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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1177-167" ID-Pensoft-UUID="48F5CB6D99365D5AAC536E770168124C" ID-ZooBank="DF38DD37843C467B9DD598CC7A6290E7" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1177-167" checkinTime="1693470070251" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Geiser, Elisabeth" docDate="2023" docId="A8AB1035D2165ECAB50A283437912949" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1177: 167-233" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1177" docPubDate="2023-08-30" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214" docTitle="Plateumaris obsoleta Jacobson 1894" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="48F5CB6D99365D5AAC536E770168124C" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="48F5CB6D99365D5AAC536E770168124C" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Palaearctic species of the genus Plateumaris C. G. Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae)" masterLastPageNumber="233" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="167" updateTime="1693470070251" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="96FF235B6733E1332399C2FFB55A9F96">Revision of the Palaearctic species of the genus Plateumaris C. G. Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F871643F87561F704F627456DEC36071">Geiser, Elisabeth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FB4174F1ABF6F010DC612763DC00CC22">Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="356F32BAC2143BFB83140A62ABF4CDEF" type="email">elisabeth.geiser@gmx.at</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="B17AEE8E63E1594731DC2940168437DC">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="15F590A81D83B41B7C90AD243DEDF117">1177</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="57F9910384AFB9FA08E40E89030CD81D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="A8AB1035D2165ECAB50A283437912949" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8AB1035D2165ECAB50A283437912949" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8AB1035D2165ECAB50A283437912949" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<subSubSection id="A205B7F12702956FD211FF3941FD3A71" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="191291075D36BADC33B1A876ED2028AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
?
<taxonomicName id="1A8B3FE525FCD2E07B17693C298AD2EE" LSID="A8AB1035-D216-5ECA-B50A-283437912949" authority="Jacobson, 1894" authorityName="Jacobson" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="species" species="obsoleta">Plateumaris obsoleta Jacobson, 1894</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="54F608760FC6ED21FEAFC1506FA1779F" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="description">
<paragraph id="991DFC01E8E0DC53A8840211C458C9A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<figureCitation id="8156E05A6FE60D7CCD58A9147E3D2A9E" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A habitus B lateral view C right antennae with red base of the antennomeres (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898849" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figs 14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="9CD90D8B673DC393D90E3255748C5635" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A pronotum B ovipositor protruding from abdomen (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898850" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">, 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="CF4D75815B21402111BA6C63AF9AD78C" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Plateumaris obsoleta: All labels tagged to the holotype (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898851" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">, 16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6979124CC6FACD55095CA210623E06C" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="A3AB0A3267A36B92C9A2BE17A3D6512C" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="498ED1574CB7C0ED029FCF3102D4883B" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Russia, Far East, Primorsky Krai, Bay of Posyet.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B67C0C0835699C504F19246E2A9DDDDC" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="type material">
<paragraph id="988F49718BD85A5C4EAB59D33B0F90D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E07B460D16AF9071CF938D77D128FEE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="CE4925B69B2B2A86C529F77F02A7A2C2" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Holotype</emphasis>
: Russia • 1 ♀; Far East; Primorsky Krai; Bay of Posyet; ZIN. Only the holotype exists. It was examined from photographs only (Figs
<figureCitation id="8C1A6CE74D50838829E11C3E11DC07DF" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A habitus B lateral view C right antennae with red base of the antennomeres (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898849" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="9518014EE3CE4AEA0C4DA0D447DCC51F" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A pronotum B ovipositor protruding from abdomen (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898850" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F79C07BDF68162B46EA6B30AED7C720E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898849" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="F81ED88E0B4BF86A16E8EB040B25BFA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="C7AA950D701AB4BA8D2D1E1F3AA4DD5A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figure 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0304626D2FB82C85FF9818A16455E0CB" authorityName="Jacobson" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="E537EF2002CF78379C8C2AC611FCAB44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Plateumaris obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype
<emphasis id="CCCC7E4B4AF38B22A221C7CD94FBC610" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A</emphasis>
habitus
<emphasis id="4CEE8499EEA55BFD232F4B8431776DA8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">B</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis id="D2DA3E439E4EB1054CEA95650240F5D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">C</emphasis>
right antennae with red base of the antennomeres (photographs by A. Moseyko).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="26E4A0088A574C279E69A04771C197DA" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898850" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="934CE1E93682BFB0D042E4D625847CF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="9DE658251885919F3196595E884499BD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="10B946C97DF19BE26B0EEED54A27BFFC" authorityName="Jacobson" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="E69AF7AC6EB5707C64035076316A0AE8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Plateumaris obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype
<emphasis id="4C2958CC06FC4E7F8B3FEF356F430FA7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">A</emphasis>
pronotum
<emphasis id="0B1950CF75A91BB64D6A41032E6F1240" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">B</emphasis>
ovipositor protruding from abdomen (photographs by A. Moseyko).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D666CC2C5923B6A6602BD2F540BE4E38" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="4B41A00AD52643F6EBA42D59ED0A5FF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="591B0D577EA92B682A84D3B6FDCF1792" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
At first, I intended to synonymise
<taxonomicName id="E10DB0901BCF7CBAFA70B8ABB462BBBA" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="47F1070A7832798763C08EF87E8591F2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="8969A0224E193961CCF2DBBD5FB9319A" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="40982EF0560AB286F0DB685E8CF8B2FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on studies of the type material and description, but doubts remained that it is more likely that
<taxonomicName id="EBC5D1948AA46E86F2FA5FFCB48574FD" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="F8D507F85EC6299FF41EDB9B8481EDFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym with
<taxonomicName id="45A44BF1986C2192AF3AB5C3F138772C" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="2A7238254745635B34C0598C46CD1855" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I am sure that
<taxonomicName id="AF96E47229302A8CA94962E41BFC34D3" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="45D8699A6CD45ABF72065A30784BE517" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described based on one female specimen and never recorded again in more than 100 years, is a synonym. However, I cannot prove if it belongs to
<taxonomicName id="CC168D4F14DABC3C701D2C9E4AC05E47" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="C7AE192EF55CEF33387B425F38F10F1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or to
<taxonomicName id="EB5F759291EDA54CC180228CB84148C5" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="636B15FC4C8AEB5FDC2C0A770A0AABF7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it is impossible to distinguish these two species by external morphological characters. These two species differ only by subtle morphological differences in the apical part of the endophallus (Fig.
<figureCitation id="82F731F67DF7250F17E1261360FE2804" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Schematic sketch of the endophallus. Median ejaculatory guide blackened A Plateumaris sericea (and specimens identified as P. discolor) with apex of median ejaculatory guide rounded. The endophalli of specimens from Poland, Italy and Japan all look the same as in this sketch B Plateumaris shirahatai with apex of median ejaculatory guide notched (drawings by G. Geiser based on photographs from Askevold 1991 and Hayashi 2020)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898847" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="244A79E5EAEBCA6C16920A992614A8B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicName id="7B40B05EBA8BD6F746017DE0014A83DA" authorityName="Jacobson" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="700890174DBB32E1A2EB33C41ED1B507" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Plateumaris obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by Jacobson (1894) (see
<bibRefCitation id="EBEA0738CE27129BA2FAD87D1320FED8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.103212" author="Geiser, E" editor="Chaboo, CS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="235 - 258" refId="B35" refString="Geiser, E, Geiser, R, 2023. Original descriptions of Palaearctic species of the genus Plateumaris C. G. Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae) and their translations. In: Chaboo, CS, Schmitt, M, Eds., Research on Chrysomelidae 9. ZooKeys 1177: 235 - 258, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.103212" title="Original descriptions of Palaearctic species of the genus Plateumaris C. G. Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae) and their translations." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.103212" volume="1177" volumeTitle="Research on Chrysomelidae 9." year="2023">Geiser and Geiser 2023</bibRefCitation>
) based on a single specimen collected in Russia, Far East: Posyet in Primorsky Krai. No other specimen of
<taxonomicName id="D5D897CFE59D4E32827EC3926667A7EE" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="242A25AC5A94385D8AD0B79C511E933F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded in the last 130 years; it only appears regularly in identification keys. Jacobson found it most similar to
<taxonomicName id="8F8C76E3942C9DE5C7A848126359505B" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. discolor" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="discolor">
<emphasis id="B2158B29EE4849315F9E55065ED9BEFC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. discolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2BFF57B2CCFBDA6092D0BBB363B4B81C" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="36E10A224E7EDEEF329717A246C21447" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All characters he described are also typical characters of
<taxonomicName id="BE4425EB3AC15A6583CE70A2E24BDC75" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="9AC2C798EB4D9410633FF56106060508" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Whereas many specimens of
<taxonomicName id="0678F88266204C21E590F776EFC7D677" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="28958290E0F0EBABFA6C0A17B441E3A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a sharp and prominent tooth at the metafemur, in some specimens this tooth can be blunt or is lacking completely. According to Jacobson (1894) this holotype is a male specimen. However,
<bibRefCitation id="4F3FC36AC9B8EE1BE73E29EE4A0767A6" author="Bienkowski, AO" journalOrPublisher="Publishing Company Mukhametov GV, Livny" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" refId="B13" refString="Bienkowski, AO, 2014. Reed Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Donaciinae) [in Russian]. Publishing Company Mukhametov GV, Livny" title="Reed Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Donaciinae) [in Russian]." year="2014">
<normalizedToken id="8F661CF78A6B1EA24C23E177A11CFF86" originalValue="Bieńkowski">Bienkowski</normalizedToken>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
wrote in his key: only one single female specimen is known. He also published four drawings of some details of this specimen. In fact, the holotype is stored in ZIN, from which I obtained some detailed photographs (Figs
<figureCitation id="445E193D1ACF8418D054CDDB80777604" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A habitus B lateral view C right antennae with red base of the antennomeres (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898849" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="113F7921D4579E97C84847252BEB0303" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A pronotum B ovipositor protruding from abdomen (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898850" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1237F277E6D4D689B76499D641F5D2C7" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Plateumaris obsoleta: All labels tagged to the holotype (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898851" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5EF43D4AA9C064FEF0E64E4A671685CF" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898851" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="18031C2DCCEFBE9E411794D4746FBBAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="6810D1477A07E6D39EA7484BA360FA46" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D1DFF9DD6AC6A9F70E9D4AF1F59D93FD" authorityName="Jacobson" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="4E27C615F6C1C4CB278A66A1259A6127" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Plateumaris obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: All labels tagged to the holotype (photographs by A. Moseyko).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CD2BFEFEAB4E8FF3E38F47F1BF2EAF48" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
The controversy about the sex of this specimen can now be solved: the apical part of the ovipositor protrudes, which Jacobson misinterpreted as a part of the aedeagus. Although
<bibRefCitation id="71E386CD853B2E1011AC8217124DCE66" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm123157fv" author="Askevold, IS" journalOrPublisher="Quaestiones Entomologicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" refId="B6" refString="Askevold, IS, 1991. Classification, Reconstructed Phylogeny, and Geographic History of the New World Members of Plateumaris Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Donaciinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 157(S157): 5-175. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm123157fv" title="Classification, Reconstructed Phylogeny, and Geographic History of the New World Members of Plateumaris Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Donaciinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 157 (S 157): 5 - 175." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm123157fv" year="1991">Askevold (1991)</bibRefCitation>
had not seen the holotype, but he suspected that the specimen described by Jacobson was female. According to the original description, &quot;Pygidium apice rotundatum&quot; is a description of a female specimen because no known males of species of
<taxonomicName id="824E2E121A95AD4C0A30FC749659C694" authorityName="C. G. Thomson" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4B02277CCC7191C39BB46C4974F13E1A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Plateumaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a rounded pygidium. All the characters described by Jacobson and the characters which could be examined on the photographs of the holotype fit easily within the variation range of
<taxonomicName id="39191C1F05CAEF036D480A03E0E10430" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="288D1DEF260A7A9E1852BC338C5A1AF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="DF543933F3EC96BD14CEF87BDCBE9CB4" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="AC24CF288190EAC352CBFEC1AA4D2DAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occurs in southern Primorsky Kraj (
<bibRefCitation id="B80E74A0B6B8F7AA2E7AAB3ECBE1F966" author="Hayashi, M" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B55" refString="Hayashi, M, Tominaga, O, 2005. Records of Donaciinae from Primorsky Province in 2004, with notes on the distribution of Plateumaris shirahatai Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomological Review of Japan 60 (1): 1 - 7" title="Records of Donaciinae from Primorsky Province in 2004, with notes on the distribution of Plateumaris shirahatai Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." volume="60" year="2005">Hayashi and Tominaga 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Photographs (Figs
<figureCitation id="59EE5076997AB3E86131D090EC3CCF95" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A habitus B lateral view C right antennae with red base of the antennomeres (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898849" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">14C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C9F62CB4D1E2948FDEA205BB0BC357FB" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A pronotum B ovipositor protruding from abdomen (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898850" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">15A</figureCitation>
) show that many features of
<taxonomicName id="412FD915CBE4243335E378990B917377" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="0D66C2D7577488501B9600395E52145C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistent with those of
<taxonomicName id="DF406F2E68DA618B75A40DA46D21607C" authorityName="Kimoto" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="DD60CFC6E38EE5A2A6DB6F4E44EB93B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Plateumaris shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
identified in Primorsky (Fig.
<figureCitation id="54D7F1E7FB7F09280F3537E7A696F7EC" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Plateumaris shirahatai A habitus (photograph by K. Matsumoto) B cap of tegmen, shape slightly variable C median lobe (B, C from Hayashi 2020) D, E habitus from dorsal and ventral F endophallus (D-F photographs by M Hayashi). Scale bars: one unit - 1 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898848" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">13D, E</figureCitation>
) including metallic legs and an indistinct median line on the pronotum. In addition, the antennae of
<taxonomicName id="62B3AC699D56B995608983AFB7BB5EC4" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="EB2819CBCDA96CD7E670BC881929AA1F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are variable in colouration, with some individuals having the same colouration as the type of
<taxonomicName id="0B3139BC6EDE197CBEF3F48232E34AE2" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="D25A85588698A5CE5C0ADF38259CBDD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This strongly supports the possibility that
<taxonomicName id="F40969A7FFA8A3DA09DE8F9BBD6CEA32" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="1F2A92205D0CDE60793B54DE6B54749C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="DF996264CF290DE58306160D26D7A4F8" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="B62B4F9E0576A35828D3A052E89F03CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On the other hand,
<taxonomicName id="F8B64A69520A17A29D6A300F94908C5F" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="C88908CE0A377DF91B9A278C30C276C3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a small metafemoral tooth, but it is suspected that the shape of this tooth may be malformed. This is a recurrent problem with species described on single specimen (pers. comm. M. Hayashi, 04 Apr 2023). Therefore, it seems more likely that
<taxonomicName id="CB457E01ED5838C2A58629AAC5ADB380" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="FB5FE1807391AEA9CB541411688931BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is synonym with
<taxonomicName id="91D3F5D5CEA666880E8DF06F03C13164" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="441584ABAC8CE08882B1546A4FCFFD85" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than with
<taxonomicName id="58345E84213F72A6E4A4D22840A24C03" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="F9B863BD24E3561CEA4F3E94D8081C43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that was also suspected by
<bibRefCitation id="9B5406EF2FEB0EEC9AB05373C7CBE736" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm123157fv" author="Askevold, IS" journalOrPublisher="Quaestiones Entomologicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" refId="B6" refString="Askevold, IS, 1991. Classification, Reconstructed Phylogeny, and Geographic History of the New World Members of Plateumaris Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Donaciinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 157(S157): 5-175. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm123157fv" title="Classification, Reconstructed Phylogeny, and Geographic History of the New World Members of Plateumaris Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Donaciinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 157 (S 157): 5 - 175." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm123157fv" year="1991">Askevold (1991)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7319613520498325E41A7C8BE1324C45" author="Hayashi, M" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B55" refString="Hayashi, M, Tominaga, O, 2005. Records of Donaciinae from Primorsky Province in 2004, with notes on the distribution of Plateumaris shirahatai Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomological Review of Japan 60 (1): 1 - 7" title="Records of Donaciinae from Primorsky Province in 2004, with notes on the distribution of Plateumaris shirahatai Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." volume="60" year="2005">Hayashi and Tominaga (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="F3B94D4B5BA764D2AE88BC43F6942AC2" author="Warchalowski, A" journalOrPublisher="Natura Optima Dux Foundation, Warszawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" refId="B131" refString="Warchalowski, A, 2010. The Palaearctic Chrysomelidae - Identification Keys. Natura Optima Dux Foundation, Warszawa" title="The Palaearctic Chrysomelidae - Identification Keys." year="2010">
<normalizedToken id="E12140B12B240A1054B576144FD90A02" originalValue="Warchałowski">Warchalowski</normalizedToken>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. The pronotum of the type specimen of
<taxonomicName id="CB51EE96A08066253334A342EB5A7578" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="F88CBEB1B16E7EAF159F432525573CF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="DDB5588E25970A9BD84DC69E10846875" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Plateumaris obsoleta holotype A pronotum B ovipositor protruding from abdomen (photographs by A. Moseyko)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898850" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">15A</figureCitation>
) looks similar to the pronotum of
<taxonomicName id="8621D240D7A26D59CF9E86E09BECC72A" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="FFC88573A1EDAA3E761653065230CBC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="67E1A40B4DD82D95E960C30319891531" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Plateumaris shirahatai A habitus (photograph by K. Matsumoto) B cap of tegmen, shape slightly variable C median lobe (B, C from Hayashi 2020) D, E habitus from dorsal and ventral F endophallus (D-F photographs by M Hayashi). Scale bars: one unit - 1 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1177.103214.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/898848" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">13A, D</figureCitation>
). All in all, the decision of the synonymisation cannot be made now.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E67BCA90F11CDB47C2DAD135638946E" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">
Perhaps it will be possible in the near future to solve this problem without destroying this single specimen with more elaborate methods than historical DNA analysis. The solutions used to extract the DNA may be destroy the connecting membranes between the chitinous parts. Nowadays, nobody can guarantee that this specimen would NOT be damaged! Additionally, it is very questionable whether the results will be clear enough. Usually, the DNA in old, stored insects is fragmented and cannot be sufficiently reconstructed to make the decision to which species the specimens belong.
<taxonomicName id="4D09C1E533390C4977BA95C7B7EDB8EB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Plateumaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plateumaris sericea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" phylum="Bacteria" rank="species" species="sericea">
<emphasis id="04D6657EA00439FB6A8A16B5EFC3581B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">Plateumaris sericea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D5B698AC6406119D810BFD4B771585B4" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="C45E9CC52E93CD0B2137E0E710C69367" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are closely related, which was proofed by DNA analysis (
<bibRefCitation id="E3E2EAE5FF4320E1CA2CA7B0C6850EA8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.022" author="Hayashi, M" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" pagination="255 - 266" refId="B54" refString="Hayashi, M, Sota, T, 2014. Quaternary Donaciine beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Japan: Colonization and divergence patterns inferred from fossil and molecular data. Quaternary International 341: 255 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.022" title="Quaternary Donaciine beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Japan: Colonization and divergence patterns inferred from fossil and molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.022" volume="341" year="2014">Hayashi and Sota 2014</bibRefCitation>
). There are only few sections of the DNA where the differences are shown. It is unlikely that exact these few sections could be tracked down by the current methods. Therefore, according to the current state of knowledge, I cite it as a &quot;probable new synonymy&quot;. If it once can be prooved that
<taxonomicName id="21AFB33E406F3EBBDC0D92C0AE9836CD" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="3A14963BCAD40BA9ED7A9EB6603ED0D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9838A50C0CC20324B41EE07DB83FB5C4" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="81112919E27EA04C62E4C3D6FDEEA0A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are synonyms, the name
<taxonomicName id="DF416197280B397C345E8FDAC1BF777F" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. obsoleta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="obsoleta">
<emphasis id="48DD0E7C3A5A01B828E903FA21035753" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. obsoleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has priority because it was described in 1894 and
<taxonomicName id="E4A7D19BE63B20E5C64CC3DEB02A2D42" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. shirahatai" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="167" rank="species" species="shirahatai">
<emphasis id="01016B574EDFEAD7AA9F9C2559FED378" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="167">P. shirahatai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 1971.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<taxonomicName id="86BBDB0C00B6800CBF71BA135A2796DA" ID-CoL="5XRXH" ID-ENA="7871" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Holocephali" family="Chimaeridae" genus="Chimaera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chimaeriformes" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monstrosa">Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="78AEDA6A62D4656996C505861300FC0A" pageNumber="29">
<materialsCitation id="32BB6B60C156EA7E2C72FAADDAAF876D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923888120" collectingDate="1969-01-24" collectingMethod="trawl" collectionCode="IUSHM" collectorName="M. Demir" country="Turkey" location="Goekova Bay, 450 m" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="100 - 530" stateProvince="Aegean Sea">
<collectingRegion id="EC1FA6BB02687D23F0B569187CF79DEE" pageNumber="29">Aegean Sea</collectingRegion>
:
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(1 spc.),
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<collectingDate id="CD1FD16B9905221B0325EF4F45CFD16A" day="24" month="01" pageNumber="29" value="1969-01-24" year="1969">24.01.1969</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<location id="1B1957ECD98A5C7273B9330826AD15EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8AB283A234339D9A4DE8F4F2AF5C1D0:1B1957ECD98A5C7273B9330826AD15EB" country="Turkey" name="Goekova Bay, 450 m" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Aegean Sea">
<normalizedToken id="233B6C373C196F4364C6FADF898E8A4F" originalValue="Gökova" pageNumber="29">Goekova</normalizedToken>
Bay
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,
<collectingMethod id="19EFE1AD5E70CEE1250428FEE4732AC3" pageNumber="29">trawl</collectingMethod>
, 450 m,
<collectorName id="9059C79E2F34A383ADDD37AE02C5CEE8" pageNumber="29">M. Demir</collectorName>
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;
<materialsCitation id="B2C3CFBDDD59AA98CE46AD2DFF91307C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923888141" collectingDate="1991-02-15" collectionCode="IUSHM" collectorName="N. Meric" country="Turkey" location="Saros Bay" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="100 - 1" stateProvince="Aegean Sea">
<specimenCode id="B064D2F714A9397964F4AFC420E6C0A8" pageNumber="29">100-1</specimenCode>
(1 spc.),
<date id="ED74CEC406E6ED8D1274CECDA6B4E7ED" day="15" month="02" pageNumber="29" value="1991-02-15" year="1991">
<collectingDate id="7B86DB8A53CD5C473B00CCDF2163C40C" day="15" month="02" pageNumber="29" value="1991-02-15" year="1991">15.02.1991</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<location id="A10FC0C34E91F92557E97C2FEE5D585D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8AB283A234339D9A4DE8F4F2AF5C1D0:A10FC0C34E91F92557E97C2FEE5D585D" country="Turkey" name="Saros Bay" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Aegean Sea">Saros Bay</location>
,
<collectorName id="81031FE8C1A8BAB2C9B3C6411B71D9BC" pageNumber="29">
N.
<normalizedToken id="9A2693DB26395EB7894082301F954297" originalValue="Meriç" pageNumber="29">Meric</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
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145
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/4D4D3E54-69B4-4E43-A8BE-3052E60F1F95" authority="Holzenthal &amp; Rios-Touma" class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche real" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="real">
Amphoropsyche real Holzenthal &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos-Touma">Rios-Touma</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="60">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 2
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
This new species is most similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche napo" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="napo">Amphoropsyche napo</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche tandayapa" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tandayapa">Amphoropsyche tandayapa</taxonomicName>
, from Ecuador, and the Colombian species
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche ayura" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ayura">Amphoropsyche ayura</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche cauca" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cauca">Amphoropsyche cauca</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche flinti" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flinti">Amphoropsyche flinti</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche quebrada" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quebrada">Amphoropsyche quebrada</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche stellata" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellata">Amphoropsyche stellata</taxonomicName>
. All of these species share tergum X bearing a mesal process and paired, lateral processes of various forms. The new species is the only one with the combination of long, spatulate mesal process and the lateral processes bearing both a prominent midlateral and a prominent subapicodorsal spinelike seta. In addition,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche ayura" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ayura">Amphoropsyche ayura</taxonomicName>
,
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,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche quebrada" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quebrada">Amphoropsyche quebrada</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche stellata" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellata">Amphoropsyche stellata</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche tandayapa" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tandayapa">Amphoropsyche tandayapa</taxonomicName>
have prominent parameres in the phallus, lacking in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche real" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="real">Amphoropsyche real</taxonomicName>
, sp. n., while
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche cauca" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cauca">Amphoropsyche cauca</taxonomicName>
,
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, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche tandayapa" order="Trichoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tandayapa">Amphoropsyche tandayapa</taxonomicName>
have a baso- or mesoventral process on the inferior appendages not present in the new species.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
Male. Forewing length 5.0 mm. Body and legs stramineous, wings light brown, apical 1/5th light cream (specimen preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol). Genitalia as in Fig. 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
. Segment IX annular, sternum with anterior part not extended anteriorly (Fig. 1A). Segment X composed of a single mesal process and pair of lateral processes (Fig. 1
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); mesal process long, spatulate, apex rounded (Fig. 1B); lateral process broadly crescent shaped, bearing large lateral spinelike seta at midlength and large subapicodorsal spinelike seta; apically lateral process with about 6-8 small, but prominent setae (Fig. 1A). Preanal appendages large, oval, fused basally but divided apically to 1/2 their lengths (apical emargination acute); with large reticulate internal gland and small subapicoventral pore (Fig. 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
); apically with pair of asymmetrical, membranous dorsomesal processes, left process large bulbous, right process short (Fig. 1B). [It is highly likely that this asymmetry was caused by a malformation of one or the other or both processes. These processes may be prone to developmental abnormalities.] Inferior appendage with 1st article narrow, elongate, without basoventral projection, instead base short, bulbous and at right angle to straight apical portion of 1st article when viewed ventrally, bearing 2 small spinelike setae on posterior face (Fig. 1A, C); 1st article ending in a bulbous apex, bearing subterminal tuft of closely appressed setae emerging from membranous pocket; 2nd article of inferior appendage elongate, thin, slightly curved inwards in ventral view, apex slightly truncate; 2nd article fused to 1st article at base (or articulation not apparent) (Fig. 1C). Phallic apparatus (Fig. 1D) with phallobase well developed, with sclerotized apicolateral projection on each side, bearing stout apical spine; parameres absent; endothecal membranes well developed, apparently capable of articulation at midlength [these membranes were evaginated by the clearing process]; phallotremal sclerite well developed, structure as illustrated in Fig. 1D, but difficult to discern on specimen.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
Figure 1.
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, new species. Male genitalia A lateral B segments IX-X, dorsal C inferior appendages, ventral D phallus, lateral. IX = abdominal segment IX.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
Female. Forewing length 6.0 mm (n=2). Color and structure similar to
<normalizedToken originalValue="male’s">male's</normalizedToken>
(specimens preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol). Genitalia as in Fig. 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
. Abdominal tergum IX + X very slightly excised apicomesally, tergum basally with small moundlike mesal protuberance; dorsomesally slightly excised along length. Appendages of
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="61" start="start">segment</pageBreakToken>
X absent (or highly reduced), apparent only as slightly raised, dorsolateral setose areas. Valves posterolateral, quadrate, covered with short setae. Vulvar scale thin, narrow in lateral view, round in dorsal view with slight mesal excavation. Sternum IX laterally forming pocketlike structure in pleural region (probably receptacle for apex of male inferior appendage). Vaginal apparatus (spermathecal sclerite complex) (see Fig. 2C, D) with broad, posterior base bearing central
<normalizedToken originalValue="“keyhole-shaped”">&quot;keyhole-shaped&quot;</normalizedToken>
structure;
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="62" start="start">middle</pageBreakToken>
region to apex with narrow lightly sclerotized plates and 2 dorsal membranous rounded mounds.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Leptoceridae" genus="Amphoropsyche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphoropsyche real" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="real">Amphoropsyche real</taxonomicName>
, new species. Female genitalia A lateral B segments IX-X, dorsal C vaginal apparatus, lateral D vaginal apparatus, ventral. IX = abdominal segment IX, X = abdominal segment X.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
Holotype:Male.ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: Macas, small gravel stream (Wallace/Real property),
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-2.20299">02.20299°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-78.08539">078.08539°W</geoCoordinate>
, el. 1076 m, 27.i.2015, Holzenthal, Huisman,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos-Touma">Rios-Touma</normalizedToken>
, Amigo (UMSP000114167) (UMSP). Paratypes: same data as holotype, 2 females (UMSP, MECN).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Named for the family of RhoAnn Wallace and Galo Real and their children, Aster, Diem, and Luna, in recognition of their hospitality, friendship, and stewardship of the land where this species was collected.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3F079C697292C938DEE384E24B1DE8BA" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Erebidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="05E5243AAE541EE5ABCAB60AC7C99F4B" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1A03CF75CB6A5CA568A8E4420A2C962E" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="AE666C6019600E382D26B6BF60347E89" LSID="http://zoobank.org/B53AB087-6A59-436F-B0CB-91DA7C90172F" authority="Lafontaine &amp; Sullivan" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes broui" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broui">Doryodes broui Lafontaine &amp; Sullivan</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="410EFBBAEF7FF94E05EEA637CF37F8A3" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 18-22, 40, 47
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="90B8CE2B6122515D88E56686C6272513" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
<pageBreakToken id="688A7819124B93015EB1A37D10B37316" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="665F928DBC159713E4FCEE3ACFCE369B" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
Holotype ♂, Louisiana. St. Tammany Parish, 4.2 mi NE Abita Springs, sec 24, T6S R12E,
<geoCoordinate id="C91FC37760FCCE9C4E5D12C5BF3A600A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="30.516434">N 30°30.986'</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A273A3886DD3F12F524A019F82AB58F7" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-89.9546">W 89°57.276'</geoCoordinate>
, 3 May 2010, V.A. Brou Jr.; slide CNC 16053; barcode CNCLEP 00113565. CNC. Paratypes: 98 ♂, 49 ♀. Louisiana. Same locality and collector as holotype, 25 April 1984, CNC slide ♀ 16057 (1 ♀), 24 May 1984 (1 ♀), 25 April 1985 (1 ♂), 5 &amp; 28 May &amp; 30 June 1986 (3 ♂), 2, 15 &amp; 16 June &amp; 12 Aug. 1988 (4 ♂), 5 &amp; 20 March &amp; 28 April 1989 (4 ♀), 16 &amp; 22 June &amp; 20 Dec. 1990 (2 ♂, 1 ♀), 14 April 1991 (1 ♀), 22 May &amp; 1 Nov. 1992 (1 ♂, 1 ♀), 18 Oct. 1993 (1 ♀), 11 &amp; 29 May, 13 June &amp; 16 Sept. 1996 (4 ♂), 1 March &amp; 9 April 1997 (2 ♂), 26 &amp; 28 May 1998 (2 ♂), 5, 8 &amp; 11 May 1999 (2 ♂, 1 ♀), 26 Jan. &amp; 15 May 2000 (1 ♂, 1 ♀), 18 &amp; 19 March 2002 (1 ♂, 2 ♀), 5, 11 &amp; 31 May 2003 (3 ♂, 2 ♀), 3 June 2005 (1 ♀), 19 May &amp; 2 &amp; 12 June 2006 (2 ♂, 1 ♀), 20 Feb., 6 April, &amp; 6 &amp; 25 May 2008 (2 ♂, 2 ♀), 26 March &amp; 12 May 2009 (2 ♂), 21 March &amp; 13 May 2010 (1 ♂, 3 ♀), 7 &amp; 23 April, 3, 21 &amp; 25 May &amp; 7 July 2011 (2 ♂, 4 ♀), 8 &amp; 10 April &amp; 12 May 2013 (1 ♂, 3 ♀). St. Tammany Parish, Hwy 90 at Hwy 433, 8 May 1971, E.H. Metzler, Female genitalia on slide # E.H.M. 686 (1 ♀). Cameron Parish,
<normalizedToken id="C69AE7A94A8A55865F8B852163C27E39" originalValue="Johnson’s">Johnson's</normalizedToken>
Bayou, 19 April 1985, CNC slide ♀ 16048 (1 ♂, 1 ♀), 10 &amp; 19 Sept. 1985, (4 ♂), 14 Sept. 1990, V.A. Brou Jr. (3 ♂). Cameron Parish, Little Chenier, 14 May 1981, V.A. Brou Jr. (1 ♂). Lafourche Parish, Golden Meadow, 28 April 1975, V.A. Brou Jr. (2 ♂). Lafourche Parish, near Golden Meadow, 25 March 2007, V.A. Brou Jr. (1 ♀). St. John the Baptist Parish, Edgard, 29 March, 2 &amp; 9 April &amp; 9 June 1976 (4 ♂, 1 ♀), 7 April, 20 May, 5 June &amp; 5 Aug. 1977 (4 ♂), 10 Aug., 6 May, 1 June &amp; 7 Aug. 1978 (4 ♂, 1 ♀), 1 April, 12 &amp; 21 May, 24 July &amp; 17 Aug. 1979 (3 ♂, 3 ♀), 25 June, 25 July, 4 &amp; 12 Aug., 27 Sept., 17 &amp; 29 Oct. &amp; 2 Dec. 1980 (7 ♂, 2 ♀), 17 April, 9 May, 4 &amp; 6 June &amp; 2 Oct. 1981 (6 ♂, 1 ♀), 16 &amp; 25 March, 17 &amp; 20 April, 12, 21 &amp; 24 May, 4 &amp; 26 June, 11 Aug., 6 Sept., 7 Oct. &amp; 25 Dec. 1982 (11 ♂, 7 ♀), 14 May 1983 (1 ♂), 23 May 1984 (1 ♀), V.A. Brou Jr. St. John the Baptist Parish, Edgard, 10 May 1971, E.H. Metzler, Male genitalia on slide # E.H.M. 685 (1 ♂). Vermillion Parish, Intracoastal City, 26 July 1984, V.A. Brou Jr. (1 ♂). Mississippi. Harrison County, Long Beach, 18 May 1992, R. Kergosien (1 ♂); same collector and locality, 15 May 1997, CNC slide 16680 (1 ♂); Jackson Co., Grand Bay
<normalizedToken id="5674B188139FD7376704ABE841E4E472" originalValue="Nat’l">Nat'l</normalizedToken>
Wildlife Refuge, N 30°41.3' W 60°40.6', coastal marsh savanna, 21 July 2014, J. Bolling Sullivan, barcodes 14-NCCC-470, 471, 472, 473, 474 &amp; 475 (5 ♂). Texas. Jackson Co., Deutechburg, 7 Oct. 1974, A. &amp; M.E. Blanchard, slide CNC 16682 (1 ♂); Brownsville, 6-11, Geo. Dorner (1 ♂). CNC, EHMC, JBSC, MEM, USNM, VABC.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="309CA8EEC650D03859AC0F8ACA773B4F" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="A8C50AB6767F37C3E2257D4279EACB58" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="415866BBE755FB6F6E1D442275775FA9" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">We name this species after Vernon A. Brou, Jr. in recognition of his impressive and tireless efforts in collecting and researching the Lepidoptera of Louisiana.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="00EE78113AB7FFABFFE59931CECF2EA5" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4C17C71101132C372EAE4EC1BD52CFC1" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="143FF9C34C80684F0C315B2CD9814898" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
This species occurs with
<taxonomicName id="D148501C05D22BDFF77FB1D264ECBD8B" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes latistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latistriga">Doryodes latistriga</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2F37FDAB175599133C6F6B625106B417" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes reineckei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reineckei">Doryodes reineckei</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="FE4BDF57FA654919D2474796D2DA52FD" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes tenuistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuistriga">Doryodes tenuistriga</taxonomicName>
in coastal salt marsh habitats from Alabama to southern Texas.
<taxonomicName id="19E5635CFE6E742A7611D753117187FD" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes broui" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broui">Doryodes broui</taxonomicName>
is superficially indistinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="3F9D11F61DE125A697444943AB4754C4" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes spadaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spadaria">Doryodes spadaria</taxonomicName>
, but differs from it in male genitalia, barcodes, and occurs far to the west of the known range of
<taxonomicName id="E937A374B9B16BD21ECA46A761B9B345" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes spadaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spadaria">Doryodes spadaria</taxonomicName>
. It can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="FD33E0FC80B3C97ECB16BD5A16D58683" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes reineckei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reineckei">Doryodes reineckei</taxonomicName>
in having a sharply-defined longitudinal dark stripe on the forewing, and from
<taxonomicName id="7CE84F0619CED8AA2858760A947366CC" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes latistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latistriga">Doryodes latistriga</taxonomicName>
by the narrower forewing stripe in
<taxonomicName id="973CE08867F94D1A6BBA95A0D3A65871" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes broui" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broui">Doryodes broui</taxonomicName>
. It is most likely to be confused with
<taxonomicName id="C6EC31D97F17C5DEB8B768E3BB81BBE7" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes tenuistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuistriga">Doryodes tenuistriga</taxonomicName>
, which typically is larger, but because of variation in both species, some specimens must be dissected or barcoded, for positive identification. The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="E3620A44A0A01CCC978719498E330667" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes broui" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broui">Doryodes broui</taxonomicName>
are most similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4B2E2354D71E22F3A39B2A007B6E11F6" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes latistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latistriga">Doryodes latistriga</taxonomicName>
, but the diverticula and cornuti are smaller, especially the terminal diverticulum (# 5), which is short and rounded, not elongated as in
<taxonomicName id="8F0374CF0784F901B92FDC280F2F13ED" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes latistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latistriga">Doryodes latistriga</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE781C6B41643F9B706CBE42AF117AA3" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D69D90644972DFC3B5229DB88E241E6" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
Forewing length: 13.0-15.5 mm (males), 13.5-17.0 mm (females), Forewing buffy brown to whitish gray with faint buffy streaks, darker forms in colder months; longitudinal stripe dark brown, similar in width to that of
<taxonomicName id="E6727831C68C339BB8BBC2DBBE64A548" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes spadaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spadaria">Doryodes spadaria</taxonomicName>
, narrower than for
<taxonomicName id="ED69EA94FC977670785D8654BC9418E5" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes latistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latistriga">Doryodes latistriga</taxonomicName>
, wider than for
<taxonomicName id="8136BF44C6CBAA34B18793FCFA90358B" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes tenuistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuistriga">Doryodes tenuistriga</taxonomicName>
. Male genitalia. Aedeagus 8
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<pageBreakToken id="70BE77ABB7F357E279B6584AF881C6AD" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" start="start">as</pageBreakToken>
long as mesial width; vesica with dorsolateral toothed triangular cornutus on left side of basal part of vesica distal to end of aedeagus; a sclerotized plate in anterior 90° bend in vesica at position of ductus seminalis; posterior curve in vesica extended posteriorly into rounded diverticulum 1 with toothed preapical cornutus; diverticulum 2 on left side reduced to low bulge with large conical cornutus in middle; preapical posterior diverticulum (# 4) tapered with conical cornutus at distal base and also at base of short rounded apical diverticulum 5. The female genitalia are similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="D736EB64639BEE97E13AD442FBB1BCCA" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes latistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latistriga">Doryodes latistriga</taxonomicName>
, but the appendix bursae is rounded posteriorly and only lightly sclerotized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="724CFFEAD982254A6002FA9FBA7FBD2B" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" type="distribution and biology">
<paragraph id="89B29A3D34F1462E8A9ABEBEB29D3E26" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FB865EE6701FCDEA5A85825B7C6E7550" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="E2C0015197B4FEC6C9B3092B31721578" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Doryodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Doryodes broui" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broui">Doryodes broui</taxonomicName>
occurs from Alabama to southern Texas. Nothing is known of its biology. Adults occur throughout the year, but concentration of collecting dates suggests a primary brood between mid-March and mid-June and a secondary protracted brood between late July and mid-October (V.A. Brou Jr. pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic reassessment of chaetognaths (Chaetognatha, Sagittoidea, Aphragmophora) from Korean waters</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Choo, Seohwi</mods:namePart>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Shape and position of seminal vesicles A Aidanosagitta regularis (elongated) B Ferosagitta robusta (pear shape) C Pseudosagitta lyra (spherical shape) D Zonosagitta nagae (conical shape) E Flaccisagitta enflata (spherical shape) F Serratosagitta pacifica (seminal shape with chitinous teeth)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704190" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Figs 6F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Grasping spine A abruptly curved hooks (Krohnitta subtilis, Krohnittidae) B gently curved and not serrated hooks (Ferosagitta robusta, Sagittidae) C gently curved and serrated hooks (Serratosagitta pacifica, Sagittidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704192" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">, 8C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Position and shape of corona ciliata A Aidanosagitta regularis B Pterosagitta draco C Serratosagitta pacifica D Flaccisagitta enflata." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704194" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">, 10C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">, 13A-E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1940" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Sagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sagitta serratodentata subsp. pacifica" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="subSpecies" species="serratodentata" subSpecies="pacifica">Sagitta serratodentata pacifica</taxonomicName>
: Tokioka, 1959: 72-80 p., fig. 10, table 10;
<bibRefCitation author="Park, JS" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="245 - 252" refId="B63" refString="Park, JS, Lee, SS, Kang, YS, Lee, BD, Hun, SH, 1990. The distributions of copepods and chaetognaths in the southern waters of Korea and their relationship to the characteristics of water masses. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 23 (3): 245 - 252" title="The distributions of copepods and chaetognaths in the southern waters of Korea and their relationship to the characteristics of water masses." volume="23" year="1990">Park et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 52-54 p. figs 31, 32.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1940" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Sagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sagitta pacifica" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="pacifica">Sagitta pacifica</taxonomicName>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
, 1961: 71 p., fig. A, B, table 2;
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, A" journalOrPublisher="University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B4" refString="Alvarino, A, 1967. The Chaetognatha of the NAGA Expedition (1959-1961): In the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (Vol. 4). University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography" title="The Chaetognatha of the NAGA Expedition (1959 - 1961): In the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (Vol. 4)." year="1967">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
1967
</bibRefCitation>
: 36-39 p., fig. 22A-D;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-04402002" author="Pierrot-Bults, AC" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="215 - 234" refId="B68" refString="Pierrot-Bults, AC, 1974. Taxonomy and zoogeography of certain members of the &quot; Sagitta serratodentata -group&quot; (Chaetognatha). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 44 (2): 215 - 234, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-04402002" title="Taxonomy and zoogeography of certain members of the &quot; Sagitta serratodentata - group &quot; (Chaetognatha)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-04402002" volume="44" year="1974">Pierrot-Bults 1974</bibRefCitation>
: 221-222 p., fig. 6;
<bibRefCitation author="Francisco, PP" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta Betin" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="225 - 240" refId="B26" refString="Francisco, PP, 1977. Taxonomy of the chaetognaths of the bight of panama. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta Betin 9: 225 - 240" title="Taxonomy of the chaetognaths of the bight of panama." volume="9" year="1977">Francisco 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 226-229 p., plate 1;
<bibRefCitation author="Srinivasan, M" journalOrPublisher="Technical Monograph" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 47" refId="B80" refString="Srinivasan, M, 1979. Taxonomy and Ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of water masses. Zoological Survey of India. Technical Monograph 3: 1 - 47" title="Taxonomy and Ecology of Chaetognatha of the west coast of India in relation to their role as indicator organisms of water masses. Zoological Survey of India." volume="3" year="1979">Srinivasan 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 27-29 p., fig. 15A-G;
<bibRefCitation author="Kim, WR" journalOrPublisher="R" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B36" refString="Kim, WR, 1987. Taxonomical study on the chaetognaths in Korean waters. Master Thesis, University of Hanyang, Seoul, South Korea." title="Taxonomical study on the chaetognaths in Korean waters. Master Thesis, University of Hanyang, Seoul, South Korea." year="1987">Kim 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 18-20 p., plate 3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tokioka" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Serratosagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Serratosagitta pacifica" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="pacifica">Serratosagitta pacifica</taxonomicName>
: Tokioka, 1965: 345-346 p.;
<bibRefCitation author="Lutschinger, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Plankton Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B45" refString="Lutschinger, S, 1993. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Chaetognatha (arrow worms). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 101." title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Chaetognatha (arrow worms). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 101." year="1993">Lutschinger 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 30-31 p., fig. 15 A-B.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-05" collectorName="Strait" country="Korea" elevation="25" latitude="33.4084" location="Korea" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="127.91" specimenCount="two">
<collectingCountry name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
<collectorName>Strait</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="24.504" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="33.4084">33°24.504'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="127" direction="east" minutes="54.600" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.91">127°54.600'E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="0.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="0.0">0-50 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, oblique towing with MOCNESS,
<collectingDate value="2019-05">May 2019</collectingDate>
, NIBRIV0000895311 (
<specimenCount type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-02" collectingMethod="oblique towing with conical net" collectorName="Strait" country="Korea" elevation="48" latitude="33.56" location="northern East" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="127.566696" specimenCount="one">
<collectingCountry name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
<collectorName>Strait</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="33.600" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="33.56">33°33.600'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="127" direction="east" minutes="34.002" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.566696">127°34.002'E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="48.0" valueMax="96.0" valueMin="0.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="48.0" valueMax="96.0" valueMin="0.0">0-96 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
,
<collectingMethod>oblique towing with conical net</collectingMethod>
,
<collectingDate value="2020-02">Feb 2020</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8ABB4FEC60B57B2A94DC4E8BD18CAE4:046D9E528952E73695633A11E07EDD1D" country="Korea" latitude="33.56" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="127.566696" name="northern East">northern East</location>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-02" collectingMethod="oblique towing with conical net" collectorName="Sea" country="China" elevation="50" latitude="32.55" location="northern East" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.5" specimenCount="three">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
<collectorName>Sea</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="33.000" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="32.55">32°33.000'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="126" direction="east" minutes="30.000" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="126.5">126°30.000 E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0-100 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
,
<collectingMethod>oblique towing with conical net</collectingMethod>
,
<collectingDate value="2020-02">Feb 2020</collectingDate>
, NIBRIV0000895310 (
<specimenCount type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8ABB4FEC60B57B2A94DC4E8BD18CAE4:912277C3A70786C062176E59C6D52D1C" country="China" latitude="32.55" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.5" name="northern East">northern East</location>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-02" collectingMethod="oblique towing with conical net" collectorName="Sea" country="China" elevation="60" latitude="32.0" location="China" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="127.0683" specimenCount="two">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
<collectorName>Sea</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="00.000" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="32.0">32°00.000'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="127" direction="east" minutes="4.098" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.0683">127°4.098'E</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="60.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="0.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="60.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="0.0">0-120 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
,
<collectingMethod>oblique towing with conical net</collectingMethod>
,
<collectingDate value="2020-02">Feb 2020</collectingDate>
,
<specimenCount type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
Total body length ranged within 11.8 and 13.7 mm. Tail 23.4-24.9% of body length. Hooks 6-7. Anterior 10-13 and posterior teeth 16-25. Rigid and opaque body (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13A</figureCitation>
). Small head (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13A, B</figureCitation>
). Grasping spines serrated on edge (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Grasping spine A abruptly curved hooks (Krohnitta subtilis, Krohnittidae) B gently curved and not serrated hooks (Ferosagitta robusta, Sagittidae) C gently curved and serrated hooks (Serratosagitta pacifica, Sagittidae)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704192" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">8C</figureCitation>
). Collarette absent (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Position and shape of corona ciliata A Aidanosagitta regularis B Pterosagitta draco C Serratosagitta pacifica D Flaccisagitta enflata." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704194" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">10C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13A</figureCitation>
). Rectangular eyes with
<normalizedToken originalValue="“T”">&quot;T&quot;</normalizedToken>
shaped eye pigments (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13B</figureCitation>
). Intestinal diverticula absent (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Position and shape of corona ciliata A Aidanosagitta regularis B Pterosagitta draco C Serratosagitta pacifica D Flaccisagitta enflata." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704194" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">10C</figureCitation>
). Anterior fins spanned 21.9% of body length. Anterior fins completely rayed beginning between ventral ganglion and caudal septum. Starting point of anterior fins 34.6% and ending points of anterior fins 55.1% of body length, respectively (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13A, D</figureCitation>
). Posterior fins 26.2% of body length and 1.2 times longer than anterior fins. Starting points of posterior fins 63.7% and ending points of posterior fins 89.7% of body length, respectively. Posterior fins well-separated from anterior fins (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13A, E</figureCitation>
). Caudal fin triangular shaped (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13A, C</figureCitation>
). Seminal vesicles touched or closed to lateral fins and well-separated from tail fin (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13C</figureCitation>
) with elongated knob facing obliquely forward and teeth-like appendages forming 5-10 distal protrusions. Eggs reached anterior of anterior fins. Collarette beginning in front of eyes and extended over neck (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Position and shape of corona ciliata A Aidanosagitta regularis B Pterosagitta draco C Serratosagitta pacifica D Flaccisagitta enflata." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704194" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">10C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. A Serratosagitta pacifica (dorsal view) B head C tail D anterior fin E posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">13A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704197" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Figure 13.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tokioka" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Serratosagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Serratosagitta pacifica" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Serratosagitta pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(dorsal view)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">B</emphasis>
head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
tail
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">D</emphasis>
anterior fin
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">E</emphasis>
posterior fin. Abbreviations: AF = anterior fin; AT = anterior teeth; CC = corona ciliata; COL = collarette; E = eye; PF = posterior fin; PT = posterior teeth; SV = seminal vesicle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
This species is found in the epipelagic (0-200 m depth) and mesopelagic zones (200-500 m depth) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, A" journalOrPublisher="University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B4" refString="Alvarino, A, 1967. The Chaetognatha of the NAGA Expedition (1959-1961): In the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (Vol. 4). University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography" title="The Chaetognatha of the NAGA Expedition (1959 - 1961): In the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (Vol. 4)." year="1967">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
1967
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Pierrot-Bults, AC" editor="Bone, Q" journalOrPublisher="Oxford Science Publications, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="86 - 116" refId="B70" refString="Pierrot-Bults, AC, Nair, VR, 1991. Distribution patterns in Chaetognatha. In: Bone, Q, Kapp, H, Pierrot-Bults, AC, Eds., The Biology of the Chaetognaths. Oxford Science Publications, New York: 86 - 116" title="Distribution patterns in Chaetognatha." volumeTitle="The Biology of the Chaetognaths." year="1991">Pierrot-Bults and Nair 1991</bibRefCitation>
), the epipelagic zone of Red Sea, Californian waters (
<bibRefCitation author="Pierrot-Bults, AC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Zoologisch Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="19 - 30" refId="B69" refString="Pierrot-Bults, AC, 1976. Histology of the seminal vesicles in the &quot; Sagitta serratodentata -group&quot; (Chaetognatha). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum 5 (4): 19 - 30" title="Histology of the seminal vesicles in the &quot; Sagitta serratodentata - group &quot; (Chaetognatha)." volume="5" year="1976">Pierrot-Bults 1976</bibRefCitation>
) and the Tosa Bay in Japan (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.9.176" author="Ohnishi, T" journalOrPublisher="Plankton &amp; Benthos Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="176 - 187" refId="B59" refString="Ohnishi, T, Ueda, H, Kuroda, K, 2014. Community structure and spatial distribution of chaetognaths in Tosa Bay on the temperate Kuroshio coast of Japan. Plankton &amp; Benthos Research 9 (3): 176 - 187, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.9.176" title="Community structure and spatial distribution of chaetognaths in Tosa Bay on the temperate Kuroshio coast of Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.9.176" volume="9" year="2014">Ohnishi et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). In this study, it was distributed in the epipelagic zone (0-50 m depth) of the Korea Strait and northern East China Sea (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Sampling stations in Korean waters. Empty circles, sampling stations; filled circles, the stations where the chaetognaths were secured." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/704185" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">1</figureCitation>
: stations KS06, KS07, nECS01 and nECS04).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
This species mainly inhabits Indo-pacific warm-water masses (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1959.4.1.0001" author="Bieri, R" journalOrPublisher="Limnology and Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 28" refId="B6" refString="Bieri, R, 1959. The Distribution of the Planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their Relationship to the Water Masses 1. Limnology and Oceanography 4 (1): 1 - 28, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1959.4.1.0001" title="The Distribution of the Planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their Relationship to the Water Masses 1." url="https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1959.4.1.0001" volume="4" year="1959">Bieri 1959</bibRefCitation>
). In the Pacific Ocean, it is a known indicator species of the Kuroshio Water Mass (
<bibRefCitation author="Kim, WR" journalOrPublisher="R" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B36" refString="Kim, WR, 1987. Taxonomical study on the chaetognaths in Korean waters. Master Thesis, University of Hanyang, Seoul, South Korea." title="Taxonomical study on the chaetognaths in Korean waters. Master Thesis, University of Hanyang, Seoul, South Korea." year="1987">Kim 1987</bibRefCitation>
). In this study, the temperature range of sampling locations was 16.37-20.57 °C and salinity ranged between 34.48-34.61 psu.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
The seminal vesicles are used as an important morphological feature to identify the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tokioka &amp; Pathansali" authorityYear="1963" class="Sagittoidea" family="Sagittidae" genus="Serratosagitta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Serratosagitta" order=" Aphragmophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chaetognatha" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Serratosagitta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. serratodentata" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" rank="species" species="serratodentata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">S. serratodentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has thick collarette tissue in front of the seminal vesicles and two projections at the anterior-lateral corner. The seminal vesicles touch the end of posterior fins (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, A" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B2" refString="Alvarino, A, 1961. Two new chaetognaths from the Pacific. Pacific Science 15 (1): 67 - 77" title="Two new chaetognaths from the Pacific." volume="15" year="1961">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
1961
</bibRefCitation>
). The seminal vesicles of
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. pseudoserratodentata" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" rank="species" species="pseudoserratodentata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">S. pseudoserratodentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have one projection at the front corner, with small teeth at the anterior end. The seminal vesicles are well-separated from the posterior fins and caudal fin (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, A" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B2" refString="Alvarino, A, 1961. Two new chaetognaths from the Pacific. Pacific Science 15 (1): 67 - 77" title="Two new chaetognaths from the Pacific." volume="15" year="1961">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
1961
</bibRefCitation>
). In the
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">S. pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(nine specimens), the number of protrusions vary between 5 and 10. The inner serrated row of the grasping spine and the &quot;teeth cells&quot; forming protrusions at the anterior margin of the seminal vesicles were consistent with previous records (
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarino, A" journalOrPublisher="University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B4" refString="Alvarino, A, 1967. The Chaetognatha of the NAGA Expedition (1959-1961): In the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (Vol. 4). University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography" title="The Chaetognatha of the NAGA Expedition (1959 - 1961): In the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (Vol. 4)." year="1967">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alvariño">Alvarino</normalizedToken>
1967
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Pierrot-Bults, AC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Zoologisch Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="19 - 30" refId="B69" refString="Pierrot-Bults, AC, 1976. Histology of the seminal vesicles in the &quot; Sagitta serratodentata -group&quot; (Chaetognatha). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum 5 (4): 19 - 30" title="Histology of the seminal vesicles in the &quot; Sagitta serratodentata - group &quot; (Chaetognatha)." volume="5" year="1976">Pierrot-Bults 1976</bibRefCitation>
). We observed three specimens for CBE staining pattern: dorsomedian line 43 dots; dorsolateral line, 54-69 dots; lateral line, 24 dots; receptors on the lateral fin, 10 dots; anterolateral receptors on the caudal fin, 2 dots; posterior receptors on the caudal fin, 3-4 dots. The dorsomedian dots are patterned as small spots that cross the centre of the body and larger symmetrical spots on dorsolateral line dots.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>