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<document id="BADDAF18E67472D8534EA1E3C5DEAD87" ID-DOI="10.5070/P939056976" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13743778" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726019530669" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cicimurri, David J., Knight, James L. &amp; Ebersole, Jun A." docDate="2022" docId="03DF08494129FFC43C88FE8BFBC9FAB0" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.39.1.1-38.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 39 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p939056976" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0E19E0F9495DF1C9BA1290CB4A0EE6FA.1:PaleoBios.2022.journal_article" docStyleId="0E19E0F9495DF1C9BA1290CB4A0EE6FA" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2022.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Mobula RAFINESQUE 1810" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFE67031413DFFD03D08FFB0FFC5FF90" masterDocTitle="Early Oligocene (Rupelian) fishes (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Ashley Formation (Cooper Group) of South Carolina, USA" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1726020553803" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A89601671BDA0F1F2D3A624E25A0881A">Early Oligocene (Rupelian) fishes (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Ashley Formation (Cooper Group) of South Carolina, USA</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43C88FE8BFDD4FEC3" box="[384,529,315,339]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43C88FE8BFDD4FEC3" blockId="20.[292,621,248,374]" box="[384,529,315,339]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0810E334129FFC43C88FE8BFDD4FEC3" box="[384,529,315,339]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" reason="4">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C82FE8BFE21FEC2" ID-CoL="63BV4" authority="SP." authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[394,484,315,338]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C82FE8BFE21FEC2" box="[394,484,315,338]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">MOBULA</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” SP.
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43C9AFEEEFE3BFEE6" box="[402,510,350,374]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43C9AFEEEFE3BFEE6" blockId="20.[292,621,248,374]" box="[402,510,350,374]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43C9AFEEEFE3BFEE6" box="[402,510,350,374]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FIG. 8C–H</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43D98FE3DFE18FC9A" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FE3DFCE5FE37" blockId="20.[112,800,396,458]" box="[144,800,396,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D98FE3DFEF2FE36" bold="true" box="[144,311,396,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD4129FFC43D98FE3DFF17FE37" box="[144,210,397,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C5CFE3CFCDDFE36" ID-CoL="73MTT" authority="Rafinesque, 1810 b" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[340,792,396,422]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculata">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C5CFE3CFDF4FE36" box="[340,561,396,422]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula auriculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F3EFE3CFCDDFE36" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[566,792,396,422]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref33821" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1810 b. Indice d'ittiologia siciliana ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale eseguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione di alcuni nuovi pesci siciliani. Giovanni del Nobolo, Messina, Italy. 70 pp." type="book" year="1810">Rafinesque, 1810b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D78FE00FF09FE5A" blockId="20.[112,800,396,458]" box="[112,204,432,458]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Recent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D78FE50FDD5FE6A" blockId="20.[112,528,480,506]" box="[112,528,480,506]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
1999
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DBFFE50FEFAFE6A" box="[183,319,480,506]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DBFFE50FED6FE6A" box="[183,275,480,506]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
; Müller, page 66.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D78FDA0FD54FDDD" blockId="20.[112,800,528,589]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
2009a
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DD8FDA0FEF6FDBA" ID-CoL="63BV4" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[208,307,528,554]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DD8FDA0FEF6FDBA" box="[208,307,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C62FDA0FCD2FDBA" authority="Cappetta, 1970" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[362,791,528,554]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C62FDA0FDFFFDBA" box="[362,570,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M. loupianensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F4EFDA0FCD2FDBA" author="Cappetta, H." box="[582,791,528,554]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref27023" refString="Cappetta, H. 1970. Les selaciens du Miocene de la region de Montpellier. Palaeovertebrata, Memoire Extraordinaire 1970: 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1970">Cappetta, 1970</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Cicimurri and Knight, pages 639–640, fig. 9.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FDD3FE18FC9A" blockId="20.[112,800,610,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D98FDD3FDFEFDEC" bold="true" box="[144,571,610,637]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Referred specimens (n=11)</emphasis>
—SC2007.36.40 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43D71FD36FF3FFD30" box="[121,250,646,672]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8C, D</figureCitation>
), SC2007.36.41, SC2007.36.42 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43F9BFD36FCD7FD30" box="[659,786,646,672]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
), SC2007.36.43 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4129FFC43C22FD19FE66FD53" box="[298,419,681,707]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="19.[832,907,1623,1647]" captionTargetBox="[846,1511,208,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-394@19.[829,1523,191,1607]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 8. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. “Rhinoptera” sp. tooth, SC2015.29.30 in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. C, D. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.40 in apical (C) and occlusal (D) views. E, F. “Mobula” sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.42 in apical (E) and occlusal (F) views. G, H. “Mobu- la” sp. female tooth, SC2007.36.43 in occlusal (G) and labial (H) views. I–K. Plinthicus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.48 in occlusal (I), lingual (J), and profile (K) views. Scale bar=1 mm in C–H; 5 mm in A, B, I–K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8G, H</figureCitation>
), SC2007.36.44, SC2007.36.45, SC2007.36.46, SC2007.36.47, SC2007.36.125, SC2015.29.16, SC2015.29.31.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44129FFC43D98FCA3FBC9FAB0" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FCA3FCC2FB44" blockId="20.[112,800,610,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D98FCA3FECDFCBD" bold="true" box="[144,264,787,813]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Remarks</emphasis>
—A recent molecular divergence study by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43D78FC86FDAFFCC0" author="Villalobos-Segura, E. &amp; C. J. Underwood" box="[112,618,822,848]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref35581" refString="Villalobos-Segura, E., and C. J. Underwood. 2020. Radiation and divergence times of Batoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40 (3), e 1777147. [https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2 020.1777147]" type="journal volume" year="2020">Villalobos-Segura and Underwood (2020)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43D78FCE9FF09FCE3" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[112,204,857,883]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D78FCE9FF09FCE3" box="[112,204,857,883]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diverged from its sister taxon,
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43F5BFCE9FD19FCE3" authorityName="CUVIER" authorityYear="1829" box="[595,732,857,883]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Rhinoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43F5BFCE9FD19FCE3" box="[595,732,857,883]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Rhinoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, during the late Miocene. This suggests that morphologically similar Paleogene teeth cannot be referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43FB6FC10FCDFFC2A" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[702,794,928,954]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43FB6FC10FCDFFC2A" box="[702,794,928,954]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the great similarity of the Oligocene taxon to both
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DA6FC57FEADFB90" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[174,360,998,1024]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DA6FC57FEADFB90" box="[174,360,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M. loupianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and extant
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43CFDFC57FF79FBB3" authority="(Vaillant, 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Vaillant" baseAuthorityYear="1879" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rochebrunei">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43CFDFC57FD6EFB90" box="[501,683,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M. rochebrunei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43FB3FC56FF74FBB3" author="Vaillant, L." pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="187 - 188" refId="ref35236" refString="Vaillant, L. 1879. Note sur nouvelle espece d'Elasmobranche hypotreme, le Cephaloptera rochebrunei. Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris, 7 th Series 3: 187 - 188." type="book chapter" year="1879">Vaillant, 1879</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
would seem to indicate a close phylogenetic relationship. The Oligocene mobulids from
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43F6EFB9CFCE5FBD6" box="[614,800,1068,1094]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
are being investigated in more detail, but for the purposes of this report we conservatively retain these specimens within the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43C59FB26FE68FB20" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[337,429,1174,1200]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43C59FB26FE68FB20" box="[337,429,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the understanding that they likely belong to a closely related ancestral taxon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43D98FB6DFE7AF803" blockId="20.[112,800,610,1939]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
Our small sample exhibits a remarkable amount of variation, which we attribute to gynandric heterodonty within a single taxon (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43CB3FA93FCCAFAAD" author="Notabartolo di Sciara, G." box="[443,783,1315,1341]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 91" refId="ref32875" refString="Notabartolo di Sciara, G. 1987. A revisionary study of the genus Mobula Rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9: 1 - 91." type="journal article" year="1987">Notabartolo di Sciara 1987</bibRefCitation>
). The narrow, single to tri-cusped teeth represent males, whereas the wider, linguiform to multi-cuspidate teeth belong to females. This interpretation is supported by the work of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43C0FFA00FDC7FA5A" author="Herman, J. &amp; M. Hovestadt-Euler &amp; D. C. Hovestadt &amp; M. Stehman" box="[263,514,1456,1482]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" refId="ref30075" refString="Herman, J., M. Hovestadt-Euler, D. C. Hovestadt, and M. Stehman. 2000. Contributions to the study of the comparative morphology of teeth and other relevant ichthyodorulites in living supraspecific taxa of Chondrichthyan fishes. Part B: Batomorphii No. 4 c: Order Rajiformes - Suborder Myliobatoidei - Superfamily Dasyatoidea - Family Dasyatidae - Subfamily Dastyatinae - Genus: Urobatis, Subfamily Potamotrygoninae - Genus: Paratrygon, Superfamily Plesiobatoidea - Family Plesiobatidae - Genus: Plesiobatis, Superfamily Myliobatoidea - Family Myliobatidae -" type="book" year="2000">Herman et al. (2000</bibRefCitation>
, plates 19–22), who illustrated the gynandric variation they observed in extant
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43D78FA46FEA5F980" baseAuthorityName="Vaillant" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[112,352,1526,1552]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rochebrunei">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43D78FA46FEA5F980" box="[112,352,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula rochebrunei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The Ashley Formation morphotypes we examined match those illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F7AF9A9FEE5F9C7" author="Cicimurri, D. J. &amp; J. L. Knight" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 9) from the overlying (Chattian) Chandler Bridge Formation, and we regard them as conspecific. We also concur with
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43CA7F933FCE5F90D" author="Cicimurri, D. J. &amp; J. L. Knight" box="[431,800,1667,1693]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
that the
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43DE9F916FEA8F951" box="[225,365,1702,1729]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43DE9F916FEFAF950" box="[225,319,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
teeth reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43F60F916FCE5F950" author="Muller, A." box="[616,800,1702,1728]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref32352" refString="Muller, A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 / 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller (1999)</bibRefCitation>
from the Oligocene Old Church Formation of
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43FB4F979FCE5F973" box="[700,800,1737,1763]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Virginia</collectingRegion>
appear to fall within the range of variation observed in the
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43DA9F8A0FE99F8BA" box="[161,348,1808,1834]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
Oligocene “
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43CFCF8A0FD95F8BA" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[500,592,1808,1834]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43CFCF8A0FD95F8BA" box="[500,592,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” sample.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43FC5F8A0FF79F8DD" author="Muller, A." pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref32352" refString="Muller, A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 / 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller (1999</bibRefCitation>
, page 66) reported
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43CC8F883FD8CF8DD" box="[448,585,1843,1869]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43CC8F883FDD8F8DD" box="[448,541,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from the Ashley Formation, but he did not illustrate any specimens from this lithostratigraphic unit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4129FFC43E68FF73FBC9FAB0" blockId="20.[832,1520,193,1313]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
Although some of the
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC4396CFF73FAD3FF4D" box="[1124,1302,195,221]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
Oligocene “
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC438ABFF73FC92FE91" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC438ABFF73FC92FE91" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” teeth resemble the
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD4129FFC43952FF56FB0CFE90" box="[1114,1225,230,256]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the Rupelian
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4389CFF56FBD3FEB3" authority="Pfeil, 1981" authorityName="Pfeil" authorityYear="1981" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irenae">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4389CFF56FC4BFEB4" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula irenae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43E9AFEB9FBD3FEB3" author="Pfeil, F." box="[914,1046,265,291]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="357 - 388" refId="ref33177" refString="Pfeil, F. 1981. Eine nektonische Fischfauna aus dem unteroligozanen Schonecker Fischschiefer des Galon-Grabens in Oberbayern. Geologica Bavarica 82: 357 - 388." type="journal article" year="1981">Pfeil, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, none are similar to
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43806FEB9FA6FFEB3" author="Pfeil, F." box="[1294,1450,265,291]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="357 - 388" refId="ref33177" refString="Pfeil, F. 1981. Eine nektonische Fischfauna aus dem unteroligozanen Schonecker Fischschiefer des Galon-Grabens in Oberbayern. Geologica Bavarica 82: 357 - 388." type="journal article" year="1981">Pfeil’s (1981</bibRefCitation>
:plate 1, fig. 2)
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD4129FFC43EA4FE9DFBD8FED7" box="[940,1053,301,327]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, and we consider the two as separate species. The Rupelian taxon
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4399EFEE0FA35FEFA" authority="Pfeil, 1981" authorityName="Pfeil" authorityYear="1981" box="[1174,1520,336,362]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Eomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kowaldi">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4399EFEE0FAACFEFA" box="[1174,1385,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Eomanta kowaldi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43866FEE0FA35FEFA" author="Pfeil, F." box="[1390,1520,336,362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="357 - 388" refId="ref33177" refString="Pfeil, F. 1981. Eine nektonische Fischfauna aus dem unteroligozanen Schonecker Fischschiefer des Galon-Grabens in Oberbayern. Geologica Bavarica 82: 357 - 388." type="journal article" year="1981">Pfeil, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is based on a single tooth and there is some debate as to whether it represents a distinct taxon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43855FE26FC44FE43" author="Adnet, S. &amp; H. Cappetta &amp; G. Guinot &amp; G. Notabartolo di Sciara" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) or is conspecific with “
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC439BBFE0AFC30FE67" authority="(Cicimurri and Knight 2009 a)" baseAuthorityName="Cicimurri and Knight" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irenae">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC439BBFE0AFB0FFE43" box="[1203,1226,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
.”
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC439E9FE08FAEAFE44" box="[1249,1327,440,468]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">irenae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC4384AFE09FC2CFE67" author="Cicimurri, D. J. &amp; J. L. Knight" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight 2009a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4393EFE6DFB71FE66" authorityName="Pfeil" authorityYear="1981" box="[1078,1204,476,502]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Eomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kowaldi">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4393EFE6DFB71FE66" box="[1078,1204,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. kowaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tooth has a higher crown and the occlusal surface is unusually constricted and more embayed compared to our Oligocene specimens. The early Eocene (Ypresian) taxon
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4380CFDF5FC0EFD13" authority="Herman et al., 1989" authorityName="Herman" authorityYear="1989" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Mobulidae" genus="Eomobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4380CFDF5FA45FDF1" box="[1284,1408,581,609]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Eomobula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43882FDF7FC0EFD13" author="Herman, J. &amp; M. Hovestadt-Euler &amp; D. C. Hovestadt" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="175 - 178" refId="ref29805" refString="Herman, J., M. Hovestadt-Euler, and D. C. Hovestadt. 1989. Additions to the Eocene fish fauna of Belgium. 9. Discovery of Eomobula gen. et spec. nov. (Mobulidae, Chondrichthyes) from the Ypresian. Tertiary Research 10 (4): 175 - 178." type="journal article" year="1989">Herman et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
may not be a mobulid as originally thought (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43E43FD3CFBECFD37" author="Adnet, S. &amp; H. Cappetta &amp; G. Guinot &amp; G. Notabartolo di Sciara" box="[843,1065,652,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), but the superficially similar teeth can be differentiated from the
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC439BFFD00FAAAFD5A" box="[1207,1391,688,714]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
Oligocene specimens by its very low crown with no vertical wrinkling, and the root is poorly differentiated into individual root lobes. The taxon
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4396AFCA9FC49FCC7" authority="(Cappetta, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Cappetta" baseAuthorityYear="1970" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Mobulidae" genus="Paramobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4396AFCA9FAA4FCA3" box="[1122,1377,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Paramobula fragilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC4387FFCA9FC44FCC7" author="Cappetta, H." pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref27023" refString="Cappetta, H. 1970. Les selaciens du Miocene de la region de Montpellier. Palaeovertebrata, Memoire Extraordinaire 1970: 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1970">Cappetta, 1970</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(which has since been assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43847FC8CFA6EFCC6" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[1359,1451,828,854]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43847FC8CFA6EFCC6" box="[1359,1451,828,854]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was reported from the Chattian Chandler Bridge Formation by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43E6CFC33FB7AFC0D" author="Cicimurri, D. J. &amp; J. L. Knight" box="[868,1215,899,925]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight 2009a</bibRefCitation>
(fig. 6D), but these teeth are more similar in morphology to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC4387FFC15FA35FC51" authorityName="COPE" authorityYear="1869" box="[1399,1520,933,961]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Plinthicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC4387FFC15FA35FC51" box="[1399,1520,933,961]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Plinthicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and will not be confused with “
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC439C8FC79FAD9FC73" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[1216,1308,969,995]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC439C8FC79FAD9FC73" box="[1216,1308,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” teeth described herein. Eocene and Oligocene teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43823FC5DFC08FBBA" authority="Adnet et al., 2012" authorityName="Adnet" authorityYear="2012" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Argoubia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43823FC5DFA59FB99" box="[1323,1436,1005,1033]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Argoubia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC438ADFC5CFC08FBBA" author="Adnet, S. &amp; H. Cappetta &amp; G. Guinot &amp; G. Notabartolo di Sciara" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
apparently lack the linguiform and bi- and tri-cuspidate morphologies that occur in the dentition of the Ashley Formation taxon, and the occlusal surface is generally weakly concave (also
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC439E3FBC9FAB9FB04" author="Leder, R. M." box="[1259,1404,1145,1172]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="73 - 90" refId="ref31331" refString="Leder, R. M. 2015. Fossil remains of selachiens and chimaera from the Muschelschluff and Phosphoritknollenhorizont of Zwenkau near Leipzig. Journal of Central European Geology 61 (1): 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="2015">Leder 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Eocene
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43E48FB2DFB6CFB27" authority="Adnet et al., 2012" authorityName="Adnet" authorityYear="2012" box="[832,1193,1180,1209]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Oromobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43E48FB2DFC0CFB29" box="[832,969,1181,1209]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Oromobula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4129FFC43EC7FB2CFB6CFB27" author="Adnet, S. &amp; H. Cappetta &amp; G. Guinot &amp; G. Notabartolo di Sciara" box="[975,1193,1180,1207]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="132 - 159" refId="ref25433" refString="Adnet, S., H. Cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notabartolo di Sciara. 2012. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (1): 132 - 159." type="journal article" year="2012">Adnet et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
teeth generally are higher and much thinner (labio-lingually) than the
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4129FFC43856FB70FCAAFB6D" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
“
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4129FFC43E8AFB53FC1BFB6D" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[898,990,1251,1277]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4129FFC43E8AFB53FC1BFB6D" box="[898,990,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Mobula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,” and the relatively small occlusal surface is very irregular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="4175171C59133B1C84F13092AFFC091C">Early Oligocene (Rupelian) fishes (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Ashley Formation (Cooper Group) of South Carolina, USA</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412AFFC73ED4FE2EFA91FE26" blockId="23.[899,1453,318,506]" box="[988,1364,414,438]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="D0810E33412AFFC73ED4FE2EFA91FE26" allCaps="true" box="[988,1364,414,438]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412AFFC73ED4FE2EFA91FE26" ID-CoL="626JX" ID-ENA="171414" authority="REGAN, 1910" authorityName="REGAN" authorityYear="1910" box="[988,1364,414,438]" family="Paralichthyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleuronectiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
PARALICHTHYIDAE
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412AFFC739CCFE2EFA91FE26" author="Regan, C. T." box="[1220,1364,414,438]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="484 - 496" refId="ref34029" refString="Regan, C. T. 1910. The origin and evolution of the teleostean fishes of the order Heterosomata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 6 (35): 484 - 496." type="journal article" year="1910">REGAN, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412AFFC73930FE0EFB3FFE46" blockId="23.[899,1453,318,506]" box="[1080,1274,446,470]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="D0810E33412AFFC73930FE0EFB3FFE46" allCaps="true" box="[1080,1274,446,470]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" reason="2">GEN. ET SP. INDET.</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD4412AFFC73969FE52FA1EFB86" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412AFFC73969FE52FB0AFE69" blockId="23.[899,1453,318,506]" box="[1121,1231,482,506]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA412AFFC73969FE52FB0AFE69" box="[1121,1231,482,506]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="22.[112,187,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[147,1485,216,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-260@22.[112,1518,192,1045]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 9. Teleost teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Albula sp. tooth, SC2015.29.204 in profile (A) and basal (B) views. C, D. Osteoglossidae indet. tooth, SC2015.29.218 in profile (C) and basal (D) views. E–H. Sphyraena sp. cheek tooth, SC2007.36.120 in close-up showing serrations (E), labial (F), carinal (G), and basal (H) views. I–K. Sphyraena sp. laniary tooth, SC2007.36.190 in labial (I), basal (J), and anterior (K) views. L, M. Paralichthyidae indet. tooth, SC2007.36.259 in labial (L) and distal (M) views. N. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2015.29.185 in profile view. O. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2007.36.210 in profile view. P–R. Palaeocybium sp. tooth, SC2007.36.122 in labial (P), carinal (Q), and basal (R) views. S–U. Scomberomorus sp. tooth, SC2015.29.221 in lingual (S), carinal (T), and basal (U) views. Scale bar=0.4 mm in O; 0.5 mm in C, D, L–N, S–U; 1 mm in A, B, I–K; 3 mm in E–H, P–R." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743794/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">FIG. 9L, M</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412AFFC73E68FDBFFA56FDBA" blockId="23.[832,1521,527,1891]" box="[864,1427,527,554]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B902654D412AFFC73E68FDBFFB74FDB9" bold="true" box="[864,1201,527,553]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Referred specimen (n=1)</emphasis>
—SC2015.36.259.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412AFFC73E68FD83FA1EFB86" blockId="23.[832,1521,527,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B902654D412AFFC73E68FD83FBC0FDDD" bold="true" box="[864,1029,563,589]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Description</emphasis>
—This tooth is thin, needle-like, and measures approximately 1.0 mm in total height. In labial view, the margins of the tooth are relatively straight but gradually taper to a sharp point. In mesial and distal views, the tooth has a conspicuous lingual curvature, with a uniformly convex labial margin and a concave lingual margin. The main body of the tooth lacks carinae, but short labial and lingual cutting edges occur at the apex. The apex is slightly upturned and labiolingually flared. The tooth lacks ornamentation, and the enameloid at the crown apex is flared, semi-translucent, and lighter in color than that of the remainder of the tooth. The tooth has a conical cross section, and the base has a circular outline, is thin-walled and bears a shallow pulpcavity.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36CEAD4412AFFC83E68FB90FE3BFE31" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412AFFC73E68FB90FA35F8F3" blockId="23.[832,1521,527,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B902654D412AFFC73E68FB90FC1EFBAA" bold="true" box="[864,987,1056,1082]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Remarks</emphasis>
—The combination of features occurring on SC2015.36.259 has also been observed by us on the teeth of Recent members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412AFFC739E0FBD6FA5DFB10" box="[1256,1432,1126,1152]" family="Lepisosteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lepisosteidae</taxonomicName>
(gars) and
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412AFFC73E71FB39FBF8FB33" authorityName="REGAN" authorityYear="1910" box="[889,1085,1161,1187]" family="Paralichthyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleuronectiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Paralichthyidae</taxonomicName>
(large-tooth flounders). However, specimen SC2015.36.259 lacks finely striated enameloid ornamentation and has a more evenly convex labial edge when compared to any of the Recent gar teeth we examined. Our specimen, however, compares very well to the dentary incisors of a Recent
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412AFFC7399CFA89FBC4FAE6" authority="Jordan and Gilbert" authorityName="Jordan and Gilbert" family="Paralichthyidae" genus="Paralichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleuronectiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethostigma">
<emphasis id="B902654D412AFFC7399CFA89FA78FAC3" box="[1172,1469,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Paralichthys lethostigma</emphasis>
Jordan and Gilbert
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in
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412AFFC7392FFAECFA82FAE7" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; S. E. Meek" box="[1063,1351,1372,1399]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="235 - 237" refId="ref30842" refString="Jordan, D. S., and S. E. Meek. 1884. List of fishes observed in the Saint John's River at Jacksonville, Florida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 7 (427): 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1884">
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and Meek, 1884
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specimen we studied (MSC 42999), indicating that this tooth belongs to an Oligocene member of the
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. Extant
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is an extremely diverse family consisting of at least 14 genera and approximately 111 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412AFFC73E43F9BCFBEEF9B6" author="Nelson, J. S. &amp; T. C. Grande &amp; M. V. H. Wilson" box="[843,1067,1548,1575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" refId="ref32830" refString="Nelson, J. S., T. C. Grande, and M. V. H. Wilson. 2016. Fishes of the World, fifth edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. 752 pp." type="book" year="2016">Nelson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Unfortunately, the diversity within this family and our lack of Recent comparative material does not allow us to identify this tooth beyond the familial level. Nevertheless,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412AFFC73976F9C6FA40F900" author="Ebersole, J. A. &amp; D. J. Cicimurri &amp; G. L. Stringer" box="[1150,1413,1654,1681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="481 - 518" refId="ref28424" refString="Ebersole, J. A., D. J. Cicimurri, and G. L. Stringer. 2021. Marine fishes (Elasmobranchii, Teleostei) from the Glendon Limestone Member of the Byram Formation (Oligocene, Rupelian) at site AWa- 9, Washington County, Alabama, USA, including a new species of gobiid (Gobiiformes: Gobiidae). Acta Geologica Polonica 71 (4): 481 - 518. [doi. org / 10.24425 / agp. 2020.134561]" type="journal article" year="2021">Ebersole et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
recently confirmed two unspeciated, otolith-based paralichthyid genera (
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<emphasis id="B902654D412AFFC73EA2F90CFB88F946" box="[938,1101,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Citharichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412AFFC73986F90DFB31F949" authorityName="Ranzani" authorityYear="1842" box="[1166,1268,1725,1753]" family="Paralichthyidae" genus="Syacium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleuronectiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412AFFC73986F90DFB31F949" box="[1166,1268,1725,1753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Syacium</emphasis>
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) from the Rupelian Glendon Limestone Member of the Byram Formation in
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD412AFFC73E48F8B3FC10F88D" box="[832,981,1795,1821]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Washington</collectingRegion>
County,
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. These occurrences show that members of the family were well-established in the nearby Gulf Coastal Plain of the
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during the Oligocene.
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83DE6FF73FDB6FF6A" authority="RAFINESQUE, 1810 b SCOMBROIDEI BLEEKER, 1859" authorityName="RAFINESQUE, 1810 b SCOMBROIDEI BLEEKER" authorityYear="1859" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scombriformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
SCOMBRIFORMES
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83CCBFF73FD67FF4B" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[451,674,195,219]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref33821" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1810 b. Indice d'ittiologia siciliana ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale eseguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione di alcuni nuovi pesci siciliani. Giovanni del Nobolo, Messina, Italy. 70 pp." type="book" year="1810">RAFINESQUE, 1810b</bibRefCitation>
SCOMBROIDEI
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83CC2FF53FDB6FF6A" author="Bleeker, P." box="[458,627,226,250]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 276" refId="ref26689" refString="Bleeker, P. 1859. Enumeratio specierum piscium hucusque in Archipelago indico observatarum. Acta Societatis scientiarum Indo - Neerlandae 6: 1 - 276." type="journal article" year="1859">BLEEKER, 1859</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83DF7FEB3FD57FE8B" authority="RAFINESQUE, 1810 b" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1810" box="[255,658,259,283]" family="Trichiuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
TRICHIURIDAE
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83CBBFEB3FD57FE8B" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[435,658,259,283]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref33821" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1810 b. Indice d'ittiologia siciliana ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale eseguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione di alcuni nuovi pesci siciliani. Giovanni del Nobolo, Messina, Italy. 70 pp." type="book" year="1810">RAFINESQUE, 1810b</bibRefCitation>
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TRICHIURINAE
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83CBBFE93FD57FEAB" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[435,658,291,315]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref33821" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1810 b. Indice d'ittiologia siciliana ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale eseguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione di alcuni nuovi pesci siciliani. Giovanni del Nobolo, Messina, Italy. 70 pp." type="book" year="1810">RAFINESQUE, 1810b</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83C13FEF6FDB0FECE" authority="WINKLER, 1874" authorityName="WINKLER" authorityYear="1874" box="[283,629,326,350]" family="Trichiuridae" genus="Trichiurides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83C13FEF6FE07FECD" box="[283,450,326,349]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">TRICHIURIDES</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83CCFFEF6FDB0FECE" author="Winkler, T. C." box="[455,629,326,350]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="16 - 48" refId="ref36779" refString="Winkler, T. C. 1874. Deuxieme memoire sur dents de poisons fossils du terrain Bruxellien. Archives du Musee Teyler 4 (1): 16 - 48." type="journal article" year="1874">WINKLER, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83DB7FED6FE91FEED" authorityName="WINKLER" authorityYear="1874" box="[191,340,358,381]" family="Trichiuridae" genus="Trichiurides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83DB7FED6FE91FEED" box="[191,340,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">TRICHIURIDES</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
CF.
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83C74FED4FD14FEEE" authority="WINKLER, 1874" authorityName=", Winkler" authorityYear="1874" box="[380,721,356,382]" family="Trichiuridae" genus="Trichiurides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sagittidens">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83C74FED4FE4EFEED" box="[380,395,356,381]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83C9EFED6FDD8FEED" box="[406,541,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">SAGITTIDENS</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83F2CFED6FD14FEEE" author="Winkler, T. C." box="[548,721,358,382]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="16 - 48" refId="ref36779" refString="Winkler, T. C. 1874. Deuxieme memoire sur dents de poisons fossils du terrain Bruxellien. Archives du Musee Teyler 4 (1): 16 - 48." type="journal article" year="1874">WINKLER, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4125FFC83C9AFE39FE3BFE31" box="[402,510,393,417]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="22.[112,187,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[147,1485,216,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-260@22.[112,1518,192,1045]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 9. Teleost teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Albula sp. tooth, SC2015.29.204 in profile (A) and basal (B) views. C, D. Osteoglossidae indet. tooth, SC2015.29.218 in profile (C) and basal (D) views. E–H. Sphyraena sp. cheek tooth, SC2007.36.120 in close-up showing serrations (E), labial (F), carinal (G), and basal (H) views. I–K. Sphyraena sp. laniary tooth, SC2007.36.190 in labial (I), basal (J), and anterior (K) views. L, M. Paralichthyidae indet. tooth, SC2007.36.259 in labial (L) and distal (M) views. N. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2015.29.185 in profile view. O. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2007.36.210 in profile view. P–R. Palaeocybium sp. tooth, SC2007.36.122 in labial (P), carinal (Q), and basal (R) views. S–U. Scomberomorus sp. tooth, SC2015.29.221 in lingual (S), carinal (T), and basal (U) views. Scale bar=0.4 mm in O; 0.5 mm in C, D, L–N, S–U; 1 mm in A, B, I–K; 3 mm in E–H, P–R." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743794/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">FIG. 9N, O</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44125FFC83D98FE07FE27FDAB" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4125FFC83D98FE07FE51FE65" blockId="24.[112,801,439,1697]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83D98FE07FE8CFE41" bold="true" box="[144,329,439,465]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD4125FFC83D98FE07FF10FE41" box="[144,213,439,465]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83C60FE07FF74FE65" authority=", Winkler, 1874" authorityName=", Winkler" authorityYear="1874" family="Trichiuridae" genus="Trichiurides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sagittidens">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83C60FE07FD5AFE41" box="[360,671,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Trichiurides sagittidens</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83FB9FE07FF74FE65" author="Winkler, T. C." pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="16 - 48" refId="ref36779" refString="Winkler, T. C. 1874. Deuxieme memoire sur dents de poisons fossils du terrain Bruxellien. Archives du Musee Teyler 4 (1): 16 - 48." type="journal article" year="1874">Winkler, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectingCountry id="F361F9CF4125FFC83DB7FE6AFEEDFE64" box="[191,296,474,500]" name="Belgium" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Belgium</collectingCountry>
, Eocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4125FFC83D98FE4DFE27FDAB" blockId="24.[112,801,439,1697]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83D98FE4DFE60FD87" bold="true" box="[144,421,509,535]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Referred specimens</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83CB4FE4DFE34FD87" bold="true" box="[444,497,509,535]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">n=2</emphasis>
)—SC2007.36.210 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4125FFC83FF8FE4EFF53FDAB" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="22.[112,187,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[147,1485,216,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-260@22.[112,1518,192,1045]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 9. Teleost teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Albula sp. tooth, SC2015.29.204 in profile (A) and basal (B) views. C, D. Osteoglossidae indet. tooth, SC2015.29.218 in profile (C) and basal (D) views. E–H. Sphyraena sp. cheek tooth, SC2007.36.120 in close-up showing serrations (E), labial (F), carinal (G), and basal (H) views. I–K. Sphyraena sp. laniary tooth, SC2007.36.190 in labial (I), basal (J), and anterior (K) views. L, M. Paralichthyidae indet. tooth, SC2007.36.259 in labial (L) and distal (M) views. N. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2015.29.185 in profile view. O. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2007.36.210 in profile view. P–R. Palaeocybium sp. tooth, SC2007.36.122 in labial (P), carinal (Q), and basal (R) views. S–U. Scomberomorus sp. tooth, SC2015.29.221 in lingual (S), carinal (T), and basal (U) views. Scale bar=0.4 mm in O; 0.5 mm in C, D, L–N, S–U; 1 mm in A, B, I–K; 3 mm in E–H, P–R." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743794/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9O</figureCitation>
), SC2015.29.185 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4125FFC83C7FFD91FE10FDAB" box="[375,469,545,571]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="22.[112,187,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[147,1485,216,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-260@22.[112,1518,192,1045]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 9. Teleost teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Albula sp. tooth, SC2015.29.204 in profile (A) and basal (B) views. C, D. Osteoglossidae indet. tooth, SC2015.29.218 in profile (C) and basal (D) views. E–H. Sphyraena sp. cheek tooth, SC2007.36.120 in close-up showing serrations (E), labial (F), carinal (G), and basal (H) views. I–K. Sphyraena sp. laniary tooth, SC2007.36.190 in labial (I), basal (J), and anterior (K) views. L, M. Paralichthyidae indet. tooth, SC2007.36.259 in labial (L) and distal (M) views. N. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2015.29.185 in profile view. O. Trichiurides cf. T. sagittidens laniary tooth, SC2007.36.210 in profile view. P–R. Palaeocybium sp. tooth, SC2007.36.122 in labial (P), carinal (Q), and basal (R) views. S–U. Scomberomorus sp. tooth, SC2015.29.221 in lingual (S), carinal (T), and basal (U) views. Scale bar=0.4 mm in O; 0.5 mm in C, D, L–N, S–U; 1 mm in A, B, I–K; 3 mm in E–H, P–R." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743794/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9N</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44125FFC83D98FDF4FCE5FB48" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4125FFC83D98FDF4FCE5FB48" blockId="24.[112,801,439,1697]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83D98FDF4FEF7FDCE" bold="true" box="[144,306,580,606]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Description</emphasis>
—Our sample consists of two ablated laniary teeth. As preserved, specimen SC2015.29.185 consists of a laterally compressed crown and some of the peduncle. In labial view the crown apex has a low, subtriangular outline, and in posterior view the enameloid-covered labial and lingual faces are weakly convex. The enameloid is smooth at the apex but is not preserved on the remainder of the specimen. The anterior and posterior margins are formed into a smooth, continuous and bi-convex cutting edge, and a small barb is located towards the apex on the posterior edge. The peduncle consists of dentine and is cylindrical and slightly curved medio-posteriorly. In basal view the tooth has a circular outline and a medially located pulp cavity is visible. Specimen SC2007.36.210 consists of a minute but well preserved crown apex. The crown of this specimen is triangular but taller than that of SC 2015.29.185, and the cutting edges are straight to weakly concave. The enameloid is smooth and a posterior barb is conspicuous.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44125FFC83D98FB51FD1BF931" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4125FFC83D98FB51FD1BF931" blockId="24.[112,801,439,1697]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83D98FB51FECDFB6B" bold="true" box="[144,264,1249,1275]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Remarks</emphasis>
—The teeth in our sample clearly differ from the Ashley Formation
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83C85FAB4FD89FA8F" box="[397,588,1284,1312]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyraenidae" genus="Sphyraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83C85FAB4FDCAFAB0" box="[397,527,1284,1312]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Sphyraena</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
laniary teeth by having a highly laterally compressed enameloid apex and narrow, cylindrical neck. The overall morphology of these teeth, especially the size and shape of the posterior barb, is morphologically similar to Recent
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83F3EFA21FEEAFA5F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" family="Trichiuridae" genus="Trichiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepturus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83F3EFA21FCE5FA3B" box="[566,800,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Trichiurus lepturus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83D78FA04FEEAFA5F" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[112,303,1460,1487]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref31591" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Tenth edition, volume 1, L. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. 532 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(MSC 42592) laniary teeth, as well as to those of the Eocene
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4125FFC83C54FA67FCE5FA61" authority="Winkler, 1874" authorityName=", Winkler" authorityYear="1874" box="[348,800,1495,1521]" family="Trichiuridae" genus="Trichiurides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sagittidens">
<emphasis id="B902654D4125FFC83C54FA67FDB4FA61" box="[348,625,1495,1521]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Trichiurides sagittidens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83F7EFA67FCE5FA61" author="Winkler, T. C." box="[630,800,1495,1521]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="16 - 48" refId="ref36779" refString="Winkler, T. C. 1874. Deuxieme memoire sur dents de poisons fossils du terrain Bruxellien. Archives du Musee Teyler 4 (1): 16 - 48." type="journal article" year="1874">Winkler, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4125FFC83DA0FA4AFE56F985" author="Ebersole, J. A. &amp; D. J. Cicimurri &amp; G. L. Stringer" box="[168,403,1530,1557]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 274" refId="ref28341" refString="Ebersole, J. A., D. J. Cicimurri, and G. L. Stringer. 2019. Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths. European Journal of Taxonomy, 585: 1 - 274. [https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2019.585]" type="journal article" year="2019">Ebersole et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). Although the Ashley Formation teeth could belong to the latter taxon,we only tentatively refer them to this species due to their incomplete preservation. Nevertheless, these teeth represent the first Oligocene records of cutlassfish in
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD4125FFC83F28F937FD1FF931" box="[544,730,1671,1697]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
.
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“
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<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC2395EFE35FB72FE0C" box="[1110,1207,389,412]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">DASYATIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” SP.
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<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412FFFC23954FE18FB11FE50" blockId="18.[1009,1343,357,448]" box="[1116,1236,424,448]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA412FFFC23954FE18FB62FE50" box="[1116,1191,424,448]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[110,185,1332,1356]" captionTargetBox="[138,1498,214,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-117@16.[112,1523,192,1301]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Raja mccollumi male tooth, SC2007.36.132 in distal (A) and labial (B) views. C, D. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.31 in mesial (C) and labial (D) views. E, F. Raja sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.33 in mesial (E) and labial (F) views. G, H. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.124 in mesial (G) and labial (H) views. I. Rhynchobatus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.39 in occlusal view. J–M. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.42 in occlusal (J), profile (K), labial (L), and basal (M) views. N–Q. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC2015.29.2 in occlusal (N), profile (O), labial (P), and basal (Q) views. R, S. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.53 in occlusal (R) and profile (S) views. T, U. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC207.36.51 in occlusal (T) and profile (U) views. V–Y. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.45 in occlusal (V), profile(W), labial (X), and labio-oblique (Y) views. Z–CC. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.49 in occlusal (Z), profile (AA), lingual (BB), and labial (CC) views. Scale bar=0.5 mm in C, D, G, H; 1 mm in E, F, I, T, U; 2 mm in A, B; 5 mm in J–S, V–CC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743790/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">FIG. 7V</figureCitation>
–CC
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD4412FFFC23E68FE66FA34FD6A" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412FFFC23E68FE66FCB9FD84" blockId="18.[832,1520,470,609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23E68FE66FBCAFE60" bold="true" box="[864,1039,470,496]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="54CD07FD412FFFC23E68FE66FC66FE60" box="[864,931,470,496]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23924FE67FA70FE60" ID-CoL="347DN" authority="Rafinesque, 1810 a" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[1068,1461,470,496]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ujo">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23924FE67FB07FE60" box="[1068,1218,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Dasyatis ujo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC239C4FE66FA70FE60" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[1228,1461,470,496]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="3 - 69" refId="ref33781" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1810 a. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e pinate della Sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi, lere partie. p. 3 - 69." type="book chapter" year="1810">Rafinesque, 1810a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Recent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412FFFC23E68FD93FBB7FDF0" blockId="18.[832,1520,470,609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
2009a
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23EBEFD94FAF3FDAD" authority="(Probst, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[950,1334,547,573]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23EBEFD94FBBDFDAD" box="[950,1144,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Dasyatis rugosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23982FD93FAEFFDAD" author="Probst, J." box="[1162,1322,547,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="69 - 103" refId="ref33442" refString="Probst, J. 1877. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der fossilen Fische aus der Molasse von Baltringen. II: Batoidei A. Gunther. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 33: 69 - 103." type="journal article" year="1877">Probst, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; Cicimurri and Knight, page 638, fig. 8C.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412FFFC23E68FDC6FA34FD6A" blockId="18.[832,1521,630,1958]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23E68FDC6FB1BFD00" bold="true" box="[864,1246,630,656]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Referred specimens (n=11)</emphasis>
—SC2007.36.49 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA412FFFC238C8FDC6FCA7FD23" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[110,185,1332,1356]" captionTargetBox="[138,1498,214,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-117@16.[112,1523,192,1301]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Raja mccollumi male tooth, SC2007.36.132 in distal (A) and labial (B) views. C, D. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.31 in mesial (C) and labial (D) views. E, F. Raja sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.33 in mesial (E) and labial (F) views. G, H. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.124 in mesial (G) and labial (H) views. I. Rhynchobatus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.39 in occlusal view. J–M. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.42 in occlusal (J), profile (K), labial (L), and basal (M) views. N–Q. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC2015.29.2 in occlusal (N), profile (O), labial (P), and basal (Q) views. R, S. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.53 in occlusal (R) and profile (S) views. T, U. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC207.36.51 in occlusal (T) and profile (U) views. V–Y. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.45 in occlusal (V), profile(W), labial (X), and labio-oblique (Y) views. Z–CC. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.49 in occlusal (Z), profile (AA), lingual (BB), and labial (CC) views. Scale bar=0.5 mm in C, D, G, H; 1 mm in E, F, I, T, U; 2 mm in A, B; 5 mm in J–S, V–CC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743790/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7V</figureCitation>
–CC1), SC2007.36.50 (three teeth), SC2007.36.51 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA412FFFC238CAFD29FC42FD47" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[110,185,1332,1356]" captionTargetBox="[138,1498,214,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-117@16.[112,1523,192,1301]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Raja mccollumi male tooth, SC2007.36.132 in distal (A) and labial (B) views. C, D. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.31 in mesial (C) and labial (D) views. E, F. Raja sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.33 in mesial (E) and labial (F) views. G, H. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.124 in mesial (G) and labial (H) views. I. Rhynchobatus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.39 in occlusal view. J–M. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.42 in occlusal (J), profile (K), labial (L), and basal (M) views. N–Q. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC2015.29.2 in occlusal (N), profile (O), labial (P), and basal (Q) views. R, S. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.53 in occlusal (R) and profile (S) views. T, U. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC207.36.51 in occlusal (T) and profile (U) views. V–Y. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.45 in occlusal (V), profile(W), labial (X), and labio-oblique (Y) views. Z–CC. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.49 in occlusal (Z), profile (AA), lingual (BB), and labial (CC) views. Scale bar=0.5 mm in C, D, G, H; 1 mm in E, F, I, T, U; 2 mm in A, B; 5 mm in J–S, V–CC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743790/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7T–U</figureCitation>
), SC2007.36.225, SC2015.29.14, SC2015.29.43, SC2015.29.44, SC2015.29.45 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA412FFFC239BCFD50FAE9FD6A" box="[1204,1324,736,762]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[110,185,1332,1356]" captionTargetBox="[138,1498,214,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-117@16.[112,1523,192,1301]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Batoid teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A, B. Raja mccollumi male tooth, SC2007.36.132 in distal (A) and labial (B) views. C, D. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.31 in mesial (C) and labial (D) views. E, F. Raja sp. male tooth, SC2007.36.33 in mesial (E) and labial (F) views. G, H. Raja mccollumi female tooth, SC2007.36.124 in mesial (G) and labial (H) views. I. Rhynchobatus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.39 in occlusal view. J–M. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.42 in occlusal (J), profile (K), labial (L), and basal (M) views. N–Q. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC2015.29.2 in occlusal (N), profile (O), labial (P), and basal (Q) views. R, S. “Taeniurops” cavernosus low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.53 in occlusal (R) and profile (S) views. T, U. “Taeniurops” cavernosus male tooth, SC207.36.51 in occlusal (T) and profile (U) views. V–Y. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2015.29.45 in occlusal (V), profile(W), labial (X), and labio-oblique (Y) views. Z–CC. “Dasyatis” sp. low-crowned tooth, SC2007.36.49 in occlusal (Z), profile (AA), lingual (BB), and labial (CC) views. Scale bar=0.5 mm in C, D, G, H; 1 mm in E, F, I, T, U; 2 mm in A, B; 5 mm in J–S, V–CC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743790/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7V–Y</figureCitation>
), SC2015.29.46.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD4412FFFC33E68FCB3FDB7FE21" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412FFFC23E68FCB3FA98FA2A" blockId="18.[832,1521,630,1958]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23E68FCB3FC1FFC8D" bold="true" box="[864,986,771,797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Remarks</emphasis>
—These teeth differ from those of “
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC238A2FCB1FBEEFCD0" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Taeniurops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cavernosus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC238A2FCB1FC4BFCD1" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Taeniurops</emphasis>
”
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23EABFC97FBEEFCD0" box="[931,1067,807,832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">cavernosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
discussed above by having a more convex labial face, a more angular labial crown margin (as opposed to uniformly convex), and a wider transverse crest that is crenulated. The Ashley Formation specimens are ablated but appear to be conspecific with teeth occurring in the overlying Chandler Bridge Formation identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23ED4FC4AFA96FB83" authority="(Probst, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[988,1363,1017,1043]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23ED4FC4AFB5EFB83" box="[988,1179,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Dasyatis rugosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC239A2FC49FA82FB83" author="Probst, J." box="[1194,1351,1017,1043]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="69 - 103" refId="ref33442" refString="Probst, J. 1877. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der fossilen Fische aus der Molasse von Baltringen. II: Batoidei A. Gunther. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 33: 69 - 103." type="journal article" year="1877">Probst, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23872FC49FBF3FBA7" author="Cicimurri, D. J. &amp; J. L. Knight" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
. Reinecke (2015) noted differences between the Chandler Bridge teeth and
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23830FBF0FA6EFBC9" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1336,1451,1088,1113]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23830FBF0FA6EFBC9" box="[1336,1451,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">D. rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F361F9CF412FFFC23E48FBD3FC75FBED" box="[832,944,1123,1149]" name="Germany" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Germany</collectingCountry>
, and he indicated an early Chattian first appearance for this species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23958FB36FAA3FB30" author="Reinecke, T. &amp; S. Louwye &amp; U. Havekost &amp; H. Moths" box="[1104,1382,1158,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 170" refId="ref34477" refString="Reinecke, T., S. Louwye, U. Havekost, and H. Moths. 2011. The elasmobranch fauna of the late Burdigalian, Miocene, at Werder- Uesen, Lower Saxony, Germany, and its relationships with Early Miocene faunas in the North Atlantic, Central Paratethys and Mediterranean. Palaeontos 20: 1 - 170." type="journal article" year="2011">Reinecke et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated (plate 96, fig. 4) one of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23965FB19FAF6FB53" author="Probst, J." box="[1133,1331,1193,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="69 - 103" refId="ref33442" refString="Probst, J. 1877. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der fossilen Fische aus der Molasse von Baltringen. II: Batoidei A. Gunther. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 33: 69 - 103." type="journal article" year="1877">Probst’s (1877)</bibRefCitation>
original specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23EACFB7DFB8AFB76" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[932,1103,1228,1254]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strangulata">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23EACFB7DFB8AFB76" box="[932,1103,1228,1254]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">D. strangulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the species was also reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23E6EFB40FBBCFA9A" author="Reinecke, T. &amp; M. Balsberger &amp; B. Beaury &amp; J. Pollerspock" box="[870,1145,1264,1290]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="3 - 53" refId="ref34422" refString="Reinecke, T., M. Balsberger, B. Beaury, and J. Pollerspock. 2014. The elasmobranch fauna of the Thalberg Beds, early Egerian (Chattian, Oligocene), in the subalpine Molasse Basin near Siegdorf, Bavaria, Germany. Palaeontos 26: 3 - 53." type="journal article" year="2014">Reinecke et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC239B0FB40FC5DFABD" author="Reinecke, T. &amp; A. Radwanski" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="5 - 37" refId="ref34273" refString="Reinecke, T., and A. Radwanski. 2015. Fossil sharks and batoids from the Korytnica-clays, early Badenian (Langhian, middle Miocene), Fore-Carpathian basin, central Poland - a revision and updated record. Palaeontos 28: 5 - 37." type="journal article" year="2015">Reinecke and Radwański (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. The South Carolina specimens do appear to have a more convex labial face with less robust ornamentation, and they are more similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC239B1FAEAFAAFFAE3" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1209,1386,1369,1395]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strangulata">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC239B1FAEAFAAFFAE3" box="[1209,1386,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">D. strangulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC238D0FAEAFC51FA09" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC238D0FAEAFC51FA09" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">D. rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in these respects (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23973FACCFAB6FA07" author="Reinecke, T. &amp; S. Louwye &amp; U. Havekost &amp; H. Moths" box="[1147,1395,1404,1431]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 170" refId="ref34477" refString="Reinecke, T., S. Louwye, U. Havekost, and H. Moths. 2011. The elasmobranch fauna of the late Burdigalian, Miocene, at Werder- Uesen, Lower Saxony, Germany, and its relationships with Early Miocene faunas in the North Atlantic, Central Paratethys and Mediterranean. Palaeontos 20: 1 - 170." type="journal article" year="2011">Reinecke et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23877FACCFC07FA2A" author="Reinecke, T. &amp; M. Balsberger &amp; B. Beaury &amp; J. Pollerspock" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="3 - 53" refId="ref34422" refString="Reinecke, T., M. Balsberger, B. Beaury, and J. Pollerspock. 2014. The elasmobranch fauna of the Thalberg Beds, early Egerian (Chattian, Oligocene), in the subalpine Molasse Basin near Siegdorf, Bavaria, Germany. Palaeontos 26: 3 - 53." type="journal article" year="2014">Reinecke et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23EC7FA10FA89FA2A" author="Reinecke, T. &amp; A. Radwanski" box="[975,1356,1439,1466]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="5 - 37" refId="ref34273" refString="Reinecke, T., and A. Radwanski. 2015. Fossil sharks and batoids from the Korytnica-clays, early Badenian (Langhian, middle Miocene), Fore-Carpathian basin, central Poland - a revision and updated record. Palaeontos 28: 5 - 37." type="journal article" year="2015">Reinecke and Radwański 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F412FFFC33E68FA73FDB7FE21" blockId="18.[832,1521,630,1958]" lastBlockId="19.[112,800,193,433]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
Although teeth with this morphology have traditionally been placed within
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC2397CFA56FB19F992" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[1140,1244,1510,1538]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC2397CFA56FB19F992" box="[1140,1244,1510,1538]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Dasyatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC2382CFA56FA1AF990" author="Cappetta, H." box="[1316,1503,1510,1536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref27142" refString="Cappetta, H. 2012. Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Vol. 3 E: Chondrichthyes Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. XXX pp." type="book" year="2012">Cappetta 2012</bibRefCitation>
), recent molecular studies of extant species revealed the genus to be paraphyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC239CAF99DFA4CF9D6" author="Last, P. R. &amp; B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota &amp; G. J. P. Naylor &amp; W. T. White" box="[1218,1417,1580,1607]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref31137" refString="Last, P. R., B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota, G. J. P. Naylor, and W. T. White. 2016. Stingrays, Family Dasyatidae. Pp. 522 - 618 in P. R. Last, W. T. White, M. R. de Carvalho, B. Seret, M. F. W. Stehmann, and G. J. P. Naylor (eds.). Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia." type="book" year="2016">Last et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23891F99CFC01F9FA" author="Nelson, J. S. &amp; T. C. Grande &amp; M. V. H. Wilson" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref32830" refString="Nelson, J. S., T. C. Grande, and M. V. H. Wilson. 2016. Fishes of the World, fifth edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. 752 pp." type="book" year="2016">
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD412FFFC23891F99CFA35F9D6" box="[1433,1520,1580,1606]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Nelson</collectingRegion>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). This prompted the referral of many extant
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23E48F9C3FBC0F91D" box="[832,1029,1651,1679]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23E48F9C3FC63F91F" box="[832,934,1651,1679]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Dasyatis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
to various other genera, like
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23857F9C3FC28F920" authority="Whitley, 1933" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1933" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Bathytoshia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23857F9C3FA35F91F" box="[1375,1520,1651,1679]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Bathytoshia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23E48F926FC28F920" author="Whitley, G. P." box="[832,1005,1686,1712]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="60 - 112" refId="ref36705" refString="Whitley, G. P. 1933. Studies in Ichthyology. No. 7. Records of the Australian Museum 19 (1): 60 - 112. [https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.19.1933.691]" type="journal article" year="1933">Whitley, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23EF1F927FA97F920" authority="Last et al., 2016" authorityName="Last" authorityYear="2016" box="[1017,1362,1686,1713]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Fontitrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23EF1F927FB4FF920" box="[1017,1162,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fontitrygon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23998F927FA97F920" author="Last, P. R. &amp; B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota &amp; G. J. P. Naylor &amp; W. T. White" box="[1168,1362,1686,1713]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref31137" refString="Last, P. R., B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota, G. J. P. Naylor, and W. T. White. 2016. Stingrays, Family Dasyatidae. Pp. 522 - 618 in P. R. Last, W. T. White, M. R. de Carvalho, B. Seret, M. F. W. Stehmann, and G. J. P. Naylor (eds.). Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia." type="book" year="2016">Last et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23856F927FBBEF943" authority="Muller and Henle, 1838" authorityName="Muller and Henle" authorityYear="1838" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Hemitrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23856F927FA35F920" box="[1374,1520,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Hemitrygon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23E48F909FBBEF943" author="Muller, J. &amp; F. G. J. Henle" box="[832,1147,1721,1747]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="33 - 37" refId="ref32466" refString="Muller, J., and F. G. J. Henle. 1838. On the generic characters of cartilaginous fishes, with descriptions of new genera. Magazine of Natural History and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology and Meteorology 2: 33 - 37, 88 - 91." type="journal article" year="1838">Müller and Henle, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23984F90AFA2FF943" authority="Rafinesque, 1818" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1818" box="[1164,1514,1721,1747]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Hypanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23984F90AFB3FF943" box="[1164,1274,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Hypanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC2380DF909FA2FF943" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[1285,1514,1721,1747]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="417 - 422" refId="ref33914" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1818. Description of three new genera of fluviatile fish, Pomoxis, Sarchirus and Exoglossum. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1 (2): 417 - 422." type="journal article" year="1818">Rafinesque, 1818</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC23E48F96DFB67F966" authority="Last et al., 2016" authorityName="Last" authorityYear="2016" box="[832,1186,1756,1783]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Megatrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC23E48F96DFC10F966" box="[832,981,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Megatrygon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC23ED4F96DFB67F966" author="Last, P. R. &amp; B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota &amp; G. J. P. Naylor &amp; W. T. White" box="[988,1186,1756,1783]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref31137" refString="Last, P. R., B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota, G. J. P. Naylor, and W. T. White. 2016. Stingrays, Family Dasyatidae. Pp. 522 - 618 in P. R. Last, W. T. White, M. R. de Carvalho, B. Seret, M. F. W. Stehmann, and G. J. P. Naylor (eds.). Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia." type="book" year="2016">Last et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC239EEF96DFC44F889" authority="Last et al., 2016" authorityName="Last" authorityYear="2016" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Telatrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC239EEF96DFAAEF969" box="[1254,1387,1757,1785]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Telatrygon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412FFFC2387AF96DFC44F889" author="Last, P. R. &amp; B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota &amp; G. J. P. Naylor &amp; W. T. White" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref31137" refString="Last, P. R., B. M. Manjaji-Matsumota, G. J. P. Naylor, and W. T. White. 2016. Stingrays, Family Dasyatidae. Pp. 522 - 618 in P. R. Last, W. T. White, M. R. de Carvalho, B. Seret, M. F. W. Stehmann, and G. J. P. Naylor (eds.). Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia." type="book" year="2016">Last et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Because a comparative study of the dentitions of these extant taxa has yet to be undertaken, we herein conservatively retain this species within
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412FFFC2384FF8F6FA6AF8F2" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1810" box="[1351,1455,1862,1890]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D412FFFC2384FF8F6FA6AF8F2" box="[1351,1455,1862,1890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Dasyatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the understanding that they may someday be referred to one of the aforementioned extant genera, or perhaps to an unknown fossil taxon. The Ashley Formation specimens are morphologically similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412EFFC33F46FF57FCC4FE90" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[590,769,230,256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strangulata">
<emphasis id="B902654D412EFFC33F46FF57FCC4FE90" box="[590,769,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">D. strangulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a taxon that has tentatively been identified from the late Chattian by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE412EFFC33C0EFE9CFDDDFED7" author="Reinecke, T. &amp; M. Balsberger &amp; B. Beaury &amp; J. Pollerspock" box="[262,536,300,327]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" pagination="3 - 53" refId="ref34422" refString="Reinecke, T., M. Balsberger, B. Beaury, and J. Pollerspock. 2014. The elasmobranch fauna of the Thalberg Beds, early Egerian (Chattian, Oligocene), in the subalpine Molasse Basin near Siegdorf, Bavaria, Germany. Palaeontos 26: 3 - 53." type="journal article" year="2014">Reinecke et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
. However, we refrain from assigning the
<collectingRegion id="49B277BD412EFFC33C50FEE0FDC8FEFA" box="[344,525,336,362]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
specimens to this species due to their much older occurrence compared to the typically Miocene range of
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC412EFFC33CB6FE27FDA9FE20" baseAuthorityName="Probst" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[446,620,406,432]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="strangulata">
<emphasis id="B902654D412EFFC33CB6FE27FDA9FE20" box="[446,620,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">D. strangulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDC3EECFC9BFB3EFCF3" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3EECFC9BFA89FCD3" blockId="12.[996,1356,811,899]" box="[996,1356,811,835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0810E334131FFDC3EECFC9BFA89FCD3" allCaps="true" box="[996,1356,811,835]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3EECFC9BFA89FCD3" ID-CoL="GJ2" authority="BONAPARTE, 1840" authorityName="BONAPARTE" authorityYear="1840" box="[996,1356,811,835]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
SPHYRNIDAE
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC398CFC9BFA89FCD3" author="Bonaparte, C. L." box="[1156,1356,811,835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref26836" refString="Bonaparte, C. L. 1840. Iconografia della fauna italica per le quat- tro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo III. Pesci. Rome, Italy. 386 pp." type="book" year="1840">BONAPARTE, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC393FFCFBFB3EFCF3" blockId="12.[996,1356,811,899]" box="[1079,1275,843,867]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0810E334131FFDC393FFCFBFB3EFCF3" allCaps="true" box="[1079,1275,843,867]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" reason="2">GEN. ET SP. INDET.</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDC396AFCDBFBB7FBB4" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC396AFCDBFB0BFC13" blockId="12.[996,1356,811,899]" box="[1122,1230,875,899]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4131FFDC396AFCDBFB0BFC13" box="[1122,1230,875,899]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[113,188,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[122,782,213,1266]" captionTargetId="figure-461@10.[112,800,192,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Selachian teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A. Hemipristis cf. H. serra tooth, SC2007.36.7 in labial view. B. Carcharhinus gibbesi upper tooth, SC2007.36.14 in labial view. C. Carcharhinus gibbesi lower tooth, SC2007.36.15 in labial view. D. Physogaleus cf. P. contortus tooth, SC2007.36.19 in labial view. E. Physogaleus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.21 in labial view. F. Galeocerdo aduncus tooth, SC2007.36.17 in labial view. G. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 1 tooth, SC2007.36.26 in labial view. H. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 2 tooth, SC2007.36.24 in labial view. Scale bar=3 mm in E; 5 mm in A, C, D, F, G; 10 mm in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743786/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">FIG. 5G, H</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E48FC29FBB1FC47" blockId="12.[832,1520,921,1060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
2009a
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3E9CFC2AFC3DFC26" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[916,1016,922,950]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E9CFC2AFC3DFC26" box="[916,1016,922,950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3915FC2AFAFFFC23" authority="Springer, 1940" authorityName="Springer" authorityYear="1940" box="[1053,1338,921,948]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="media">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3915FC2AFB44FC23" box="[1053,1153,921,948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. media</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC398EFC29FAFFFC23" author="Springer, S." box="[1158,1338,921,947]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="161 - 172" refId="ref34883" refString="Springer, S. 1940. Three new sharks of the genus Sphyrna from the Pacific coast of tropical America. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 1 (5): 161 - 172." type="journal article" year="1940">Springer, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; Cicimurri and Knight, page 635, fig. 5K.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E48FC56FBB7FBB4" blockId="12.[832,1520,921,1060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
2009a
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3E9CFC56FAFEFB90" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[916,1339,998,1025]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E9CFC56FBA7FB90" box="[916,1122,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna zygaena</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC397AFC56FAEAFB91" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1138,1327,998,1025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31591" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Tenth edition, volume 1, L. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. 532 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; Cicimurri and Knight, page 635, fig.
<specimenCount id="9D7072D64131FFDC3943FBB9FBB7FBB4" box="[1099,1138,1033,1060]" count="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="generic">5L.</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDC3E68FB89FC15FB2D" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E68FB89FC15FB2D" blockId="12.[832,1521,1081,1944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E68FB89FAC0FBC3" bold="true" box="[864,1285,1081,1107]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Referred specimens (n=20)</emphasis>
—SC2007.36.23, SC2007.36.24 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4131FFDC3918FBECFBBFFBE7" box="[1040,1146,1116,1143]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[113,188,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[122,782,213,1266]" captionTargetId="figure-461@10.[112,800,192,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Selachian teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A. Hemipristis cf. H. serra tooth, SC2007.36.7 in labial view. B. Carcharhinus gibbesi upper tooth, SC2007.36.14 in labial view. C. Carcharhinus gibbesi lower tooth, SC2007.36.15 in labial view. D. Physogaleus cf. P. contortus tooth, SC2007.36.19 in labial view. E. Physogaleus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.21 in labial view. F. Galeocerdo aduncus tooth, SC2007.36.17 in labial view. G. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 1 tooth, SC2007.36.26 in labial view. H. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 2 tooth, SC2007.36.24 in labial view. Scale bar=3 mm in E; 5 mm in A, C, D, F, G; 10 mm in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743786/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
), SC2007.36.25 (11 teeth), SC2007.36.26 (
<figureCitation id="134DA5DA4131FFDC390CFB30FBA0FB0A" box="[1028,1125,1151,1178]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[113,188,1303,1327]" captionTargetBox="[122,782,213,1266]" captionTargetId="figure-461@10.[112,800,192,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Selachian teeth from the Givhans Ferry Member, Ashley Formation (Rupelian), Dorchester County, South Carolina. A. Hemipristis cf. H. serra tooth, SC2007.36.7 in labial view. B. Carcharhinus gibbesi upper tooth, SC2007.36.14 in labial view. C. Carcharhinus gibbesi lower tooth, SC2007.36.15 in labial view. D. Physogaleus cf. P. contortus tooth, SC2007.36.19 in labial view. E. Physogaleus sp. tooth, SC2007.36.21 in labial view. F. Galeocerdo aduncus tooth, SC2007.36.17 in labial view. G. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 1 tooth, SC2007.36.26 in labial view. H. Sphyrnidae Morphotype 2 tooth, SC2007.36.24 in labial view. Scale bar=3 mm in E; 5 mm in A, C, D, F, G; 10 mm in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743786/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
), SC2007.36.27, SC2007.36.28 (five teeth).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36CEAD44131FFDD3E68FB76FD19FD5A" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDC3E68FB76FA55F934" blockId="12.[832,1521,1081,1944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3E68FB76FC1CFB70" bold="true" box="[864,985,1222,1248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
—Two morphologies that have previously been assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3917FB59FA95FA93" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1055,1360,1256,1285]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3917FB59FB41FA95" box="[1055,1156,1257,1285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3985FB58FA95FA93" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1165,1360,1256,1283]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31591" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Tenth edition, volume 1, L. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. 532 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, are present in our sample. The first morphology, represented by specimens SC2007.36.23–.25, was reported from the Chattian Chandler Bridge Formation by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3849FAE1FC3AFA1E" author="Cicimurri, D. J. &amp; J. L. Knight" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
, who tentatively identified it as
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3883FAC3FB95FA20" authority="Springer, 1940" authorityName="Springer" authorityYear="1940" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="media">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3883FAC3FC49FA21" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna media</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3E9DFA26FB95FA20" author="Springer, S." box="[917,1104,1430,1456]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="161 - 172" refId="ref34883" refString="Springer, S. 1940. Three new sharks of the genus Sphyrna from the Pacific coast of tropical America. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 1 (5): 161 - 172." type="journal article" year="1940">Springer, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The second morphology, represented by specimens SC2007.36.26–.28, was identified by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3E61FA6CFB2FFA66" author="Cicimurri, D. J. &amp; J. L. Knight" box="[873,1258,1500,1526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref27511" refString="Cicimurri, D. J., and J. L. Knight. 2009 a. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 54 (4): 627 - 647. [https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0077]" type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri and Knight (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3811FA6CFBD2F989" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3811FA6CFA35FA66" box="[1305,1520,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna zygaena</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3E43FA4FFBC9F98A" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[843,1036,1535,1562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref31591" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Tenth edition, volume 1, L. Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden. 532 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
because specimens were comparable to Mio-Pliocene teeth identified by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC39F4F991FA2EF9AC" author="Purdy, R. W. &amp; V. P. Schneider &amp; S. P. Applegate &amp; J. H. McLellan &amp; R. L. Meyer &amp; B. H. Slaughter" box="[1276,1515,1569,1596]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="71 - 202" refId="ref33513" refString="Purdy, R. W., V. P. Schneider, S. P. Applegate, J. H. McLellan, R. L. Meyer, and B. H. Slaughter. 2001. The Neogene sharks, rays and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology 90: 71 - 202." type="journal article" year="2001">Purdy et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
. In their study,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3EFCF9F4FB25F9CE" author="Purdy, R. W. &amp; V. P. Schneider &amp; S. P. Applegate &amp; J. H. McLellan &amp; R. L. Meyer &amp; B. H. Slaughter" box="[1012,1248,1604,1631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="71 - 202" refId="ref33513" refString="Purdy, R. W., V. P. Schneider, S. P. Applegate, J. H. McLellan, R. L. Meyer, and B. H. Slaughter. 2001. The Neogene sharks, rays and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology 90: 71 - 202." type="journal article" year="2001">Purdy et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC38D4F9F5FB9BF911" authority="(Cope, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laevissima">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC38D4F9F5FC78F912" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. laevissima</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3EC4F9D7FB96F911" author="Cope, E. D." box="[972,1107,1639,1665]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="138 - 156" refId="ref27866" refString="Cope, E. D. 1867. An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the Miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natura Sciences of Philadelphia 19: 138 - 156." type="journal article" year="1867">Cope, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
with extant
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC39F8F9D7FAA9F911" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1264,1388,1639,1665]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zygaena">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC39F8F9D7FAA9F911" box="[1264,1388,1639,1665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. zygaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, citing that the tooth morphologies were indistinguishable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC9B95F4131FFDD3E68F91DFD19FD5A" blockId="12.[832,1521,1081,1944]" lastBlockId="13.[112,800,195,714]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
Although the
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Oligocene material appears to be similar to teeth of extant
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3828F960FA29F979" box="[1312,1516,1743,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3828F960FA40F97C" box="[1312,1413,1744,1772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, assigning the fossil morphologies to this genus is somewhat problematic. In a phylogenetic analysis,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3874F8A5FC52F8C2" author="Lim, D. D. &amp; P. J. Motta &amp; A. K. Mara &amp; A. P. Martin" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
determined that the divergence of
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC385CF888FA7CF8C4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1364,1465,1848,1876]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC385CF888FA7CF8C4" box="[1364,1465,1848,1876]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphyrna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its sister taxon,
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4131FFDC3908F8EBFB2BF8E5" authority="Gill, 1862" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[1024,1262,1883,1911]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Eusphyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4131FFDC3908F8EBFBB7F8E7" box="[1024,1138,1883,1911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Eusphyra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4131FFDC3970F8EBFB2BF8E5" author="Gill, T." box="[1144,1262,1883,1909]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="367 - 408" refId="ref29109" refString="Gill, T. 1862. Analytical synopsis of the Order of Squali and revision of the nomenclature of the genera. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 7 (32): 367 - 408. [https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1862. tb 00166. x]" type="journal article" year="1862">Gill, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, occurred during the Miocene, between 15 and 20 million years ago, and that diversification within
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3C8AFF73FE22FF4F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[386,487,195,223]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3C8AFF73FE22FF4F" box="[386,487,195,223]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Sphyrna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred only within the past 10 million years. The
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Oligocene teeth are comparable and can be assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3F60FEB9FD3DFEB3" authorityName="BONAPARTE" authorityYear="1840" box="[616,760,265,291]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sphyrnidae</taxonomicName>
, as
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3D78FE9CFE84FED7" author="Lim, D. D. &amp; P. J. Motta &amp; A. K. Mara &amp; A. P. Martin" box="[112,321,300,327]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
has indicated that the family diverged from
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3DBBFEE0FE92FEFA" authorityName="DE BLAINVILLE" authorityYear="1816" box="[179,343,336,362]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3DBBFEE0FE92FEFA" box="[179,343,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Carcharhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during the middle Eocene. However, based on the divergence times proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3FA0FEC3FF02FE20" author="Lim, D. D. &amp; P. J. Motta &amp; A. K. Mara &amp; A. P. Martin" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, the Rupelian and Chattian teeth should not be assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3C0CFE0AFEACFE46" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[260,361,442,470]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3C0CFE0AFEACFE46" box="[260,361,442,470]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Sphyrna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, let alone any of the extant species. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3DE2FE6CFD90FE67" author="Carrillo-Briceno, J. D. &amp; J. A. Villafana Nueva &amp; C. De Gracia &amp; F. F. Flores-Alcivar &amp; R. Kindlmann &amp; J. Abella" box="[234,597,476,503]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref27258" refString="Carrillo-Briceno, J. D., J. A. Villafana Nueva, C. De Gracia, F. F. Flores-Alcivar, R. Kindlmann, and J. Abella. 2020. Diversity and paleoenvironmental implications of an elasmobranch assemblage from the Oligocene-Miocene boundary of Ecuador. PeerJ 8: e 9051. https: // doi. org / 10.7717. peerj. 9051." type="journal volume" year="2020">Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3F9AFE6CFF0CFD8A" author="Adnet, S. &amp; L. Marivaux &amp; H. Cappetta &amp; A. - L. Charruault &amp; E. M. Essid &amp; S. Jiquel &amp; H. K. Ammar &amp; B. Marandat &amp; W. Marzougui &amp; G. Merzeraud &amp; R. Temani &amp; M. Vianey-Liaud &amp; R. Tabuce" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25486" refString="Adnet, S., L. Marivaux, H. Cappetta, A. - L. Charruault, E. M. Essid, S. Jiquel, H. K. Ammar, B. Marandat, W. Marzougui, G. Merzeraud, R. Temani, M. Vianey-Liaud, and R. Tabuce. 2020. Diversity and renewal of tropical elasmobranchs around the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in North Africa: New data from the lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kebar, Central Tunisia. Palaeontologica Electronica 23 (2): a 38. [https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 1085]" type="journal volume" year="2020">Adnet et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
have recently assigned Oligocene and Eocene (respectively) teeth to
<taxonomicName id="4C76C2DC4130FFDD3C9CFD93FE3CFDAF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[404,505,547,575]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902654D4130FFDD3C9CFD93FE3CFDAF" box="[404,505,547,575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Sphyrna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the work of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE7C4AE4130FFDD3FA0FD93FF02FDF0" author="Lim, D. D. &amp; P. J. Motta &amp; A. K. Mara &amp; A. P. Martin" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="572 - 579" refId="ref31519" refString="Lim, D. D., P. J. Motta, A. K. Mara, and A. P. Martin. 2010. Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2): 572 - 579. [https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.01.037]" type="journal article" year="2010">Lim et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
should not be discounted. We believe that the
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Oligocene teeth could represent one or more undescribed stem members of the family, but such a determination is beyond the scope of this paper.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

389
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<mods:date id="4EC199952647E24E70CBD4584B020B7B">2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E14F136F410B5B83248ED61C6F1EDF3F" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="A3E9F749A33E04BA58892FB41A2F0BE9">2022-04-11</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="221D6BCB68E9A6814B1BBC66DF3EC69C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="4A238CA4F6B787B0050991B1B86C9876">39</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="C01A77CA6BB2D608E9DC14260EC5D38E" type="issue">
<mods:number id="2A6522800E4CBE4B7CB4A81BE8578604">2</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="B964AAA328AAFDD15BD34058BDA00BD2" unit="page">
<mods:start id="8ED72DE394642EEBBB64760BC79A0B43">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="1395EE014A273099764026ACB0087B3A">11</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="BC7EAE2FA5F9D16221ADCDA46DC24DBB">
<mods:url id="39BFC31FB4FA544F6F63F0CEBF1F7C50">http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p939257077</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="8DD04472CDEB7E5F8F4F003124D27F48">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="13D22B81E9DD99F430DDFA8C77BFABE8" type="DOI">10.5070/P939257077</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0F24F0C0AEC8450639C8018C34A39106" type="ISSN">0031-0298</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F85D6633E1E8EE2D46B5C9C8609F2CAC" type="Zenodo-Dep">13743800</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="C96187CFFFBAEB45FC42FC44FBF4FC74" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C96187CFFFBAEB45FC42FC44FBF4FC74" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C96187CFFFBAEB45FC42FC44FBF4FC74" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB4BFC42FC44FA2EFC37" box="[925,1428,966,990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFC42FC44FA2EFC37" blockId="6.[925,1428,966,1026]" box="[925,1428,966,990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="1A3F81B5FFBAEB4BFC42FC44FA2EFC37" allCaps="true" box="[925,1428,966,990]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFC42FC44FA2EFC37" authority="SQUIRES, 1984" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" box="[925,1428,966,990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFC42FC44FB56FC34" box="[925,1260,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">ANCISTROLEPIS CAROLINEAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFB2DFC44FA2EFC37" author="Squires, R. L." box="[1266,1428,966,990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref9091" refString="Squires, R. L. 1984. Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 350: 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1984">SQUIRES, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB4BFBBFFC6AFB68FBEB" box="[1120,1234,1000,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFBBFFC6AFB68FBEB" blockId="6.[925,1428,966,1026]" box="[1120,1234,1000,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<figureCitation id="D9F32A5CFFBAEB4BFBBFFC6AFB68FBEB" box="[1120,1234,1000,1026]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[112,199,1165,1191]" captionTargetBox="[163,1469,216,1118]" captionTargetId="figure-418@7.[141,1487,193,1145]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4A–I. Ancistrolepis carolineae Squires, 1984. “Stewart bed,” Llajas Formation, north side of Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California. Apertural (A) and abapertural (B) views, 1.7x, length 32 mm, width 20 mm, plasto-holotype, LACMIP 10554 [=UCLA 59401], Locality LACMIP 7242.35. Apertural (C) and abapertural (D) views, x1.8x, length 28.8 mm, width 18.4 mm, hypotype, LACMIP 14904, LACMIP Locality 40444.2. Apertural (E) view, 1.8x, length 26.3, width 14.9, hypotype, LACMIP 14905, LACMIP 40374.75. Apertural (F) and abapertural (G) views, x2.3, length 22 mm, width 15.8 mm, hypotype, LACMIP 14906, LACMIP Locality 40374.76. Right-lateral apertural, with aperture end tilted up slightly (H) and oblique lower columellar (I) views, x2.5, length 28.5 mm, width 29.8 mm, hypotype, LACMIP 14907, LACMIP Locality 40374.77." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743804/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">FIG. 4A–I</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB4BFC9EFBA9FB64FB81" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFC9EFBA9FB64FB81" blockId="6.[833,1521,1067,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFC9EFBA9FA9BFBAC" authority="Squires, 1984" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" box="[833,1313,1067,1093]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFC9EFBA9FC64FBAC" box="[833,990,1067,1093]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ancistrolepis</emphasis>
?
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFC2FFBA9FBCAFBAC" box="[1008,1136,1067,1093]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">carolineae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFBA9FBA9FA9BFBAC" author="Squires, R. L." box="[1142,1313,1067,1093]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref9091" refString="Squires, R. L. 1984. Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 350: 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1984">Squires, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. p. 30, figs. 8d–e. Groves and Squires. 2021. p. 191.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB4BFCBEFBF3FA4AFA21" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFCBEFBF3FA4AFA21" blockId="6.[833,1521,1067,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFCBEFBF3FB09FB62" bold="true" box="[865,1203,1137,1163]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Primary type material—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFB6CFBF3FA1DFB46" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="LACMIP 10554, UCLA 59401" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFB6CFBF3FA9CFB62" box="[1203,1318,1137,1163]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="116E9EA2FFBAEB4BFAEFFBF3FA4AFB65" box="[1328,1520,1137,1164]" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP 10554</specimenCode>
[originally
<specimenCode id="116E9EA2FFBAEB4BFC1AFB16FBD8FB46" box="[965,1122,1172,1199]" collectionCode="UCLA" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/irpn-5wg7" name="University of California at Los Angeles" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">UCLA 59401</specimenCode>
],
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFBADFB16FB6FFB47" box="[1138,1237,1172,1198]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP</collectionCode>
Locality 7242.35
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFA70FB17FB8DFB3B" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="LACMIP 10555" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFA70FB17FCC2FB3B" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="116E9EA2FFBAEB4BFCA2FB3AFB8DFB3B" box="[893,1079,1207,1234]" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP 10555</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFB9FFB3AFA4AFB3B" box="[1088,1520,1207,1234]" collectionCode="LACMIP" collectorName="Locality" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFB9FFB3AFB19FB3B" box="[1088,1187,1208,1234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFB77FB35FAB0FB38" box="[1192,1290,1207,1233]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Locality</collectorName>
7242.36;
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFA5EFB3AFA4AFB3B" box="[1409,1520,1208,1234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFC9EFB59FC46FB1C" box="[833,1020,1242,1269]" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="LACMIP 10556" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="116E9EA2FFBAEB4BFC9EFB59FC46FB1C" box="[833,1020,1242,1269]" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP 10556</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFBD8FB59FA4AFB1C" box="[1031,1520,1243,1269]" collectionCode="LACMIP" collectorName="Locality" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFBD8FB59FBD1FB1C" box="[1031,1131,1243,1269]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFBAFFB59FB69FB1C" box="[1136,1235,1243,1269]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Locality</collectorName>
7242.37; and
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFA5FFB59FA4AFB1C" box="[1408,1520,1243,1269]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFC9EFB7CFC47FAF0" box="[833,1021,1278,1305]" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="LACMIP 10557" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="116E9EA2FFBAEB4BFC9EFB7CFC47FAF0" box="[833,1021,1278,1305]" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP 10557</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFBD7FB7CFAF0FAD2" collectionCode="LACMIP" collectorName="Locality &amp; These" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFBD7FB7CFBD6FAF1" box="[1032,1132,1278,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFBAEFB7CFB6EFAF1" box="[1137,1236,1278,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Locality</collectorName>
22312.14.
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFA82FB7CFA12FAF1" box="[1373,1448,1278,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">These</collectorName>
<specimenCount id="57CEFD50FFBAEB4BFA71FB7CFC07FAD5" count="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">three paratypes</specimenCount>
were originally referred to as lot
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFA90FAA3FA51FAD5" box="[1359,1515,1313,1340]" collectionCode="UCLA" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="UCLA 59402" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="116E9EA2FFBAEB4BFA90FAA3FA51FAD5" box="[1359,1515,1313,1340]" collectionCode="UCLA" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/irpn-5wg7" name="University of California at Los Angeles" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">UCLA 59402</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, which was, at some point in the past, split into the three lots listed here.
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFBD3FAEAFA4AFA6B" box="[1036,1520,1383,1410]" collectionCode="LACMIP" collectorName="Locality" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFBD3FAEAFBCAFA6B" box="[1036,1136,1384,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFBA6FAE5FB66FA68" box="[1145,1244,1383,1409]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Locality</collectorName>
7242 is equivalent to
</materialsCitation>
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFC9EFA09FC3CFA4C" box="[833,902,1419,1445]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/irpn-5wg7" name="University of California at Los Angeles" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">UCLA</collectionCode>
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFC55FA09FA4AFA21" collectingDate="1946-04-19" collectionCode="UCLA" collectorName="Locality &amp; W. P. Popenoe" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFC55FA09FC51FA4C" box="[906,1003,1419,1445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Locality</collectorName>
22312 (originally
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFB19FA09FAB0FA4C" box="[1222,1290,1419,1445]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/irpn-5wg7" name="University of California at Los Angeles" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">UCLA</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFAD0FA09FACAFA4C" box="[1295,1392,1419,1445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Locality</collectorName>
2312 (collected by
<collectorName id="EC3D530FFFBAEB4BFC6CFA2CFBEEFA21" box="[947,1108,1454,1480]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">W.P.Popenoe</collectorName>
classes,
<date id="35761019FFBAEB4BFB66FA2CFADCFA21" box="[1209,1382,1454,1480]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" value="1946-04-19">
<collectingDate id="2532E9F1FFBAEB4BFB66FA2CFADCFA21" box="[1209,1382,1454,1480]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" value="1946-04-19">April 19, 1946</collectingDate>
</date>
and 1950).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB45FCBEFA53FD3EFECA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFCBEFA53FC2FF9D8" blockId="6.[833,1521,1067,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFCBEFA53FB6AFA02" bold="true" box="[865,1232,1489,1515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
Dimensions of
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFBE8FA53FB15FA02" box="[1079,1199,1489,1515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="86309B3CFFBAEB4BFAE9FA53FA2FFA05" box="[1334,1429,1489,1516]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="86309B3CFFBAEB4BFC9EFA76FC20F9E6" box="[833,922,1524,1551]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
(specimen is missing most its anterior siphonal canal).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFCBEF9B8FA90F90B" blockId="6.[833,1521,1067,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFCBEF9B8FB07F9BD" bold="true" box="[865,1213,1594,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
Secondary
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFC2FF9B9FB90F9BC" box="[1008,1066,1595,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
material—
</emphasis>
LACMIP hypotype 14904, LACMIP Locality 40444.2; LACMIP hypotype 14905, LACMIP Locality 40374.75; LACMIP hypotype 14906, LACMIP Locality 40374.76; and LACMIP hypotype
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFA6BF926FA9CF90B" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="LACMIP 14907" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="116E9EA2FFBAEB4BFA6BF926FC76F90B" collectionCode="LACMIP" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP 14907</specimenCode>
,
<collectionCode id="27D9AE1CFFBAEB4BFC07F94AFB86F90B" box="[984,1084,1736,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">LACMIP</collectionCode>
Locality 40374.77
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFCBEF969FA4AF87B" blockId="6.[833,1521,1067,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFCBEF969FA99F8ED" bold="true" box="[865,1315,1770,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Number of specimens examined—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="F1A03C84FFBAEB4BFAFCF969FA4AF87B" county="Ventura County" location="Llajas Formation" municipality="All" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="17" stateProvince="California">
<specimenCount id="57CEFD50FFBAEB4BFAFCF969FC3DF8C1" count="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="generic">Seventeen specimens</specimenCount>
.
<collectingMunicipality id="A113ACA3FFBAEB4BFC4DF88CFC0EF8C1" box="[914,948,1806,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">All</collectingMunicipality>
are from four localities (7242, 40374, 40444, and 40479) in the “Stewart bed”of the
<location id="44176002FFBAEB4BFAC1F8B3FA4AF8A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C96187CFFFBAEB45FC42FC44FBF4FC74:44176002FFBAEB4BFAC1F8B3FA4AF8A2" box="[1310,1520,1841,1867]" county="Ventura County" municipality="All" name="Llajas Formation" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="California">Llajas Formation</location>
on the north side of
<location id="44176002FFBAEB4BFBE0F8D6FB72F887" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C96187CFFFBAEB45FC42FC44FBF4FC74:44176002FFBAEB4BFBE0F8D6FB72F887" box="[1087,1224,1876,1902]" county="Ventura County" municipality="All" name="Simi Valley" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="California">Simi Valley</location>
,
<collectingCounty id="A8164E55FFBAEB4BFB0DF8D7FA2FF887" box="[1234,1429,1876,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ventura County</collectingCounty>
, southern
<collectingRegion id="830CF83BFFBAEB4BFCAEF8F5FC54F878" box="[881,1006,1911,1937]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">California</collectingRegion>
.
<location id="44176002FFBAEB4BFC28F8F5FBF0F878" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C96187CFFFBAEB45FC42FC44FBF4FC74:44176002FFBAEB4BFC28F8F5FBF0F878" box="[1015,1098,1911,1937]" county="Ventura County" municipality="All" name="Nearly" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="California">Nearly</location>
all the specimens are from the
<location id="44176002FFBAEB4BFA1AF8FAFA4AF87B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C96187CFFFBAEB45FC42FC44FBF4FC74:44176002FFBAEB4BFA1AF8FAFA4AF87B" box="[1477,1520,1912,1938]" county="Ventura County" municipality="All" name="Las" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="California">Las</location>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="15B76651FFBBEB4AFFAFFB0FFBAEFA8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743804" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13743804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743804/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" startId="7.[112,199,1165,1191]" targetBox="[163,1469,216,1118]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBBEB4AFFAFFB0FFBAEFA8B" blockId="7.[112,1512,1165,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFFAFFB0FFEABFB4E" bold="true" box="[112,273,1165,1191]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figure 4A–I.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBBEB4AFEC8FB0FFD57FB4E" authority="Squires, 1984" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" box="[279,749,1165,1191]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFEC8FB0FFD81FB4E" box="[279,571,1165,1191]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Ancistrolepis carolineae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBBEB4AFD9DFB0FFD57FB4E" author="Squires, R. L." box="[578,749,1165,1191]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref9091" refString="Squires, R. L. 1984. Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 350: 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1984">Squires, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. “Stewart bed,” Llajas Formation, north side of Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California. Apertural (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFD1AFB25FD62FB28" bold="true" box="[709,728,1191,1217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
) and abapertural (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFC1AFB2AFC62FB2B" bold="true" box="[965,984,1192,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">B</emphasis>
) views, 1.7x, length 32 mm, width 20 mm, plasto-holotype, LACMIP 10554 [=UCLA 59401], Locality LACMIP 7242.35. Apertural (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFB7AFB40FB0CFB35" bold="true" box="[1189,1206,1218,1244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">C</emphasis>
) and abapertural (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFA7DFB40FA0DFB35" bold="true" box="[1442,1463,1218,1244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
) views, x1.8x, length 28.8 mm, width 18.4 mm, hypotype, LACMIP 14904, LACMIP Locality 40444.2. Apertural (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFA13FB5FFA67FB1E" bold="true" box="[1484,1501,1245,1271]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
) view, 1.8x, length 26.3, width 14.9, hypotype, LACMIP 14905, LACMIP 40374.75. Apertural (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFB38FB7AFB4DFAFB" bold="true" box="[1255,1271,1272,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">F</emphasis>
) and abapertural (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFFA4FA90FF34FAC5" bold="true" box="[123,142,1298,1324]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">G</emphasis>
) views, x2.3, length 22 mm, width 15.8 mm, hypotype, LACMIP 14906, LACMIP Locality 40374.76. Right-lateral apertural, with aperture end tilted up slightly (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFD32FAAFFCB8FAAE" bold="true" box="[749,770,1325,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">H</emphasis>
) and oblique lower columellar (
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFB4AFAAFFB25FAAE" bold="true" box="[1173,1183,1325,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">I</emphasis>
) views, x2.5, length 28.5 mm, width 29.8 mm, hypotype, LACMIP 14907, LACMIP Locality 40374.77.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBBEB4AFFAFFA02FA4AF9A3" blockId="7.[112,1520,1408,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
Llajas Canyon area: LACMIP Localities 7242 and 40374, ribs on ante-penultimate whorl, 3 ribs on penultimate which are in the immediate vicinity of each another, and whorl, and 6 (on most specimens) to 8 (rarely) ribs on Locality 40444, which is a short distance northwest- last whorl. Several widely spaced secondary spiral ribs wardly. The one exception is a specimen from LACMIP can be present inside of surface of apertural area and Locality 40479, approximately
<quantity id="86309B3CFFBBEB4AFDDDF98FFDFEF9CF" box="[514,580,1548,1575]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
westardly of the represent continuations of primary ribs on main surface localities in Las Llajas Canyon. of last whorl. Spacing of spirals usually consistent at 3
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBBEB45FF4FF9D1FD3EFECA" blockId="7.[112,1520,1408,1962]" lastBlockId="8.[112,801,195,1911]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBBEB4AFF4FF9D1FEF9F984" bold="true" box="[144,323,1619,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Description–</emphasis>
Shell ovate fusiform, shell very thin mm apart but can be as much as
<quantity id="86309B3CFFBBEB4AFB05F9D1FA98F984" box="[1242,1314,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
apart, even on a (“paper thin”), up to
<quantity id="86309B3CFFBBEB4AFE50F9F4FDBFF978" box="[399,517,1654,1681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.04" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="30.4">30.4 mm</quantity>
height and
<quantity id="86309B3CFFBBEB4AFD75F9F4FCA5F978" box="[682,799,1654,1681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="17.7">17.7 mm</quantity>
single specimen. Spiral ribs beveled (not square-edged); width, with corresponding h/w = 1.72; average h/w of interstitally (especially on columellar inner lip) with five all specimens = 1.59. Protoconch/shell apex missing, bands of spiral microscopic threads alternating with upper spire incomplete on most specimens. Teleoconch bands of five spiral submicroscopic threads; comprising up to 5 whorls; commonly only four teleoconch whorls a grand total of 25 threads. Columella has almost none present. Suture impressed and coincident with spiral to only slight twist to left; no columellar teeth; anterior rib. Only spiral ribs (widely spaced); no radial sculpture. part of columella can have a few intermediate-strength Earliest two teleoconch whorls smooth (ribs apparently ribs, becoming obsolete anteriorward and interiorward. eroded off), 2 ribs on pre-ante penultimate whorl, 2 Siphonal canal moderately long. Outer lip “terminal varix,”
<quantity id="86309B3CFFB4EB45FF19FF41FEAAFF34" box="[198,272,195,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
thick, smooth, solid, and flattish but with beveled on both outermost and innermost edges; minute threads axially parallel to edge of outer lip.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFB4EB45FF4FFEAFFBF4FC74" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFB4EB45FF4FFEAFFDDBFD89" blockId="8.[112,801,195,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FF4FFEAFFE9FFEAE" bold="true" box="[144,293,301,327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Remarks—</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFB4EB45FE86FEAEFE7CFEAF" box="[345,454,300,326]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
has been missing for several decades. A copy of a Kodrachrome 35-mm slide of the
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFB4EB45FFAFFEF1FF5AFE64" box="[112,224,371,397]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, taken by the author 30 years ago, is shown on the “Cover” of this present paper. The specimens of
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FCD6FE14FF55FE3A" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FCD6FE14FCA0FE59" box="[777,794,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FFAFFE3BFF55FE3A" box="[112,239,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all have moderately poor to poor preservation because of weathering, which has caused some of the shells, which had thin shells to begin with, to become to steinkerns or nearly so. Weathering has probably caused the spiral ribs to be somewhat rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFB4EB45FF4FFDE8FE76FBC3" blockId="8.[112,801,195,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
Four of the 17 Llajas Formation specimens of
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FD1CFDE8FF00FD4F" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FD1CFDE8FF00FD4F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an obvious, relatively wide, flat, and sturdy thickening (callus) of the outer lip (terminal varix) of the aperture. A search of the available literature revealed that no other ancistrolepine (fossil or extant) has such a wide and flat outer lip callus, although a few extant species can have a very thin, narrow ridge callus. A terminal “varix” is common in warm, shallow-marine gastropods, but is rare in polar and deep-marine habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FD67FC01FEE8FC29" author="Webster, N. B. &amp; G. J. Vermeij" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="732 - 754" refId="ref9758" refString="Webster, N. B. and G. J. Vermeij. 2017. The varix: evolution, distribution, and phylogenetic clumping of a repeated gastropod innovation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 732 - 754." type="journal article" year="2017">Webster and Vermeij 2017</bibRefCitation>
), therefore, the presence of this feature on
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FF10FC48FED6FC0A" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" box="[207,364,969,996]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FF10FC48FED6FC0A" box="[207,364,969,996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be another indication that
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FCD6FC48FF4AFBEF" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FCD6FC48FF4AFBEF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lived in an environment quite different than the extant
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FF2BFB92FE3CFBC3" box="[244,390,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepi</emphasis>
s spp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFB4EB45FF4FFBB1FE57F9FF" blockId="8.[112,801,195,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FF4FFBB1FE0BFBA4" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" box="[144,433,1075,1101]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FF4FFBB1FE0BFBA4" box="[144,433,1075,1101]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FD08FBB1FE4EFB99" authority="Titova, 1993" authorityName="Titova" authorityYear="1993" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rategiensis">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FD08FBB1FEEFFB99" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis rategiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FE85FBD4FE4EFB99" author="Titova, L. V." box="[346,500,1110,1136]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref9577" refString="Titova, L. V. 1993. The early history of the North Pacific Ancistrolepidinae (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Ruthenica 3: 1 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1993">Titova, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(p. 12, figs. 2A–2D) from the upper Eocene Rategian Formation at Podkagernaya Bay, northwestern Kamchakta. The Llajas Formation species is similar in its ovate-fusiform shell shape, approximately five rounded whorls, rounded base on last whorl, subtriangular to triangular spiral ribs, about seven spiral ribs (can be variously spaced) on last whorl, and interstitial ribs on last whorl of some specimens.
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FD09FACFFEEEFA63" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FD09FACFFEEEFA63" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from this Kamchakta species by having a smaller size shell, fewer spiral ribs on the spire whorls, many fewer and much less closely spaced spiral ribs on the siphonal canal, and the presence of a terminal varix on the outer lip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFB4EB45FF4FF9A2FB2AFECA" blockId="8.[112,801,195,1911]" lastBlockId="8.[832,1520,195,925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FF4FF9A2FE84F9D3" author="Titova, L. V." box="[144,318,1568,1594]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref9577" refString="Titova, L. V. 1993. The early history of the North Pacific Ancistrolepidinae (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Ruthenica 3: 1 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1993">Titova (1993)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FE29F9A2FEACF9B4" authority="Titova, 1993" authorityName="Titova" authorityYear="1993" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rategiensis">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FE29F9A2FC9AF9D0" box="[502,800,1568,1594]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis rategiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FFAFF9C1FEACF9B4" author="Titova, L. V." box="[112,278,1603,1629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref9577" refString="Titova, L. V. 1993. The early history of the North Pacific Ancistrolepidinae (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Ruthenica 3: 1 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1993">Titova, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
shows much similarity to
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FDA3F9C1FEA7F969" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="matchgarense">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FDA3F9C1FEA7F969" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis matchgarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FEEDF9E4FDB9F969" author="Makiyama, J." box="[306,515,1638,1664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="121 - 167" refId="ref8134" refString="Makiyama, J. 1934. The Asagaian molluscs of Yotukura and Matchgar. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B, 10: 121 - 167." type="journal article" year="1934">Makiyama, 1934</bibRefCitation>
: p. 165, pl. 7, figs. 56, 57) from the upper Oligocene Asagai Sandstone near Matchgar in northern Sakhalin. The Llajas Formation species is similar, therefore, to
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FE33F952FD0CF903" box="[492,694,1744,1770]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="matchgarense">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FE33F952FD0CF903" box="[492,694,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. matchgarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this latter species, which has a small shell (like
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FD7FF971FF20F8D9" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FD7FF971FF20F8D9" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has rather poor preservation (interstitial threads not visible) and its siphonal canal is missing. The Llajas Formation species differs by having a “terminal varix” on the outer lip.
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FBD5FF41FAE3FF34" box="[1034,1369,195,221]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="matchgarense">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FBD5FF41FAE3FF34" box="[1034,1369,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis matchgarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs with calcareous concretions containing
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FB2EFF64FADDFEE9" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" box="[1265,1383,230,256]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turritellidae" genus="Turritella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FB2EFF64FADDFEE9" box="[1265,1383,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Turritella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a shallow-marine gastropod.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFB4EB45FCBFFEAEFB24FDD4" blockId="8.[832,1520,195,925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FCBFFEAEFB3FFEAF" authorityName="Squires" authorityYear="1984" box="[864,1157,300,326]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carolineae">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FCBFFEAEFB3FFEAF" box="[864,1157,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis carolineae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FB4CFEAFFA8CFEAF" authorityName="Titova" authorityYear="1993" box="[1171,1334,301,327]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rategiensis">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FB4CFEAFFA8CFEAF" box="[1171,1334,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. rategiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FAA4FEAFFC1AFE80" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="matchgarense">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FAA4FEAFFC1AFE80" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. matchgarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from most other species of this genus by having subtriangular spiral ribs, rounded whorls, and a rounded shell base. Four other species, all from the Kuschiro coal fields in
<collectingCountry id="39DF7649FFB4EB45FB8AFE38FB27FE3D" box="[1109,1181,442,468]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Japan</collectingCountry>
, that share these particular properties are
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FC28FE5FFAC3FE1E" authority="(Matsui, 1958)" baseAuthorityName="Matsui" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[1015,1401,476,503]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chizuzenensis">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FC28FE5FFB00FE1F" box="[1015,1210,476,503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. chizuzenensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FB14FE5EFAD7FE1E" author="Matsui, M." box="[1227,1389,476,503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="201 - 210" refId="ref8258" refString="Matsui, M. 1958. Species of the genus Neptunea from the Paleogene formations in the Kushiro coal field, Hokkaido, Japan. Transactions and Proceeding of the Paleontological Society of Japan. New Series, 30: 201 - 210." type="journal article" year="1958">Matsui, 1958</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FA5AFE5FFBE4FDF3" authority="(Matsui, 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Matsui" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onbetsuensis">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FA5AFE5FFC2DFDF0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. onbetsuensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FC74FD82FBE8FDF3" author="Matsui, M." box="[939,1106,511,538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="289 - 304" refId="ref8302" refString="Matsui, M. 1959. On some Oligocene molluscan fossils from Hokkaido, Japan. Contributions from the Department of Geology and Mineralogy Faculty of Science Hokkaido Unversity 761: 289 - 304." type="journal article" year="1959">Matsui, 1959</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FBB1FD82FA53FDF3" authority="(Matsui, 1958)" baseAuthorityName="Matsui" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[1134,1513,511,538]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subcarinata">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FBB1FD82FA98FDF3" box="[1134,1314,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A. subcarinata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FAE8FD82FA67FDF3" author="Matsui, M." box="[1335,1501,511,538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="201 - 210" refId="ref8258" refString="Matsui, M. 1958. Species of the genus Neptunea from the Paleogene formations in the Kushiro coal field, Hokkaido, Japan. Transactions and Proceeding of the Paleontological Society of Japan. New Series, 30: 201 - 210." type="journal article" year="1958">Matsui, 1958</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FCAAFDA1FB22FDD7" authority="Takeda, 1953" authorityName="Takeda" authorityYear="1953" box="[885,1176,547,574]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ezoana">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FCAAFDA1FC3CFDD4" box="[885,902,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FC4CFDA6FC51FDD4" box="[915,1003,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">ezoana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FC2EFDA1FB22FDD7" author="Takeda, H." box="[1009,1176,547,574]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 103" refId="ref9497" refString="Takeda, H. 1953. The Poronai Formation (Oligocene Tertiary) of Hokkaido and South Sakhalin and its fossil fauna. Studies on Coal Geology, the Hokkaido Association of Coal Mining Technologists 3: 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1953">Takeda, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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Previous workers (
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FB95FDC4FB64FD89" author="Titova, L. V." box="[1098,1246,582,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref9577" refString="Titova, L. V. 1993. The early history of the North Pacific Ancistrolepidinae (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Ruthenica 3: 1 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1993">Titova 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFB4EB45FB36FDC5FC3BFD6A" author="Egorov, R. V. &amp; S. L. Barsukov" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref7215" refString="Egorov, R. V. and S. L. Barsukov. 1994. Recent Ancistrolepidinae (Buccinidae). Colus-Doverie Ltd., Moscow. 47 pp. (Title and introduction in Russian)." type="book" year="1994">Egorov and Barsukov 1994</bibRefCitation>
) have placed various species of
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FAC6FDEBFA0CFD6A" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1895" box="[1305,1462,617,643]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FAC6FDEBFA0CFD6A" box="[1305,1462,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis</emphasis>
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into two informal groups, referred commonly to as the
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FA7CFD0FFCC0FD20" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eucosmius">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FA7CFD0FFCC0FD20" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">eucosmius</emphasis>
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“stock” and the
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“stock.” The
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</taxonomicName>
“stock,” bearing the name of the
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species of
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFB4EB45FA79FD51FC27FCF9" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1895" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFB4EB45FA79FD51FC27FCF9" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Ancistrolepis</emphasis>
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, is supposedly characterized by relatively small shells with relatively few spiral ribs, which are narrow and have a square shape. The
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“stock,” has larger shells with much stronger spiral ribs, commonly referred to as “T” ribs
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BUCCINIDAE
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The family
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, which consists of numerous genera of predatory carnivores, originated during the Early Cretaceous (mid-Albian Stage) (
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: fig. 7, with no accompanying geographic data). In the northeast Pacific region, the earliest known buccinid is the Late Cretaceous
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. It was endemic to
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and formed a lineage of three species (
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), whose members occurred intermittently only during the warm times of the Turonian and Campanian but not during the cooler times of the Coniacian and Santonian (
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By original designation.
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<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFDA3FB24FF54FB0A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chrysodomus eucosmius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFF2CFB4BFECBFB0A" author="Dall, W. H." box="[243,369,1225,1251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="174 - 191" refId="ref6999" refString="Dall, W. H. 1891. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 20. On some new or interesting west American shells obtained from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Alabatross in 1888, and from other sources. Proceedings of the National Museum 14: 174 - 191." type="journal article" year="1891">Dall, 1891</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFEA3FB4BFDB3FB0A" author="Dall, W. H." box="[380,521,1225,1251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="174 - 191" refId="ref6999" refString="Dall, W. H. 1891. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 20. On some new or interesting west American shells obtained from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Alabatross in 1888, and from other sources. Proceedings of the National Museum 14: 174 - 191." type="journal article" year="1891">Dall (1891)</bibRefCitation>
did not figure the
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFD38FB48FCA4FB0D" box="[743,798,1226,1252]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
species of this genus, but
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE6DFB6EFD8DFAEE" author="Dall, W. H." box="[434,567,1260,1287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="675 - 733" refId="ref7067" refString="Dall, W. H. 1895. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 34. Reports on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredge in deep water, chiefly near the Hawai- ian Islands, with hitherto unfigured species from northwest America. Proceedings of the National Museum 17: 675 - 733." type="journal article" year="1895">Dall (1895</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 29, fig. 7) provided an apertural view.
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE71FA92FCA4FAC3" author="Egorov, R. V. &amp; S. L. Barsukov" box="[430,798,1295,1322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref7215" refString="Egorov, R. V. and S. L. Barsukov. 1994. Recent Ancistrolepidinae (Buccinidae). Colus-Doverie Ltd., Moscow. 47 pp. (Title and introduction in Russian)." type="book" year="1994">Egorov and Barsukov (1994)</bibRefCitation>
provided a synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFE79FAB1FCA1FAA4" ID-CoL="DMRW" authority="(Dall)" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[422,795,1331,1357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eucosmius">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFE79FAB1FD73FAA5" box="[422,713,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ancistrolepis eucosmius</emphasis>
(Dall)
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="9E73887BFFBAEB4BFF79FAD4FF67FA99" box="[166,221,1366,1392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
species is extant and lives in deep, cold waters in the following areas: Bering Sea area (
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFD92FAFBFD79FA7A" author="Dall, W. H." box="[589,707,1401,1427]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="174 - 191" refId="ref6999" refString="Dall, W. H. 1891. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 20. On some new or interesting west American shells obtained from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Alabatross in 1888, and from other sources. Proceedings of the National Museum 14: 174 - 191." type="journal article" year="1891">Dall 1891</bibRefCitation>
), north of Unalaska in the Bering Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE2DFA1EFDD6FA5F" author="Dall, W. H." box="[498,620,1436,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="174 - 191" refId="ref6999" refString="Dall, W. H. 1891. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 20. On some new or interesting west American shells obtained from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Alabatross in 1888, and from other sources. Proceedings of the National Museum 14: 174 - 191." type="journal article" year="1891">Dall 1891</bibRefCitation>
), off the coast of
<collectingRegion id="830CF83BFFBAEB4BFF51FA42FF50FA33" box="[142,234,1472,1498]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFF24FA3DFECEFA33" author="Dall, W. H." box="[251,372,1471,1498]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="675 - 733" refId="ref7067" refString="Dall, W. H. 1895. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 34. Reports on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredge in deep water, chiefly near the Hawai- ian Islands, with hitherto unfigured species from northwest America. Proceedings of the National Museum 17: 675 - 733." type="journal article" year="1895">Dall 1895</bibRefCitation>
), and off San Digeo, southern
<collectingRegion id="830CF83BFFBAEB4BFD39FA3DFF01FA14" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">California</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFF12FA61FEFCFA14" author="Dall, W. H." box="[205,326,1506,1533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="675 - 733" refId="ref7067" refString="Dall, W. H. 1895. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 34. Reports on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredge in deep water, chiefly near the Hawai- ian Islands, with hitherto unfigured species from northwest America. Proceedings of the National Museum 17: 675 - 733." type="journal article" year="1895">Dall 1895</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE8DFA61FE29FA14" author="Dall, W. H." box="[338,403,1507,1533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref7130" refString="Dall, W. H. 1919. Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56: 293 - 271." type="journal volume" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE7FFA60FE5BFA14" author="Dall, W. H." box="[416,481,1506,1533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref7172" refString="Dall, W. H. 1925. Illustrations of unfigured types of shells in the collections of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 66: 1 - 41, pls. 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFF4FF984FCA5F8FF" blockId="6.[112,799,1189,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFF4FF984FE4DF9C9" bold="true" box="[144,503,1542,1568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Geologic range of genus—</emphasis>
Late early Eocene (late Ypresian Stage = early “Domengine Stage”), Ventura County, southern California (new information) to Recent: from the South
<collectingCountry id="39DF7649FFBAEB4BFEF5F9EDFECBF960" box="[298,369,1647,1673]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
Sea to the East
<collectingCountry id="39DF7649FFBAEB4BFDF6F9EDFDCAF960" box="[553,624,1647,1673]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, the Sea of
<collectingCountry id="39DF7649FFBAEB4BFFAFF911FF0CF944" box="[112,182,1683,1709]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska (
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE68F934FCB7F939" author="Egorov, R. V. &amp; S. L. Barsukov" box="[439,781,1718,1744]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref7215" refString="Egorov, R. V. and S. L. Barsukov. 1994. Recent Ancistrolepidinae (Buccinidae). Colus-Doverie Ltd., Moscow. 47 pp. (Title and introduction in Russian)." type="book" year="1994">Egorov and Barsukov 1994</bibRefCitation>
), as well as Washington, Oregon, and off the coast of San Diego, southernmost California (
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE23F97EFDCDF8FE" author="Dall, W. H." box="[508,631,1788,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="675 - 733" refId="ref7067" refString="Dall, W. H. 1895. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; 34. Reports on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredge in deep water, chiefly near the Hawai- ian Islands, with hitherto unfigured species from northwest America. Proceedings of the National Museum 17: 675 - 733." type="journal article" year="1895">Dall, 1895</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFD5DF97EFD78F8FF" author="Dall, W. H." box="[642,706,1788,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref7130" refString="Dall, W. H. 1919. Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56: 293 - 271." type="journal volume" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFD12F97EFCB7F8FE" author="Dall, W. H." box="[717,781,1788,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref7172" refString="Dall, W. H. 1925. Illustrations of unfigured types of shells in the collections of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 66: 1 - 41, pls. 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB4BFF4FF89DFBF5FCDC" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFF4FF89DFBF5FCDC" blockId="6.[112,799,1189,1921]" lastBlockId="6.[833,1521,196,926]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFF4FF89DFE58F8D0" bold="true" box="[144,482,1823,1849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Differential diagnosis—</emphasis>
Protoconch low (one to two whorls), smooth. Teleoconch small to medium size (height range
<quantity id="86309B3CFFBAEB4BFEF1F8E4FE48F869" box="[302,498,1894,1921]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="13.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="80.0" valueMax="135.0" valueMin="25.0">25 to 135 mm</quantity>
). Fusiform to elongate fusiform and with approximately six to eight convex whorls. Whorls can be rounded or shouldered. Spire approximately 50 percent or less of shell height. Sculpture mostly spiral ribs (rarely nodular locally) or cords, can be relatively few (on upper spire) or moderately numerous, triangular to square, thin to moderately thick (keel-like), interspaces somewhat narrow to moderately wide, commonly flat-bottomed. Sutural area impressed. Axial sculpture mostly only growth lines. Last whorl approximately 50 percent or more of shell height. Aperture moderately wide, interior smooth or showing spiral impressions. Columella smooth. Outer lip entire or marginated, rarely thickened. Siphonal canal short and twisted backward, slightly or somewhat strongly. Radula hamiglossate. Periostracum well developed, can be hairy, and with well developed and numerous growth lines. Operculum horny (can be substantially smaller than aperture width).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB4BFCBEFCBCFC24FC77" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFCBEFCBCFC24FC77" blockId="6.[833,1521,196,926]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFCBEFCBCFC42FCB1" bold="true" box="[865,1016,830,856]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Remarks—</emphasis>
The name
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFB5EFCBCFAA5FCB1" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1895" box="[1153,1311,830,856]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" genus="Ancistrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFB5EFCBCFAA5FCB1" box="[1153,1311,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ancistrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is feminine and derived from Greek:
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFB8FFCE3FB7DFC92" box="[1104,1223,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">ankriston</emphasis>
, for fishhook and
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFA68FCE3FA4AFC92" box="[1463,1520,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">lepis</emphasis>
for scale.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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75
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<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFF31FCCCFD1AFC8F" ID-CoL="8M3GD" authority="HABE, 1972" authorityName="HABE" authorityYear="1972" box="[238,672,846,870]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parancistrolepidinae">
PARANCISTROLEPIDINAE
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFDC2FCCCFD1AFC8F" author="Habe, T." box="[541,672,846,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="51 - 62" refId="ref7659" refString="Habe, T. 1972. Notes on the genus Parancistrolepis Azuma (Buccinidae). The Nautilus 86: 51 - 62." type="journal article" year="1972">HABE, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="09D26552FFBAEB4BFF4FFC12FE86FBDF" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="417736D9FFBAEB4BFF4FFC12FE86FBDF" blockId="6.[112,799,911,1079]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="73BCEACBFFBAEB4BFF4FFC12FE9CFC43" bold="true" box="[144,294,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Remarks—</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFEF9FC12FD99FC43" author="Kantor, Y. I. &amp; A. E. Fedosov &amp; A. R. Kosyan &amp; N. Puillandre &amp; P. A. Sorokin &amp; Y. Kano &amp; R. Clark &amp; P. Bouchet" box="[294,547,911,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref7975" refString="Kantor, Y. I., A. E. Fedosov, A. R. Kosyan, N. Puillandre, P. A. Sorokin, Y. Kano, R. Clark, and P. Bouchet. 2021. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the Buccinoidea (Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="2021">Kantor et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
noted that subfamily
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFF46FC31FD81FC24" authority="Habe, 1972" authorityName="HABE" authorityYear="1972" box="[153,571,947,973]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parancistrolepidinae">
Parancistrolepidinae
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFE76FC31FD81FC24" author="Habe, T." box="[425,571,947,973]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="51 - 62" refId="ref7659" refString="Habe, T. 1972. Notes on the genus Parancistrolepis Azuma (Buccinidae). The Nautilus 86: 51 - 62." type="journal article" year="1972">Habe, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has priority over
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFFAFFC54FDC9FC19" authority="Habe and Sato, 1973" authorityName="Habe and Sato" authorityYear="1973" box="[112,627,982,1008]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ancistrolepidinae">
Ancistrolepidinae
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFEBFFC54FDC9FC19" author="Habe, T. &amp; J. Sato" box="[352,627,982,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref7683" refString="Habe, T. and J. Sato. 1973 [&quot; 1972 &quot;]. A classification of the family Buccinidae from the North Pacific. Proceedings of the Japan Society of Systematic Zoology 8: 1 - 8. [In Japanese]." type="journal article" year="1973">Habe and Sato, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. For a list of genera included in
<taxonomicName id="86C84D5AFFBAEB4BFEBBFC7BFDD3FBFA" authorityName="HABE" authorityYear="1972" box="[356,617,1017,1043]" class="Gastropoda" family="Buccinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parancistrolepidinae">Parancistrolepidinae</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="25594B28FFBAEB4BFD77FC78FF65FBDF" author="Kantor, Y. I. &amp; A. E. Fedosov &amp; A. R. Kosyan &amp; N. Puillandre &amp; P. A. Sorokin &amp; Y. Kano &amp; R. Clark &amp; P. Bouchet" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref7975" refString="Kantor, Y. I., A. E. Fedosov, A. R. Kosyan, N. Puillandre, P. A. Sorokin, Y. Kano, R. Clark, and P. Bouchet. 2021. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the Buccinoidea (Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="2021">Kantor et al. (2021</bibRefCitation>
: p. 31).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>