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
désigné par
<bibRefCitation id="EF903590FFFBFF95FAC4EF99FC16AB4F" author="HERMANS J. &amp; CRIBB P." pageId="3" pageNumber="150" refId="ref3570" refString="HERMANS J. &amp; CRIBB P. 2023. - Flore des Mascareignes: 170 e famille, Orchidaceae, in HERMANS J., CRIBB P. J. &amp; PAILLER T. (eds), Flore des Mascareignes. Tome 1 &amp; 2. IRD, France, 51 p." type="book" year="2023">Hermans &amp; Cribb (2023)</bibRefCitation>
, ayant été collecté en 1896, après la publication du basionyme en 1895, ne fait pas partie des échantillons cités dans le protologue et ne peut donc être choisi comme
<typeStatus id="54BAF6C3FFFBFF95FBE0EE18FBA1AB2F" box="[1027,1136,1874,1900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. En labsence déchantillons désignés dans le protologue, un échantillon plus complet, possédant un stolon, une feuille et toutes les parties de linflorescence a été choisi comme
<typeStatus id="54BAF6C3FFFBFF95FB5CEEF8FACBAB8F" box="[1215,1306,1970,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="neotype">néotype</typeStatus>
(
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFBFF95FAC8EEF8FA76AB88" box="[1323,1447,1969,1996]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Pailler 167</emphasis>
,
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFBFF95FCCEEE98FCBBABAF" box="[813,874,2002,2028]" country="Reunion" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/whjn-wqib" name="Université de la Réunion" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="Herbarium">REU</collectionCode>
[
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFBFF95FC92EE9BFC7DABA8" box="[881,940,2001,2027]" country="Reunion" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/whjn-wqib" name="Université de la Réunion" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="Herbarium">REU</collectionCode>
007364]) (
<figureCitation id="133A54E4FFFBFF95FBCAEE9BFBBAABAF" box="[1065,1131,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[382,393,2008,2025]" captionTargetBox="[219,1368,215,1954]" captionTargetId="figure-16@5.[219,1368,215,1954]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Néotype de Cynorkis micrantha (Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr. hébergé à REU (REU007364)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13739663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13739663/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FF78EED4FDC0ABF5" box="[155,529,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt</emphasis>
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)
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. —
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<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FF0EEEF3FE6BAB92" box="[237,442,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Benthamia micrantha</emphasis>
(Frapp. ex Cordem.) Hermans &amp; Hervouet,
(Frapp. ex Cordem.) Hermans &amp; Hervouet,
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<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FF04EE99FE79ABA8" box="[231,424,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Flore des Mascareignes</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FE50EE99FDD8ABA8" box="[435,521,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Orchidées</emphasis>
2023
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(1): 118 (
2023 (1): 118 (
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),
)
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,
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FC4AEFDBFB84AAEB" box="[937,1109,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">nom. illegitim., non</emphasis>
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. — Basionyme:
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<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FB64EF8CFA9DAA9E" box="[1159,1356,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Hemiperis micrantha</emphasis>
Frapp. ex Cordem.,
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Frapp. ex Cordem.,
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FC6CEFAAFC6CAABB" box="[911,957,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Flore</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FC20EFAAFB9AAAB4" box="[963,1099,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">
de
<collectingCountry id="F31608F1FFFEFF90FC3DEFAAFB9AAAB4" box="[990,1099,1760,1783]" name="Réunion" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">La Réunion</collectingCountry>
@ -127,9 +140,12 @@ de
(Frappier
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FB53EFAAFB15AAB4" box="[1200,1220,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">in</emphasis>
Cordemoy 1895: 239).
</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFEFF90FCCEEE52FB98AB27" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFEFF90FCCEEE52FB98AB27" blockId="6.[813,1455,1815,1892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFEFF90FCCEEE52FA7AAB09" collectingDate="2004-03-09" collectionCode="MATERIEL, TYPE" country="France" county="Piton Rouge" elevation="1900" location="Tampon" municipality="Plaine des Cafres" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFEFF90FCCEEE52FB94AB27" collectingDate="2004-03-09" collectionCode="MATERIEL, TYPE" country="France" county="Piton Rouge" elevation="1900" location="Tampon" municipality="Plaine des Cafres" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" specimenCode="REU007364" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
<smallCapsWord id="8D58DEBDFFFEFF90FCCEEE52FC42AB6D" baselines="1833,1833" box="[813,915,1816,1839]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Materiel" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFEFF90FCCEEE52FC42AB6D" box="[813,915,1816,1839]" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">MATÉRIEL</collectionCode>
</smallCapsWord>
@ -156,9 +172,7 @@ Cordemoy 1895: 239).
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFEFF90FB10EE78FAB7AB09" box="[1267,1382,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Pailler 167</emphasis>
;
<typeStatus id="54BAF6C3FFFEFF90FA99EE78FA7AAB09" box="[1402,1451,1842,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" type="neotype">néo-</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFEFF90FCCEEE07FB94AB27" box="[813,1093,1868,1892]" collectionCode="REU" country="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" specimenCode="REU007364" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFEFF90FCCEEE07FCB3AB27" box="[813,866,1869,1892]" country="Reunion" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/whjn-wqib" name="Université de la Réunion" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" type="Herbarium">REU</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCode id="DBA7E01AFFFEFF90FC84EE06FC34AB27" box="[871,997,1868,1892]" collectionCode="REU" country="Reunion" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/whjn-wqib" name="Université de la Réunion" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" type="Herbarium">REU007364</specimenCode>
@ -169,7 +183,7 @@ Cordemoy 1895: 239).
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFEFF91FCCEEECEFD52AD1A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" type="distribution">
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFEFF90FCCEEECEFBE0ABA8" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFEFF90FCCEEECEFBE0ABA8" blockId="6.[811,1455,1924,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">
DISTRIBUTION. — Espèce endémique de
<collectingCountry id="F31608F1FFFEFF90FB59EECEFAFDABDF" box="[1210,1324,1924,1948]" name="Réunion" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">La Réunion</collectingCountry>
@ -185,6 +199,8 @@ et rapportée dAngavokely à
<bibRefCitation id="EF903590FFFEFF90FCD6EE9EFBF5ABA8" author="HERMANS J. &amp; CRIBB P." box="[821,1060,2003,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" refId="ref3570" refString="HERMANS J. &amp; CRIBB P. 2023. - Flore des Mascareignes: 170 e famille, Orchidaceae, in HERMANS J., CRIBB P. J. &amp; PAILLER T. (eds), Flore des Mascareignes. Tome 1 &amp; 2. IRD, France, 51 p." type="book" year="2023">Hermans &amp; Cribb 2023</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFFFF91FF67E99DFD52AD1A" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFFFF91FF67E99DFD52AD1A" blockId="7.[129,777,215,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<smallCapsWord id="8D58DEBDFFFFFF91FF67E99DFF38ACAD" baselines="234,234" box="[132,233,215,241]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Ecologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">ÉCOLOGIE</smallCapsWord>
. — Lespèce croît sur les hauts sommets de lîle de
@ -198,13 +214,15 @@ E.G.H.Oliv.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFFFF91FF67E83BFB89A96C" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="description">
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFFFF91FF67E83BFD84ADCA" box="[132,597,369,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFFFF91FF67E83BFD84ADCA" blockId="7.[129,777,215,1255]" box="[132,597,369,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<smallCapsWord id="8D58DEBDFFFFFF91FF67E83BFED5ADCB" baselines="386,387" box="[132,260,369,392]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Phenologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">PHÉNOLOGIE</smallCapsWord>
. — Fleurit en mars à
<collectingCountry id="F31608F1FFFFFF91FE38E83BFD83ADCA" box="[475,594,369,393]" name="Réunion" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">La Réunion</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFFFF91FF67E8EBFEB9AF68" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFFFF91FF67E8EBFEB9AF68" blockId="7.[129,777,215,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<smallCapsWord id="8D58DEBDFFFFFF91FF67E8EBFF01ADF4" baselines="435,435" box="[132,208,417,441]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Statut" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">STATUT</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D58DEBDFFFFFF91FF36E8ECFF3EADF5" baselines="434" box="[213,239,422,438]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="de" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">DE</smallCapsWord>
@ -244,8 +262,10 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<taxonomicName id="4C0133E2FFFFFF91FF6FEB8EFECDAE9F" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[140,284,708,732]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
). Lespèce, comprenant des sous-populations disjointes avec peu dindividus devrait être considérée comme En Danger, EN C2a selon les catégories et critères de la Liste rouge de lUICN (UICN 2001).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B1BEAFFFFFF91FF67EA09FE06A8A4" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBE4861FFFFFF91FF67EA09FE06A8A4" blockId="7.[129,777,215,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FF67EA09FDEEAF36" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1">
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FF67EA09FD49AF36" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1">
<smallCapsWord id="8D58DEBDFFFFFF91FF67EA09FF3BAF19" baselines="852,853" box="[132,234,835,858]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Materiel" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FF67EA09FF3BAF19" box="[132,234,835,858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">MATÉRIEL</collectionCode>
</smallCapsWord>
@ -265,10 +285,10 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FE28EA17FDFBAF36" box="[459,554,861,885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Cordemoy</collectorName>
9
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FDB7EA17FD2EAFD3" collectingDate="1974-03-30" collectionCode="MARS" collectorName="Le Tampon &amp; Bosser" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Piton Mare" municipality="Boue" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FDB7EA17FD49AF36" box="[596,664,861,885]" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wpwb-ab0e" name="Aix-Marseille Université" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">MARS</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FD42EA2AFECBAFEA" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FD50EA14FF7FAFCC" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Le Tampon</collectorName>
,
@ -288,13 +308,14 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FD9FEA32FD64AFCC" box="[636,693,888,911]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Bosser</collectorName>
21773
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FF67EAD8FF2BAF87" collectingDate="1978-04" collectionCode="P" collectorName="Hauts du Tremblet &amp; Bosser" country="France" elevation="1900" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FF67EAD8FF45AFEA" box="[132,148,914,937]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCode id="DBA7E01AFFFFFF91FF78EAD8FEC3AFE9" box="[155,274,914,938]" collectionCode="P" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">P00150069</specimenCode>
] •
]
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FEC0EADFFE48AF87" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FED6EAD8FE29AFE9" box="[309,504,914,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Hauts du Tremblet</collectorName>
;
<quantity id="4CF9E584FFFFFF91FDE9EAD8FD49AFEA" box="[522,664,914,938]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="1900.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1800.0">
@ -309,13 +330,14 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FF62EAE7FF66AF87" box="[129,183,941,964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Bosser</collectorName>
22462
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FEEAEAE7FED7AF9C" collectingDate="1978-04-04" collectionCode="P" collectorName="Bosser" country="France" location="Bras Cabot" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P02088075" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FEEAEAE7FEC9AF87" box="[265,280,941,964]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCode id="DBA7E01AFFFFFF91FEC3EAE6FE41AF87" box="[288,400,940,964]" collectionCode="P" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">P02088075</specimenCode>
] •
]
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FE7EEAFAFE60AF9D" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FE48EAE7FDC6AF87" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8F977FFFEFF91FF21EE0BFB89A96C:8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FE48EAE7FDC6AF87" box="[427,535,940,964]" country="France" municipality="Patience" name="Bras Cabot" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Bras Cabot</location>
, îlet
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDAD21BFFFFFF91FDA2EAE6FD41AF87" box="[577,656,940,964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Patience</collectingMunicipality>
@ -328,13 +350,14 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FF61EA82FF6DAF9C" box="[130,188,968,991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Bosser</collectorName>
22462
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FEFEEA8DFE84AFBA" collectingDate="2002-03-01" collectionCode="P" collectorName="Pailler" country="France" elevation="1350" location="Plaine des Palmistes" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P02088076" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FEFEEA8DFEFDAF9D" box="[285,300,967,990]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCode id="DBA7E01AFFFFFF91FED1EA8DFE79AF9C" box="[306,424,967,991]" collectionCode="P" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">P02088076</specimenCode>
] •
]
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FE59EA80FE4CAFBA" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FE2FEA8DFD48AF9C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8F977FFFEFF91FF21EE0BFB89A96C:8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FE2FEA8DFD48AF9C" box="[460,665,967,991]" country="France" name="Plaine des Palmistes" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Plaine des Palmistes</location>
;
<quantity id="4CF9E584FFFFFF91FD4FEA8DFD2DAF9D" box="[684,764,967,991]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="1350.0">
@ -349,10 +372,10 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FF1BEAABFEE4AFBA" box="[248,309,993,1017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Pailler</collectorName>
30
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FE88EAA8FDE0A857" collectingDate="2004-03-09" collectionCode="REU" collectorName="Le Tampon &amp; Pailler" country="France" elevation="1900" location="Plaine des Cafres" municipality="Piton Rouge" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FE88EAA8FE4CAFBA" box="[363,413,994,1017]" country="Reunion" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/whjn-wqib" name="Université de la Réunion" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">REU</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FE46EAAFFD26A850" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FE56EAA8FDF8AFBA" box="[437,553,994,1017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Le Tampon</collectorName>
,
@ -372,13 +395,14 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FE2BEAB6FDD4A857" box="[456,517,1020,1044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Pailler</collectorName>
167
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FDA0EAB6FF66A80A" collectingDate="2008-02" collectionCode="REU" collectorName="Ferard" country="France" elevation="2300" location="St. Benoit" municipality="Caverne Mussard" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="REU07364" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FDA0EAB6FDA9A850" box="[579,632,1020,1043]" country="Reunion" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/whjn-wqib" name="Université de la Réunion" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">REU</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCode id="DBA7E01AFFFFFF91FD9EEAB6FD3EA857" box="[637,751,1020,1044]" collectionCode="REU" country="Reunion" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/whjn-wqib" name="Université de la Réunion" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">REU07364</specimenCode>
] •
]
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FD1EEAB5FEC4A80A" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FF67ED5CFF3EA86D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8F977FFFEFF91FF21EE0BFB89A96C:8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FF67ED5CFF3EA86D" box="[132,239,1046,1070]" country="France" municipality="Caverne Mussard" name="St. Benoit" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">St. Benoît</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDAD21BFFFFFF91FF1EED5CFE60A86D" box="[253,433,1046,1070]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Caverne Mussard</collectingMunicipality>
@ -395,10 +419,10 @@ Sheppard ex Ker Gawl.
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FD6EED5CFD1CA86D" box="[653,717,1046,1070]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Férard</collectorName>
et al. 3377
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FF2AED7BFD2CA80B" box="[201,765,1073,1099]" collectionCode="CBNM" country="France" elevation="1920" location="Ste Rose" municipality="Nez Coupe de Sainte Rose" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FF2AED7BFEC4A80A" box="[201,277,1073,1097]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3yqt-b868" name="Cedar Breaks National Monument" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">CBNM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FEFEED7EFE07A820" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FECCED7BFE56A80B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8F977FFFEFF91FF21EE0BFB89A96C:8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FECCED7BFE56A80B" box="[303,391,1073,1097]" country="France" municipality="Nez Coupe de Sainte Rose" name="Ste Rose" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Ste Rose</location>
,
@ -407,14 +431,14 @@ et al. 3377
<quantity id="4CF9E584FFFFFF91FD4DED7BFD2CA80B" box="[686,765,1073,1097]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="1920.0">
<elevation id="002CAF52FFFFFF91FD4DED7BFD2CA80B" box="[686,765,1073,1097]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" unit="m" value="1920.0">1920 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
;
<date id="FFBF6EA1FFFFFF91FF65ED01FF16A820" box="[134,199,1099,1123]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" value="2010-01">I.2010</date>
;
<emphasis id="B9759473FFFFFF91FF32ED06FEADA820" box="[209,380,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Hivert et al. 3586</emphasis>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FE69ED01FE17A83D" collectingDate="2010-02" collectionCode="CBNM" collectorName="Hivert &amp; Ferard" country="France" elevation="2070" location="St. Joseph" municipality="Foc-Foc" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED10D0A4FFFFFF91FE69ED01FE07A820" box="[394,470,1099,1123]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3yqt-b868" name="Cedar Breaks National Monument" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">CBNM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B69423CFFFFFF91FE38ED04FDFDA83D" collectingDate="1896-03-22" collectionCode="MATERIEL" collectorName="Cordemoy" country="France" elevation="1600" location="Plaine des Palmistes" longitude="55.493057" municipality="Patience" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" specimenCode="P00150069" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FE09ED01FD9DA820" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8F977FFFEFF91FF21EE0BFB89A96C:8EDE1EBAFFFFFF91FE09ED01FD9DA820" box="[490,588,1099,1123]" country="France" municipality="Foc-Foc" name="St. Joseph" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">St. Joseph</location>
,
@ -434,13 +458,15 @@ et al. 3377
<collectorName id="26F42DB7FFFFFF91FEAAED2CFE58A83D" box="[329,393,1126,1150]" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Férard</collectorName>
3587
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
;
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@ -518,10 +549,10 @@ de long), engainantes, et apprimées à la tige, ovales, lancéolées, aiguës,
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), courtement pédicellé, tordu contre la tige, inséré à angle aigu ou obtus, arqué, vert à côtes saillantes violacées. Fleur à périanthe (3 ×
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) fermé ou ringent et auriculé. Casque surmontant la fleur composé des pétales et du sépale dorsal. Sépale dorsal (2,5 × 1,6 mm) ovale, lancéolé. Sépales latéraux (1,9 × 0,9 mm), formant les oreilles du périanthe, de
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, obliques. Pétales latéraux (1,5 × 1,1 mm), 2-lobés, triangulaires. Labelle (3 × 1,8 mm) trilobé, faisant suite horizontalement à léperon, plus long que les autres pièces, formant une cuillère dans la partie basse et satténuant en une pointe aiguë. Eperon (1,5- 2,5 mm) cylindrique, arqué, blanc, diaphane, samincissant en pointe, aussi long que le labelle et de moitié plus court que lovaire. Gynostème dressé au milieu du périanthe, en forme de fer à cheval, concave à larrière et tronqué en avant. Anthères ouvertes, carénées au sommet, chacun des deux sacs polliniques dédoublés dans leurs loges en deux pollinies ovoïdes, renfermant du pollen sectile enveloppé dans une membrane. Caudicule courte, très élastique, argentée.
) fermé ou ringent et auriculé. Casque surmontant la fleur composé des pétales et du sépale dorsal. Sépale dorsal (2,5 × 1,6 mm) ovale, lancéolé. Sépales latéraux (1,9 × 0,9 mm), formant les oreilles du périanthe, de forme similaire, obliques. Pétales latéraux (1,5 × 1,1 mm), 2-lobés, triangulaires. Labelle (3 × 1,8 mm) trilobé, faisant suite horizontalement à léperon, plus long que les autres pièces, formant une cuillère dans la partie basse et satténuant en une pointe aiguë. Eperon (1,5- 2,5 mm) cylindrique, arqué, blanc, diaphane, samincissant en pointe, aussi long que le labelle et de moitié plus court que lovaire. Gynostème dressé au milieu du périanthe, en forme de fer à cheval, concave à larrière et tronqué en avant. Anthères ouvertes, carénées au sommet, chacun des deux sacs polliniques dédoublés dans leurs loges en deux pollinies ovoïdes, renfermant du pollen sectile enveloppé dans une membrane. Caudicule courte, très élastique, argentée.
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View file

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<treatment id="F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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@ -100,51 +100,51 @@ species
Medium to large species, length to
<quantity id="B7660982B715323FFDEFFD74B8E128ED" box="[600,675,675,702]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
, body wall firm and thick. Highly variable coloration (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFA97FD74BF2728ED" box="[1312,1381,675,701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFA97FD74BF2728ED" box="[1312,1381,675,701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Body convex to quadrangular in cross-section. Large lateral papillae, usually sharply defining dorsum and ventrum (or bivium and trivium). Dorsal papillae irregularly arranged and in different sizes and shapes: wart-like, spiky, or with small points. Sole well developed, with three bands of cylindrical podia. Single stone canal attached to the mesentery; calcareous ring with massive radial pieces with posterior projections of different sizes, and narrow interradial pieces with projections pointed anteriorly and concave posterior margins (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFD8FFCBBB8C029D7" box="[568,642,876,903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (AB showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Ossicles: dorsal papillae with tables; thin C- or S-shaped rods in varying numbers and sizes; large, curved rods with quadrangular projections, sometimes perforated in the middle (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFED9FC67BB85299A" box="[366,455,944,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2S</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFED9FC67BB85299A" box="[366,455,944,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2S</figureCitation>
); few perforated plates in the tip (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCD7FC67B983299A" box="[864,961,944,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2U</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCD7FC67B983299A" box="[864,961,944,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2U</figureCitation>
). Tables in a dense layer, low, squat, with a circular disc with 8 to 12 small holes, four pillars, single crossbeam, and a wreath of small spines at the crown (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFED3FC24BBAA2E5D" box="[356,488,1011,1037]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2AB</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFED3FC24BBAA2E5D" box="[356,488,1011,1037]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2AB</figureCitation>
); tables with reduced disc (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFC84FC24B9D02E5D" box="[819,914,1011,1037]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFC84FC24B9D02E5D" box="[819,914,1011,1037]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
), additional holes in more than one ring (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFF7FFBC3BB742E7F" box="[200,310,1044,1071]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
), or larger and modified discs also present (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCFFFBC3B9EA2E7F" box="[840,936,1044,1071]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCFFFBC3B9EA2E7F" box="[840,936,1044,1071]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
), mainly at the top of papillae. Dorsal body wall with tables and a few thin C- or S-shaped rods only. Ossicles in dorsal papillae and body wall change during growth, though drastic ontogenetic changes occurring only in
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFB35FB8FBF2D2E22" ID-CoL="6MZDT" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1154,1391,1112,1138]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB35FB8FBF2D2E22" box="[1154,1391,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Pedicels with low tables with large and not rounded central perforation (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFB96FBAEBE3C2EC3" box="[1057,1150,1145,1171]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFB96FBAEBE3C2EC3" box="[1057,1150,1145,1171]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
); thin C-shaped rods less frequent than in the dorsal papillae; large endplates (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCD6FB4CB98A2EE5" box="[865,968,1179,1205]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2W</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCD6FB4CB98A2EE5" box="[865,968,1179,1205]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2W</figureCitation>
); numerous perforated or supporting plates with numerous holes (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFDBCFEDEB82B2B73" box="[523,617,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2V</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFDBCFEDEB82B2B73" box="[523,617,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2V</figureCitation>
); slightly or strongly curved rods with broad perforated expansions in the middle (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFED0FEFDBB802B15" box="[359,450,298,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2T</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFED0FEFDBB802B15" box="[359,450,298,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2T</figureCitation>
); both plates and rods larger than those of dorsal papillae. Ventral body wall with only tables and a few C-shaped ossicles. Tentacles with strongly or slightly curved spiny rods in varying sizes (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFEB1FEB9BB212BD8" box="[262,355,366,392]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2O</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFEB1FEB9BB212BD8" box="[262,355,366,392]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2O</figureCitation>
) and small tables as those of the body wall, or modified with low and incomplete spires (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFF71FE58BB612BF9" box="[198,291,399,425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFF71FE58BB612BF9" box="[198,291,399,425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). Mouth membrane with thin C-shaped rods, simple rods, and large tables, not documented previously for the genus, with well-developed spire, composed of at least ten pillars joining at the top, forming very dense and thick crown of spines, without crossbeams; discs of the same width as the spire, or wider with several rings of holes and several central perforations (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFC66FE23BE73285E" box="[977,1073,500,526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 2H</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFC66FE23BE73285E" box="[977,1073,500,526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 2H</figureCitation>
, 7D, 11, 16D). Longitudinal muscles containing C-shaped rods and simple rods. Posterior part of the cloaca with C-shaped, simple or bifurcated rods (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFE28FDE0BBB72801" box="[415,501,567,593]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); anterior part with simple, branched rods, irregular plate-like branched rods (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFF71FD8EBB672823" box="[198,293,601,627]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2R</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFF71FD8EBB672823" box="[198,293,601,627]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2R</figureCitation>
) and large tables, with well-developed and very dense and thick spire, some with circular spire, without clear crossbeams, wide discs with several rings of holes and several central perforations (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFF71FEFDBB5C2B15" box="[198,286,298,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Respiratory trees with small tables as those of the body wall or strongly spinose straight or cross-shaped rods and large tridimensional spheres (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFC96FE9BB93D2B36" box="[801,895,332,358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2X</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFC96FE9BB93D2B36" box="[801,895,332,358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2X</figureCitation>
), not documented previously for the genus. Intestine with spinose or smooth ossicles in a cross shape (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFCDCFEB9B9862BD8" box="[875,964,366,392]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2P</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFCDCFEB9B9862BD8" box="[875,964,366,392]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2P</figureCitation>
). Gonads with delicate and long rods (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFF72FE58BB642BF9" box="[197,294,399,425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 2N</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFF72FE58BB642BF9" box="[197,294,399,425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 2N</figureCitation>
, 11). Rosettes not present in
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[634,781,399,425]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" box="[634,781,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Isostichopus</emphasis>
@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Medium to large species, length to
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="24E1F4EFB715323FFF09FAD9BE192DB9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" targetBox="[189,1398,265,1939]" targetPageId="15">
<caption id="24E1F4EFB715323FFF09FAD9BE192DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" targetBox="[189,1398,265,1939]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="7021A467B715323FFF09FAD9BE192DB9" blockId="16.[188,1400,1294,2025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF09FAD9BB492F78" bold="true" box="[190,267,1294,1320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</emphasis>
(see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ and
Photos by G. Borrero.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" box="[185,1573,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[185,254,563,591]" targetBox="[192,1934,636,1724]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
<caption id="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" ID-Table-UUID="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" box="[185,1573,563,591]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[185,254,563,591]" targetBox="[192,1934,636,1724]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="7021A467B714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" blockId="17.[185,1573,563,591]" box="[185,1573,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFF0EFDE4BB56281F" bold="true" box="[185,276,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 3</emphasis>
(continued on next page). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of
@ -533,13 +533,13 @@ tables, discs fully developed in small and medium size specimens; discs complete
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="24E1F4EFB716323CFF0AF946BF352DB8" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" subCaptionStartIDs="19.[289,331,1857,1883]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 1" targetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" targetPageId="19">
<caption id="24E1F4EFB716323CFF0AF946BF352DB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743190" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13743190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743190/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" subCaptionStartIDs="19.[289,331,1857,1883]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 1" targetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="7021A467B716323CFF0AF946BF352DB8" blockId="19.[189,1401,1681,2024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFF0AF946BB602CFB" bold="true" box="[189,290,1681,1707]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3A.</emphasis>
Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF896BB512D0C" box="[189,275,1857,1884]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF896BB512D0C" box="[189,275,1857,1884]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFE96F896BB262D0C" box="[289,356,1857,1884]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFE96F896BB262D0C" box="[289,356,1857,1884]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Text color meaning: green =
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFD7BF896B9B02D0B" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[716,1010,1857,1883]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isosostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFD7BF896B9B02D0B" box="[716,1010,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Isosostichopus maculatus</emphasis>
@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (
) Chips (CH)
</taxonomicName>
pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF819BB522DB8" box="[189,272,1998,2024]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF819BB522DB8" box="[189,272,1998,2024]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Outgroup species:
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFE4DF819B9872DB8" ID-CoL="FVH9" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[506,965,1998,2024]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFE4DF819B9482DB8" box="[506,778,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Apostichopus japonicus</emphasis>
@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ Isostichopus
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFDB3BF34297E" blockId="80.[189,1400,612,885]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF0AFDB3BF34297E" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
1. C-shaped ossicles&gt; 90 µm on average and 23 times as long as the tables are high; disc tables in dorsal papillae and body wall completely reduced in adults (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFC7BFD50BE6D28F2" box="[972,1071,647,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 2C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFC7BFD50BE6D28F2" box="[972,1071,647,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 2C</figureCitation>
, 10E, 23A); tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the respiratory trees (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFCDEFD7CB9932895" box="[873,977,683,709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
); color not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in background, with irregularly arranged blurred large and small darker brown spots (
@ -644,16 +644,16 @@ and Caribbean Sea, confirmed in few localities (
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFF5DFC68BB3F2989" box="[234,381,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Isostichopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables 5886 µm (average = 71 µm) (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFCFBFC68B9EA298A" box="[844,936,959,986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFCFBFC68B9EA298A" box="[844,936,959,986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
) and modified
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFBD7FC17BEA42989" ID-CoL="6ZRT7" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1120,1254,959,986]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFBDAFC68BEA42989" box="[1133,1254,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” tables 60 108 µm (average = 86 µm) (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD83FC35B8D129AD" box="[564,659,994,1021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD83FC35B8D129AD" box="[564,659,994,1021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AH. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (12 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). IT. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. JK. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. UX. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743188/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
); whitish spot-like granules on the skin (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFBDCFC35BEF729AD" box="[1131,1205,994,1021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFBDCFC35BEF729AD" box="[1131,1205,994,1021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 14); distributed in the Mid and East Atlantic (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFDF3FBD1B8DD2E71" box="[580,671,1030,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) .................................
@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ tables square or narrow in profile; distributed in the West Atlantic Ocean .....
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFAA8BF342C76" blockId="80.[189,1400,1407,1750]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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4. Semi-translucent and rugose body wall; spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB2BFAA8BEA72FC9" box="[1180,1253,1407,1433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB2BFAA8BEA72FC9" box="[1180,1253,1407,1433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 17); worm-like rod ossicles in dorsal papillae (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD25FA75B9412FED" box="[658,771,1442,1469]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; CE, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 15B</figureCitation>
,
@ -744,9 +744,9 @@ tables square or narrow in profile; distributed in the West Atlantic Ocean .....
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF76F9E7BF342C86" blockId="80.[189,1400,1407,1750]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF76F9E7BF342C86" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
Opaque and smooth body wall; no spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFBECF9F8BEE62C19" box="[1115,1188,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFBECF9F8BEE62C19" box="[1115,1188,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. AJ. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). KY. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist &amp; Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB05F9F8BE802C19" box="[1202,1218,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1616,1642]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-12@31.[189,1399,265,1567]" captionText="Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). AU, I. Specimens with “Chips” color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (AI), Neguanje, Colombia (JL), La Guajira, Colombia (MQ); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (RU). VB. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (VX), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (AB). CK. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (CE), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (GI), La Guajira, Colombia (JK). LO. Specimens with “Black and yellow” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L), Magdalena, Colombia (MO). Photos: AI, Q, VX, CE, L, O by G. Borrero; RU by G. Ospina; JL by E. Acosta; MP, Y, JK by E. Ortiz; Z, M by M. González-Wangüemert; GI by J. Gómez; and AB, N by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB05F9F8BE802C19" box="[1202,1218,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1616,1642]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-12@31.[189,1399,265,1567]" captionText="Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). AU, I. Specimens with “Chips” color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (AI), Neguanje, Colombia (JL), La Guajira, Colombia (MQ); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (RU). VB. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (VX), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (AB). CK. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (CE), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (GI), La Guajira, Colombia (JK). LO. Specimens with “Black and yellow” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L), Magdalena, Colombia (MO). Photos: AI, Q, VX, CE, L, O by G. Borrero; RU by G. Ospina; JL by E. Acosta; MP, Y, JK by E. Ortiz; Z, M by M. González-Wangüemert; GI by J. Gómez; and AB, N by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743200/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">8</figureCitation>
); no worm-like rod ossicles in dorsal papillae (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFDF9F985B8EE2C3C" box="[590,684,1618,1644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1356,265,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-12@29.[232,1356,265,1713]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 7. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659454-BT111, 190 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C- and S-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, ¼ of the plate) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Thin C-shaped rods, simple, cross-shaped and irregular plate-like branched rods in the cloaca. G. Table from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. I. Simple rod from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710653/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
); calcareous ring with dorsal radial plates with long posterior projections turned inwards (
@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ tables square or narrow in profile; distributed in the West Atlantic Ocean .....
) in larger individuals (L =
<quantity id="B7660982B755327FFC09F9A2BE1F2CC0" box="[958,1117,1653,1680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.975" metricValueMax="2.35" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="197.5" valueMax="235.0" valueMin="160.0">160235 mm</quantity>
); adult specimens living exposed on muddy, sandy, rocky substrates, seagrass beds and mixed bottoms (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB3FF94EBE8C2CE3" box="[1160,1230,1689,1715]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1616,1642]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-12@31.[189,1399,265,1567]" captionText="Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). AU, I. Specimens with “Chips” color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (AI), Neguanje, Colombia (JL), La Guajira, Colombia (MQ); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (RU). VB. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (VX), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (AB). CK. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (CE), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (GI), La Guajira, Colombia (JK). LO. Specimens with “Black and yellow” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L), Magdalena, Colombia (MO). Photos: AI, Q, VX, CE, L, O by G. Borrero; RU by G. Ospina; JL by E. Acosta; MP, Y, JK by E. Ortiz; Z, M by M. González-Wangüemert; GI by J. Gómez; and AB, N by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB3FF94EBE8C2CE3" box="[1160,1230,1689,1715]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1616,1642]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-12@31.[189,1399,265,1567]" captionText="Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). AU, I. Specimens with “Chips” color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (AI), Neguanje, Colombia (JL), La Guajira, Colombia (MQ); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (RU). VB. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (VX), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (AB). CK. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (CE), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (GI), La Guajira, Colombia (JK). LO. Specimens with “Black and yellow” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L), Magdalena, Colombia (MO). Photos: AI, Q, VX, CE, L, O by G. Borrero; RU by G. Ospina; JL by E. Acosta; MP, Y, JK by E. Ortiz; Z, M by M. González-Wangüemert; GI by J. Gómez; and AB, N by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743200/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) ................... .............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFBA1F96BBF342C86" ID-CoL="3QC2C" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1046,1398,1723,1750]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFBA1F96BBEF42C86" bold="true" box="[1046,1206,1723,1750]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">I. badionotus</emphasis>