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<mods:affiliation id="CDA685CF4DBB961A61D47F7D757235EF">Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.</mods:affiliation>
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@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Genus
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFE77FDE3B825281E" author="Selenka E." box="[448,615,564,590]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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(after
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFE2BFDA1B82528C1" author="Deichmann E." box="[412,615,630,657]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
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)
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Medium to large species, length to
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, body wall firm and thick. Highly variable coloration (Fig. 1). Body convex to quadrangular in cross-section. Large lateral papillae, usually sharply defining dorsum and ventrum (or bivium and trivium). Dorsal papillae irregularly arranged and in different sizes and shapes: wart-like, spiky, or with small points. Sole well developed, with three bands of cylindrical podia. Single stone canal attached to the mesentery; calcareous ring with massive radial pieces with posterior projections of different sizes, and narrow interradial pieces with projections pointed anteriorly and concave posterior margins (
|
||||
, body wall firm and thick. Highly variable coloration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFA97FD74BF2728ED" box="[1312,1381,675,701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Body convex to quadrangular in cross-section. Large lateral papillae, usually sharply defining dorsum and ventrum (or bivium and trivium). Dorsal papillae irregularly arranged and in different sizes and shapes: wart-like, spiky, or with small points. Sole well developed, with three bands of cylindrical podia. Single stone canal attached to the mesentery; calcareous ring with massive radial pieces with posterior projections of different sizes, and narrow interradial pieces with projections pointed anteriorly and concave posterior margins (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFD8FFCBBB8C029D7" box="[568,642,876,903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Ossicles: dorsal papillae with tables; thin C- or S-shaped rods in varying numbers and sizes; large, curved rods with quadrangular projections, sometimes perforated in the middle (Fig. 2S); few perforated plates in the tip (Fig. 2U). Tables in a dense layer, low, squat, with a circular disc with 8 to 12 small holes, four pillars, single crossbeam, and a wreath of small spines at the crown (Fig. 2A–B); tables with reduced disc (Fig. 2C), additional holes in more than one ring (
|
||||
). Ossicles: dorsal papillae with tables; thin C- or S-shaped rods in varying numbers and sizes; large, curved rods with quadrangular projections, sometimes perforated in the middle (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFED9FC67BB85299A" box="[366,455,944,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2S</figureCitation>
|
||||
); few perforated plates in the tip (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCD7FC67B983299A" box="[864,961,944,970]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2U</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Tables in a dense layer, low, squat, with a circular disc with 8 to 12 small holes, four pillars, single crossbeam, and a wreath of small spines at the crown (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFED3FC24BBAA2E5D" box="[356,488,1011,1037]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2A–B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); tables with reduced disc (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFC84FC24B9D02E5D" box="[819,914,1011,1037]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), additional holes in more than one ring (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFF7FFBC3BB742E7F" box="[200,310,1044,1071]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), or larger and modified discs also present (Fig. 2D), mainly at the top of papillae. Dorsal body wall with tables and a few thin C- or S-shaped rods only. Ossicles in dorsal papillae and body wall change during growth, though drastic ontogenetic changes occurring only in
|
||||
), or larger and modified discs also present (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCFFFBC3B9EA2E7F" box="[840,936,1044,1071]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), mainly at the top of papillae. Dorsal body wall with tables and a few thin C- or S-shaped rods only. Ossicles in dorsal papillae and body wall change during growth, though drastic ontogenetic changes occurring only in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFB35FB8FBF2D2E22" ID-CoL="6MZDT" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1154,1391,1112,1138]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB35FB8FBF2D2E22" box="[1154,1391,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Pedicels with low tables with large and not rounded central perforation (Fig. 2E); thin C-shaped rods less frequent than in the dorsal papillae; large endplates (Fig. 2W); numerous perforated or supporting
|
||||
. Pedicels with low tables with large and not rounded central perforation (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFB96FBAEBE3C2EC3" box="[1057,1150,1145,1171]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||||
); thin C-shaped rods less frequent than in the dorsal papillae; large endplates (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFCD6FB4CB98A2EE5" box="[865,968,1179,1205]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2W</figureCitation>
|
||||
); numerous perforated or supporting plates with numerous holes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFDBCFEDEB82B2B73" box="[523,617,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2V</figureCitation>
|
||||
); slightly or strongly curved rods with broad perforated expansions in the middle (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFED0FEFDBB802B15" box="[359,450,298,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2T</figureCitation>
|
||||
); both plates and rods larger than those of dorsal papillae. Ventral body wall with only tables and a few C-shaped ossicles. Tentacles with strongly or slightly curved spiny rods in varying sizes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFEB1FEB9BB212BD8" box="[262,355,366,392]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2O</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and small tables as those of the body wall, or modified with low and incomplete spires (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFF71FE58BB612BF9" box="[198,291,399,425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Mouth membrane with thin C-shaped rods, simple rods, and large tables, not documented previously for the genus, with well-developed spire, composed of at least ten pillars joining at the top, forming very dense and thick crown of spines, without crossbeams; discs of the same width as the spire, or wider with several rings of holes and several central perforations (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFC66FE23BE73285E" box="[977,1073,500,526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 2H</figureCitation>
|
||||
, 7D, 11, 16D). Longitudinal muscles containing C-shaped rods and simple rods. Posterior part of the cloaca with C-shaped, simple or bifurcated rods (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFE28FDE0BBB72801" box="[415,501,567,593]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
); anterior part with simple, branched rods, irregular plate-like branched rods (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFF71FD8EBB672823" box="[198,293,601,627]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2R</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and large tables, with well-developed and very dense and thick spire, some with circular spire, without clear crossbeams, wide discs with several rings of holes and several central perforations (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFF71FEFDBB5C2B15" box="[198,286,298,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Respiratory trees with small tables as those of the body wall or strongly spinose straight or cross-shaped rods and large tridimensional spheres (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFC96FE9BB93D2B36" box="[801,895,332,358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2X</figureCitation>
|
||||
), not documented previously for the genus. Intestine with spinose or smooth ossicles in a cross shape (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFCDCFEB9B9862BD8" box="[875,964,366,392]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Gonads with delicate and long rods (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFF72FE58BB642BF9" box="[197,294,399,425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 2N</figureCitation>
|
||||
, 11). Rosettes not present in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[634,781,399,425]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" box="[634,781,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB715323FFF09FAD9BE192DB9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" targetBox="[189,1398,265,1939]" targetPageId="15">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B715323FFF09FAD9BE192DB9" blockId="16.[188,1400,1294,2025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF09FAD9BB492F78" bold="true" box="[190,267,1294,1320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</emphasis>
|
||||
(see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of
|
||||
|
|
@ -220,7 +266,8 @@ and
|
|||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Photos by G. Borrero.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" box="[185,1573,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[185,254,563,591]">
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" box="[185,1573,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[185,254,563,591]" targetBox="[192,1934,636,1724]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" blockId="17.[185,1573,563,591]" box="[185,1573,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFF0EFDE4BB56281F" bold="true" box="[185,276,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 3</emphasis>
|
||||
(continued on next page). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of
|
||||
|
|
@ -232,7 +279,7 @@ Photos by G. Borrero.
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B714323EFF76FDABBC992C2B" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<table id="029E56C7B714CDD0FF77FDABBDCC2CEC" box="[192,1934,636,1724]" colsContinueIn="18.[193,1931,1034,1342]" gridcols="6" gridrows="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<table id="029E56C7B714CDD0FF77FDABBDCC2CEC" box="[192,1934,636,1724]" colsContinueIn="18.[193,1931,1034,1342]" gridcols="6" gridrows="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FDABBDCC28DF" box="[192,1934,636,655]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FDABBBE628DF" box="[192,420,636,655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFF76FDABBB6328DF" bold="true" box="[193,289,636,655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Characters</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -263,159 +310,143 @@ Photos by G. Borrero.
|
|||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FD77BDCC2899" box="[192,1934,672,713]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FD77BBE62899" box="[192,420,672,713]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Body color</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FD77B88B2899" box="[432,713,672,713]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1A–J, 8):</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFD77BE682899" box="[728,1066,672,713]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1Z–H’, 14):</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFD77BF042899" box="[1080,1350,672,713]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1K–Y, 17–18):</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFD77BCCC2899" box="[1370,1678,672,713]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1I’–O’, 21):</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FD77BDCC2899" box="[1698,1934,672,713]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in the</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FD77BDCC28E3" box="[192,1934,672,691]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FD77BBE628E3" box="[192,420,672,691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Body color</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FD77B88B294F" box="[432,713,672,799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1A–J, 8): 1) Chips (CH); 2) Uniform (U); 3) Reticulated (R); 4) Black and yellow (BY).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFD77BE68294F" box="[728,1066,672,799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1Z–H’, 14): 1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Dark green and light papillae (DGL).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFD77BF04294F" box="[1080,1350,672,799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1K–Y, 17–18): 1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Light and blurry dark (LBD).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFD77BCCC294F" box="[1370,1678,672,799]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1I’–O’, 21): 1) Chocolate brown uniform (BU); 2) Chocolate brown and stains (BS); 3) Chocolate brown and reddish (BR); 4) Reticulated pattern (R).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FD77BDCC294F" box="[1698,1934,672,799]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in the background, with irregularly arranged blurred big and small spots in a darker brown color (Figs 1P’–Q’, 22, 24).</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FD1BBDCC294F" box="[192,1934,716,799]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FD1BB88B294F" box="[432,713,716,799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Chips (CH); 2) Uniform (U); 3) Reticulated (R); 4) Black and yellow (BY).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFD1BBE68294F" box="[728,1066,716,799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Dark green and light papillae (DGL).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFD1BBF04294F" box="[1080,1350,716,799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Light and blurry dark (LBD).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFD1BBCCC294F" box="[1370,1678,716,799]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Chocolate brown uniform (BU); 2) Chocolate brown and stains (BS); 3) Chocolate brown and reddish (BR); 4) Reticulated pattern (R).</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FD1BBDCC294F" box="[1698,1934,716,799]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">background, with irregularly arranged blurred big and small spots in a darker brown color (Figs 1P’–Q’, 22, 24).</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FCEFBDCC29DB" box="[192,1934,824,907]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FCEFBBE629DB" box="[192,420,824,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line on white blotches or on the background</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FCEFB88B29DB" box="[432,713,824,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFCEFBE6829DB" box="[728,1066,824,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFCEFBF0429DB" box="[1080,1350,824,907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFCEFBCCC29DB" box="[1370,1678,824,907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FCEFBDCC29DB" box="[1698,1934,824,907]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FCEFBDCC29DB" box="[192,1934,824,907]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FCEFBBE629DB" box="[192,420,824,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line on white blotches or on the background</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FCEFB88B29DB" box="[432,713,824,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFCEFBE6829DB" box="[728,1066,824,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFCEFBF0429DB" box="[1080,1350,824,907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFCEFBCCC29DB" box="[1370,1678,824,907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FCEFBDCC29DB" box="[1698,1934,824,907]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FC76BDCC29E4" box="[192,1934,929,948]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FC76BBE629E4" box="[192,420,929,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Whitish spot-like granules</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FC76B88B29E4" box="[432,713,929,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFC76BE6829E4" box="[728,1066,929,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFC76BF0429E4" box="[1080,1350,929,948]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFC76BCCC29E4" box="[1370,1678,929,948]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FC76BDCC29E4" box="[1698,1934,929,948]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FC76BDCC29E4" box="[192,1934,929,948]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FC76BBE629E4" box="[192,420,929,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Whitish spot-like granules</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FC76B88B29E4" box="[432,713,929,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFC76BE6829E4" box="[728,1066,929,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFC76BF0429E4" box="[1080,1350,929,948]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFC76BCCC29E4" box="[1370,1678,929,948]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FC76BDCC29E4" box="[1698,1934,929,948]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FC18BDCC29A7" box="[192,1934,975,1015]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FC18BBE629A7" box="[192,420,975,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spiral lines on dorsal and lateral papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FC18B88B29A7" box="[432,713,975,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFC18BE6829A7" box="[728,1066,975,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sometimes present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFC18BF0429A7" box="[1080,1350,975,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFC18BCCC29A7" box="[1370,1678,975,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FC18BDCC29A7" box="[1698,1934,975,1015]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FC18BDCC29A7" box="[192,1934,975,1015]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FC18BBE629A7" box="[192,420,975,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spiral lines on dorsal and lateral papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FC18B88B29A7" box="[432,713,975,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFC18BE6829A7" box="[728,1066,975,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sometimes present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFC18BF0429A7" box="[1080,1350,975,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFC18BCCC29A7" box="[1370,1678,975,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FC18BDCC29A7" box="[1698,1934,975,1015]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FBDCBDCC2E64" box="[192,1934,1035,1076]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FBDCBBE62E64" box="[192,420,1035,1076]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Body wall appearance in live specimens</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FBDCB88B2E64" box="[432,713,1035,1076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFBDCBE682E64" box="[728,1066,1035,1076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFBDCBF042E64" box="[1080,1350,1035,1076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Semi translucent/Rugose</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFBDCBCCC2E64" box="[1370,1678,1035,1076]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FBDCBDCC2E64" box="[1698,1934,1035,1076]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Semi translucent/Smooth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FBDCBDCC2E64" box="[192,1934,1035,1076]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FBDCBBE62E64" box="[192,420,1035,1076]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Body wall appearance in live specimens</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FBDCB88B2E64" box="[432,713,1035,1076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFBDCBE682E64" box="[728,1066,1035,1076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFBDCBF042E64" box="[1080,1350,1035,1076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Semi translucent/Rugose</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFBDCBCCC2E64" box="[1370,1678,1035,1076]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FBDCBDCC2E64" box="[1698,1934,1035,1076]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Semi translucent/Smooth</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FB9FBDCC2E30" box="[192,1934,1096,1120]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FB9FBBE62E30" box="[192,420,1096,1120]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C–shaped ossicles</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FB9FB88B2E30" box="[432,713,1096,1120]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">52–130 (x = 80) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFB9FBE682E30" box="[728,1066,1096,1120]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">54–90 µm (x = 69) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFB9FBF042E30" box="[1080,1350,1096,1120]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">45–98 (x = 71) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFB9FBCCC2E30" box="[1370,1678,1096,1120]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">60–109 (x = 81) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FB9FBDCC2E30" box="[1698,1934,1096,1120]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">91–155 (x = 113) µm</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FB9FBDCC2E30" box="[192,1934,1096,1120]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FB9FBBE62E30" box="[192,420,1096,1120]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C–shaped ossicles</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FB9FB88B2E30" box="[432,713,1096,1120]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">52–130 (x = 80) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFB9FBE682E30" box="[728,1066,1096,1120]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">54–90 µm (x = 69) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFB9FBF042E30" box="[1080,1350,1096,1120]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">45–98 (x = 71) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFB9FBCCC2E30" box="[1370,1678,1096,1120]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">60–109 (x = 81) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FB9FBDCC2E30" box="[1698,1934,1096,1120]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">91–155 (x = 113) µm</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FBA2BDCC2ED8" box="[192,1934,1141,1160]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FBA2BBE62ED8" box="[192,420,1141,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tables in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FBA2B88B2ED8" box="[432,713,1141,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FBA2BDCC2ED8" box="[192,1934,1141,1160]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FBA2BBE62ED8" box="[192,420,1141,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tables in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FBA2B88B2EA4" box="[432,713,1141,1268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">
|
||||
Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFE43FBA2B81A2ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[500,600,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFE43FBA2B81A2ED8" box="[500,600,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables,
|
||||
tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 7A)
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFBA2BE682ED8" box="[728,1066,1141,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFBA2BE682EA4" box="[728,1066,1141,1268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">
|
||||
1) Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFC85FBA2B9D42ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[818,918,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFC85FBA2B9D42ED8" box="[818,918,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables,
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFBA2BF042ED8" box="[1080,1350,1141,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFBCBFBA2BEA22ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1148,1248,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFBCBFBA2BEA22ED8" box="[1148,1248,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables, discs
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFBA2BCCC2ED8" box="[1370,1678,1141,1160]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFA28FBA2BC412ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1439,1539,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFA28FBA2BC412ED8" box="[1439,1539,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables,
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FBA2BDCC2ED8" box="[1698,1934,1141,1160]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EF951FBA2BD082ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1766,1866,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EF951FBA2BD082ED8" box="[1766,1866,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables,
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FB5CBDCC2EA4" box="[192,1934,1163,1268]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FB5CB88B2EA4" box="[432,713,1163,1268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 7A)</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFB5CBE682EA4" box="[728,1066,1163,1268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
discs fully developed (Figs 2A–B, 13A) 2) Modified
|
||||
tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A–B, 13A) 2) Modified
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFC8BFB77B9CC2EE3" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[828,910,1184,1203]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFC8BFB77B9CC2EE3" box="[828,910,1184,1203]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">maculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables (Figs 2D, 13A)
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFB5CBF042EA4" box="[1080,1350,1163,1268]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">fully developed (Figs 2A, 16A)</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFB5CBCCC2EA4" box="[1370,1678,1163,1268]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 20A)</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FB5CBDCC2EA4" box="[1698,1934,1163,1268]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">discs fully developed in small and medium size specimens; discs completely reduced in large specimens (Figs 2C, 23A)</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFBA2BF042EA4" box="[1080,1350,1141,1268]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">
|
||||
Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFBCBFBA2BEA22ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1148,1248,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFBCBFBA2BEA22ED8" box="[1148,1248,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 16A)
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFBA2BCCC2EA4" box="[1370,1678,1141,1268]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">
|
||||
Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFA28FBA2BC412ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1439,1539,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFA28FBA2BC412ED8" box="[1439,1539,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 20A)
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FBA2BDCC2EA4" box="[1698,1934,1141,1268]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">
|
||||
Regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EF951FBA2BD082ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1766,1866,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EF951FBA2BD082ED8" box="[1766,1866,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables, discs fully developed in small and medium size specimens; discs completely reduced in large specimens (Figs 2C, 23A)
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FADBBDCC2F1A" box="[192,1934,1292,1354]" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FADBBBE62F1A" box="[192,420,1292,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table height in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FADBB88B2F1A" box="[432,713,1292,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 33–70 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 33–41 (x = 37) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFADBBE682F1A" box="[728,1066,1292,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 58–86 (x = 71) µm 2) 60–108 (x = 86) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFADBBF042F1A" box="[1080,1350,1292,1354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 31–78 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 31–46 (x = 38) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFADBBCCC2F1A" box="[1370,1678,1292,1354]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 34–65 (x =50) µm Juveniles: 34–46 (x = 41) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FADBBDCC2F1A" box="[1698,1934,1292,1354]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 29–38 (x =34) µm Juveniles: 31–48 µm (x = 40) µm</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FADBBDCC2F1A" box="[192,1934,1292,1354]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FADBBBE62F1A" box="[192,420,1292,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table height in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FADBB88B2F1A" box="[432,713,1292,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 33–70 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 33–41 (x = 37) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFADBBE682F1A" box="[728,1066,1292,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 58–86 (x = 71) µm 2) 60–108 (x = 86) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFADBBF042F1A" box="[1080,1350,1292,1354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 31–78 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 31–46 (x = 38) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFADBBCCC2F1A" box="[1370,1678,1292,1354]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 34–65 (x =50) µm Juveniles: 34–46 (x = 41) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FADBBDCC2F1A" box="[1698,1934,1292,1354]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 29–38 (x =34) µm Juveniles: 31–48 µm (x = 40) µm</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA88BDCC2FD8" box="[192,1934,1375,1416]" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA88BBE62FD8" box="[192,420,1375,1416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table disc diameter in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA88B88B2FD8" box="[432,713,1375,1416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 39–81 (x = 58) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA88BE682FD8" box="[728,1066,1375,1416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 62–95 (x = 80) µm 2) 66–141 (x = 106) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA88BF042FD8" box="[1080,1350,1375,1416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 39–84 (x = 64) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA88BCCC2FD8" box="[1370,1678,1375,1416]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 42–95 (x = 63) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA88BDCC2FD8" box="[1698,1934,1375,1416]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 17–27 (x = 23) µm Juveniles: 24–77 (x = 48) µm</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA88BDCC2FD8" box="[192,1934,1375,1416]" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA88BBE62FD8" box="[192,420,1375,1416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table disc diameter in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA88B88B2FD8" box="[432,713,1375,1416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 39–81 (x = 58) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA88BE682FD8" box="[728,1066,1375,1416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 62–95 (x = 80) µm 2) 66–141 (x = 106) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA88BF042FD8" box="[1080,1350,1375,1416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 39–84 (x = 64) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA88BCCC2FD8" box="[1370,1678,1375,1416]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 42–95 (x = 63) µm</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA88BDCC2FD8" box="[1698,1934,1375,1416]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 17–27 (x = 23) µm Juveniles: 24–77 (x = 48) µm</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA4BBDCC2F94" box="[192,1934,1436,1476]" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA4BBBE62F94" box="[192,420,1436,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Worm–like rods in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA4BB88B2F94" box="[432,713,1436,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA4BBE682F94" box="[728,1066,1436,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sometimes present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA4BBF042F94" box="[1080,1350,1436,1476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA4BBCCC2F94" box="[1370,1678,1436,1476]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA4BBDCC2F94" box="[1698,1934,1436,1476]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA4BBDCC2F94" box="[192,1934,1436,1476]" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA4BBBE62F94" box="[192,420,1436,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Worm–like rods in dorsal papillae</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA4BB88B2F94" box="[432,713,1436,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA4BBE682F94" box="[728,1066,1436,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sometimes present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA4BBF042F94" box="[1080,1350,1436,1476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA4BBCCC2F94" box="[1370,1678,1436,1476]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA4BBDCC2F94" box="[1698,1934,1436,1476]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA0FBDCC2C51" box="[192,1934,1496,1537]" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA0FBBE62C51" box="[192,420,1496,1537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tables in mouth membrane (Fig. 11)</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA0FB88B2C51" box="[432,713,1496,1537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, usually tall spire</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA0FBE682C51" box="[728,1066,1496,1537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, low spire usually incomplete</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA0FBF042C51" box="[1080,1350,1496,1537]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, usually flat spire</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA0FBCCC2C51" box="[1370,1678,1496,1537]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, some specimens without tables</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA0FBDCC2C51" box="[1698,1934,1496,1537]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, tall spire, sometimes incomplete</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA0FBDCC2C51" box="[192,1934,1496,1537]" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA0FBBE62C51" box="[192,420,1496,1537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tables in mouth membrane (Fig. 11)</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA0FB88B2C51" box="[432,713,1496,1537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, usually tall spire</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA0FBE682C51" box="[728,1066,1496,1537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, low spire usually incomplete</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA0FBF042C51" box="[1080,1350,1496,1537]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, usually flat spire</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA0FBCCC2C51" box="[1370,1678,1496,1537]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, some specimens without tables</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA0FBDCC2C51" box="[1698,1934,1496,1537]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, tall spire, sometimes incomplete</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77F9C2BDCC2C03" box="[192,1934,1557,1619]" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77F9C2BBE62C03" box="[192,420,1557,1619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the Respiratory tree (Fig. 23F)</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07F9C2B88B2C03" box="[432,713,1557,1619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FF9C2BE682C03" box="[728,1066,1557,1619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FF9C2BF042C03" box="[1080,1350,1557,1619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDF9C2BCCC2C03" box="[1370,1678,1557,1619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915F9C2BDCC2C03" box="[1698,1934,1557,1619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77F9C2BDCC2C03" box="[192,1934,1557,1619]" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77F9C2BBE62C03" box="[192,420,1557,1619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the Respiratory tree (Fig. 23F)</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07F9C2B88B2C03" box="[432,713,1557,1619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FF9C2BE682C03" box="[728,1066,1557,1619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FF9C2BF042C03" box="[1080,1350,1557,1619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDF9C2BCCC2C03" box="[1370,1678,1557,1619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915F9C2BDCC2C03" box="[1698,1934,1557,1619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77F9BFBDCC2CEC" box="[192,1934,1640,1724]" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77F9BFBBE62CEC" box="[192,420,1640,1724]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca (Figs 11D, 19C, 20F).</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07F9BFB88B2CEC" box="[432,713,1640,1724]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FF9BFBE682CEC" box="[728,1066,1640,1724]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FF9BFBF042CEC" box="[1080,1350,1640,1724]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDF9BFBCCC2CEC" box="[1370,1678,1640,1724]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915F9BFBDCC2CEC" box="[1698,1934,1640,1724]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77F9BFBDCC2CEC" box="[192,1934,1640,1724]" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77F9BFBBE62CEC" box="[192,420,1640,1724]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca (Figs 11D, 19C, 20F).</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07F9BFB88B2CEC" box="[432,713,1640,1724]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FF9BFBE682CEC" box="[728,1066,1640,1724]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FF9BFBF042CEC" box="[1080,1350,1640,1724]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDF9BFBCCC2CEC" box="[1370,1678,1640,1724]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915F9BFBDCC2CEC" box="[1698,1934,1640,1724]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
|
|
@ -431,7 +462,7 @@ tables (Figs 2D, 13A)
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B717323DFF76FBDDBCA82F6E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<table id="029E56C7B717CDD0FF76FBDDBDC92F6E" box="[193,1931,1034,1342]" colsContinueFrom="17.[192,1934,636,1724]" gridcols="6" gridrows="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<table id="029E56C7B717CDD0FF76FBDDBDC92F6E" box="[193,1931,1034,1342]" colsContinueFrom="17.[192,1934,636,1724]" gridcols="6" gridrows="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FBDDBDC92E4D" box="[193,1931,1034,1053]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FBDDBBE02E4D" box="[193,418,1034,1053]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFF76FBDDBB632E4D" bold="true" box="[193,289,1034,1053]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Characters</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -492,30 +523,24 @@ tables (Figs 2D, 13A)
|
|||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFB6ABCC62E80" box="[1370,1668,1213,1232]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abundant at some localities</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FB6ABDC92E80" box="[1698,1931,1213,1232]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Not common</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FB3DBDC92F43" box="[193,1931,1258,1299]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FB3DBBE02F43" box="[193,418,1258,1299]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution (Fig. 5)</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FB3DB8882F43" box="[432,714,1258,1299]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic, from North Carolina to Brazil, including Bermuda and</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFB3DBE5D2F43" box="[728,1055,1258,1299]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">East and Mid Atlantic: Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gabon, Nigeria,</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFB3DBF0F2F43" box="[1080,1357,1258,1299]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFB3DBCC62F43" box="[1370,1668,1258,1299]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">East Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Peru, including Isla del</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FB3DBDC92F43" box="[1698,1931,1258,1299]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FAC2BDC92F6E" box="[193,1931,1301,1342]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FAC2B8882F6E" box="[432,714,1301,1342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">the Antilles</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFAC2BE5D2F6E" box="[728,1055,1301,1342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Ascension island</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFAC2BCC62F6E" box="[1370,1668,1301,1342]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Coco, Malpelo, Galapagos, Lobos de Afuera Islands.</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FAC2BDC92F6E" box="[1698,1931,1301,1342]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sea, confirmed in only a few localities</td>
|
||||
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FB3DBDC92EAD" box="[193,1931,1258,1277]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FB3DBBE02EAD" box="[193,418,1258,1277]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution (Fig. 5)</th>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FB3DB8882F6E" box="[432,714,1258,1342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic, from North Carolina to Brazil, including Bermuda and the Antilles</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFB3DBE5D2F6E" box="[728,1055,1258,1342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">East and Mid Atlantic: Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gabon, Nigeria, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Ascension island</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFB3DBF0F2F6E" box="[1080,1357,1258,1342]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFB3DBCC62F6E" box="[1370,1668,1258,1342]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">East Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Peru, including Isla del Coco, Malpelo, Galapagos, Lobos de Afuera Islands.</td>
|
||||
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FB3DBDC92F6E" box="[1698,1931,1258,1342]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, confirmed in only a few localities</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B716323BFF0AFEDEB9512BFA" blockId="19.[188,1400,265,627]" lastBlockId="20.[189,1401,265,426]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
plates with numerous holes (Fig. 2V); slightly or strongly curved rods with broad perforated expansions in the middle (Fig. 2T); both plates and rods larger than those of dorsal papillae. Ventral body wall with only tables and a few C-shaped ossicles. Tentacles with strongly or slightly curved spiny rods in varying sizes (Fig. 2O) and small tables as those of the body wall, or modified with low and incomplete spires (Fig. 2F). Mouth membrane with thin C-shaped rods, simple rods, and large tables, not documented previously for the genus, with well-developed spire, composed of at least ten pillars joining at the top, forming very dense and thick crown of spines, without crossbeams; discs of the same width as the spire, or wider with several rings of holes and several central perforations (Figs 2H, 7D, 11, 16D). Longitudinal muscles containing C-shaped rods and simple rods. Posterior part of the cloaca with C-shaped, simple or bifurcated rods (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFE28FDE0BBB72801" box="[415,501,567,593]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
); anterior part with simple, branched rods, irregular plate-like branched rods (Fig. 2R) and large tables, with well-developed and very dense and thick spire, some with circular
|
||||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB716323CFF0AF946BF352DB8" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" subCaptionStartIDs="19.[289,331,1857,1883]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 1" targetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" targetPageId="19">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B716323CFF0AF946BF352DB8" blockId="19.[189,1401,1681,2024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFF0AF946BB602CFB" bold="true" box="[189,290,1681,1707]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3A.</emphasis>
|
||||
Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF896BB512D0C" box="[189,275,1857,1884]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green =
|
||||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF896BB512D0C" box="[189,275,1857,1884]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFE96F896BB262D0C" box="[289,356,1857,1884]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Text color meaning: green =
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFD7BF896B9B02D0B" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[716,1010,1857,1883]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isosostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFD7BF896B9B02D0B" box="[716,1010,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Isosostichopus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
|
|
@ -540,7 +565,7 @@ Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (
|
|||
) Chips (CH)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF819BB522DB8" box="[189,272,1998,2024]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF819BB522DB8" box="[189,272,1998,2024]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Outgroup species:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFE4DF819B9872DB8" ID-CoL="FVH9" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[506,965,1998,2024]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFE4DF819B9482DB8" box="[506,778,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Apostichopus japonicus</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -553,15 +578,9 @@ and
|
|||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFC4EF819BE842DB8" box="[1017,1222,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stichopus horrens</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B716323CFB79F819BF312DB8" author="Selenka E." box="[1230,1395,1998,2024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. spire, without clear crossbeams, wide discs with several rings of holes and several central perforations (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFF71FEFDBB5C2B15" box="[198,286,298,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Respiratory trees with small tables as those of the body wall or strongly spinose straight or cross-shaped rods and large tridimensional spheres (Fig. 2X), not documented previously for the genus. Intestine with spinose or smooth ossicles in a cross shape (Fig. 2P). Gonads with delicate and long rods (Figs 2N, 11). Rosettes not present in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[634,781,399,425]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" box="[634,781,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB711323BFF0AFE07BE2E284A" box="[189,1132,464,538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B711323BFF0AFE07BB142BBA" blockId="20.[189,342,464,490]" box="[189,342,464,490]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
<heading id="2B69130BB711323BFF0AFE07BB142BBA" bold="true" box="[189,342,464,490]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="3">
|
||||
|
|
@ -574,5 +593,179 @@ Tropical and subtropical shores of America and the west coast of Africa (
|
|||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB755327FFF0AFDE6B9AD281C" box="[189,1007,560,589]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFDE6B9AD281C" blockId="80.[189,1007,560,589]" box="[189,1007,560,589]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFF0AFDE6B9AD281C" bold="true" box="[189,1007,560,589]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
Key to the species of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFDE0FDE7B9AD281C" authority="Deichmann, 1958" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[599,1007,560,589]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
Isostichopus
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B755327FFCB3FDE7B9AD281C" author="Deichmann E." box="[772,1007,560,589]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB755327FFF0AFDB3BF342C86" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="key">
|
||||
<key id="040FF356B755327FFF0AFDB3BF342C86" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyStep id="CB6ABCC2B755327FFF0AFDB3BF352925" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFDB3BF34297E" blockId="80.[189,1400,612,885]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF0AFDB3BF34297E" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
1. C-shaped ossicles> 90 µm on average and 2–3 times as long as the tables are high; disc tables in dorsal papillae and body wall completely reduced in adults (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFC7BFD50BE6D28F2" box="[972,1071,647,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 2C</figureCitation>
|
||||
, 10E, 23A); tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the respiratory trees (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFCDEFD7CB9932895" box="[873,977,683,709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
|
||||
); color not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in background, with irregularly arranged blurred large and small darker brown spots (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFF43FD26BB08295B" box="[244,330,753,779]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||||
); distributed in the Gulf of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B755327FFD34FD26B89F295B" box="[643,733,753,779]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and Caribbean Sea, confirmed in few localities (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFAB9FD26BF25295C" box="[1294,1383,753,780]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), not a common species .................................................................
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFC6CFCC2BF34297E" ID-CoL="6MZDT" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[987,1398,788,815]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFC6CFCC2BE93297F" bold="true" box="[987,1233,788,815]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B755327FFB56FCC3BF2C297E" author="Clark H. L." box="[1249,1390,788,814]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF76FCEFBF352925" blockId="80.[189,1400,612,885]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF76FCEFBF352925" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">– C-shaped ossicles <90 µm on average; disc tables in dorsal papillae and body wall with complete ring of holes, not reduced in adults; color highly variable; common and abundant species ............ 2</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</keyStep>
|
||||
<keyStep id="CB6ABCC2B755327FFF0AFC4BBF352E36" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFC4BBF342E70" blockId="80.[189,1399,924,1127]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF0AFC4BBF342E70" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
2. Table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae in two shapes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFC4DFC4BBE2D29E6" box="[1018,1135,924,950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 10C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB35FC4BBEF529E6" box="[1154,1207,924,950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="44.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,265,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-15@44.[220,1368,265,1747]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Fig. 13. Isostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) ossicles (neotype USNM E16150, 105 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, modified maculatus tables, regular Isostichopus tables, perforated plates, and large, curved rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, ½ of the round plate) from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Spinous irregular plate-like branched rods in the cloaca. F. Bifurcated spinous rod in the respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from the intestine. H. Simple rods from the gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710663/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">13A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), large, regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFF5DFC68BB3F2989" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[234,381,959,985]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFF5DFC68BB3F2989" box="[234,381,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables 58–86 µm (average = 71 µm) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFCFBFC68B9EA298A" box="[844,936,959,986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and modified
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFBD7FC17BEA42989" ID-CoL="6ZRT7" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1120,1254,959,986]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFBDAFC68BEA42989" box="[1133,1254,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">maculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” tables 60– 108 µm (average = 86 µm) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD83FC35B8D129AD" box="[564,659,994,1021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[190,233,1294,1320]" captionTargetId="figure-12@15.[189,1399,265,1939]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – “modified maculatus tables” (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||||
); whitish spot-like granules on the skin (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFBDCFC35BEF729AD" box="[1131,1205,994,1021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
, 14); distributed in the Mid and East Atlantic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFDF3FBD1B8DD2E71" box="[580,671,1030,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) .................................
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFC1DFBD1BF342E70" authority="(Greeff, 1882)" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[938,1398,1029,1056]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFC1DFBD1BE852E70" bold="true" box="[938,1223,1029,1056]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B755327FFB62FBD1BF2C2E70" author="Greeff R." box="[1237,1390,1030,1056]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="114 - 120" refId="ref57470" refString="Greeff R. 1882. Echinodermen, beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao Tome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 5: 114 - 120, 135 - 139, 156 - 159. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9734185 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1882">Greeff, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF76FBFDBF352E36" blockId="80.[189,1399,924,1127]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF76FBFDBF352E36" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
– Table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae only regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFC22FBFEBE6A2E13" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[917,1064,1065,1091]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFC22FBFEBE6A2E13" box="[917,1064,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables 29–70 µm (average = 47 µm) ............................................................................................................................................... 3
|
||||
</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</keyStep>
|
||||
<keyStep id="CB6ABCC2B755327FFF0AFB59BF352F08" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFB59BF342F42" blockId="80.[189,1399,1166,1368]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF0AFB59BF342F42" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
3. Large wart-like dorsal papillae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFDEEFB59B8F32EF8" box="[601,689,1166,1192]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 19</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD0CFB59B8992EF8" box="[699,731,1166,1192]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1611,1637]" captionTargetBox="[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetId="figure-15@70.[277,1311,265,1569]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with “Chocolate brown and reddish” pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with “Chocolate brown and stains” pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with “Chocolate brown uniform” pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, “chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae” pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710685/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">21</figureCitation>
|
||||
); table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae only regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFF5FFB66BB392E9B" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[232,379,1201,1227]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFF5FFB66BB392E9B" box="[232,379,1201,1227]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables squarer than narrow in profile (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFC8DFB66B9E82E9B" box="[826,938,1201,1227]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 10D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFC01FB66B9AF2E9B" box="[950,1005,1201,1227]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">20A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFDFFFB03B8F52EBE" box="[584,695,1236,1262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD74FB03B8B42EBE" box="[707,758,1236,1262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[189,1398,981,1849]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka’s syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710681/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">19C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFCB4FB03B9772EBE" box="[771,821,1236,1262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710683/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">20F</figureCitation>
|
||||
); distributed in the East Pacific Ocean (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFAB3FB03BF1F2EBF" box="[1284,1373,1236,1263]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) .....................................................................................................................
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFBF8FB2FBF342F42" ID-CoL="3QC2D" authority="(Ludwig, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1103,1398,1271,1298]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFBF8FB2FBEF52F41" bold="true" box="[1103,1207,1271,1298]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">I. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B755327FFB71FB20BF2C2F42" author="Ludwig H." box="[1222,1390,1271,1298]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="77 - 118" refId="ref59641" refString="Ludwig H. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg 2: 77 - 118. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34381203 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1875">Ludwig, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF76FACCBF352F08" blockId="80.[189,1399,1166,1368]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF76FACCBF352F08" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
– Dorsal papillae variable in size and shape; table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae only regular
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFF5DFAE9BB3F2F08" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[234,381,1342,1368]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFF5DFAE9BB3F2F08" box="[234,381,1342,1368]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tables square or narrow in profile; distributed in the West Atlantic Ocean ................. 4
|
||||
</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</keyStep>
|
||||
<keyStep id="CB6ABCC2B755327FFF0AFAA8BF342C86" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFAA8BF342C76" blockId="80.[189,1400,1407,1750]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF0AFAA8BF342C76" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
4. Semi-translucent and rugose body wall; spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB2BFAA8BEA72FC9" box="[1180,1253,1407,1433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
, 17); worm-like rod ossicles in dorsal papillae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD25FA75B9412FED" box="[658,771,1442,1469]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 15B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFCA6FA75B9052FEC" box="[785,839,1442,1468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">16A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); calcareous ring with dorsal radial plates with short posterior projections (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD89FA12B8DF2FB0" box="[574,669,1477,1504]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) in large specimens (L =
|
||||
<quantity id="B7660982B755327FFC54FA12BE0C2FB0" box="[995,1102,1477,1504]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="185.0">185 mm</quantity>
|
||||
); adult specimens living hidden during day associated with live corals, sponges, rubble, and rocks, exposed for only short time (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFE86F9DBBBC42C76" box="[305,390,1548,1574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
) ...........................................................................
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFC74F9DBBF342C76" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[963,1398,1547,1574]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFC74F9DBBE932C76" bold="true" box="[963,1233,1547,1574]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B755327FFB56F9DBBF2C2C76" author="Clark H. L." box="[1249,1390,1548,1574]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF76F9E7BF342C86" blockId="80.[189,1400,1407,1750]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<keyLead id="CB6F0752B755327FFF76F9E7BF342C86" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
– Opaque and smooth body wall; no spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFBECF9F8BEE62C19" box="[1115,1188,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB05F9F8BE802C19" box="[1202,1218,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1616,1642]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-12@31.[189,1399,265,1567]" captionText="Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–U, I’. Specimens with “Chips” color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–I), Neguanje, Colombia (J–L), La Guajira, Colombia (M–Q); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (R–U). V–B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (V–X), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (A’–B’). C’–K’. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (C’–E’), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F’), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (G’–I’), La Guajira, Colombia (J’–K’). L’–O’. Specimens with “Black and yellow” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L’), Magdalena, Colombia (M’–O’). Photos: A–I, Q, V–X, C’–E’, L’, O’ by G. Borrero; R–U by G. Ospina; J–L by E. Acosta; M–P, Y, J’–K’ by E. Ortiz; Z, M’ by M. González-Wangüemert; G’–I’ by J. Gómez; and A’–B’, N’ by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">8</figureCitation>
|
||||
); no worm-like rod ossicles in dorsal papillae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFDF9F985B8EE2C3C" box="[590,684,1618,1644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1356,265,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-12@29.[232,1356,265,1713]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 7. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659454-BT111, 190 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C- and S-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, ¼ of the plate) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Thin C-shaped rods, simple, cross-shaped and irregular plate-like branched rods in the cloaca. G. Table from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. I. Simple rod from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710653/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); calcareous ring with dorsal radial plates with long posterior projections turned inwards (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFD99F9A2B8CB2CC0" box="[558,649,1653,1680]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) in larger individuals (L =
|
||||
<quantity id="B7660982B755327FFC09F9A2BE1F2CC0" box="[958,1117,1653,1680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.975" metricValueMax="2.35" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="197.5" valueMax="235.0" valueMin="160.0">160–235 mm</quantity>
|
||||
); adult specimens living exposed on muddy, sandy, rocky substrates, seagrass beds and mixed bottoms (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B755327FFB3FF94EBE8C2CE3" box="[1160,1230,1689,1715]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1616,1642]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-12@31.[189,1399,265,1567]" captionText="Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–U, I’. Specimens with “Chips” color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–I), Neguanje, Colombia (J–L), La Guajira, Colombia (M–Q); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (R–U). V–B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (V–X), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (A’–B’). C’–K’. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (C’–E’), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F’), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (G’–I’), La Guajira, Colombia (J’–K’). L’–O’. Specimens with “Black and yellow” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L’), Magdalena, Colombia (M’–O’). Photos: A–I, Q, V–X, C’–E’, L’, O’ by G. Borrero; R–U by G. Ospina; J–L by E. Acosta; M–P, Y, J’–K’ by E. Ortiz; Z, M’ by M. González-Wangüemert; G’–I’ by J. Gómez; and A’–B’, N’ by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm." pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
) ................... .............................................................................................................
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFBA1F96BBF342C86" ID-CoL="3QC2C" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1046,1398,1723,1750]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFBA1F96BBEF42C86" bold="true" box="[1046,1206,1723,1750]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B755327FFB72F96BBF2C2C86" author="Selenka E." box="[1221,1390,1724,1750]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</keyLead>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</keyStep>
|
||||
</key>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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