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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName authority="Roger" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens Roger</taxonomicName>
Figs 77, Fig. 88d
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="131 - 214" title="Die neu aufgefuehrten Gattungen und Arten meines Formiciden-Verzeichnisses nebst Ergaenzung einiger frueher gegebenen Beschreibungen." url="10.1002/mmnd.18630070116" volume="7" year="1863 a">Roger 1863a</bibRefCitation>
: 198 (s.w.q.) CUBA. Wheeler, W.M. 1905: 92 (m.). Neotype designated: Barrajagua, Las Villas, CUBA (E.O. Wilson):
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="tuberculata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="tuberculata">tuberculata</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="exigua" variety="tuberculata">Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="511 - 632" title="Suedamerikanische Formiciden." volume="37" year="1887">Mayr 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 585 (s.) St. Catharina, BRAZIL. Subspecies of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="137 - 241" title="Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. VI-XVI." volume="26" year="1894">Emery 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 157. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="vincentensis" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="vincentensis">vincentensis</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="vincentensis">Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="333 - 418" title="Formicides de l'Antille St. Vincent, recoltees par Mons. H. H. Smith." volume="1893" year="1893 a">Forel 1893a</bibRefCitation>
: 411 (s.w.q.m.) SAINT VINCENT. Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="gracilior" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="gracilior">gracilior</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" race="gracilior" rank="race" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens r. gracilior</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="43 - 82" title="Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex-, Dacryon-, Podomyrma- und Echinopla-Arten." volume="18" year="1901 a">Forel 1901a</bibRefCitation>
: 78 (s.w.q.) GERMANY (intercepted in quarantine, from West Indies). Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="haytiana" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="haytiana">haytiana</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. haytiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="haytiana">Pheidole flavens var. haytiana</taxonomicName>
Forel 1907: 6 (w.) HAITI, Port-au-Prince (Keitel). Wheeler, W.M. &amp; Mann, 1914: 24 (s.q.m.). Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="spei" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="spei">spei</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="st." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="stage" species="flavens" stage="spei">Pheidole flavens st. spei</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="75 - 83" title="Quelques fourmis de Cuba et du Bresil." volume="14" year="1930">Santschi 1930</bibRefCitation>
: 77 (s.w.) CUBA, Pinar del Rio, Punta Esperanza, 4.i.2030, 7 s., 10 w. (Bierig). Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="aechmeae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="aechmeae">aechmeae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="floridana" subspecies="aechmeae">Pheidole floridana subsp. aechmeae</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, W.M. 1934: 166 (s.w.) MEXICO, Camaron near Mirador, Vera Cruz, in
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aechmea bracteata" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteata">Aechmea bracteata</taxonomicName>
, No. 472 (Skwarra). Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName lsidName="greggi" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="greggi">greggi</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole greggi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greggi">Pheidole greggi</taxonomicName>
Naves, 1985: 62, figs. 21, 45, 57 (s.w.) U.S.A., Miami, Florida, 19.xii.1945 (W.F. Buren). Junior synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 419.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis among introduced pheidole">
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Diagnosis among introduced
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
See notes under
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
-complex. Neotype major: HW 0.72, HL 0.74, SL 0.42, CI 103, SI 58. Paraneotype minor: HW 0.34, HL 0.42, SL 0.34, CI 124. SI 100. Non-type measurements, major: HW 0.68-0.83, HL 0.74-0.88, SL 0.39-0.42, CI 87-97, SI 52-59. Non-type measurements, minor: HW 0.34-0.45, HL 0.39-0.49, SL 0.34-0.42, CI 81-93, SI 89-104.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
-complex along with a putatively large number of other nominal taxa. However, the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
group as conceived by
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
is now known to be polyphyletic (
<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals the repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="224 - 239" title="Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020" volume="48" year="2008">Moreau 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Readers are referred to the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
-complex for additional discussion of identification, taxonomy and systematics. The taxonomy of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
and its close relatives remains in a state of confusion. It is beyond the scope of the present study to resolve this issue, but we contribute the following discussion as a step towards that goal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">
<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
flavens
</taxonomicName>
was originally described by Roger from Cuba, but the type material is considered to be lost.
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
designated a neotype from Cuba and synonymized a total of eight nominal taxa with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
. Of these,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole greggi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greggi">Pheidole greggi</taxonomicName>
Naves (Florida) and perhaps
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="st." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="stage" species="flavens" stage="spei">Pheidole flavens st. spei</taxonomicName>
Santschi (Mexico) are most similar to the Cuban neotype. They, together with the types of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="moerens" subspecies="creola">Pheidole moerens subsp. creola</taxonomicName>
, are the only specimens examined thus far that have clearly reticulated rugulae posterior to the scrobes of major workers.
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Naves’">Naves'</normalizedToken>
(1985
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 55) concept of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
Roger, at least as evidenced by his figures and descriptions, more closely matches our concept
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
, a species that is spreading across the southeastern United States. The syntype major of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="vincentensis">Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis</taxonomicName>
Forel differs substantially from the neotype in that the head is completely glossy between the rugulae, which are themselves entirely longitudinal and do not extend far beyond the maximum extent of the antennal scapes in repose. These characters make it at least superficially more similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" race="gracilior" rank="race" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens r. gracilior</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
were both described by Forel from workers intercepted at a Hamburg quarantine facility, which is testament to the dispersive ability of this complex. The syntype major of the latter species and that of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="floridana" subspecies="aechmeae">Pheidole floridana subsp. aechmeae</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, also described from Mexico, are quite similar.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="exigua" variety="tuberculata">Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata</taxonomicName>
Mayr has the strongly convex head and promesonotal dome of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exigua">Pheidole exigua</taxonomicName>
Mayr, and also exhibits tuberculate angles on the mesonotal declivity. Type specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. haytiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="haytiana">Pheidole flavens var. haytiana</taxonomicName>
Forel were not examined for this study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
The only material from outside Central America and the Caribbean that we were able to confirm as matching the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wilson’s">Wilson's</normalizedToken>
neotype was from Florida. The Florida populations referred to here as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
are almost certainly heterospecific. We suspect that Nearctic records of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
outside of Florida such as those reported from Louisiana (
<bibRefCitation author="Colby, D" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="266 - 269" title="Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in wet longleaf pine savannas in Louisiana." url="10.1653/0015-4040(2006)89[266:AHFIWL]2.0.CO;2" volume="89" year="2006">Colby and Prowell 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Dash, ST" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1056 - 1066" title="Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana." url="10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.1056" volume="101" year="2008">
Dash and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooper-Bùi">Hooper-Bui</normalizedToken>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
) refer to either
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
or the species we are treating as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
in the southeastern USA.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
The biology of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
, as currently conceived, was reviewed by
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
with contributing observations by Jack Longino. The species prefers rotting wood, but also nest beneath the bark of trees, in dead knots on tree trunks, in sod on rocks, in the soil beneath stones, and in epiphyte masses. In the Caribbean it is recorded from forests and thickets from sea level to 900 m, and in Costa Rica it occurs in both wet and dry forests below 1000 m. The nest galleries are diffuse and irregular. Mature colonies are large containing up to thousands of workers. Workers collect small arthropods and will recruit to sugar baits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
is among the most widespread and abundant species of its genus in the New World, although this range might be representative of multiple cryptic species. As currently conceived, however, we consider
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
native from southern Mexico east through the Caribbean and south to Uruguay and northern Argentina. It is difficult to know whether the disjunction separating the western and eastern regions of South America is accurate or a sampling artifact. The Florida population is believed to have derived from an accidental introduction by commerce (
<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="risk statement">
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<pageBreakToken pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">Risk</pageBreakToken>
statement.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
(or at least
<normalizedToken originalValue="it’s">it's</normalizedToken>
very close relatives) are easily transported long distances, and are known to hitchhike with fresh plant material (
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
). However, the species is not known to cause significant impact to agricultural systems or native ecosystems, and is not considered a house pest (
<bibRefCitation author="Hedges, SA" journalOrPublisher="G. I. E. Inc., Publishers, Cleveland, OH" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" title="Field guide for the management of structure-infesting ants" year="1998">Hedges 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Klotz, JH" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="109 - 118" title="A survey of the urban pest ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of peninsular Florida." url="10.2307/3495674" volume="78" year="1995">Klotz et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="06EDD540F299DD704E4357A0F985A23C" authorityName="Ehlers" authorityYear="1884" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Anillus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="455" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dohrni">Anillus dohrni</taxonomicName>
Ehlers, 1884: 36. Type locality:
<normalizedToken id="FECE81A73B8A38D5F144AAED00C64605" originalValue="«Florida»">&quot;Florida&quot;</normalizedToken>
(original citation). Holotype [by monotypy] (♀) in ANSP [# 8165]. Etymology. The species was proposed in honor of the German entomologist Carl August Dohrn [1806-1892]. Wealthy by inheritance, Dohrn specialized in
<taxonomicName id="7B660A86145FE7D7768B705BD32BB92E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Coleoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="455" pageNumber="456" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph id="8AA91ACEBC7877B821FCDCC5EAB88DE3" pageId="455" pageNumber="456">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="013DA1814194679F05919AC9BCDBEFD4" pageId="455" pageNumber="456">This species is known only from the holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="79795A6370C9EC1385CE5E7C05B49F6A" pageId="455" pageNumber="456">Records.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="892283F39E7E83FF68E8F9C5E9C5073A" bold="true" pageId="455" pageNumber="456">USA</emphasis>
: FL
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<paragraph id="2EF2B73E9708359FE29F9065C7500F3D" pageId="455" pageNumber="456">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54CB02E50DF3421D92A077C2E9D1BBFF" pageId="455" pageNumber="456">
Jeannel (1963a: 76-77) reported that &quot;Horn (1888: 27)&quot; doubted the state provenance of the holotype and that the specimens in the USNM from Clayton, Georgia belong to
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<emphasis id="18EEF10C8C2A160360D8584A599CED7D" italics="true" pageId="455" pageNumber="456">Anillinus dohrni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I have not found any statement of that sort made by Horn. On the other hand, Schwarz (1891: 24) had &quot;some doubt regarding the correctness of the [type] locality.&quot;
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/469C4A18-15B6-45AC-8F94-81B2D675F492" class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The new species is named after friend and fellow arachnologist Ligia Benavides for her work on Neotropical
<taxonomicName family="Neogoveidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="family">Neogoveidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">♂ holotype: Ecuador, Napo, Sumaco-Galeras National Park, Pacto Sumaco (-0.66577°, -77.59813°, 1526 m), 15-16 February 2014, A.B. Kury and A.P.L. Giupponi leg.; ♀ (1) paratype: same data as holotype (QCAZ 322). ♂ (1) and ♀ (1) paratypes: same data as holotype (MCZ 45452); ♂ (3, of which 1 mounted for SEM) and ♀ (8, of which 1 mounted for SEM) paratypes: same data as holotype (MNRJ 8434).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Small animals, maximum body length 1.5 mm; body outline on dorsal view oblong (Fig. 1A); eyes and eye lenses absent (Figs 1A, C, D); spiracles circular (Fig. 2B) (sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Giribet, G" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Arachnology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="110 - 128" title="A cladistic analysis of the cyphophthalmid genera (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi)." url="10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0110:ACAOTC]2.0.CO;2" volume="30" year="2002">Giribet and Boyer 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 115); ventral prosomal complex with coxae II-IV fused, coxae I free, sternum absent, area of contact with coxal lobe III forming a complex arch delimiting the coxal pores (Figs 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–">B-</normalizedToken>
2D); gonostome semicircular with concave posterior margin (Fig. 2D); ventral opisthosomal region with anal glands on sternal part of corona analis (Figs 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–">C-</normalizedToken>
2C); spermatopositor with two pairs of shorter robust microtrichiae A, four pairs of much elongate microtrichiae B, three pairs of subapical microtrichiae C not as long as B, two pairs of movable fingers: small apical dma located between left and right groups of microtrichiae C; much larger dmm, arising from dorso-medial lobe.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea disparunguis" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="disparunguis">Metagovea disparunguis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea oviformis" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oviformis">Metagovea oviformis</taxonomicName>
by the body longer than 1.4 mm and adenostyle sinuous changing curvature (Fig. 4D) instead of parabolic.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea philipi" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philipi">Metagovea philipi</taxonomicName>
by the much shorter basichelicerite, with only one ventral protuberance; pedipalpal trochanter clearly shorter than femur and incrassate distally; femur III dorso-apically with a protuberance; adenostyle double curved, single-pointed, pointing distally.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Figure 1.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male paratype (MNRJ 8434). A Habitus, dorsal view B Same, ventral view C Same, without appendages, lateral view D Same, frontal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male paratype (MNRJ 8434). A Ozophore, oblique view B Tracheal stigma, ventral view C Anal region D Ventral prosomal complex.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description of male">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description of male.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Measurements. Male holotype: total length: 1.5 mm, greatest width: 0.8 mm, in the posterior part of prosoma; length/width ratio: 1.88; length of chelicerae: 1.0 mm, pedipalps (trochanter to tarsus): 1.0 mm; legs I: 1.5 mm, II: 1.2 mm, III: 1.0 mm, IV: 1.3 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Color</pageBreakToken>
(in ethanol) and tegument. Body and appendages dark brown with most of dorsal and ventral surfaces and legs showing a dense tuberculate-microgranulate structure (
<bibRefCitation author="Murphree, CS" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Arachnology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="237 - 252" title="Morphology of the dorsal integument of ten opilionid species (Arachnida, Opiliones)." volume="16" year="1988">Murphree 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 239).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Body (Fig. 1A). Prosomal region occupying less than half of the body size (Fig. 1A). Anterior margin of dorsal scutum with a pair of processes lateral to chelicerae. Lateral margin of prosoma bulging considerably behind ozophores, at widest part of body. Eyes and eye lenses absent. Ozophore conical of type 2 (sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Juberthie, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1371 - 1390" title="Les genres d'Opilions Sironinae (Cyphophthalmes)." volume="41" year="1970">Juberthie 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 1373; i.e. dorso-laterally oriented) (Figs 1A, C, D, 2A). Dorsal scutum without special modifications. Opisthosomal mid-dorsal longitudinal sulcus absent (Fig. 1A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Ventral prosomal complex (Fig. 1B) with coxae II-IV fused, coxae I free, sternum absent, coxae IV separated by gonostome (Fig. 1B); gonostome semicircular with concave posterior margin (Fig. 2D). Coxal lobes I much longer than wide, narrower
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">anteriorly</pageBreakToken>
, subparallel, each armed with 2 posterior setae. Coxal lobes II anteriorly extremely thin, abruptly widening until mid-length where they start to narrow posteriorly, with 4 setae on wider part. Coxal lobes III longer than main part of coxal lobes IV; coxal lobes IV coarsely spiked in the middle, forming anterior-lateral margins of the gonostome. On the area of contact with coxal lobe III forming a complex arch delimiting the coxal pores. Coxae II-IV with rounded glandular fields at the concave part of respective coxal lobes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Spiracles circular (Fig. 2B) (
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">sensu</pageBreakToken>
<bibRefCitation author="Giribet, G" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of Arachnology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="110 - 128" title="A cladistic analysis of the cyphophthalmid genera (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi)." url="10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0110:ACAOTC]2.0.CO;2" volume="30" year="2002">Giribet and Boyer 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 115). Ventral opisthosomal region with anal glands on sternal part of corona analis (Fig. 2C, see also female). Opisthosomal tergite IX and sternites 8 and 9 fused into a corona analis (Fig. 2C). Anal plate oval. This and sternites densely covered by small conical granules and large flattened tubercles, some of them pectinate (Fig. 2C, see also female).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Chelicera (Fig. 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
) elongate, with few and spaced dorsal setae; non-protruding type (sensu
<bibRefCitation author="Giribet, G" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="387 - 406" title="Karripurcellia, a new pettalid genus (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) from Western Australia, with a cladistic analysis of the family Pettalidae." url="10.1071/IS02014" volume="17" year="2003">Giribet 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Basichelicerite with ectal surface granular, denser than ventro-mesal surface, but mesal with scale-bristles; dorso-mesal granules; with conspicuous dorsal crest and without ventral process. Second article elongate, widest near the base, without ornamentation. Dentition concentrated at the ends of the both cheliceral fingers.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 3.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male paratype (MNRJ 8434). A Left chelicera, ectal view B Right chelicera, mesal view C Left pedipalpus, ectal view D Left tarsus IV, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Pedipalp (Fig. 3C) Trochanter unarmed, with few ventro-distal setae, much thickened at distal third, doubling its height. Femur cylindrical, with few rows of setae, all over its length; surface coarsely granulose, more so on basal and middle thirds. Patella thin on basal third, abruptly thickening in middle third up to the apex where it is twice
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">as</pageBreakToken>
thick as basal third. Tegument smoother than femur and setation pattern similar to it. Tibia with abundant rows of setae, much denser than basal articles, slightly thinner at base, gradually thickening to apex. Tarsus fusiform, still more densely setose than tibia, ending in straight tubular claw.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Legs (Figs 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
). Robust, leg formula I, IV, II, III. Trochanter to metatarsus of legs I-IV densely granulated, less on Tr-Pa III, Tr IV, smooth on Ta
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
. All articles setose, density of setae increasing distally, reaching maximum on tarsi
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
. Tarsus I with a distinct solea (subapical modification where sensory hairs concentrate, Fig. 4A) taking up about 2/3rds of the tarsus length. Tarsus of leg IV undivided (Fig. 4D), with a lamelliform elongate, sinuous and acuminate adenostyle, positioned basally on the dorsal side on tarsus IV (Figs 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–">D-</normalizedToken>
4D). Claw of leg II (Figs 4B). With a distinct row of five teeth. Claws of legs III-IV beveled laterally.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Figure 4.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male paratype (MNRJ 8434). A Left leg I, retrolateral view B Right leg II, retrolateral view C Right leg III, retrolateral view D Left leg IV, retrolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Spermatopositor</pageBreakToken>
(Figs 5A, 6). Two pairs of shorter robust microtrichiae A close together on a proximal lobe. Four pairs of microtrichiae B much elongate, on the laterals. Three pairs of subapical microtrichiae C not as long as B. Two pairs of terminally fimbriate movable fingers: small apical dma located between left and right groups of microtrichiae C; much larger dmm, arising from dorso-medial lobe. More basally, near the genital orifice, a pair of sensory papillae and another of inner papillae.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 5.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male paratype (MCZ 45452). A Spermatopositor, dorsal view B Female paratype (MCZ 45452), ovipositor, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 6.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male paratype (MCZ 45452). Spermatopositor, interpretative drawing of photograph in Figure 5A. Abbreviations: A = microtrichiae A B = microtrichiae B C = microtrichiae C dma = digiti mobiles apicales dml = digiti mobiles laterales ip = inner papilae sp = sensory papilae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Known only from the type locality, Pacto Sumaco, Napo, Ecuador (Fig. 9).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Female</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
(Figs 7-8). Ventral opisthosomal region with anal glands on sternal part of corona analis as in male, consisting of isolated (on laterals, Fig. 8C) and clustered pores (Figs 8
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
). Sternal large tubercles often pectinate (Fig. 8D). Gonostome pentagonal, with coxal lobes IV and posterior margin of gonostome much wider than in male (Fig. 7B).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 7.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., female paratype (MNRJ 8434). A Habitus, ventral view B Ventral prosomatic complex C Anal region.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 8.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea ligiae" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligiae">Metagovea ligiae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., female paratype (MNRJ 8434). A Corona analis, antero-median region with clustered anal glands B Same, detail of the anal glands C Corona analis, left antero-lateral region with isolated anal glans D Same, detail of the pectinate tubercle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
All specimens were collected in an area of about 10 m2, under a house built partly on a small slope in a nature conservation area (Fig. 10A), but with a strongly disturbed secondary forest. The specimens were found beneath stones, wood
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
other
<normalizedToken originalValue="“rubbish”">&quot;rubbish&quot;</normalizedToken>
left on the ground of sometimes compacted, sometimes loose clay, and with virtually no vegetation (Fig. 10B). The area, being in a space of 30 cm to 1 meter retreated under construction, was protected from direct sunlight, but it was indirectly lit, having no aphotic parts. The humidity was high and the animals were found in groups of 2 to 5 specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Figure 9. NW South America, showing the three
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Neogoveidae" genus="Metagovea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metagovea" order="Opiliones" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metagovea</taxonomicName>
species occurring in the Andean Range. Shaded areas in the background are WWF ecoregions.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 10. Ecuador, Pacto Sumaco, showing the collecting site. A General view. B Site where the type specimens were found. Photographs by A. B. Kury.</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="54F2FCAB00954478258A65288A986B3C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34273CCD4EC0276F1155F7D2FCD43D02" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">
<materialsCitation id="BA7AFB88FC3BA3233350DF5C0E2F975C" collectingDate="1986-06-25" collectingMethod="Malaise trap" collectionCode="NTNU" collectorName="John O. Solem" country="Norway" location="Norway" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus id="6A08971E815852C87AE098043F4BDF61" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName id="69510D02D19E82C74E2D5A73B997D2EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">John O. Solem</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount id="CB49842A1AA3D0924E838465C5175273" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType id="4F4C454923F5A3A43B08B9C16DAD7675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">female</specimenType>
; Taxon: order: Hymenoptera; family: Ichneumonidae; genus: Trematopygus; specificEpithet: terebrator; scientificNameAuthorship: Hinz, 1986; Location: country:
<collectingCountry id="35DC860ABD1534C52ECAC32C650C45C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">Norway</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince:
<normalizedToken id="CD480B86DCED13918EBB0B85A6BAC6DA" originalValue="Nord-Trøndelag">Nord-Trondelag</normalizedToken>
; verbatimLocality:
<normalizedToken id="DB2345DE7675F2913E994AA8C863C485" originalValue="Høylandet">Hoylandet</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="72102EE9BD5A569303F77C4934DBA8BC" originalValue="Tverråa">Tverraa</normalizedToken>
stream; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName id="0734AC38E68F186EB71A6F0A6E2CA159" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">Alexey Reshchikov</determinerName>
; Event: samplingProtocol:
<collectingMethod id="68B5EDDBA31981757F42F9F6DF5D3B03" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
; eventDate:
<collectingDate id="5E1F73499DD0B0DC8E89C3AE07E8ABAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047" value="1986-06-25">25.VI.1986</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode id="93A3602A128747DD55915572864EFE58" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">NTNU</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8DCA6876A527712D0801FED4DC0A44F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="DC2AD65C15251667FF8E8E08CBF80B9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABF52628FA0B96B8254DE8935046BFF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1047">Western Palaearctic; Sweden and Finland.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>