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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" ID-PMC="PMC5523356" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-683-51" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" ID-PubMed="28769729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1149788" ID-ZooBank="D7FD86CA6374480C821BA10C26CDDF32" ModsDocID="1313-2970-683-51" checkinTime="1502744546974" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Anzaldo, Salvatore S." docDate="2017" docId="16F2161602CDD93898295A63E9E37965" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 683: 51-138" docOrigin="ZooKeys 683" docPubDate="2017-07-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080" docTitle="Psomus Casey 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" lastPageNumber="85" masterDocId="FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404" masterDocTitle="Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1668164589837" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Anzaldo, Salvatore S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287 - 4501, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sanzaldo@asu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-07-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>683</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>51</mods:start>
<mods:end>138</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.683.12080</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-683-51</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D7FD86CA6374480C821BA10C26CDDF32</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFE5FFF8E647B33FFFFCFF9AFFB0D404</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1149788</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="132649154" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:16F2161602CDD93898295A63E9E37965" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/16F2161602CDD93898295A63E9E37965" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="32" pageNumber="83">
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName LSID="16F21616-02CD-D938-9829-5A63E9E37965" authority="Casey, 1892: 458" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psomus Casey, 1892: 458</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 91–94" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figures 91 - 94. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Lechriopini and Zygopini. All scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise specified. 91 a-b Psomus armatus [ARTSYS 0000533] 92 a-b Turcopus viscivorus [ARTSYS 000530]; scale bar = 2 mm 93 a-b Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] 94 a-b Archocopturus laselvaensis [ASUHIC 0086633]." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures91–94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143838" pageId="32" pageNumber="83">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="84" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="84">
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="84" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus politus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Psomus politus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Casey, 1892 [by monotypy] (=
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Orchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orchestes armatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Orchestes armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dietz, 1891).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="84" type="gender">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Gender.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Masculine.</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.683.12080.figures91–94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/143838" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" start="Figures 91–94" startId="F13">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Figures 91-94.</emphasis>
Lateral and dorsal habitus images of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lechriopini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lechriopini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lechriopini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zygopini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygopini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zygopini</taxonomicName>
. All scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise specified.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">91a-b</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dietz" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus armatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Psomus armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[ARTSYS0000533]
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">92a-b</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Turcopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turcopus viscivorus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viscivorus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Turcopus viscivorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[ARTSYS000530]; scale bar = 2 mm
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">93a-b</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Arachnomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnomorpha circumlineata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circumlineata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Arachnomorpha circumlineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[ARTSYS0000535]
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">94a-b</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hespenheide" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Archocopturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archocopturus laselvaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laselvaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Archocopturus laselvaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[ASUHIC0086633].
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="84">
The combination of concealed pygidium, appendiculate tarsal claws, and sulcate subapical pronotal constriction readily distinguishes
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Psomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other genera treated here.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Philides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only other genus without simple tarsal claws and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peltophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peltophorus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Peltophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zygops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Zygops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a sulcate subapical pronotal constriction, but each of those three genera have an exposed pygidium (which
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Psomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not) and are otherwise distinct in habitus.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Psomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among the lechriopine genera for having a flattened mesoventrite and Type II sclerolepidia (Type II sclerolepidia also known from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Copturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copturus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Copturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Microzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Microzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euzurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euzurus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Euzurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though each has a modified mesoventrite) although this combination is also found in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lissoderes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lissoderes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">Lissoderes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is currently a zygopine (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200005001714" author="Lyal, CHC" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="57" pageNumber="108" pagination="203 - 241" refId="B105" refString="Lyal, CHC, Douglas, DA, Hine, SJ, 2006. Morphology and systematic significance of sclerolepidia in the weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 4 (2): 203 - 241, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200005001714" title="Morphology and systematic significance of sclerolepidia in the weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200005001714" volume="4" year="2006">Lyal et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 229); neither of those genera seem very well placed in their current tribes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="33" pageNumber="84">
Some observed species have a ventrally expanded first abdominal ventrite and modifications to the profemora and tibiae that are similar to what is found in some
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gistel" authorityYear="1848" lsidName="" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" rank="tribe" tribe="Cleogonini">
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="85" start="start">Cleogonini</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Prena, J" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="55 - 79" refId="B135" refString="Prena, J, Whitehead, D, 2012. A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical weevil genus Cleogonus Schoenherr (Curculionidae: Molytinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 59 (1): 55 - 79" title="A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical weevil genus Cleogonus Schoenherr (Curculionidae: Molytinae)." volume="59" year="2012">Prena and Whitehead 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 57). These differences were not mentioned by Champion when describing three Central American species, but he considered his species as &quot;perfectly congeneric with
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caricaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. politus" order="Violales" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="politus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">P. politus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Casey [=
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caricaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. armatus" order="Violales" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">P. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dietz)]&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Champion, GC" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="52" pageNumber="103" refId="B20" refString="Champion, GC, 1906b. Insecta - Coleoptera - Rhychophora - Curculionidae - Curculioninae (part). In: Champion GC (Ed.) Biologia Centrali-Americana (Vol. 4, part 5). 1-136." title="Insecta - Coleoptera - Rhychophora - Curculionidae - Curculioninae (part). In: Champion GC (Ed.) Biologia Centrali-Americana (Vol. 4, part 5). 1 - 136." year="1906 b">Champion 1906b</bibRefCitation>
: 128). In addition to the characters given above distinguishing the genus, the species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Psomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a second funicular article that is about equal to the first and a tibial apex with an uncus at the posterior apical angle or the middle of the apex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="85" type="phylogenetic relationships">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">
The appendiculate tarsal claws (shared only with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Viscaceae" genus="Philides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Philides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and a deep subapical pronotal constriction (shared only with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Zygops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygops" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Zygops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Peltophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peltophorus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Peltophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are easily observed characters but not particularly suggestive of a relationship. The single U.S. species,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caricaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. armatus" order="Violales" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">P. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dietz, 1891) was originally described in the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Orchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orchestes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Orchestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Illiger, 1798 (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Curculioninae">Curculioninae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" lsidName="" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhamphini">Rhamphini</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Psomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears a resemblance to the cleogonine
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Isotrachelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isotrachelus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Isotrachelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which was previously placed in the Old World conoderine tribe
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1865" lsidName="" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" rank="tribe" tribe="Lobotrachelini">Lobotrachelini</taxonomicName>
Lacordaire, 1865), but differs from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Isotrachelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isotrachelus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Isotrachelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the insertion of the antenna on the rostrum, which in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Psomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in the basal half of the rostrum, and the tarsal claws, which in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Isotrachelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isotrachelus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Isotrachelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are simple.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="85" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Host associations.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dietz" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Oleaceae" genus="Psomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psomus armatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Psomus armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found on ash trees (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1892" family="Oleaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
Hoffmanns. &amp; Link:
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Oleales" pageId="34" pageNumber="85" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Fraxinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) (
<bibRefCitation author="Sleeper, EL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="58" pageNumber="109" pagination="209 - 219" refId="B146" refString="Sleeper, EL, 1963. A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 62 (4): 209 - 219" title="A study of the Zygopinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of America north of Mexico, I." volume="62" year="1963">Sleeper 1963</bibRefCitation>
). Hosts of the Central American species are unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="85" type="described species">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Described species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Four.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="85" type="range">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Range.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="85">Eastern Canada and U.S.A., Guatemala, Panama.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813" ID-PMC="PMC4233396" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-449-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" ID-PubMed="25408612" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578570" ID-ZooBank="75DDC58463EB4BF1BBF908C1D2954CAC" ModsDocID="1313-2970-449-1" checkinTime="1451245204622" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey &amp; Pereira Dias, Thelma Lucia" docDate="2014" docId="16F282CC7FF7FD88A59475191E7A4ED1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 449: 1-56" docOrigin="ZooKeys 449" docPubDate="2014-10-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813" docTitle="Astropecten cingulatus Sladen 1833" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1668159529239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gondim, Anne Isabelley</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinhos Paulo Young, Bairro Cidade Universitaria s / n, CEP. 58059 - 900, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">anneisabelley@yahoo.com.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinhos Paulo Young, Bairro Cidade Universitaria s / n, CEP. 58059 - 900, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pereira Dias, Thelma Lucia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, CCBS, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratorio de Biologia Marinha, Campus I, Rua Baraunas, 351, Bairro Universitario, CEP 58429 - 500, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2014-10-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number>449</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056079" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:16F282CC7FF7FD88A59475191E7A4ED1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/16F282CC7FF7FD88A59475191E7A4ED1" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName LSID="16F282CC-7FF7-FD88-A594-75191E7A4ED1" authority="Sladen, 1833" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten cingulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Astropecten</pageBreakToken>
cingulatus Sladen, 1833
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Some species of the family Astropectinidae recorded in northeastern Brazil. Astropecten alligator (A-D) A Abactinal view, in detail of the paxilla B Actinal view, in detail of mouth C Abactinal view of the arm D Actinal view of the arm; Astropecten cingulatus (E-H) E Abactinal view, in detail the paxilla F Actinal view G Abactinal view of the arm, and H Actinal view of the arm." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5e-h</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten cingulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Astropecten</pageBreakToken>
cingulatus
</taxonomicName>
Sladen, 1883: 266.
<bibRefCitation author="Brito, IM" journalOrPublisher="Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B21" refString="Brito, IM, 1962. Ensaio de catalogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos: 1 - 10" title="Ensaio de catalogo dos equinodermas do Brasil" year="1962">Brito 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 3;
<bibRefCitation author="Brito, IM" journalOrPublisher="Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 51" refId="B22" refString="Brito, IM, 1968. Asteroides e equinoides do Estado da Guanabara e adjacencias. In: Boletim do Museu Nacional.: 1 - 51" title="Asteroides e equinoides do Estado da Guanabara e adjacencias." volumeTitle="Boletim do Museu Nacional." year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
: 9, pl. 4, fig. 4.
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 5, fig. 16;
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 5" refId="B135" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1985. Equinodermes da regiao da Ilha da Vitoria (SP). In: Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 5" title="Equinodermes da regiao da Ilha da Vitoria (SP)." volumeTitle="Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
: 3.
<bibRefCitation author="Carrera-Rodriguez, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="51 - 130" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" refId="B26" refString="Carrera-Rodriguez, CJ, Tommasi, LR, 1977. Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), colecionados durante los viajes del N/Oc. &quot;Prof. W. Besnard&quot; para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 26: 51 - 130, DOI: 10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" title="Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), colecionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. &quot; Prof. W. Besnard &quot; para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul." url="10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" volume="26" year="1977">Carrera-Rodrigues and Tommasi 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 84-86.
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 9" refId="B138" refString="Tommasi, LR, Aron, MA, 1987. Equinodermes dos bancos submarinos da cadeia de montanhas Vitoria-Trindade. In: Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 9" title="Equinodermes dos bancos submarinos da cadeia de montanhas Vitoria-Trindade." volumeTitle="Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1987">Tommasi and Aron 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 3.
<bibRefCitation author="Manso, CLC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="355 - 359" refId="B87" refString="Manso, CLC, 1989. Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 49: 355 - 359" title="Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil." volume="49" year="1989">Manso 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 357.
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B136" refString="Tommasi, LR, Castro,, SM, Sousa, EC, 1988. Echinodermata coletados durante as campanhas oceanograficas do N/Oc. &quot;Almirante Saldanha&quot; no Atlantico Sul Ocidental. In: Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 11" title="Echinodermata coletados durante as campanhas oceanograficas do N / Oc. &quot; Almirante Saldanha &quot; no Atlantico Sul Ocidental." volumeTitle="Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1988">Tommasi et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 5.
<bibRefCitation author="Ventura, CRR" editor="Lavrado, HP" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="B143" refString="Ventura, CRR, Verissimo, I, Nobre, CC, Zama, PC, 2007. Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, HP, Viana, MS, Eds., Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" title="Filo Echinodermata." volumeTitle="Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1." year="2007">Ventura et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 231.
<bibRefCitation author="Xavier, LAR" journalOrPublisher="Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="73 - 78" publicationUrl="10.14210/bjast.v14n2.p73-78" refId="B157" refString="Xavier, LAR, 2010. Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 14: 73 - 78, DOI: 10.14210/bjast.v14n2.p73-78" title="Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil." url="10.14210/bjast.v14n2.p73-78" volume="14" year="2010">Xavier 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 75.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten mesactus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mesactus">Astropecten mesactus</taxonomicName>
Studer, 1884: 46.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1950" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten jarli" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jarli">Astropecten jarli</taxonomicName>
Madsen, 1950: 181.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rio de Janeiro: Cabo Frio, 1 spec., MNRJ1853, 18.VI.1997.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Pernambuco, Brazil (
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman &amp; Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Body pentagonal, flattened dorso-ventrally. Five long (~37.70 mm) and narrow (~9.56 mm) arms (length of arm corresponds to approximately four times its width) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Some species of the family Astropectinidae recorded in northeastern Brazil. Astropecten alligator (A-D) A Abactinal view, in detail of the paxilla B Actinal view, in detail of mouth C Abactinal view of the arm D Actinal view of the arm; Astropecten cingulatus (E-H) E Abactinal view, in detail the paxilla F Actinal view G Abactinal view of the arm, and H Actinal view of the arm." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5e</figureCitation>
). Madreporite oval (~1.52 mm) and marginal. Epiproctal cone pronounced. Paxillae small and granulose, with 1-4 central spinelets and 9-12 marginal spinelets. Paxillar spinelets granulose (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Some species of the family Astropectinidae recorded in northeastern Brazil. Astropecten alligator (A-D) A Abactinal view, in detail of the paxilla B Actinal view, in detail of mouth C Abactinal view of the arm D Actinal view of the arm; Astropecten cingulatus (E-H) E Abactinal view, in detail the paxilla F Actinal view G Abactinal view of the arm, and H Actinal view of the arm." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5e</figureCitation>
). Superomarginal figs granulose (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Some species of the family Astropectinidae recorded in northeastern Brazil. Astropecten alligator (A-D) A Abactinal view, in detail of the paxilla B Actinal view, in detail of mouth C Abactinal view of the arm D Actinal view of the arm; Astropecten cingulatus (E-H) E Abactinal view, in detail the paxilla F Actinal view G Abactinal view of the arm, and H Actinal view of the arm." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5g</figureCitation>
). Two fringes of marginal spines aligned horizontally. First row of spines of inferomarginal figs with three marginal spines, disposed in parallel to each other, two being of the same length and one shorter. Second row with four elongate and slightly flattened spines, three of which are subequal in length and one much shorter. Oral spines short, forming a bundle at the apex of the jaw (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Some species of the family Astropectinidae recorded in northeastern Brazil. Astropecten alligator (A-D) A Abactinal view, in detail of the paxilla B Actinal view, in detail of mouth C Abactinal view of the arm D Actinal view of the arm; Astropecten cingulatus (E-H) E Abactinal view, in detail the paxilla F Actinal view G Abactinal view of the arm, and H Actinal view of the arm." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5f</figureCitation>
). Adambulacral figs with 3-4 divergent spines, the median one being the largest (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Some species of the family Astropectinidae recorded in northeastern Brazil. Astropecten alligator (A-D) A Abactinal view, in detail of the paxilla B Actinal view, in detail of mouth C Abactinal view of the arm D Actinal view of the arm; Astropecten cingulatus (E-H) E Abactinal view, in detail the paxilla F Actinal view G Abactinal view of the arm, and H Actinal view of the arm." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5h</figureCitation>
). Subambulacral spines forming a bundle of elongate and slightly flattened (lanceolate) spines. Pedicellariae rarely present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colour.</emphasis>
According to
<bibRefCitation author="Benavides-Serrato, M" journalOrPublisher="Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, 22. Santa Marta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B12" refString="Benavides-Serrato, M, Borrero-Perez, GH, Dias Sanchez, CM, 2011. Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, 22. Santa Marta" title="Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea." year="2011">Benavides-Serrato et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Bernasconi, I" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="119 - 148" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0373-55241956000100008" refId="B18" refString="Bernasconi, I, 1957. Equinoideos y Asteroideos de la Coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Univerdidad de San Pablo. Segunda contribucion. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 7: 119 - 148, DOI: 10.1590/S0373-55241956000100008" title="Equinoideos y Asteroideos de la Coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Univerdidad de San Pablo. Segunda contribucion." url="10.1590/S0373-55241956000100008" volume="7" year="1957">Bernasconi (1957)</bibRefCitation>
, the species has the abactinal surface red or orange-red and the actinal surface white.
<bibRefCitation author="Ventura, CRR" editor="Lavrado, HP" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="B143" refString="Ventura, CRR, Verissimo, I, Nobre, CC, Zama, PC, 2007. Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, HP, Viana, MS, Eds., Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" title="Filo Echinodermata." volumeTitle="Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1." year="2007">Ventura et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
recorded a cream-colour on the dorsal surface and white on the oral surface in Brazilian specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
North Carolina, the Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Africa (
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Carrera-Rodriguez, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="51 - 130" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" refId="B26" refString="Carrera-Rodriguez, CJ, Tommasi, LR, 1977. Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), colecionados durante los viajes del N/Oc. &quot;Prof. W. Besnard&quot; para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 26: 51 - 130, DOI: 10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" title="Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), colecionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. &quot; Prof. W. Besnard &quot; para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul." url="10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" volume="26" year="1977">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carrera-Rodríguez">Carrera-Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
and Tommasi 1977
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman &amp; Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Ventura, CRR" editor="Lavrado, HP" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="B143" refString="Ventura, CRR, Verissimo, I, Nobre, CC, Zama, PC, 2007. Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, HP, Viana, MS, Eds., Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" title="Filo Echinodermata." volumeTitle="Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1." year="2007">Ventura et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarado, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="37 - 55" refId="B4" refString="Alvarado, JJ, Solis-Marin, FA, Ahearn, C, 2008. Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical 56: 37 - 55" title="Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano." volume="56" year="2008">Alvarado et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). In Brazil: PE, RJ, SP, and SC, including the submarine banks and mountain ranges
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vitória-Trindade">Vitoria-Trindade</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vitória">Vitoria</normalizedToken>
Island (SP) (
<bibRefCitation author="Brito, IM" journalOrPublisher="Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B21" refString="Brito, IM, 1962. Ensaio de catalogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos: 1 - 10" title="Ensaio de catalogo dos equinodermas do Brasil" year="1962">Brito 1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 5" refId="B135" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1985. Equinodermes da regiao da Ilha da Vitoria (SP). In: Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 5" title="Equinodermes da regiao da Ilha da Vitoria (SP)." volumeTitle="Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 9" refId="B138" refString="Tommasi, LR, Aron, MA, 1987. Equinodermes dos bancos submarinos da cadeia de montanhas Vitoria-Trindade. In: Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 9" title="Equinodermes dos bancos submarinos da cadeia de montanhas Vitoria-Trindade." volumeTitle="Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1987">Tommasi and Aron 1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Manso, CLC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="355 - 359" refId="B87" refString="Manso, CLC, 1989. Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 49: 355 - 359" title="Os Echinodermata da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil." volume="49" year="1989">Manso 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Xavier, LAR" journalOrPublisher="Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="73 - 78" publicationUrl="10.14210/bjast.v14n2.p73-78" refId="B157" refString="Xavier, LAR, 2010. Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 14: 73 - 78, DOI: 10.14210/bjast.v14n2.p73-78" title="Inventario dos equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil." url="10.14210/bjast.v14n2.p73-78" volume="14" year="2010">Xavier 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Intertidal to 1350 m in depth (
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman &amp; Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
), being most frequent between 51 and 129 m (
<bibRefCitation author="Carrera-Rodriguez, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="51 - 130" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" refId="B26" refString="Carrera-Rodriguez, CJ, Tommasi, LR, 1977. Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), colecionados durante los viajes del N/Oc. &quot;Prof. W. Besnard&quot; para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 26: 51 - 130, DOI: 10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" title="Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), colecionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. &quot; Prof. W. Besnard &quot; para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul." url="10.1590/S0373-55241977000100004" volume="26" year="1977">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carrera-Rodríguez">Carrera-Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
and Tommasi 1977
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten cingulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from its closest species,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten articulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Astropecten articulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for having three rounded spines on each inferomarginal fig, and for having subambulacral spines that are smaller than the adambulacral spines and rounded.
<bibRefCitation author="Bernasconi, I" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="119 - 148" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0373-55241956000100008" refId="B18" refString="Bernasconi, I, 1957. Equinoideos y Asteroideos de la Coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Univerdidad de San Pablo. Segunda contribucion. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 7: 119 - 148, DOI: 10.1590/S0373-55241956000100008" title="Equinoideos y Asteroideos de la Coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Univerdidad de San Pablo. Segunda contribucion." url="10.1590/S0373-55241956000100008" volume="7" year="1957">Bernasconi (1957)</bibRefCitation>
stresses a few morphological variations observed in specimens from Uruguay and Argentina. Among these are the aspect of the superomarginal figs, which do not have large spines, or then there are only a few small, granuliform spines on the first figs. According to
<bibRefCitation author="Ventura, CRR" editor="Lavrado, HP" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="B143" refString="Ventura, CRR, Verissimo, I, Nobre, CC, Zama, PC, 2007. Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, HP, Viana, MS, Eds., Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" title="Filo Echinodermata." volumeTitle="Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1." year="2007">Ventura et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
the specimens collected along the Brazilian coast have short arms, in contrast to the indication in the original diagnosis. The single individual we examined, on the other hand, corresponds to that indicated in the literature (lenght about four time its width).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="ecological notes">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ecological notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
This species lives on sandy or muddy bottoms of the littoral region up to depths of 50 m (
<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Machado, ABM" journalOrPublisher="Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameacada de extincao. (Serie Biodiversidade 19)" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="B81" refString="Machado, ABM, Drummond, GM, Paglia, AP, 2008. . Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameacada de extincao. (Serie Biodiversidade 19) Vol. I" volume="Vol. I" year="2008">Machado et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). It feeds mainly on gastropods, bivalves, crustaceans, and cirripeds (
<bibRefCitation author="Ventura, CRR" editor="Lavrado, HP" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="B143" refString="Ventura, CRR, Verissimo, I, Nobre, CC, Zama, PC, 2007. Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, HP, Viana, MS, Eds., Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" title="Filo Echinodermata." volumeTitle="Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1." year="2007">Ventura et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astropecten cingulatus" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other species of the genus, are frequently captured in trawling nets and the species is presently included among those vulnerable to extinction in Brazil (
<bibRefCitation author="Machado, ABM" journalOrPublisher="Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameacada de extincao. (Serie Biodiversidade 19)" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="B81" refString="Machado, ABM, Drummond, GM, Paglia, AP, 2008. . Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameacada de extincao. (Serie Biodiversidade 19) Vol. I" volume="Vol. I" year="2008">Machado et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation author="Brito, IM" journalOrPublisher="Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B21" refString="Brito, IM, 1962. Ensaio de catalogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos: 1 - 10" title="Ensaio de catalogo dos equinodermas do Brasil" year="1962">Brito (1962)</bibRefCitation>
, this species is abundant along the coast of Pernambuco, but no other works conducted in this state confirm this observation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<treatmentCitation id="121C6FB3B6364FA042545D2491DDB667" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="875" year="1753">
<bibCitation id="9B394AA38FD669553F66235C00204D26" author="Linnaeus" pagination="875" title="Aster novae-angliae" volumeTitle="Species Plantarum 2" year="1753">
<taxonomicName id="C872DFF90EFAD80CB385DFF7BD75683D" ID-CoL="HQL9" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Aster" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="novae-angliae">
<emphasis id="793E88CB3E961F763D3EFCC2FDB29DAE" bold="true" pageNumber="331">Aster novae-angliae</emphasis>
Linnaeus
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,
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<emphasis id="371C3B3660075E8A315EFC18C9460732" italics="true" pageNumber="331">Species Plantarum</emphasis>
2
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: 875. 1753
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.
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<subSubSection id="1092958F2F1E83DBF82FC5A2809C354D" pageNumber="331" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="16CD70C5B9C33FD6DCB0CFD3049019F7" pageNumber="331">&quot;Habitat in Nova Anglia.&quot; RCN: 6329.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="537D0ADF9507DF2B42BEC7DBCD3F1912" pageNumber="331" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4F03FB95AE54D03360F9BC40D68A42EF" pageNumber="331">
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<typeStatus id="C86A9D15233395CE9040E01594B9CCA0">Lectotype</typeStatus>
(Semple in Hoffmann in
<emphasis id="3354CE0BD957AE01C1A7B6FFCE8903BF" italics="true" pageNumber="331">Feddes Repert.</emphasis>
107: 181. 1996): Herb. Clifford: 408,
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<emphasis id="9427DF609FA43EF42C5159B31915796D" italics="true" pageNumber="331">Aster</emphasis>
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7
<emphasis id="8978912CB561F5E7424D315CBDD2969E" italics="true" pageNumber="331">&quot;novae angliae&quot;</emphasis>
(BM-000647084)
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.
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<paragraph id="038ADEC3EDE14D35D056C351F40D0CA1" pageNumber="331">
Current name:
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<emphasis id="69A791BF37A448D2F4AB8EBF78F70161" italics="true" pageNumber="331">
<emphasis id="BA9A8E0C5AC8DCC5A282AA9DADE2308E" bold="true" italics="true" pageNumber="331">Aster novae-angliae</emphasis>
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L.
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(
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).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="A2CD67FC5CCA16547C13174D52946945" pageNumber="331" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3E61350BACA1787F37CF3E9543A4834C" pageNumber="331">
<emphasis id="5327FFD772ADEF557FD58C8675892356" italics="true" pageNumber="331">Note:</emphasis>
The type choice intended for publication by Semple (in Jarvis &amp; Turland,
<emphasis id="1D7C6D45A0A22BB53DDB225C9635BF38" italics="true" pageNumber="331">Taxon</emphasis>
47: 354. 1998) was published inadvertently by Hoffmann in 1996, who attributed it to &quot;JARVIS et al., pers. comm., design, ined.&quot;. Confirmation that the choice is attributable to Semple is provided in the 1998 paper.
</paragraph>
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