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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.48501" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b471ca73-14b5-4dfe-b363-c84e28fb9be6" ID-PMC="PMC6997240" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-906-141" ID-Pensoft-UUID="94E90A0E93965AF3AF3608D6E537D2FA" ID-PubMed="32042246" ID-ZooBank="46D77D870F7940CDA6610E545EEA42F1" ModsDocID="1313-2970-906-141" checkinTime="1580161951810" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smit, John, Zeegers, Theo &amp; Dorji, Phurpa" docDate="2020" docId="A8F9117E238E5B4CA4BAB729423A5FDA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 906: 141-151" docOrigin="ZooKeys 906" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.48501" docTitle="Eumerus druk Smit 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="5BBC6AD2-F2BF-4726-A26E-6055791AFE79" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="94E90A0E93965AF3AF3608D6E537D2FA" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="94E90A0E93965AF3AF3608D6E537D2FA" masterDocTitle="A new species of Eumerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) from the Kingdom of Bhutan, the easternmost representative of the bactrianus subgroup" masterLastPageNumber="151" masterPageNumber="141" pageNumber="141" updateTime="1668168352112" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Eumerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) from the Kingdom of Bhutan, the easternmost representative of the bactrianus subgroup</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smit, John</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zeegers, Theo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dorji, Phurpa</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>906</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>141</mods:start>
<mods:end>151</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.48501</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.48501</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-906-141</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">46D77D870F7940CDA6610E545EEA42F1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">94E90A0E93965AF3AF3608D6E537D2FA</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="161840402" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5BBC6AD2-F2BF-4726-A26E-6055791AFE79" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8F9117E238E5B4CA4BAB729423A5FDA" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<taxonomicName LSID="A8F9117E-238E-5B4C-A4BA-B729423A5FDA" authority="Smit" authorityName="Smit" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus druk" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="druk" status="sp. nov.">Eumerus druk Smit</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="141">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figs 1A-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A epandrium, lateral view B surstyle lobe, ventral view C hypandium, lateral view D hypandrium, ventral view E fourth sternum. Eumerus bactrianus Stackelberg, 1952, male F antenna, lateral view. Eumerus druk sp. nov. G antenna, lateral view. Eumerus turanicola Stackelberg, 1952, male H antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952). Eumerus turanicus Stackelberg, 1952, male I antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374995" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">, 2A-E, G</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Bhutan, Thimphu.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Body golden-coppery, except t2 and t3 medially and t4 basomedially: shiny black amplified by short adpressed black pile. Basoflagellomere rectangular, with a rounded posterior corner. Male: abdomen t3 and t4 laterally with long, silvery, ventrally directed pile; s4 without an incision posteriomedially but medial part of sternite less sclerotized. Basotarsomere of metaleg simple, equal in length to the rest of the tarsomeres. Male terminalia: posterior surstyle lobe with a tuft of long pili just anterior to the bifurcation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Male.</emphasis>
Length of body (excluding antennae) 7.5-8.5 mm, length of the wing 5.5-6.5 mm.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Eyes holoptic, eye contiguity 9-10 ommatidia long, ommatidia near eye contiguity conspicuously larger than those in the posterior part (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1E</figureCitation>
). Eye margins ventrally slightly divergent. Eye covered with dense white pile; posterior eye margin bare. Face with dense, silvery-white pollinosity and white pile. Frons with golden-yellow pile, intermixed with black pile or even predominantly black pilose on the ocellar triangle. Ocellar triangle isosceles; distance between anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli compared to the distance between both posterior ocelli 1:0.55. Frons with a small pollinose macula anterior to anterior ocellus. Occiput with dense white pollinosity up to about 3/4 dorsally; dorsal part shiny black, with coppery luster. Antenna black; basoflagellomere rectangular (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A epandrium, lateral view B surstyle lobe, ventral view C hypandium, lateral view D hypandrium, ventral view E fourth sternum. Eumerus bactrianus Stackelberg, 1952, male F antenna, lateral view. Eumerus druk sp. nov. G antenna, lateral view. Eumerus turanicola Stackelberg, 1952, male H antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952). Eumerus turanicus Stackelberg, 1952, male I antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374995" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">2D</figureCitation>
), with a rounded posterior corner. Arista entirely black. Scape and pedicel black, with white pile; black pile dorsally; dorsal pile much shorter than ventral pile.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smit" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus druk" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="druk">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus druk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smit, sp. nov., male holotype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">A</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">B</emphasis>
metaleg, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">C</emphasis>
abdomen, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">D</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">E</emphasis>
head, frontal view.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smit" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus druk" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="druk">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus druk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smit, sp. nov., female paratype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">F</emphasis>
lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374995" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smit" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus druk" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="druk">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus druk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smit, sp. nov., male holotype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">A</emphasis>
epandrium, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">B</emphasis>
surstyle lobe, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">C</emphasis>
hypandium, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">D</emphasis>
hypandrium, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">E</emphasis>
fourth sternum.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stackelberg" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus bactrianus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bactrianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus bactrianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stackelberg, 1952, male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">F</emphasis>
antenna, lateral view.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smit" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus druk" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="druk">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus druk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">G</emphasis>
antenna, lateral view.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stackelberg" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus turanicola" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turanicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus turanicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stackelberg, 1952, male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">H</emphasis>
antenna, lateral view, after (
<bibRefCitation author="Stackelberg, AA" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" pagination="350 - 400" refId="B27" refString="Stackelberg, AA, 1952. Novye Syrphidae (Diptera) palearkticheskoy fauny. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Leningrad 12: 350 - 400" title="Novye Syrphidae (Diptera) palearkticheskoy fauny." volume="12" year="1952">Stackelberg 1952</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stackelberg" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eumerus turanicus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turanicus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus turanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Stackelberg, 1952, male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">I</emphasis>
antenna, lateral view, after (
<bibRefCitation author="Stackelberg, AA" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" pagination="350 - 400" refId="B27" refString="Stackelberg, AA, 1952. Novye Syrphidae (Diptera) palearkticheskoy fauny. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Leningrad 12: 350 - 400" title="Novye Syrphidae (Diptera) palearkticheskoy fauny." volume="12" year="1952">Stackelberg 1952</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Entirely shiny black, with golden luster (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1D</figureCitation>
). Mesonotum with a pair of white pollinosity vittae covering 3/4 of scutal length. Mesonotum and scutellum covered with golden-yellow pile; clearly longer near the posterior margin of the mesonotum and scutellum. Notopleural suture absent. Scutum next to wing base with a row of strong black setae. Scutellum with a broad rim, somewhat granular. Anepisternum and anepimeron with the same golden luster; katepisternum pollinose, with a small shiny spot dorsally, posterior to tuft of long white pile, ventrally with a few long white pili.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Legs</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
All black, except for the tibiae, which are red on the basal third. Tarsi black, claws bicoloured, red basally, and black apically. Metafemur moderately swollen, slightly curved, with two rows of black setae apicoventrally, 11 on anterior ridge and 11-13 on posterior ridge, long white pile dorsally, about half as long as the maximum width of the femur and even longer white pile ventrally, the longest ones slightly more than 3/4 the maximum width (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1B</figureCitation>
). Metatibia with a flange of adpressed setae on the basal half, ventrally, followed by a shallow notch, apicoposteriorly with a single row of long light pile, longer than the maximum width of the metatarsus. Basotarsomere of metaleg simple, equal in length to the rest of the tarsomeres.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Wings</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Hyaline, pterostigma light brown, entirely microtrichose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Entirely black, parallel sided, t2-4 with oblique maculae of white pollinosity, those on t3 and t4 longer and clearly lunulate (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1A</figureCitation>
). t2 and t3 shiny black medially, as well as t4 basomedially, laterally with golden-coppery luster (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1D</figureCitation>
). The black colour in the middle of the tergites is amplified by the short adpressed black pile, light on the pollinose maculae as well as on the lateral sides and the majority of the t4. Abdomen with conspicuous long, silvery, ventrally directed, white pile on the lateral sides of the t3 and t4 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1C</figureCitation>
). s4 with long silvery-white pile laterally, distinctly shorter medially, posteromedially without incision, but medial part of sternite less sclerotized (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A epandrium, lateral view B surstyle lobe, ventral view C hypandium, lateral view D hypandrium, ventral view E fourth sternum. Eumerus bactrianus Stackelberg, 1952, male F antenna, lateral view. Eumerus druk sp. nov. G antenna, lateral view. Eumerus turanicola Stackelberg, 1952, male H antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952). Eumerus turanicus Stackelberg, 1952, male I antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374995" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">2E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Terminalia</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A epandrium, lateral view B surstyle lobe, ventral view C hypandium, lateral view D hypandrium, ventral view E fourth sternum. Eumerus bactrianus Stackelberg, 1952, male F antenna, lateral view. Eumerus druk sp. nov. G antenna, lateral view. Eumerus turanicola Stackelberg, 1952, male H antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952). Eumerus turanicus Stackelberg, 1952, male I antenna, lateral view, after (Stackelberg 1952)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374995" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">2A-D</figureCitation>
). Posterior lobe of sursylus bifurcate, with a tuft of long light pile just anterior to bifurcation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Description of female.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
Similar to male except for the normal sexual dimorphism (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., male holotype A lateral view B metaleg, lateral view C abdomen, lateral view D dorsal view E head, frontal view. Eumerus druk Smit, sp. nov., female paratype F lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.48501.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374994" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">1F</figureCitation>
). Length of body (excluding antennae) 7 mm, length of the wing 6 mm.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Frons with some pollinosity alongside the eye-margin, from the antennae up to the anterior ocellus. Ocellar triangle isosceles, distance between anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli compared to the distance between both posterior ocelli 1:0.88.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Abdomen.</emphasis>
t3 and t4 laterally with slightly longer, silvery and ventrally directed, pile.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
The specific epithet
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘druk’">'druk'</normalizedToken>
is Dzongkha (the Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Bhutan) for dragon and refers to the official name of the kingdom:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Druk yul</emphasis>
(country of the Dragon people, or the Land of the Thunder Dragon). It should be treated as a noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
This species is only known from the type series collected at the Royal Botanical Garden in Thimphu, Bhutan, but it likely has a wider distribution in the Himalayas. This is the only Eastern Palaearctic species of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stackelberg" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="bactrianus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bactrianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">bactrianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup of the
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Eumerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="strigatus" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">strigatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="141" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Examined material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
Type material.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Holotype</emphasis>
Bhutan • male; Thimphu, Royal Botanical garden;
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.425" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="27.425">27.425N</geoCoordinate>
,
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, 2400 m a.s.l.; 26 April 2018; J.T. Smit &amp; Th. Zeegers leg.; RMNH.INS1092470.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Paratypes</emphasis>
Bhutan • 4 males; same collection data as for holotype • 1 female; same data as for holotype; RMNH.INS1092471.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">The holotype is in good condition and is deposited, together with one male and female paratype in the National Biodiversity Center, Bhutan (NBCB). The remaining three paratype males, as well as the DNA material are stored in the collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands (NBC).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="141">
The male of
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus druk</emphasis>
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Smit, sp. nov. is easily distinguished from all other species in the
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">bactrianus</emphasis>
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subgroup by the long, silvery, ventrally directed, pile on the lateral sides of t3 and t4.
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has some longer pile on the lateral sides of t4, but this is shorter, not ventrally directed, and not present on t3. Furthermore
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is easily distinguished by the lack of pollinose maculae on t4 and by the shape of st4 and the terminalia.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus hungaricus</emphasis>
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, 1940 and
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Loew, 1848, which have similar long, ventrally directed pile on t3 and t4, are superficially similar but the pile is much more dense.
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Smit sp. nov. can easily be distinguished by the bifurcate posterior surstyle lobe.
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furthermore lack the golden-coppery luster on the thorax and abdomen of
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.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus pulchellus</emphasis>
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is a more slender built species, with a more bluish luster, a relatively slender metafemur, the pro- and mesotarsi predominantly light brown, the basoflagellomere orange.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="141">Eumerus hungaricus</emphasis>
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is a more black species with less luster, especially on the abdomen, which is predominantly black pilose; s3 is very slender, about 2.5 times longer than wide, and t4 has a yellow posterior margin, medially.
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Roeschke, 1907a: 154. Type species:
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Fig. 188
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<taxonomicName id="8B734E70AFE80DF9D6C262662FCA3B7D" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Urogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Urogaster leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Urogaster leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1900: 289.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E8F82973C51B11B7C0FFEF02852104F" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
<taxonomicName id="C076D41BD4F942C7CF6CDA794D675D42" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Apanteles leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
(Ashmead). Transferred by
<bibRefCitation id="7E9D5AFDCF3426DA98C6CA42A8C270AA" author="Szepligeti, G" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="305" pageNumber="306" pagination="1 - 253" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Braconidae." volume="22" year="1904">
<normalizedToken id="09A375D2ED78958ECF083421923F7094" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
(1904
</bibRefCitation>
: 110).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1B85B69C98B2F01E028F5AA7BCD72B5" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
<taxonomicName id="F14BD8AA824CF62EE18FE4E9C002EF47" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Apanteles leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
(Ashmead). Misidentification of the species by
<bibRefCitation id="24F70EF6A2FF3C1ED0E9FD25C6C4CE68" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA" pageId="305" pageNumber="306" pagination="12359 - 12364" title="Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology and collections." url="10.1073/pnas.0805319105" volume="105" year="2008">Smith et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28723108A5E06DF1E34D66D7BDAA8849" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="973906923A3EC8DB52629B871C3DA1DC" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C4F34882CCD7C3E24F0317DB402EBEFF" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">ST. VINCENT, Lesser Antilles.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E78CD81A1922ADB8180DEEF7BCFBD73C" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" type="holotype">
<paragraph id="38002DDDE897ABA1AA643C3A240C5A1D" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EDA9D5064DF8673BF34B0424A415013" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">♀, BMNH (examined).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C16B4A90A1FCF2A50D58B64E4FF5C4F4" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="84ADEEB8456D407B0300EEF3F0770909" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5AE8C8216F38A1386C87FD1DDDF495B1" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
1 ♀, United States: Florida, Belle Glade; v.1941; D. J. Taylor coll.; ex:
<taxonomicName id="F0FA537149F56E73BD7EE26F2ED6A29D" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Urbanus proteus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proteus">Urbanus proteus</taxonomicName>
(CNC); 3 ♀, St Vincent Is. (CNC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="105FAA7EE6C22072F0E867F0219BB894" lastPageId="203" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" type="description">
<paragraph id="CAEBA60C4A36E0A635AD500EBC15CEDD" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45321F54CF3FE530DC424EF40B2DC029" lastPageId="203" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="202" pageNumber="203">
Female. Body color: body mostly dark except for some sternites which may be pale. Antenna color: scape, pedicel, and flagellum dark (?). Coxae color (pro-, meso-, metacoxa): dark, dark, dark. Femora color (pro-, meso-, metafemur): pale, dark, dark. Tibiae color (pro-, meso-, metatibia): pale, pale, anteriorly pale/posteriorly dark. Tegula and humeral complex color: both pale. Pterostigma color: mostly pale and/or transparent, with thin dark borders. Fore wing veins color: mostly white or entirely transparent. Antenna length/body length: antenna about as long as body (head to apex of metasoma); if slightly shorter, at least extending beyond anterior 0.7 metasoma length (?). Body in lateral view: not distinctly flattened
<normalizedToken id="BD0642B4E9BEB0203D5813F8BB890205" originalValue="dorso–ventrally">dorso-ventrally</normalizedToken>
. Body length (head to apex of metasoma): 2.1-2.2 mm. Fore wing length: 2.3-2.4 mm.
<normalizedToken id="F2B12DAED7288C352DD0EF4D5A2C5B67" originalValue="Ocular–ocellar">Ocular-ocellar</normalizedToken>
line/posterior ocellus diameter: 2.3-2.5. Interocellar distance/posterior ocellus diameter: 2.0-2.2. Tarsal claws: simple (?). Metafemur length/width: 2.8-2.9. Anteromesoscutum: mostly with deep, dense punctures (separated by less than 2.0
<normalizedToken id="0ED77404A76E80B89874CBDC92A145CD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
its maximum diameter). Mesoscutellar disc: mostly smooth. Number of pits in scutoscutellar sulcus: 9 or 10. Maximum height of mesoscutellum lunules/maximum height of lateral face of mesoscutellum: 0.8 or more. Propodeum areola: completely defined by carinae, including transverse carina extending to spiracle. Propodeum background sculpture: partly sculptured, especially on anterior 0.5. Mediotergite 1 length/width at posterior margin: 1.7-1.9. Mediotergite 1 shape: slightly widening from anterior margin to 0.7-0.8 mediotergite length (where maximum width is reached), then narrowing towards posterior margin. Mediotergite 1 sculpture: with some sculpture near lateral margins and/or posterior 0.2-0.4 of mediotergite. Mediotergite 2 width at posterior margin/length: 4.0-4.3. Mediotergite 2 sculpture: mostly smooth. Outer margin of hypopygium:
<pageBreakToken id="34ABEE6B44F502833A830635080D2422" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
a wide, medially folded, transparent,
<normalizedToken id="204F6863FB32E3146B969A55371E32BF" originalValue="semi–desclerotized">semi-desclerotized</normalizedToken>
area; usually with 4 or more pleats (?). Ovipositor thickness: anterior width 3.0-5.0
<normalizedToken id="91836EF61148F53F2F3873E5B2587E26" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
posterior width (beyond ovipositor constriction) (?). Ovipositor sheaths length/metatibial length: 0.6-0.7. Length of fore wing veins r/2RS: 1.7-1.9. Length of fore wing veins 2RS/2M: 1.1-1.3. Length of fore wing veins 2M/(RS+M)b: 0.7-0.8. Pterostigma length/width: 3.1-3.5. Point of insertion of vein r in pterostigma: about half way point length of pterostigma. Angle of vein r with fore wing anterior margin: clearly inwards, inclined towards fore wing base. Shape of junction of veins r and 2RS in fore wing: distinctly but not strongly angled.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6684826F6C6920127ABF80CD67C7DA84" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" type="molecular data">
<paragraph id="E42D3098BB607D178AFCEC71DA68D4CB" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">Molecular data.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A8C970E8900F270A16F8D357E89EB7B" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">No molecular data available for this species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28F8B09F097E9E870B22288D8E48CBF3" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" type="biology/ecology">
<paragraph id="7CD57640BDADA85939D764948AC24BDE" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">Biology/ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EF12B693B9606894616D8B36AF4AF2E" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">
Gregarious. Hosts:
<taxonomicName id="B78EB23F74EF778B5A78CC98931AADB3" family="Hesperiidae" lsidName="" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="0E248496E09A17E1BD1CE27F997E4542" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Urbanus proteus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proteus">Urbanus proteus</taxonomicName>
(of specimens identified as this species in United States, FL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9D32EC72C05436C6C5A29D31DBAA570" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F78E69565990AED583A2571E3771C1E3" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AAF62E7270D8E604DD961E5341785834" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">Cuba, Grenada, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, United States (FL). There is no suggestion that this species occurs in ACG or Costa Rica.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4EE8684325FF9CAFA84FEC6606787669" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" type="comments">
<paragraph id="7AC815121CE47DFAE0E07D3B93FFCF00" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E171FE3DAD536830EB070AEE390A678E" pageId="203" pageNumber="204">
The holotype is missing the antennae, one forewing and some legs - but it is possible to see a full set of legs, except for the sole hind leg remaining where some tarsal segments are missing. The name
<taxonomicName id="2EE75F0A4D23418ABA12136074FC6EF4" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Apanteles leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
was applied by
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to a complex of around 40 species reared from hesperiids in ACG. At that time it was thought that one of those species might correspond to the actual
<taxonomicName id="AD054DAA96F7568117B2C4DF36451687" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Apanteles leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
. After examining the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="505F8A48356CA46C9FAA6B8E5D9D58D9" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Apanteles leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
, it is clear, however, that none of the ACG species correspond to it. However, all are related and belong to the same species-group. Thus, the name of
<taxonomicName id="D230C885FA142F38F9837FBAA1045FC0" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Apanteles leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
, as used as the base for an interim name in
<bibRefCitation id="19F5FB1977533857A3FAA190B07EACDC" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA" pageId="305" pageNumber="306" pagination="12359 - 12364" title="Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology and collections." url="10.1073/pnas.0805319105" volume="105" year="2008">Smith et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, should be considered as a misidentification, as well as was the case when applied to members of this group before it was realized that it is a speciose group composed of morphologically similar species. We examined a specimen from Peru, deposited in the CNC and labelled as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="E721F3D00F68EC8CA407837257E28773" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles leucostigmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="203" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucostigmus">Apanteles leucostigmus</taxonomicName>
&quot;, and believe is not that species either, but just another member of the leucostigmus group.
</paragraph>
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3.
<taxonomicName id="FC5FB681918475B6956571255111F989" ID-CoL="6JGW2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29082" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica fragilis Heer" lsidName-HNS="Formica fragilis Heer" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">Formica fragilis</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph id="8C69BD644066398E33558F1F84532A9C" pageNumber="136">F. pallide testacea, elongata et gracilis, capite postice angustato; thorace medio compresso, pedibus elongatis; squama incrassata triangulata.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2825E0FDB90BFEA29ADD1BFFD221983C" pageNumber="136">Worker. Length 3 1 / 2 lines. Pale rufo-testaceous, smooth and slightly shining; antennae elongate, longer than the body, the flagellum slender and filiform, the scape nearly as long as the head and thorax; head oblong, narrowed behind the eyes into a kind of neck, the sides parallel before the eyes, which are black and round, the clypeus slightly emarginate anteriorly, the mandibles finely serrated on their inner margin and terminating in a bent acute tooth. Thorax elongate, narrowest in the middle, the prothorax forming a neck anteriorly; legs elongate and very slender. Abdomen ovate, the node of the petiole incrassate, and viewed sideways is triangular or wedge-shaped.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="106E556CB51B3249B32288E8475EC7F9" pageNumber="136">
Hab.
<collectingRegion id="A6D3FD4A54FB67244887A2CD3E93CCCE" country="Indonesia" pageNumber="136">Aru</collectingRegion>
.
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This is one of those remarkable forms which recede so greatly from the normal type of
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as apparently to indicate a generic distinction; but in those exotic species of which we have obtained all the forms, we find many which approach closely to the present insect, which is probably only the small worker of some already described species. No one would venture, without the authority of the personal observation of some competent naturalist, to unite all the forms of any exotic species of
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Spionidae A Aurospio cf. dibranchiata: anterior end, dorsal view (AM W. 52242) B Aurospio sp. nov. 1, anterior end, dorsal view (AM W. 52240) C Prionospio cf. amarsupiata, anterior end, dorsal view (AM W. 52221) D Dipolydora notialis, heavy spine with crest of bristles on convex side from chaetiger 5 (AM W. 52245) E Dipolydora notialis, bidentate hooded hooks with smooth, curved shafts without constriction from posterior chaetiger (AM W. 52245) F Laonice cf. blakei: anterior end, dorsal-oblique view (AM W. 52226) G Spiophanes anoculata, posteriorly incomplete specimen in dorsal-oblique view, metameric dorsal ciliated organ bordered by pigment of dark orange or ochre colour (AM W. 52222). Scale bars: 100 µm (A, B, C); 1 µm (D, E); 200 µm (F); 500 µm (G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1020.57921.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/513299" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 31B</figureCitation>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Prostomium round anteriorly, extending into a short caruncle to the end of chaetiger 1, without appendages. Eyes absent. Peristomium moderately developed and separated from first segment. First chaetiger dorsally with yellowish pigment lateral to the caruncle. Branchiae present on chaetigers (2, potential branchial scars) 3 and 4, club-shaped to cirriform, smaller than notopodial lamellae and not fused to it. Dorsal crests and interparapodial pouches absent. Parapodial lamellae on chaetiger 1 small, tapered in notopodia, rounded in neuropodia; from chaetigers 2-6 notopodial lamellae large, subtriangular and foliaceous, smaller and rounded thereafter; neuropodial lamellae at same chaetigers wide and foliaceous, thereafter low, wider than long, rounded. Long capillaries present in anterior chaetigers; multidentate long-shafted hooded hooks from chaetigers 15 in neuropodia, apical teeth in a row above main fang. Notopodial hooks not present. Sabre chaetae first present together with neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 15.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
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The specimen is an anterior fragment in rather poor condition. It might belong to an undescribed species of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Aurospio" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aurospio" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aurospio</emphasis>
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with neuropodial hooks and sabre chaetae from chaetiger 15.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Records.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1 specimen. Suppl. material 1: op. 79 (AM).</paragraph>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany &amp; Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rasplus, Jean-Yves</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-12-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>94</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>13</mods:start>
<mods:end>88</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-94-13</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8F9A55CB0DD5AFC9EA6F9A5934EC237" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8F9A55CB0DD5AFC9EA6F9A5934EC237" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName LSID="A8F9A55C-B0DD-5AFC-9EA6-F9A5934EC237" authority="new status" authorityName="new status" family="Boucekiidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Boucekiidae new status</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="2003" family="Boucekiidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Boucekiini">Boucekiini</taxonomicName>
Gibson, 2003. Type genus:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Boucekiidae" genus="Boucekius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boucekius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boucekius</taxonomicName>
Gibson, 2003.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Antenna with 8 flagellomeres, including a single anellus and an undivided clava. Eyes ventrally divergent. Clypeus without transverse subapical groove. Labrum hidden behind clypeus. Mandibles with ventral tooth and large dorsal truncation. Mesoscutellum with frenum set off by complete frenal groove, and with axillular sulcus (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–6" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 6. 1 - 3 Boucekius sp. (Boucekiidae) 1 metascutellum, axillula and propodeum 2 hind femur 3 epipygium (epg) and metasomal terga VIII (Mt 8) 4, 5 Spalangiopelta sp. (Ceidae) 4 clypeus, labrum and mandible 5 metascutellum, axillula and propodeum, arrow shows the propodeal spiracle far separated from the anterior propodeal margin 6 Muesebeckisia mandibularis Hedqvist (Cerocephalidae): head and antenna in lateral view, arrow indicating intertorular prominence." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781064" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">1</figureCitation>
). Mesopleural area without expanded acropleuron; mesepimeron not extending over anterior margin of metapleuron. All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; metafemur with ventral lobe or subapical teeth (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–6" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 6. 1 - 3 Boucekius sp. (Boucekiidae) 1 metascutellum, axillula and propodeum 2 hind femur 3 epipygium (epg) and metasomal terga VIII (Mt 8) 4, 5 Spalangiopelta sp. (Ceidae) 4 clypeus, labrum and mandible 5 metascutellum, axillula and propodeum, arrow shows the propodeal spiracle far separated from the anterior propodeal margin 6 Muesebeckisia mandibularis Hedqvist (Cerocephalidae): head and antenna in lateral view, arrow indicating intertorular prominence." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781064" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">2</figureCitation>
). Metasoma with epipygium (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–6" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 6. 1 - 3 Boucekius sp. (Boucekiidae) 1 metascutellum, axillula and propodeum 2 hind femur 3 epipygium (epg) and metasomal terga VIII (Mt 8) 4, 5 Spalangiopelta sp. (Ceidae) 4 clypeus, labrum and mandible 5 metascutellum, axillula and propodeum, arrow shows the propodeal spiracle far separated from the anterior propodeal margin 6 Muesebeckisia mandibularis Hedqvist (Cerocephalidae): head and antenna in lateral view, arrow indicating intertorular prominence." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781064" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">3</figureCitation>
), or with syntergum (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Chalcidiscelis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalcidiscelis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Chalcidiscelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ashmead).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781064" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" start="Figures 1–6" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Figures 1-6.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">1-3</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Boucekiidae" genus="Boucekius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boucekius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Boucekius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName family="Boucekiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Boucekiidae</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">1</emphasis>
metascutellum, axillula and propodeum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">2</emphasis>
hind femur
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">3</emphasis>
epipygium (epg) and metasomal terga VIII (Mt8)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">4, 5</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangiopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spalangiopelta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Spalangiopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName family="Ceidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Ceidae</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">4</emphasis>
clypeus, labrum and mandible
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">5</emphasis>
metascutellum, axillula and propodeum, arrow shows the propodeal spiracle far separated from the anterior propodeal margin
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">6</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hedqvist" authorityYear="1969" class="Insecta" family="Ceidae" genus="Muesebeckisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muesebeckisia mandibularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Muesebeckisia mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hedqvist (
<taxonomicName family="Cerocephalidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Cerocephalidae</taxonomicName>
): head and antenna in lateral view, arrow indicating intertorular prominence.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<bibRefCitation author="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B22" refString="Gibson, GAP, 2003. Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 16: [v +] 339." title="Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 16: [v +] 339." year="2003">Gibson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName family="Boucekiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Boucekiidae</taxonomicName>
as a new tribe, although it differed from many species in
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleonyminae">Cleonyminae</taxonomicName>
(as then defined) in the frenum and potentially the labrum. In habitus boucekiids do resemble former
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleonyminae">Cleonyminae</taxonomicName>
and other large-bodied
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hedqvist" authorityYear="1969" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
that have metallic coloration. Out of former
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleonyminae">Cleonyminae</taxonomicName>
, those with an unambiguous frenal arm (= mesoscutellar arm) laterally are now classified in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solenurinae">Solenurinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
), which differ most notably in having an incomplete frenal line and a flagellum with 2 or 3 clavomeres.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chalcedectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcedectidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Heydeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Heydeniidae</taxonomicName>
can have either an indistinct frenal groove, a small frenum, or a strongly expanded marginal rim of the mesoscutellum that may resemble a frenum; however, both have a different clava from
<taxonomicName family="Boucekiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Boucekiidae</taxonomicName>
, with multiple clavomeres instead of an undivided clava and, in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chalcedectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcedectidae</taxonomicName>
, an apical spine in females.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chalcedectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcedectidae</taxonomicName>
have a syntergum that is not crossed by a transverse sulcus and otherwise does not have an epipygium.
<taxonomicName family="Heydeniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Heydeniidae</taxonomicName>
have a long prepectus that is enlarged both laterally and ventrally. The elongate ovipositor and more or less elongate cerci in females may cause confusion with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Torymidae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" family="Megastigmidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Megastigmidae</taxonomicName>
, both of which have multiple clavomeres and more than 8 flagellomeres. The narrow, essentially parallel-sided flagellomeres may invite confusion with the antenna in
<taxonomicName family="Ceidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Ceidae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName family="Macromesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Macromesidae</taxonomicName>
; however, members of both these taxa have multiple clavomeres and much narrower mandibles with no dorsal truncation, and
<taxonomicName family="Macromesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Macromesidae</taxonomicName>
lack a frenum.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Pelecinellidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pelecinellidae</taxonomicName>
have more than 1 clavomere in nearly all cases, but
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
with apparently 1 clavomere (some males) have more than one anelliform basal flagellomere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>