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<document id="C8743F7C31327EEE4DDC3CA2D8FE26C8" ID-DOI="10.1007/s13127-022-00576-6" ID-ISSN="1618-1077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12764937" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1721247748536" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Pätzold, Janin, Feyrer, Benedikt, Saumweber, Johanna, Hilger, Hartmut H. & Gottschling, Marc" docDate="2023" docId="010C2112FFC8FFAC3BC9CBCF6705F54A" docLanguage="en" docName="OrgDivEvol.23.1.77-90.pdf" docOrigin="Organisms Diversity & Evolution 23 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00576-6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:92260E183F2ECC5FAA0643175D3F67A1.1:OrgDivEvol.2010-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="92260E183F2ECC5FAA0643175D3F67A1" docStyleName="OrgDivEvol.2010-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Cordia L. 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="85" masterDocId="FD35596AFFCBFFA43B41C85A6570F219" masterDocTitle="Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations" masterLastPageNumber="90" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="80" updateTime="1721746955476" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="09E0CF57DE26C1996EF270AE26B48A38">Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="980B22B494B511519B7E7340A8A2F856">Pätzold, Janin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E1817A9510F27E5A92782573E6CA3F91">Department Biologie, Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="25F2A5285EAC7DCC331A3188CC59B866">Feyrer, Benedikt</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="19F5C8BDA61A75D92A4EE6592A052672">Department Biologie, Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9FA5D00D7257232CDA291A193B82F209">Saumweber, Johanna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1F78C987AE4A5E64A85754477781E62E">Department Biologie, Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F5C61DC901F39390AC04052DB51E5E36">Hilger, Hartmut H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3E96474814C16805DBEE5E6459AD86B8">Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie, Institut</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5742B5621C96FE12A403F301ADC2D343">Gottschling, Marc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="19BF708FB8F54CA2A70C36AD97A31930">Department Biologie, Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3803A532A5689527ABB185954B0527D2">Organisms Diversity & Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4C414D161C7EE489007893F34F86DBAE">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D7107772897439331E03D38F86C5C88C">2022-08-11</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="88186517D7D8ADE279F19B24F762A110">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00576-6</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="32DC5464936A254E5D43854C8FC4F87E" type="DOI">10.1007/s13127-022-00576-6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="12042DF292C9E396CBD6A98A5B63813A" type="ISSN">1618-1077</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="010C2112FFC8FFAC3BC9CBCF6705F54A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:010C2112FFC8FFAC3BC9CBCF6705F54A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/010C2112FFC8FFAC3BC9CBCF6705F54A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<subSubSection id="C1BFC38FFFC8FFA73BC9CBCF659FF1AA" box="[136,239,917,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73BC9CBCF659FF1AA" blockId="3.[136,239,917,947]" box="[136,239,917,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<heading id="D2522768FFC8FFA73BC9CBCF659FF1AA" bold="true" box="[136,239,917,947]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73BC9CBCF659FF1AA" ID-CoL="62MK7" authority=" L., 1753" authorityName="L." authorityYear="1753" box="[136,239,917,947]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73BC9CBCF659FF1AA" bold="true" box="[136,239,917,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Results</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C1BFC38FFFC8FFAC3BC9CB836705F54A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" type="description">
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<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73BC9CB83640DF1ED" blockId="3.[136,381,985,1012]" box="[136,381,985,1012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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<heading id="D2522768FFC8FFA73BC9CB83640DF1ED" bold="true" box="[136,381,985,1012]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73BC9CB83640DF1ED" bold="true" box="[136,381,985,1012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Flower and perianth</emphasis>
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||||
</heading>
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||||
</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73BC9CC47646AF79B" blockId="3.[135,773,1053,1911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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||||
Flowers are solitary or composed in small inflorescences comprising up to 15 elements. They are arranged terminal %
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||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73BDBCC3A6473F661" box="[154,259,1120,1144]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
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), ramiflorous %
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<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73AE5CC3A649CF661" box="[420,492,1120,1144]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1N</figureCitation>
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) or cauliflorous. The basic monotelic inflorescence is an acropetalous, ebracteose thyrsoid comprised of monochasial paracladia with few scattered trichomes. The terminal flower is usually not developed, and the early paracladia are less branched than the younger ones %
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<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73BD8CD5D6595F706" box="[153,229,1287,1311]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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). The flowers are shortly pedicellate, subsessile or sessile. In
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<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73BBBCD7364CBF759" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[250,443,1320,1344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
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||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73BBBCD736463F759" box="[250,275,1321,1344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
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||||
cf.
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<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73A7DCD7264CBF759" box="[316,443,1320,1344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a sweet scent is emitted from the flower, and the cup of the anthetic calyx and corolla is full of nectar.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73BE7CDD6678FF4EB" blockId="3.[135,773,1053,1911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
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The flowers of all species under investigation are basically tetracyclic and pentamerous. Only occasionally, they exhibit four or six petals and stamens in
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<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA7397ACD95678CF7FE" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[571,764,1487,1511]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
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||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA7397ACD956724F7FF" box="[571,596,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA7393CCD95678CF7FE" box="[637,764,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, or they are trimeric or tetrameric in
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<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73957CDAB67F9F411" box="[534,649,1521,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
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<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73957CDAB67F9F411" box="[534,649,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The calyx is synsepalous and completely fused in bud with no visible lobes %
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<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73B9CCE696402F452" box="[221,370,1587,1611]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1A–C, G</figureCitation>
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). The botuliform or urceolate calyx reaches its final size before anthesis and opens irregularly in
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<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73BE2CE2C6412F494" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[163,354,1653,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73BE2CE2C65CCF494" box="[163,188,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
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cf.
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<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73BA2CE2F6412F494" box="[227,354,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73AD4CE2C6779F494" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[405,521,1654,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73AD4CE2C6779F494" box="[405,521,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. sinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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%
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<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73960CE2F67F6F494" box="[545,646,1653,1678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1E, F</figureCitation>
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; no data for
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<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73BC9CECD658AF4B6" box="[136,250,1687,1711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73BC9CECD658AF4B6" box="[136,250,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). The surface is glabrous, with a few trichomes accumulating at the apex %
|
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<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73AF7CEE26736F4C9" box="[438,582,1720,1744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1A, E–G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In mature fruit, the calyx is dilated but does not enclose the fruit %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA739E8CE836782F4EB" box="[681,754,1753,1778]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 6L</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73BE7CEA1614CF3C4" blockId="3.[135,773,1053,1911]" lastBlockId="3.[816,1452,153,477]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
The petals are fused to a terete tube for half of their lengths %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73BB5CF466435F52D" box="[244,325,1820,1844]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The free distal lobes are oblanceolate and involute in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73A6ECF646494F54C" box="[303,484,1853,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicaly">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73A6ECF646438F54C" box="[303,328,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73A30CF676494F54C" box="[369,484,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicaly</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
x and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73967CF6467EAF54C" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[550,666,1854,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73967CF6467EAF54C" box="[550,666,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA739F2CF6765EDF56E" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1D, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and triangular in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73A29CF0564A9F56E" box="[360,473,1887,1911]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73A29CF0564A9F56E" box="[360,473,1887,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%not shown). The colour of the petals at anthesis is creamy white in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73FBAC8C06620F2CA" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FBAC8C06064F2A8" box="[1275,1300,154,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73E00C8C36620F2CA" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA7382AC8E16172F2CA" box="[875,1026,187,211]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1C, D, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
), pale yellow in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73F83C8E1604CF2CA" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[1218,1340,187,211]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73F83C8E1604CF2CA" box="[1218,1340,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73E14C8E160D4F2CA" box="[1365,1444,187,211]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1N</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and creamy in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73893C88761A6F2ED" authority="% H. H. Hilger" authorityName="H. H. Hilger" box="[978,1238,220,244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73893C8876133F2ED" box="[978,1091,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
%H.H. Hilger
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FA3C887603BF2ED" box="[1250,1355,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">pers. obs.</emphasis>
|
||||
). On the adaxial surface of the corolla and below the free parts of the filaments, white scattered trichomes are found in all species under investigation %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73F50C91A612DF341" box="[1041,1117,320,344]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73FCBC91B6037F341" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[1162,1351,320,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FCBC91B61D3F341" box="[1162,1187,321,344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73F8BC91A6037F341" box="[1226,1351,320,344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, dark red spots develop after lesion damage, and the petals turn completely brownish-red after anthesis %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73FFBC9D9606FF382" box="[1210,1311,387,411]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1H–J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The corolla wilts but remains with the young fruit, until it ultimately falls off at fruit maturity.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73871CA5D66B5F03B" blockId="3.[816,965,519,546]" box="[816,965,519,546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
<heading id="D2522768FFC8FFA73871CA5D66B5F03B" bold="true" box="[816,965,519,546]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73871CA5D66B5F03B" bold="true" box="[816,965,519,546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Androecium</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73871CA1166A9F1EB" blockId="3.[815,1453,587,1611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
Stamens are developed, irrespectively of the flowers being functionally male or female %or bisexual as supposed for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73873CAD466D8F0BC" box="[818,936,654,677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73873CAD466D8F0BC" box="[818,936,654,677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). The filaments are fused to the lower half of the corolla tube in all three species %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73F8BCAF56067F0DE" box="[1226,1303,687,711]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The anthers consist of two thecae and four microsporangia %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73E76CA8A60EFF0F1" box="[1335,1439,720,744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). They reach their final size already in bud, when the filaments are still short and unstretched %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73F8FCB496069F132" box="[1230,1305,787,811]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The anthers are introrse and dorsifixed and in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73FF1CB6F600BF155" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[1200,1403,820,844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FF1CB6F61B9F155" box="[1200,1225,821,844]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FB9CB6E600BF155" box="[1272,1403,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, red and blue spots and lines develop on the abaxial surface %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73803CB2D66DFF196" box="[834,943,887,911]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 1D, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
) near the somewhat swollen connective. These markings may correspond to strongly stained tissues in the anatomical sections of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73F67CBE061E6F1C8" box="[1062,1174,954,977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73F67CBE061E6F1C8" box="[1062,1174,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73FEECBE36028F1CB" box="[1199,1368,953,978]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2A, D, E, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73ED3CBE066A2F1EA" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73ED3CBE060DBF1C8" box="[1426,1451,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73812CB8166A2F1EA" box="[851,978,987,1011]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA7380ECBA666C7F452" blockId="3.[815,1453,587,1611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
The anther walls consist of three layers, namely an epidermis, an endothecium comprising one cell layer and a secretory tapetum of one to few cell layers. Cells of the endothecium can be recognised by anticlinal, fibrillar wall thickenings %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73889CCDB6145F683" box="[968,1077,1153,1178]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2B, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Intracellular crystals are present along the joint dehiscence lines of two adjacent microsporangia in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA738D0CC9F668DF6C5" box="[913,1021,1221,1244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA738D0CC9F668DF6C5" box="[913,1021,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73F6ECC9F61D0F6C5" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[1071,1184,1221,1244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73F6ECC9F61D0F6C5" box="[1071,1184,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%visible in phase-contrast microscopy:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA738FACCBF6142F6E7" box="[955,1074,1253,1278]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2H, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
) but not in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73FF3CCBC6004F6E4" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[1202,1396,1253,1277]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FF3CCBC61BBF6E4" box="[1202,1227,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FB4CCBF6004F6E4" box="[1269,1396,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The flowers of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA738E7CD5D611AF706" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[934,1130,1287,1311]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA738E7CD5D66C8F707" box="[934,952,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA738ABCD5D611AF706" box="[1002,1130,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73FE0CD5D6068F706" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[1185,1304,1287,1311]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FE0CD5D6068F706" box="[1185,1304,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are functionally female and therefore the microsporangia contain no microspores. The archespore %which usually develops into microspores and tapetum cells nourishing the microspores) remains undifferentiated in both species %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73FABCDD66015F7BD" box="[1258,1381,1420,1444]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2F, G, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73ED3CDD766F0F7DC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73ED3CDD766F0F7DC" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, pollen grains originate by meiosis of the microspore mother cells and are already developed early during anthesis. The pollen grains are binucleate when mature %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73E64CDAA6000F411" box="[1317,1392,1520,1544]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The thickened exine represents the outer layer of the pollen grains %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73800CE6966DBF452" box="[833,939,1587,1611]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[144,1444,154,1682]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Androecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frame) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K light microscopy; H, K polarised light; L scanning electron microscopy). A LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective). B, C Binuclear pollen. D, E TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective). F TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore). G LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore). H TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia). J, K Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals). L bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA73871CE2E66CAF496" blockId="3.[816,954,1652,1679]" box="[816,954,1652,1679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
<heading id="D2522768FFC8FFA73871CE2E66CAF496" bold="true" box="[816,954,1652,1679]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73871CE2E66CAF496" bold="true" box="[816,954,1652,1679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Gynoecium</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC8FFA23871CEE26784F1B4" blockId="3.[816,1452,1720,1911]" lastBlockId="6.[135,773,651,1808]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
A normally developed gynoecium is present in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73E28CEE366C3F4E8" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73E28CEE360F2F4C9" box="[1385,1410,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73871CE8366C3F4E8" box="[816,947,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA7388FCE8361F3F4EB" box="[974,1155,1753,1778]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 3A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA73F85CE806030F4E8" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[1220,1344,1754,1778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
C.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA73FA9CE806030F4E8" box="[1256,1344,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73E18CE836632F50A" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 3C, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), whereas it is only rudimentary in the functionally male flowers of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC8FFA738E5CF476165F52D" box="[932,1045,1821,1844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="3" pageNumber="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC8FFA738E5CF476165F52D" box="[932,1045,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC8FFA73F6FCF4661E4F52D" box="[1070,1172,1820,1844]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="3" pageNumber="80">Fig. 3J, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The gynoecium is superior, bicarpellate and coenocarpous-syncarpous in all species, but a style is only developed in functionally female or bisexual flowers. The shape of the gynoecium is obovoid %
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23BD0CAF76420F0DD" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[145,336,684,708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23BD0CAF765DAF0DD" box="[145,170,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23B90CAF66420F0DD" box="[209,336,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23A1ECAF664D8F0DD" box="[351,424,684,708]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or ovoid %
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA2395FCAF767EBF0DD" box="[542,667,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA2395FCAF767E5F0DD" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[542,661,685,708]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">C. sinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA239E3CAF66787F0DD" box="[674,759,684,708]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,164,1731,1752]" captionTargetBox="[146,1442,155,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig.5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764943/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Internally, the synascidiate zone is rather short, and the symplicate region comprises the main part of the gynoecium. The symplicate region corresponds to the ventral slit that is orientated perpendicularly to the coalescence plane of the two carpels %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23A5FCB0964D4F173" box="[286,420,851,875]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Figs. 3E, F, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23AF1CB0964A3F173" box="[432,467,851,875]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">4N</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23A9ECB09648FF172" box="[479,511,851,875]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">6F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). It continues distally to the asymplicate zone with the first splitting of the style. The gynoecium is glabrous throughout its entire development.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DDDAC08CFFCFFFA03BC9CEF061B8F563" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12764939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764939/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" startId="4.[136,165,1706,1727]" targetBox="[146,1443,155,1681]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCFFFA03BC9CEF061B8F563" blockId="4.[136,772,1705,1914]" lastBlockId="4.[816,1453,1705,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03BC9CEF065C8F4A6" bold="true" box="[136,184,1706,1727]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">Fig. 2</emphasis>
|
||||
Androecium of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCFFFA03A1BCEF364CBF4A6" box="[346,443,1705,1727]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03A1BCEF364CBF4A6" box="[346,443,1705,1727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%yellow frames),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCFFFA0391ECEF36674F4A7" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[607,772,1705,1727]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA0391ECEF36705F4A7" box="[607,629,1705,1726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA039D8CEF36674F4A7" box="[665,772,1705,1726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%blue frame) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCFFFA03A69CE9E64FBF4C0" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[296,395,1732,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="4" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03A69CE9E64FBF4C0" box="[296,395,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%pink frames;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03952CE99674FF4C0" bold="true" box="[531,575,1731,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">A–K</emphasis>
|
||||
light microscopy;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA039ACCE9E678EF4C0" bold="true" box="[749,766,1732,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">H</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03BC9CE8465EAF4EA" bold="true" box="[136,154,1758,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">K</emphasis>
|
||||
polarised light;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03A79CE846437F4EA" bold="true" box="[312,327,1758,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">L</emphasis>
|
||||
scanning electron microscopy).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA0393ACE8467FBF4EA" bold="true" box="[635,651,1758,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">A</emphasis>
|
||||
LS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to connective).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03B9CCF4E659CF530" bold="true" box="[221,236,1812,1833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">B</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03BB8CF496479F530" bold="true" box="[249,265,1811,1833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">C</emphasis>
|
||||
Binuclear pollen.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03AF7CF4E64B5F530" bold="true" box="[438,453,1812,1833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">D</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03A93CF4E6491F530" bold="true" box="[466,481,1812,1833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">E</emphasis>
|
||||
TS of functionally male flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA039F3CF7467B0F55A" bold="true" box="[690,704,1838,1859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">F</emphasis>
|
||||
TS of functionally female flower %note the undifferentiated archespore).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA039B0CF136673F546" bold="true" box="[753,771,1865,1887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">G</emphasis>
|
||||
LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained tissue adjacent to the connective and undifferentiated archespore).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03E46CEF36069F4A7" bold="true" box="[1287,1305,1705,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">H</emphasis>
|
||||
TS of functionally male flower %note crystals at dehiscence line of microsporangia).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA03873CE84664CF4EA" bold="true" box="[818,828,1758,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">J</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA0380DCE84662EF4EA" bold="true" box="[844,862,1758,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">K</emphasis>
|
||||
Secantial section of young, functionally female flower %note deposited crystals).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCFFFA038B1CEA3668FF517" bold="true" box="[1008,1023,1785,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="81">L</emphasis>
|
||||
bud, with calyx and corolla removed %note short filaments) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a, anther; arc, archespore; c, calyx; cn, cell nuclei; co, corolla; con, connective and adjacent tissue; cr, crystals; f, filament; g, gynoecium; ms, microsporangium; p, pollen; ta, tapetum; th, theca)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DDDAC08CFFCDFFA23B3BC8D56736F027" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" startId="6.[122,136,143,166]" subCaptionStartIDs="6.[136,165,153,174]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 3 G" targetBox="[145,1443,153,1681]" targetPageId="5">
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA23B3BC8D56736F027" blockId="6.[122,773,143,574]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
◂
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23BC9C8C365C7F2B7" bold="true" box="[136,183,153,174]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3</emphasis>
|
||||
Gynoecium of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23A12C8C364C4F2B7" box="[339,436,153,174]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A12C8C364C4F2B7" box="[339,436,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%yellow frames),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA2391DC8C36673F2B4" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[604,771,152,174]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA2391DC8C36702F2B7" box="[604,626,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA239D8C8C26673F2B4" box="[665,771,152,173]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%blue frames) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23A75C8E964E8F2D0" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[308,408,179,201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A75C8E964E8F2D0" box="[308,408,179,201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%pink frames;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23965C8E96744F2D1" bold="true" box="[548,564,179,200]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">A</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23903C8E96721F2D1" bold="true" box="[578,593,179,200]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
|
||||
stack shot images;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23BC9C89765C6F2FA" bold="true" box="[136,182,205,227]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C–K</emphasis>
|
||||
light microscopy;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A28C897640BF2FA" bold="true" box="[361,379,205,227]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">G</emphasis>
|
||||
polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23BFEC8B265BFF2E4" bold="true" box="[191,207,232,253]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">A</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23B9DC8B2659BF2E4" bold="true" box="[220,235,232,253]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
|
||||
Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23BCBC95965E9F301" bold="true" box="[138,153,259,280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
|
||||
LS of gynoecium.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A04C9596425F300" bold="true" box="[325,341,259,281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C</emphasis>
|
||||
LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA2398CC94467ADF32A" bold="true" box="[717,733,286,307]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">D</emphasis>
|
||||
LS of gynoecium.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A57C9626455F354" bold="true" box="[278,293,312,333]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">E</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A72C9626431F354" bold="true" box="[307,321,312,333]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">F</emphasis>
|
||||
TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23AC3C90964E4F370" bold="true" box="[386,404,339,361]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">G</emphasis>
|
||||
TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A7CC934643FF39A" bold="true" box="[317,335,366,387]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">H</emphasis>
|
||||
LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA239FCC93467B8F39A" bold="true" box="[701,712,366,387]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">J</emphasis>
|
||||
TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA2393BC9D267FCF384" bold="true" box="[634,652,392,413]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">K</emphasis>
|
||||
LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA23BE7CBED671BF7BB" blockId="6.[135,773,651,1808]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
Stomata in the epidermis of the gynoecium are occasionally found in all three species %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23961CB826729F1E9" box="[544,601,984,1008]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,164,1731,1752]" captionTargetBox="[146,1442,155,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig.5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764943/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
). They vary in size, morphology and arrangement with adjacent cells. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23BC8CC41643AF62A" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[137,330,1051,1075]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23BC8CC4165D2F62B" box="[137,162,1051,1074]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23B8ACC41643AF62A" box="[203,330,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23A3ECC416483F62A" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[383,499,1051,1075]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A3ECC416483F62A" box="[383,499,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, they are found scattered from the base of the gynoecium %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA2394ACC666701F64D" box="[523,625,1084,1108]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,164,1731,1752]" captionTargetBox="[146,1442,155,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig.5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764943/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 5E, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
) through the base of the style and sometimes even on the proximal style. Stomata are more frequent in the distal than the proximal region of the gynoecium of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23AFACCFB6741F6A1" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[443,561,1185,1208]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23AFACCFB6741F6A1" box="[443,561,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23908CCFA67C8F6A1" box="[585,696,1184,1208]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,164,1731,1752]" captionTargetBox="[146,1442,155,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig.5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764943/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA239AACCFB65A9F6C0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA239AACCFB65A9F6C0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, stomata are found from the base through the equator of the gynoecium. Distal stomata are smaller and appear somewhat vestigial %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23A2ACD5E64C5F705" box="[363,437,1284,1308]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,164,1731,1752]" captionTargetBox="[146,1442,155,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig.5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764943/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
|
||||
) in comparison to the proximal ones %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23B91CD7F6469F727" box="[208,281,1317,1342]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,164,1731,1752]" captionTargetBox="[146,1442,155,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig.5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764943/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The precise function of the stomata remains elusive. An inconspicuous, collar-like disc is present in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA239AACD1D65A8F799" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA239AACD1D65A8F799" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23BB1CD326448F799" box="[240,312,1384,1408]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,164,1731,1752]" captionTargetBox="[146,1442,155,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig.5 Stomata of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–K, H scanning electron microscopy; D, L light microscopy). A Gynoecium with accumulation of stomata towards the style. B distal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). C, D Single stomata. E Stomata preferentially occurring at the proximal part of the gynoecium %arrows indicating stomata). F Stoma from the proximal region of the gynoecium. G Stoma from the distal region of the gynoecium. H Lacerate, collar-like disc %ovary removed). J Proximal part of the gynoecium %arrow indicating stoma). K–M Stomata of varying shapes %co, corolla; dis, disc; ec, ectocarp; mc, mesocarp)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12764943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12764943/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23A33CD336740F799" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[370,560,1384,1408]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23A33CD3364FBF799" box="[370,395,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23AF3CD326740F799" box="[434,560,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but is lacking in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA239ABCD3365ADF7B8" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA239ABCD3365ADF7B8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. No stomata are found on this organ.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA23BE7CDF16462F509" blockId="6.[135,773,651,1808]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
In its most distal part, the style separates into four branches and terminates into four papillate stigmata %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23BDBCDB7644AF41C" box="[154,314,1517,1542]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Figs. 1C, D, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23A08CDB464FCF41F" box="[329,396,1518,1542]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">3A–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
; 5A). Each branch has the length of approximately one-third of the mature gynoecium. The stylar branches are rather narrow in bud and with maturation, the lobes expand and become oblanceolate to obovate in shape of the outline. They are folded in bud and subsequently stretched at anthesis. The transmitting tissue originates right above the level of the funiculi and proceeds through the distal carpels and terminates within the stigmata %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23BD8CEA26476F509" box="[153,262,1784,1808]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA2380EC8C366E2F0BF" blockId="6.[815,1453,153,978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
Each carpel is supplied by a usually prominent dorsal bundle %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA238D6C8E16694F2CB" box="[919,996,187,211]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Figs. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA238B3C8E16147F2CA" box="[1010,1079,187,211]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">4N–Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23F02C8E161F8F2CA" box="[1091,1160,187,211]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">6B–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), whereas lateral and ventral bundles are more or less distinctive. The dorsal bundles continue into the stylar vascular bundles %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23E72C8A760EFF30F" box="[1331,1439,253,278]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 4O, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The primary %or true) septa arise from the fused boundaries of the two involute carpels, each bearing two ovules. The architecture of the functional gynoecium is determined by the presence of different secondary septa, namely four basal septa, two false septa and an apical septum. Only the ventral bundles supply the %true) septa %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23FE1C99F6180F3C7" box="[1184,1264,453,478]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 4N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The false septa %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23802C9BD66B0F3E6" box="[835,960,487,511]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3E–G, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
) continue to the apical septum, and this structure is developed at a 90° angle to the carpels’ coalescence plane. In the male flowers of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23F21CA7061BEF058" box="[1120,1230,554,577]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F21CA7061BEF058" box="[1120,1230,554,577]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the apical septum is absent due to the rudimentary development of the carpels’ apices %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA238D0CA366690F09D" box="[913,992,620,644]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3K</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but false septa are nevertheless present %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23802CAD766F5F0BF" box="[835,901,653,678]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA2380FCAF561A5F1CB" blockId="6.[815,1453,153,978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
Each primary loculament is twice two-parted by the true and the false septa, resulting in four single ovules each located in its own locule %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA238BECAAB61F9F110" box="[1023,1161,753,778]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Figs. 3E, F, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23FD7CAA861CAF113" box="[1174,1210,754,778]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">4N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In the regions of the funiculi and of the ventral bundles, crystals are found in the cells %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA2383ECB6E66A0F155" box="[895,976,820,844]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Each ovule comprises one multi-layered integument with a distinctive micropyle and a nucellus enclosing the embryo sac. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23F67CB2D6194F196" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[1062,1252,887,911]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F67CB2D614EF197" box="[1062,1086,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F26CB2D6194F196" box="[1127,1252,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the embryo sac is stalked %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA238D5CBC266AFF1A9" box="[916,991,920,944]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Ovules in functionally male flowers of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23ED2CBC366F0F1C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23ED2CBC366F0F1C8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lack an embryo sac %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23F26CBE361B9F1CB" box="[1127,1225,953,978]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3J, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA23871CBA161F6F60F" blockId="6.[816,1158,1019,1046]" box="[816,1158,1019,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
<heading id="D2522768FFCDFFA23871CBA161F6F60F" bold="true" box="[816,1158,1019,1046]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23871CBA161F6F60F" bold="true" box="[816,1158,1019,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fruit and seed development</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA23871CC656194F707" blockId="6.[816,1453,1087,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
At early ontogenetic states, the corolla tube is ripped %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23E24CC6560D4F64E" box="[1381,1444,1087,1111]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[817,846,156,177]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[226,1361,154,1817]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.1 Flower and perianth of C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–C, L–N: field images; D–K: stack shot images). A, B Inflorescence in bud. C inflorescence at anthesis. D Anthetic flower. E Opening calyx. F Calyx, longitudinally opened. G Bud, calyx partly removed to show the corolla still closed. H Postanthetic corolla, androecium %both turning brown) and gynoecium. J Postanthetic corolla with disrupting corolla tube. K Opened corolla tube with stamen insertion and anthers showing red lines and spots %exemplarily indicated by an arrow). L Shrubby habitus. M, N Inflorescence %abbreviations: a, anther; b, bud; c, calyx; co, corolla; f, filament; fl, flower; g, gynoecium; t, trichomes)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and finally falls off the fruit. At maturity, the calyx becomes slightly larger in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA238ACCCD861C2F680" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[1005,1202,1153,1177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA238ACCCD86176F680" box="[1005,1030,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F73CCDB61C2F680" box="[1074,1202,1153,1177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
but never encloses the fruit. The remains of the style persist in fruit %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23E6ECCF960EFF6A2" box="[1327,1439,1187,1211]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 6L, M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The mature fruit is spherical to ellipsoid in shape. The colour is greenish to yellowish white in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23FC4CCBC604FF6E4" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[1157,1343,1253,1277]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23FC4CCBC61EDF6E4" box="[1157,1181,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F82CCBF604FF6E4" box="[1219,1343,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23E16CCBF60D4F6E7" box="[1367,1444,1253,1278]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 6M</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and orange in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23887CD5D6146F706" box="[966,1078,1287,1311]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23887CD5D6146F706" box="[966,1078,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23F28CD5D61ACF706" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[1129,1244,1287,1311]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F28CD5D61ACF706" box="[1129,1244,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFCDFFA2380ECD736680F50A" blockId="6.[816,1453,1087,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
In all species, the fruit is a drupe %or deriving from it, see description below for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23F0CCD1061CFF778" box="[1101,1215,1354,1377]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F0CCD1061CFF778" box="[1101,1215,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) preserving the basic architecture of the ovary. Pericarp development is complex, and the course of the dorsal and lateral bundles may help to homologise the different tissues in its various expressions. In postanthetic flowers of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFCDFFA23F15CD9561B8F7FE" box="[1108,1224,1487,1511]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFCDFFA23F15CD9561B8F7FE" box="[1108,1224,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23FA0CD956026F7FF" box="[1249,1366,1487,1511]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Figs. 4D–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23E23CD956634F411" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">6C, D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the bundles are notably distinctive and embedded in a tissue, whose cells lignify early during fruit maturation corresponding to %an inner portion of) the mesocarp. However, the prospective stony endocarp is still parenchymatic at this ontogenetic stage and only supplied by the ventral bundles %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA238DCCECD6178F4B6" box="[925,1032,1687,1711]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 6C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The outer mesocarp is parenchymatic as well and comprises a minor portion of the maturing fruit %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA23800CE8366FCF4EB" box="[833,908,1753,1778]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The mature endocarp is ellipsoid with a smooth surface %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFCDFFA238D6CEA16693F50A" box="[919,995,1787,1811]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Fig. 6K</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DDDAC08CFFC3FFAC3B3BC8D56711F03A" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" startId="8.[122,136,143,166]" subCaptionStartIDs="8.[136,165,153,174]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 4 G" targetBox="[228,1358,153,1815]" targetPageId="7">
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC3FFAC3B3BC8D56711F03A" blockId="8.[122,772,143,547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
◂
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3BC9C8C365C8F2B7" bold="true" box="[136,184,153,174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4</emphasis>
|
||||
Gynoecium of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3A12C8C364C5F2B7" box="[339,437,153,174]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A12C8C364C5F2B7" box="[339,437,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%yellow frames),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC391DC8C36673F2B4" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[604,771,152,174]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC391DC8C36701F2B7" box="[604,625,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC39D9C8C26673F2B4" box="[664,771,152,173]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%blue frames) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3A79C8E964EDF2D0" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[312,413,179,201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A79C8E964EDF2D0" box="[312,413,179,201]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%pink frames;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC396DC8E96728F2D1" bold="true" box="[556,600,179,200]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">A–R</emphasis>
|
||||
light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3ADDC89764DCF2FB" bold="true" box="[412,428,205,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Secantial section.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC391BC8946718F2FA" bold="true" box="[602,616,206,227]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">B</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3935C89767F4F2FA" bold="true" box="[628,644,205,227]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C</emphasis>
|
||||
TS %note cellular organisation).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A7BC8B2643AF2E4" bold="true" box="[314,330,232,253]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">D</emphasis>
|
||||
Secantial section.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3AB7C8B26775F2E4" bold="true" box="[502,517,232,253]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">E</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3951C8B2676EF2E4" bold="true" box="[528,542,232,253]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">F</emphasis>
|
||||
TS %note cellular organisation).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3B97C9596598F300" bold="true" box="[214,232,259,281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">G</emphasis>
|
||||
Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A45C944645CF32A" bold="true" box="[260,300,286,307]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">H–J</emphasis>
|
||||
TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3BE3C96265A4F354" bold="true" box="[162,212,312,334]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">K–M</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3BAAC962646DF354" bold="true" box="[235,285,312,334]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">K–M</emphasis>
|
||||
LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A25C93464FBF39A" bold="true" box="[356,395,366,387]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">H–J</emphasis>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3ADEC93464DFF39A" bold="true" box="[415,431,366,387]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">N</emphasis>
|
||||
TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A03C9D26424F387" bold="true" box="[322,340,392,414]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">O</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A20C9D2641FF384" bold="true" box="[353,367,392,413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">P</emphasis>
|
||||
TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A23C9F96404F3A0" bold="true" box="[354,372,419,441]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Q</emphasis>
|
||||
vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A87C9E464A6F3CA" bold="true" box="[454,470,446,467]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
|
||||
Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC3FFAC3BE7CA33648FF6A1" blockId="8.[135,773,617,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
The principal fruit anatomy of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3941CA306708F098" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[512,632,618,641]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3941CA306708F098" box="[512,632,618,641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3BC8CAD16470F0BA" box="[137,256,651,675]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3BC8CAD16470F0BA" box="[137,256,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, the dorsal and lateral bundles are not embedded in lignified tissue but in strongly stained parenchymatic tissue %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3AD9CA976765F0FC" box="[408,533,717,742]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Figs. 3C, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3964CA976738F0FF" box="[549,584,717,742]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">6B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A comparable strongly stained tissue is also found in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC397CCAB56675F11E" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[573,773,751,775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC397CCAB56726F11F" box="[573,598,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC39C2CAB56675F11E" box="[643,773,751,775]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3BD8CB4A647BF131" box="[153,267,784,808]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4K–M</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but dorsal and lateral bundles are only weakly recognisable in this species. In
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3AB0CB686703F150" box="[497,627,818,841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3AB0CB68671FF150" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[497,623,818,841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">C. sinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
the strongly stained tissue is sharply delimited from the remaining pericarp %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3A43CB2E642EF195" box="[258,350,884,908]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Figs. 4Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3A2CCB2E64E0F195" box="[365,400,884,908]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">6B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but rather scattered within the remaining parenchymatic portions of the pericarp in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3989CBCC647BF1D6" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3989CBCC6790F1B4" box="[712,736,918,941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3BC8CBED647BF1D6" box="[137,267,951,975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
%
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3A64CBED64EEF1D7" box="[293,414,951,975]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="6.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[144,1444,152,1682]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="◂Fig.3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Figs. 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3AEDCBED6484F1D7" box="[428,500,951,975]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">4K–M</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3940CBED6735F1D6" box="[513,581,951,975]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">6A, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The further the fruit develops, this tissue becomes more intensely stained. In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3BE4CBA06468F608" authorityName="% Lamarck" authorityYear="1792" box="[165,280,1018,1041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3BE4CBA06468F608" box="[165,280,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the tissue consists of intact cells %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC39D3CBA3678CF60B" box="[658,764,1017,1042]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4A–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) whereas in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3A4BCC4164A2F62A" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[266,466,1051,1075]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A4BCC416453F62B" box="[266,291,1051,1074]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A11CC4164A2F62A" box="[336,466,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, cellular borders cannot be inferred leading to a syncytial appearance %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3933CC6667A9F64D" box="[626,729,1084,1108]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4G–J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In mature fruits of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3A75CC046484F66C" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" box="[308,500,1117,1141]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A75CC04643DF66C" box="[308,333,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3A34CC076484F66C" box="[373,500,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the portion of the mesocarp directly abutting on the endocarp is flashily pink in stained cross sections %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3AC8CCFA6482F6A1" box="[393,498,1184,1208]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6A, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC3FFAC3BE7CC9B647AF41F" blockId="8.[135,773,617,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
All four ovules in functionally female flower have the same size at anthesis, but seeds develop in reduced number, indicated by fruits with one %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3A84CD5E6711F705" box="[453,609,1284,1308]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6B, D, F, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
), two %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC39F5CD5E6594F727" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6A, C, E, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or three seeds %or at least developed locules:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3BC9CD1D6592F746" box="[136,226,1351,1375]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Mature seeds consist primarily of the embryo, whereas the endosperm is sparse %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3950CD326707F799" box="[529,631,1384,1408]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6G, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The differential growth of seeds results from the asymmetry of the fruit, particularly of the endocarp. The locules with the abortive ovules are left as small, collapsed slits in the endocarp %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3BD8CDB7658DF41F" box="[153,253,1517,1542]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6G, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="891A9004FFC3FFAC3BE7CE556705F54A" blockId="8.[135,773,617,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
Dehiscence lines of the endocarp are predetermined already early in development %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3A94CE6A6751F451" box="[469,545,1584,1608]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="8.[122,136,143,166]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[228,1359,152,1815]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="◂Fig. 4 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–R light microscopy; TS in horizontal orientation). A Secantial section. B, C TS %note cellular organisation). D Secantial section. E, F TS %note cellular organisation). G Secantial section of young gynoecium showing cellular organisation. H–J TS %note lacking cellular organisation, localisation in K–M). K–M LS at different levels from outside to inside of the same specimen %note strongly stained peripheral tissue; asterisks indicate tissue illustrated in H–J). N TS %note dehiscence lines of the prospective endocarp). O, P TS showing transmission tissue and dorsal bundles at top of style. Q vascularisation at base of gynoecium %note strongly stained peripheral tissue).R Vascularisation at base of flower %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; db, dorsal bundle; dl, dehiscent line; ep, epidermis; lb, lateral bundle; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral tissue; vb, ventral bundle; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4N</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC396ACE6A67FBF451" box="[555,651,1584,1608]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">6A–D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Each locule is opened by two such lines, one of which is structurally connected with a dorsal bundle. The mature embryo consists of reniform, plicate cotyledons and the radicula.
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9FA35B8DFFC3FFAC39D2CECF6672F4B4" box="[659,770,1685,1709]" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Two types</specimenCount>
|
||||
of cotyledons could be distinguished: In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC3912CEEC65D7F4F6" authorityName="% Martins" authorityYear="1990" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandicalyx">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC3912CEEC671CF4D4" box="[595,620,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C.</emphasis>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC39D8CEEF65D7F4F6" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">grandicalyx</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, they have a notably long petiole, and the shoot apex is barely above the substrate %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC3AF9CEA26773F509" box="[440,515,1784,1808]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6N</figureCitation>
|
||||
) whereas in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4EA5EB87FFC3FFAC39CACEA3678CF509" box="[651,764,1785,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BBD14C16FFC3FFAC39CACEA3678CF509" box="[651,764,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">C. crenata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the hypocotyl is very long, raising the two shortly petiolate cotyledons well above the substrate %
|
||||
<figureCitation id="119E8C81FFC3FFAC395DCF616718F54A" box="[540,616,1851,1875]" captionStart="◂" captionStartId="12.[122,136,145,168]" captionTargetId="figure-82@11.[144,1444,154,1684]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="◂Fig.6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp).F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm).H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)" pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6O</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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