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<mods:title id="53113D976E46095D699CA70B131489E2">Yosiityphlus Sawada, 1971, a new synonym of Thinobius Kiesenwetter, 1844 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23C0853F04706868CE5F9F6" authority="Sawada (1971)" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[264,698,1515,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23C0853F04706868C5FF9F6" box="[264,512,1516,1541]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Yosiityphlus kuroshio</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23C0853F34706818CE5F9F6" author="Sawada, K." box="[520,698,1515,1541]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada (1971)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
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<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23C0853F38906818CE1F89D" blockId="0.[264,1324,1515,1902]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
an endogean staphylinid described from the Kii Peninsula of Honshû,
<collectingCountry id="F303818EB23C0853F0A605798C70F9DE" box="[489,559,1555,1581]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Japan</collectingCountry>
, was placed by Sawada in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23C0853F56505798A80F9DE" baseAuthorityName="Coiffait" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[1066,1247,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlinae">Leptotyphlinae</taxonomicName>
. This placement was based on the lack of eyes; the dark tentorial maculae clearly visible on poorly pigmented yellow background; the position of the antennal insertion points and some other characters.
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23C0853F37C05E68CB6F955" author="Sawada, K." box="[563,745,1676,1702]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada (1971)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23C0853F28A05E68A0DF956" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[965,1106,1676,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23C0853F28A05E68A0DF956" box="[965,1106,1676,1701]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differed from all known genera of leptotyphlines in arrangement of the setae of the labrum, in the shape of the gular sutures and pronotum, and in having a reduced prementum. Sawada did not assign
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23C0853F016046E8FBAF8EE" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[345,485,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23C0853F016046E8FBAF8EE" box="[345,485,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to any of the described tribes of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23C0853F228046E8A8CF8ED" authority="(Coiffait 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Coiffait" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[871,1235,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlinae">
Leptotyphlinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23C0853F568046E8A95F8ED" author="Coiffait, H." box="[1063,1226,1796,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="237 - 437" refId="ref1656" refString="Coiffait, H. (1959) Monographie des Leptotyphlites (Col. Staphylinidae). Revue francaise d'Entomologie, 26, 237 - 437." type="journal article" year="1959">Coiffait 1959</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In the recent world catalogue (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23C0853F36904468C94F8B5" author="Herman, L. H." box="[550,715,1836,1862]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1807 - 2440" refId="ref1755" refString="Herman, L. H. (2001) Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of the second millennium. IV. Staphylinine group (Part 1). Euaesthetinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Oxyporinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Steninae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 265, 1807 - 2440." type="journal article" year="2001">Herman 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23C0853F39304468D37F8B6" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[732,872,1836,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23C0853F39304468D37F8B6" box="[732,872,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not assigned to any tribe of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23C0853F59304468F2BF89D" baseAuthorityName="Coiffait" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlinae">Leptotyphlinae</taxonomicName>
and listed as
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23C0853F35A043E8CE9F89E" box="[533,694,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">incertae sedis</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F07702768FE4FE25" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
The uncertain position of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F33E02768CA1FEC6" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[625,766,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F33E02768CA1FEC6" box="[625,766,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F54502768AE4FEC5" baseAuthorityName="Coiffait" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[1034,1211,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlinae">Leptotyphlinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F58202768F19FEAD" author="Sawada, K." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F019022E8FA3FEAD" author="Herman, L. H." box="[342,508,324,350]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1807 - 2440" refId="ref1755" refString="Herman, L. H. (2001) Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of the second millennium. IV. Staphylinine group (Part 1). Euaesthetinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Oxyporinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Steninae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 265, 1807 - 2440." type="journal article" year="2001">Herman 2001</bibRefCitation>
) prompted us to reexamine the original description of
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F5D1022E8F2AFE76" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F5D1022E8F2EFE76" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">Yosiityphlus kuroshio</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We consider the description and detailed illustrations published by
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F58002068F09FE5D" author="Sawada, K." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada (1971)</bibRefCitation>
to be sufficient to interpret the characters and determine the taxonomic placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F06702D68FEBFE26" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[296,436,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F06702D68FEBFE26" box="[296,436,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F077028E8AC4FDD5" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Our analysis of the original description and illustrations (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F293028E8A21FE0D" author="Sawada, K." box="[988,1150,484,510]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada 1971</bibRefCitation>
) indicates that
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F04701668FCAFDD6" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[264,405,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F04701668FCAFDD6" box="[264,405,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all known leptotyphlines in the following characters:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F077015E8A9CFD85" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
1) Antennal insertion points are above the mandible bases (Fig. A in
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F5CE015E8B7DFDBD" author="Sawada, K." box="[1153,1314,564,590]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada 1971</bibRefCitation>
) and not between the mandible bases (Fig.
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) as in leptotyphlines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F07701EE8A08FD35" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
2) Antennal article 2 is about as large as article 3 (Fig. B in Sawada 1979). In leptotyphlines article 2 is much larger than article 3 (Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F07701BE8CA4FCE5" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
3) Antennal articles 5–10 elongate (Fig. B in Sawada 1979), not strongly transverse as in leptotyphlines (Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F077004E8FA6FC45" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
4) The fused portion of the gular sutures half as long as their total length (Fig. H in
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F04700268FF1FC95" author="Sawada, K." box="[264,430,844,870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada 1971</bibRefCitation>
). In leptotyphlines the gular sutures are completely separate or partially fused, if partially fused the fused portion is no longer than 1/3 of their total length (Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F07700AE8CF2FB8D" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
5) The neck is strongly constricted, the head capsule is 1.5 times as wide as the nuchal constriction (Fig. H in
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). In leptotyphlines the nuchal constriction is just a little narrower than the head capsule (Figs.
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), the nuchal portion of the head capsule is retracted into the pronotum and the position of the head rather rigidly fixed (Figs. 1, 57,
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F07707E68D5DFB05" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
6) Tibiae are not robust and not dilated distally (Figs. A, J–K in
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), while in
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F06407DE8F83FB3D" baseAuthorityName="Coiffait" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[299,476,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlinae">Leptotyphlinae</taxonomicName>
tibiae are robust, claviform, dilated distally and often carry rows of strong setae (Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F077066E8D5AFA9D" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
7) Abdominal tergum 2 is fully developed and not covered by the elytra (Fig. A in
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) while in leptotyphlines the first completely exposed abdominal tergum is the tergum 3 (Figs. 1, 48,
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F07706168A4EFA4D" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
8) The presence of the basolateral ridges on abdominal terga (Fig. A in
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). Leptotyphlines have no such ridges (Figs. 1, 57,
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F07706A68F93F9C5" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
9) The spermatheca is small and sclerotized (Figs. N–O in
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). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F069069E8FEDF9FD" author="Pace, R." box="[294,434,1524,1550]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref1936" refString="Pace, R. (1996) Coleoptera. Staphylinidae. Leptotyphlinae. In: Fauna d'Italia, 34. Calderini, Bologna, viii + 328 pp." type="book" year="1996">Pace (1996)</bibRefCitation>
in leptotyphlines the spermatheca is large, soft and can be observed only in fresh specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E9295B23D0850F077052E8C95FE75" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23D0852F077052E8DACF8D5" blockId="1.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Considering the listed differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F27E052E8DE1F9AE" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[817,958,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F27E052E8DE1F9AE" box="[817,958,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and definitive leptotyphlines it is clear that the first does not fit the characterization of the subfamily and should be placed elsewhere. Our analysis of the description and illustrations by
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F54A05FE8AE6F95D" author="Sawada, K." box="[1029,1209,1684,1710]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada (1971)</bibRefCitation>
indicates that
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F07305D68C69F926" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[316,566,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F07305D68C69F926" box="[316,566,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Yosiityphlus kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F27505D68AC1F925" authority="Kiesenwetter, 1844" authorityName="Kiesenwetter" authorityYear="1844" box="[826,1182,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F27505D68DF0F926" box="[826,943,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thinobius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23D0852F2F705D68AC1F925" author="Kiesenwetter, E. A. H. von" box="[952,1182,1724,1750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="340 - 356" refId="ref1821" refString="Kiesenwetter, E. A. H. von (1844) Die Staphylinenfauna von Leipzig's Umgegend. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 5, 340 - 356." type="journal article" year="1844">Kiesenwetter, 1844</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F014058E8FBFF90D" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[347,480,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxytelinae">Oxytelinae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F0BE058E8C8CF90E" baseAuthorityName="K.Sawada" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[497,723,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F0BE058E8C8CF90E" box="[497,723,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thinobius kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in many respects similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F57A058E8AFBF90E" authorityName="Lobl &amp; Rychlik" authorityYear="1994" box="[1077,1188,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="korbeli">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F57A058E8AFBF90E" box="[1077,1188,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">T. korbeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The characters supporting this placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23D0852F3E504668D74F8D6" baseAuthorityName="K.Sawada" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[682,811,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23D0852F3E504668D74F8D6" box="[682,811,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">T. kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are listed below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F07702768D80FEAD" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
1) Fully developed, unmodified second abdominal sternite, mentioned in the description (
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(p. 328); cf. Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F07702068FE8FE25" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
2) Antennal insertion points are under protuberances at the anterior edge of the head capsule and above the bases of the mandibles (Fig. A in
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23E0851F2D702FE8A66FE5D" author="Sawada, K." box="[920,1081,404,430]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada 1971</bibRefCitation>
; Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F077028E8C7DFD85" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
3) Modifications on antennal segments 9 and 10 (Figs. A, B in
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23E0851F57A028E8A86FE0D" author="Sawada, K." box="[1077,1241,484,510]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada 1971</bibRefCitation>
). This character may provide additional support for placement of
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<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F2A401668ADBFDD6" box="[1003,1156,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Th. kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F5FA01668B75FDD6" authorityName="Kiesenwetter" authorityYear="1844" box="[1205,1322,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F5FA01668B75FDD6" box="[1205,1322,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thinobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because antennal modifications are known in some other species of this genus (
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F5FF015E8ABEFDBE" box="[1200,1249,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">e. g.</emphasis>
, Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F07701EE8F87FD35" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
4) Strongly exserted, prominent and conical procoxae (Fig. J in
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; Fig.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F07701BE8C3CFCCD" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
5) Both the spermathecal gland and the receptacle are well sclerotized and readily visible (Fig. O in
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23E0851F08B01968C37FCE5" author="Sawada, K." box="[452,616,764,790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="327 - 330" refId="ref1965" refString="Sawada, K. (1971) On the new genus and species of Leptotyphlinae of Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 8, 327 - 330." type="journal article" year="1971">Sawada 1971</bibRefCitation>
), as in other species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F54101968ADCFCE6" authorityName="Kiesenwetter" authorityYear="1844" box="[1038,1155,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F54101968ADCFCE6" box="[1038,1155,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thinobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F07700268C23FC7D" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
6) Acicular 4th and robust 3rd segment of the maxillary palpus (Fig. D in
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; Fig.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F07700F68C3BFBF5" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
7) The gular sutures are fused in their anterior half, in their posterior half the sutures are sharply and strongly diverging towards the base of the head (cf. Fig. H in
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and Fig.
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).
</paragraph>
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8) Narrow prohypomeron; protrochantin strongly exposed, procoxal fissure absent (cf. Fig. I in
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and Figs. 28 and
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).
</paragraph>
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9) All tarsi with 2 tarsomeres (cf. Figs. J–K in
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and Fig.
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABC11EB23E0851F07707DE8C3BFB05" blockId="2.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
10) The presence of the basolateral ridges on abdominal terga (Fig. A in
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and Fig.
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).
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F077066E8C43FAEE" baseAuthorityName="K.Sawada" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[312,540,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F077066E8C43FAEE" box="[312,540,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thinobius kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
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<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F3ED066E8D4BFAEE" box="[674,788,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. korbeli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF85BCEFB23E0851F252066E8A79FAED" author="Lobl, I. &amp; Rychlik, I." box="[797,1062,1284,1310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="25 - 32" refId="ref1850" refString="Lobl, I. &amp; Rychlik, I. (1994) Thinobius korbeli sp. nov., an anophthalmous oxyteline (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Slovakia. Entomological Problems, 25, 25 - 32." type="journal article" year="1994">Löbl &amp; Rychlík, 1994</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, an endogean, anophthalmous and wingless species described from Southern
<collectingCountry id="F303818EB23E0851F2E606468A4CFAB5" box="[937,1043,1324,1350]" name="Slovakia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
.
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<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F56506468B52FAB6" box="[1066,1293,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thinobius kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
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<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F0C8063E8FA4FA9E" box="[391,507,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. korbeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the lack of eyes and the distinct shape of head. It is not clear whether the two species are related or the similarity between them is a result of adaptation to similar habitats. This question can be addressed when males of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F55106CE8AFFFA4E" baseAuthorityName="K.Sawada" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[1054,1184,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F55106CE8AFFFA4E" box="[1054,1184,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are discovered. While most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F32106A68CBCFA16" authorityName="Kiesenwetter" authorityYear="1844" box="[622,739,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F32106A68CBCFA16" box="[622,739,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thinobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabit sandy and gravelly banks of streams,
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F45A06A68F04F9FE" authorityName="Lobl &amp; Rychlik" authorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="korbeli">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F45A06A68F04F9FE" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. korbeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected
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deep in soil in riverine forests on the bank of the
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(
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). The only known series consisting of
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specimens of
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<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F064052E8FEEF9AE" box="[299,433,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected in the Kii Peninsula,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCF5B64B23E0851F223052E8A74F9AD" box="[876,1067,1604,1630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Central Honshû</collectingMunicipality>
,
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, under rotting seaweed on a pebbly beach (
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). As adaptation to specific habitats some staphylinid lineages independently acquire unusual appearances which may disguise their true identity and in extreme cases trick researchers into placing them in wrong subfamilies. At the time of description of
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F335058E8A62F90D" authority="(Sawada 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Sawada" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[634,1085,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F335058E8D26F90E" box="[634,889,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Yosiityphlus kuroshio</emphasis>
(
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)
</taxonomicName>
, no anophthalmous oxytelines were known. For this reason, Sawada may not have considered the possibility of placing
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F0DE045E8C41F8BE" authorityName="Sawada" authorityYear="1971" box="[401,542,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Yosiityphlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F0DE045E8C41F8BE" box="[401,542,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Yosiityphlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F300045E8C8CF8BD" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[591,723,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxytelinae">Oxytelinae</taxonomicName>
. In different subfamilies (
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23E0851F569045E8A02F8BE" box="[1062,1117,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">e. g.</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23E0851F53D045E8B79F8BD" baseAuthorityName="Coiffait" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[1138,1318,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlinae">Leptotyphlinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23F0850F04702768F25FEC5" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1839" box="[264,378,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Osoriinae">Osoriinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23F0850F0FD02768C1FFEC5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[434,576,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pselaphinae">Pselaphinae</taxonomicName>
) specialized endogean staphylinids independently develop such features as poor pigmentation, short elytra, lost eyes and wings.
<taxonomicName id="4C14BA9DB23F0850F568022E8B53FEAE" baseAuthorityName="K.Sawada" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[1063,1292,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thinobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
<emphasis id="B9601D0CB23F0850F568022E8B53FEAE" box="[1063,1292,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thinobius kuroshio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is another example of such convergence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:identifier id="436F1F36AE6DFE06B27D6B94927DBAC4" type="GBIF-Dataset">5d5b1f55-cd86-4aed-a4ee-ab2ea7d21275</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D1DF269F9675403D51B49A3E5ABA721D" type="ISSN">1639-4798</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A905F8BDC9DBAA85203BF09555A0217B" type="Zenodo-Dep">5181169</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15659226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15659226" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" scope_family="Fabaceae">
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA41C75FF17FBB52356722C" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA41C75FF17FBB52356722C" blockId="1.[151,684,1090,1148]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA41C75FF17FBB520C8722C" ID-CoL="9CV84" authority="M.B. Viswan., U. Manik. &amp; A.C. Tang." authorityName="M. B. Viswan., U. Manik. &amp; A. C. Tang." authorityYear="2003" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agastyamalayana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FF17FBB52083720B" bold="true" box="[151,468,1090,1117]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Aganope agastyamalayana</emphasis>
M.B. Viswan., U. Manik. &amp; A.C. Tang.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FE2AFB972356722C" bold="true" box="[426,513,1121,1147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2000D29FFA41C75FE2AFB972356722C" box="[426,513,1121,1147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA41C75FF31FB6A20EF7332" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA41C75FF31FB6A20EF7332" blockId="1.[151,684,1180,1381]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FF31FB6A21B872E3" box="[177,239,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Affinis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA41C75FF76FB6A230F72E3" authority="(Benth.) Polhill" authorityName="Polhill" baseAuthorityName="Benth." box="[246,600,1180,1204]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FDDEFB6A20EF7332" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
ramulis, ferruflavido, sericeibus, folioliis 5 rare 3 or 7, dissimilaris, ferruflavido sericeibus, nervis lateralis, 9-15 paribus, petiolis stipulisque ferruflavido sericeibus, bracteis late ovatis ferruflavido sericeibus, filamentis glabribus, stigmatis capitellatibus, legumen tumidus, oblongus, semina tumida, ad basin concava,
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FDC3FAC423FB731D" box="[579,684,1330,1354]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="24.0">24-27 mm</quantity>
longis,
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FF58FABA20697334" box="[216,318,1356,1380]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15-18 mm</quantity>
latis, differt.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA41C75FF31FA7225677758" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA41C75FF31FA7220C77062" blockId="1.[151,684,1412,1589]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
<materialsCitation id="3B2F661DFFA41C75FF31FA72237D7056" collectingDate="2001-05-31" collectionCode="MH" collectorName="Viswanathan &amp; Manikandan" country="India" elevation="1100" latitude="8.883333" location="Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu state" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54FCD2E2FFA41C75FF31FA7221A473CD" box="[177,243,1412,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">TYPUS</typeStatus>
. —
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FEA6FA7323FB73CB" box="[294,684,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA41C75FEA6FA7320FB73CA" box="[294,428,1413,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Viswanathan</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA41C75FE52FA73230073CA" box="[466,599,1413,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Manikandan</collectorName>
14473,
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3502CD0FFA41C75FF17FA68218673E1" box="[151,209,1438,1462]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA41C75FF5DFA6820CC73E2" box="[221,411,1438,1462]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Tamil Nadu state</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E983A9BFFA41C75FE28FA6820727399" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA41C75FE28FA6820727399" country="India" latitude="8.883333" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" name="Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu state">Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</location>
(eastern slopes of Agastyamalai hills, 8°20’-
<geoCoordinate id="EE730A87FFA41C75FF54FA27204973BE" box="[212,286,1489,1513]" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" precision="925" value="8.883333">8°53’N</geoCoordinate>
and 77°10’-
<geoCoordinate id="EE730A87FFA41C75FE1EFA2720A473BE" box="[414,499,1489,1513]" degrees="77" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" precision="925" value="77.583336">77°35’E</geoCoordinate>
),
<location id="8E983A9BFFA41C75FD87FA2723FF73BE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA41C75FD87FA2723FF73BE" box="[519,680,1489,1513]" country="India" latitude="8.883333" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" name="Nondimangadu" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu state">Nondimangadu</location>
, c.
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FF30FA1C20507056" box="[176,263,1514,1538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<elevation id="006A8B73FFA41C75FF30FA1C20507056" box="[176,263,1514,1538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="m" value="1100.0">1,100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFF94A80FFA41C75FE94FA1C20F77055" box="[276,416,1514,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" value="2001-05-31">
<collectingDate id="EFBDB368FFA41C75FE94FA1C20F77055" box="[276,416,1514,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" value="2001-05-31">31 May 2001</collectingDate>
</date>
, (holo-,
<collectionCode id="ED56F485FFA41C75FE78FA1C23717056" box="[504,550,1514,1537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">MH</collectionCode>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2F661DFFA41C75FDB2FA1C20DA7062" collectingDate="2001-05-31" collectionCode="MH" collectorName="Viswanathan &amp; Manikandan" country="India" elevation="1100" latitude="8.883333" location="Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu" typeStatus="isotype">iso-, herbarium of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences)</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA41C75FF17F9A425677758" blockId="1.[151,685,1618,1668]" lastBlockId="1.[740,1247,170,271]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA41C75FF17F9A4204D70D3" authority="Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Derris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="brevipes" variety="travancorensis">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FF17F9A42072703C" box="[151,293,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Derris brevipes</emphasis>
Baker var.
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FE1BF9A42377703E" box="[411,544,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">travancorensis</emphasis>
Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv.
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="F3502CD0FFA41C75FEA1F99A200170D3" box="[289,342,1644,1668]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
6: 67, fig. 2 (1964);
<location id="8E983A9BFFA41C75FDB4F99A22477695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA41C75FDB4F99A22477695" box="[564,784,170,1668]" country="India" name="Sanjappa in Leg." pageId="1" pageNumber="206" stateProvince="Kerala">Sanjappa in Leg.</location>
<collectingCountry id="F3502CD0FFA41C75FC98FF5D22077694" box="[792,848,171,195]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
: 144 (1992). —
<typeStatus id="54FCD2E2FFA41C75FB80FF5C25607695" box="[1024,1079,170,194]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Type</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA41C75FBC3FF5C227C768C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA41C75FBC3FF5C25887694" box="[1091,1247,170,195]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">T.F. Bourdillon</collectorName>
17409,
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3502CD0FFA41C75FCB3FF32223D768B" box="[819,874,196,220]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA41C75FCF6FF3222BA768D" box="[886,1005,195,220]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Kerala state</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA41C75FC79FF35253E768D" box="[1017,1129,195,218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Travancore</collectorName>
hills (western slopes of Agastyamalai hills):
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA41C75FBC2FF2825DB76A1" box="[1090,1164,222,246]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">Velleva</collectorName>
mallay,
<date id="FFF94A80FFA41C75FD64FF0122267758" box="[740,881,246,271]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" value="1890-11-19">
<collectingDate id="EFBDB368FFA41C75FD64FF0122267758" box="[740,881,246,271]" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" value="1890-11-19">19 Nov. 1890</collectingDate>
</date>
, ±
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC0EFF0122B6775A" box="[910,993,246,271]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.333" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="m" value="2333.0">
<elevation id="006A8B73FFA41C75FC0EFF0122B6775A" box="[910,993,246,271]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.333" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="m" value="2333.0">2,333 m</elevation>
</quantity>
(MH!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA41C76FD64FED02095728F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA41C76FD64FED02095728F" blockId="1.[714,1248,294,1669]" lastBlockId="2.[151,684,171,1240]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="1" pageNumber="206">
Climbing shrubs, robust; branchlets obtusely quadrangular when young, terete when mature, striate, lenticellate, densely rusty yellowish sericeous when young, sparsely rusty yellowish sericeous when mature; stems hollow; internodes 3.5-12.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FCC4FE4922E8778F" box="[836,959,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.4">0.4-0.8 cm</quantity>
. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 16-34.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC1BFE28255A77A0" box="[923,1037,477,504]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="23.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="20.0">20-27 cm</quantity>
, densely rusty yellowish sericeous; stipules oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FCA9FDED22387463" box="[809,879,538,565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, caducous, apex acuminate; petioles canaliculate above, grooved beneath, 4.7- 14 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC85FDAF22D67425" box="[773,897,600,627]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2-0.3 cm</quantity>
; leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7, dark brown or dark brownish yellow above, pale yellowish brown beneath, unequal, larger towards apex, margin undulate and cartilaginous, apex cuspidate; first pair of laterals elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, 10.7-14.4 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FB9CFD0425F7755C" box="[1052,1184,753,780]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="6.15" valueMax="6.9" valueMin="5.4">5.4-6.9 cm</quantity>
, base obtusely rounded or obliquely rounded; second pair of laterals oblong-obovate or oblongoblanceolate, 12-19 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC4FFCB825067530" box="[975,1105,845,872]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="6.35" valueMax="7.8" valueMin="4.9">4.9-7.8 cm</quantity>
, obtusely or acutely rounded; third pair of laterals oblongelliptic, 12.2-12.9 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC30FC7D257B75F3" box="[944,1068,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="4.35" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="4.2">4.2-4.5 cm</quantity>
, base acute; terminal ones oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, 12.4-22.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FBCDFC3F258C75B5" box="[1101,1243,968,995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="10.4" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="7.3" valueMax="10.4" valueMin="4.2">4.2-10.4 cm</quantity>
, apex obtusely rounded or acute and cuspidate, margin undulate; stipels 2, linear-oblong, c. 3.8 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FD4AFBD322417269" box="[714,790,1060,1087]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
; midrib canaliculate above, grooved beneath; lateral nerves 9-15 pairs, impressed above, raised beneath, terminated faintly below margin; petiolules brownish yellow, 0.9-1.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FD4AFB69221272EF" box="[714,837,1182,1209]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.1">0.1-0.3 cm</quantity>
, canaliculate above, grooved beneath. Inflorescence in lax thyrsoid panicles, both axillary and terminal, densely rusty yellowish sericeous on peduncles, pedicels, bracts and bracteoles; peduncles quadrangular; primary panicles 7.5-45 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FCE2FACF22837305" box="[866,980,1336,1363]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="12.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="8.75" valueMax="12.5" valueMin="5.0">5-12.5 cm</quantity>
; secondary ones 3-5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FB48FACF22667327" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1- 1.5 mm</quantity>
; thyrses 10-14,
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FB86FAA125C57327" box="[1030,1170,1366,1393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="1.25" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="0.3">0.3-2.2 cm</quantity>
apart between, each 3-6-flowered, c. 1.8 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FB05FA80258B73D8" box="[1157,1244,1397,1424]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
. Flowers 1.2-1.4 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC12FA6322AF73F9" box="[914,1016,1428,1455]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.9">0.9-1 cm</quantity>
, zygomorphic; bracts 2, broadly ovate, 1.8-3.2 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC7EFA4525D1739B" box="[1022,1158,1458,1485]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2-1.5 mm</quantity>
; bracteoles 2, ovate, 1.5-2 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC5AFA24252773BC" box="[986,1136,1489,1516]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8-1.2 mm</quantity>
; pedicels brown, 0.8-2.4 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC15FA072577705D" box="[917,1056,1520,1547]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0499999999999998" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="1.0499999999999998" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="0.7">0.7-1.4 mm</quantity>
. Calyx cup campanulate, 4.6-4.8 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA41C75FC33F9F9257D707F" box="[947,1066,1550,1577]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="5.1" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="5.0">5-5.2 mm</quantity>
, oblique at one side, densely rusty yellowish sericeous outside, gland dotted inside; rim truncate but faintly 5- toothed. Standard violet and glabrous inside, brown sericeous outside, orbicular, 12-12.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF17FF3C207B76B4" box="[151,300,201,228]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.25" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="12.75" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="12.5">12.5-13 mm</quantity>
, 25-30-nerved, apex emarginate; claw to 1.8 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FEBFFF1F20DF7755" box="[319,392,232,259]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
, glabrous outside, finely sericeous inside, not adherent to keels in lower half; callosites absent; wings 2, white, oblong, 12- 12.8 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF70FEB320D67709" box="[240,385,324,351]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="3.7" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="3.5">3.5-3.9 mm</quantity>
, distinctly clawed to 4 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF17FE95218A772B" box="[151,221,354,381]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, glabrous inside, sericeous above claw to apex except glabrous on the margin toward the base; keels 2, white, oblong, 11.3-11.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FDFEFE5721AB778F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.3">3.3- 3.5 mm</quantity>
, distinctly clawed to 4.7 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FDDBFE4923FF778F" box="[603,680,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, glabrous inside, sericeous above claw and in the terminal half. Stamens 10, white with yellowish striations, diadelphous, 9 + 1, at alternate levels, 5 longer, 4 shorter, c. 12 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE43FDCC23497404" box="[451,542,569,596]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
, 10
<superScript id="7C32C108FFA71C76FDC6FDC32300741F" attach="left" box="[582,599,565,584]" fontSize="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">th</superScript>
stamen free to base; bundle 7.6-9.2 × c.
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE73FDAF231C7425" box="[499,587,600,627]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
; individual filaments c. 9.2 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE04FD81208A74C7" box="[388,477,630,657]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
; free portion of filaments c.
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE8CFD60203074F8" box="[268,359,661,688]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
in diam.,
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE61FD60233D74F8" box="[481,618,661,688]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2-1.5 mm</quantity>
long; anthers brown, dithecous, oblong, larger ones c. 1.1 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF6FFD25200174BB" box="[239,342,722,749]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
, smaller ones c. 0.9 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FDC1FD2523FF74BB" box="[577,680,722,749]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary white, linearoblong, sericeous, c. 11.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE4DFCE7237F757D" box="[461,552,784,811]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
; ovules 4-6, white, reniform, c. 0.6 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE3EFCD9234B751F" box="[446,540,814,841]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
; style white, arcuate, c. 1.8 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FED5FCB820CC7530" box="[341,411,845,872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, attenuate towards apex, glabrous; stigma pale yellow, capitellate, c. 0.2 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF17FC7D21A575F3" box="[151,242,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
. Pods flat, oblong, 9.5-14 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FDACFC7D23FF75F3" box="[556,680,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="cm" value="2.95" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="2.5">2.5-3.4 cm</quantity>
, narrowly winged on both sutures, reticulately veined, 2-3-seeded, densely rusty yellowish sericeous when young, sparsely rusty yellowish sericeous when mature, arcuate towards apex, dehiscent when dry; wing
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE32FBD323497269" box="[434,542,1060,1087]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.0">2-3.5 mm</quantity>
across; venation reticulate, alternate to seeds. Seeds reddish brown, broadly obloid and flattened, 2.4-2.7 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF17FB77204E72CD" box="[151,281,1152,1179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="cm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.5">1.5-1.8 cm</quantity>
, shiny, base concave, apex convex; hilum eccentric, c. 4 ×
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FE21FB6920AA72EF" box="[417,509,1182,1209]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
; radicle spread, c.
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF30FB4820517280" box="[176,262,1213,1240]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
across. —
<figureCitation id="137C70C5FFA71C76FEFDFB482095728F" box="[381,450,1214,1240]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,179,1589,1606]" captionTargetBox="[166,1190,248,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[166,1233,170,1593]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. — Aganope agastyamalayana M.B. Viswan., U. Manik. &amp; A.C. Tang.: A, habit (flowering twig); B, stipule; C, stipel; D, bract; E, bracteole; F, flower; G, calyx; H, standard (dorsal side); I, standard (ventral side); J, wing petals (dorsal view); K, keel petals (dorsal view); L, flower without petals; M, stamens; N, ovary; O, longitudinal section of ovary; P, transverse section of ovary; Q, pod; R, seed (lateral view); S, seed (front view). Viswanathan &amp; Manikandan 14473." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181171" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5181171/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Fig. 1.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA71C76FF31FB0123C57396" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA71C76FF31FB0123C57396" blockId="2.[151,684,1270,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">
<materialsCitation id="3B2F661DFFA71C76FF31FB0121B6730B" collectingDate="1890-11-19" collectingDateMax="2002-05-21" collectingDateMin="1890-11-19" collectionCode="MH!" collectorName="T. F. Bourdillon" country="India" county="Travancore" elevation="2333" latitude="8.883333" location="Travancore hills" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" municipality="Velleva mallay" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala state" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54FCD2E2FFA71C76FF31FB01204E735A" box="[177,281,1271,1294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
. —
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FEC6FB0123707359" box="[326,551,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA71C76FEC6FB01208C7347" box="[326,475,1271,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">T.F. Bourdillon</collectorName>
17409,
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3502CD0FFA71C76FDADFB0E23347347" box="[557,611,1272,1296]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA71C76FDEEFB0E21917370" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Kerala state</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E983A9BFFA71C76FF51FAE62038737E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA71C76FF51FAE62038737E" box="[209,367,1296,1321]" country="India" county="Travancore" latitude="8.883333" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" municipality="Velleva mallay" name="Travancore hills" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" stateProvince="Kerala state">Travancore hills</location>
(western slopes of Agastyamalai hills):
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9CF63AFFA71C76FF5FFADC20D67315" box="[223,385,1322,1346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Velleva mallay</collectingMunicipality>
,
<date id="FFF94A80FFA71C76FE0FFADC237B7315" box="[399,556,1322,1346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" value="1890-11-19">
<collectingDate id="EFBDB368FFA71C76FE0FFADC237B7315" box="[399,556,1322,1346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" value="1890-11-19">19 Nov. 1890</collectingDate>
</date>
, ±
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FDD0FADC23FB7316" box="[592,684,1322,1346]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.333" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="2333.0">
<elevation id="006A8B73FFA71C76FDD0FADC23FB7316" box="[592,684,1322,1346]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.333" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="2333.0">2,333 m</elevation>
</quantity>
(
<collectionCode id="ED56F485FFA71C76FF1FFAB22182730B" box="[159,213,1348,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">MH!</collectionCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2F661DFFA71C76FF6AFAB223D97396" collectingDate="2002-05-21" collectingDateMax="2002-05-21" collectingDateMin="1890-11-19" collectorName="Viswanathan &amp; Manikandan" country="India" county="Travancore" elevation="1100" latitude="8.883333" location="Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" municipality="Velleva" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu state" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FF6AFAB22309730D" box="[234,606,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA71C76FF6AFAB2203B730B" box="[234,364,1348,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Viswanathan</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26B20996FFA71C76FE12FAB22343730B" box="[402,532,1348,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Manikandan</collectorName>
18278
</emphasis>
,
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA71C76FDEEFAB2205D7324" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Tamil Nadu state</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E983A9BFFA71C76FE97FAAB23FB7324" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA71C76FE97FAAB23FB7324" box="[279,684,1372,1397]" country="India" county="Travancore" latitude="8.883333" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" municipality="Velleva" name="Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu state">Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</location>
(8°20’-
<geoCoordinate id="EE730A87FFA71C76FF5EFA80207C73D9" box="[222,299,1398,1422]" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" precision="925" value="8.883333">8°53’N</geoCoordinate>
, 77°10’-
<geoCoordinate id="EE730A87FFA71C76FE02FA80208F73D9" box="[386,472,1398,1422]" degrees="77" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" precision="925" value="77.583336">77°35’E</geoCoordinate>
),
<location id="8E983A9BFFA71C76FE6DFA8023D873D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA71C76FE6DFA8023D873D9" box="[493,655,1398,1422]" country="India" county="Travancore" latitude="8.883333" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="77.583336" municipality="Velleva" name="Nondimangadu" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu state">Nondimangadu</location>
, c.
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FF17FA6621AC73F1" box="[151,251,1423,1448]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<elevation id="006A8B73FFA71C76FF17FA6621AC73F1" box="[151,251,1423,1448]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1100.0">1,100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFF94A80FFA71C76FE8BFA6620F173FF" box="[267,422,1423,1448]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" value="2002-05-21">
<collectingDate id="EFBDB368FFA71C76FE8BFA6620F173FF" box="[267,422,1423,1448]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" value="2002-05-21">21 May 2002</collectingDate>
</date>
(herbarium of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA71C76FF31FA0623D170D2" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA71C76FF31FA0623D170D2" blockId="2.[151,684,1520,1669]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">
D ISTRIBUTION. —
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9CF63AFFA71C76FE45FA072365705C" box="[453,562,1521,1547]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Endemic</collectingMunicipality>
to the
<location id="8E983A9BFFA71C76FF17F9F92067707E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA71C76FF17F9F92067707E" box="[151,304,1551,1577]" latitude="8.966666" municipality="Endemic" name="Agastyamalai" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Agastyamalai</location>
hills [eastern slopes (Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA71C76FD9DF9D821997031" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Tamil Nadu state</collectingRegion>
) and western slopes (Travancore hills in
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA71C76FF17F99D204D70D2" box="[151,282,1643,1669]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Kerala state</collectingRegion>
)], 8°20’-
<geoCoordinate id="EE730A87FFA71C76FEF7F99D209E70D2" box="[375,457,1643,1669]" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" precision="925" value="8.966666">8°58’N</geoCoordinate>
, 77°10’-
<geoCoordinate id="EE730A87FFA71C76FDA5F99D23D570D2" box="[549,642,1643,1669]" degrees="77" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" precision="925" value="77.583336">77°35’E</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA71C76FD64FF5C22B775B5" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA71C76FD64FF5C25C075D1" blockId="2.[714,1247,170,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY. — Southern tropical wet evergreen forest, associated with the following trees:
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC9BFF1F258D7754" authority="Heyne ex Roxb." authorityName="Roxb." box="[795,1242,232,259]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Ardisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflora">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC9BFF1F22AD7754" box="[795,1018,233,259]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Ardisia pauciflora</emphasis>
Heyne ex Roxb.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD4AFEF122AD7776" authority="Bedd." authorityName="Bedd." box="[714,1018,263,289]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Elaeocarpaceae" genus="Elaeocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="venustus">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD4AFEF122F87777" box="[714,943,263,289]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Elaeocarpus venustus</emphasis>
Bedd.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FB88FEF122387717" authority="Wight &amp; Arn." authorityName="Wight &amp; Arn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eugenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rottleriana">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FB88FEF125887776" box="[1032,1247,263,289]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Eugenia rottleriana</emphasis>
Wight &amp; Arn.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FCFAFED3225B7708" authority="Heyne ex Roxb." authorityName="Roxb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Celastrales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dichotomus">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FCFAFED325397717" box="[890,1134,293,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Euonymus dichotomus</emphasis>
Heyne ex Roxb.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC9AFEB2258C770A" authority="Heyne ex Roth var. nervosa" box="[794,1243,324,351]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nervosa" variety="nervosa">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC9AFEB222F1770A" box="[794,934,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Ficus nervosa</emphasis>
Heyne ex Roth var.
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FB08FEB2258C770A" box="[1160,1243,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">nervosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FB5BFEB22588770A" box="[1243,1247,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD4AFE952581772A" authority="(Wight &amp; Arn.) Thw." authorityName="Thw." baseAuthorityName="Wight &amp; Arn." box="[714,1238,355,381]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Filicium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decipiens">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD4AFE9522FB772A" box="[714,940,355,381]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Filicium decipiens</emphasis>
(Wight &amp; Arn.) Thw.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD4AFE7422A777CB" authority="Wight" authorityName="Wight" authorityYear="1840" box="[714,1008,386,412]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Isonandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD4AFE7422F477CB" box="[714,931,386,412]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Isonandra lanceolata</emphasis>
Wight
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC7EFE74223377EC" authority="Cogn." authorityName="Cogn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Memecylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subcordatum">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC7EFE7423AF77EE" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Memecylon subcordatum</emphasis>
Cogn.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC0DFE5722B8778E" authority="M. B. Viswan. &amp; U. Manik." authorityName="M. B. Viswan. &amp; U. Manik." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Polyalthia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tirunelveliensis">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC0DFE57258877EC" box="[909,1247,417,443]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Polyalthia tirunelveliensis</emphasis>
M.B.Viswan. &amp; U. Manik.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC7CFE49225677AF" authority="Vahl" authorityName="Vahl" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginatus">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC7CFE492588778F" box="[1020,1247,447,473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Sapindus emarginatus</emphasis>
Vahl
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC8CFE2822BB7440" authority="(Clarke) Mahesh." authorityName="Mahesh." baseAuthorityName="Clarke" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Schefflera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="rostrata" variety="micrantha">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC8CFE28229A77A1" box="[780,973,477,504]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Schefflera rostrata</emphasis>
(Wight) Harms var.
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FB38FE2B224A7440" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">micrantha</emphasis>
(Clarke) Mahesh.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC7BFE0A25FA7440" box="[1019,1197,508,535]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Trema" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC7BFE0A25FA7440" box="[1019,1197,508,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Trema orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Blume, shrubs of
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC17FDED25267462" authority="Sw." authorityName="Sw." box="[919,1137,539,565]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Alpinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galanga">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC17FDED25137462" box="[919,1092,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Alpinia galanga</emphasis>
Sw.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FBFFFDED223B7403" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Elettaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardamomum">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FBFFFDED223B7403" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Elettaria cardamomum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Maton
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FB8FFDCF25817403" authority="Thw." authorityName="Thw." box="[1039,1238,569,596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" rank="variety" variety="major">
var.
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FBC6FDCF25DC7405" box="[1094,1163,569,594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">major</emphasis>
Thw.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD4AFDAF25647426" authority="Gard." authorityName="Gard." box="[714,1075,600,627]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Sarcandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chloranthoides">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD4AFDAF22BF7424" box="[714,1000,601,627]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Sarcandra chloranthoides</emphasis>
Gard.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FBEDFDAF258874C6" authority="Subram. &amp; Henry. Associated" authorityName="Subram. &amp; Henry. Associated" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Tabernaemontana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gamblei">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FBEDFDAF22D074C6" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Tabernaemontana gamblei</emphasis>
Subram. &amp; Henry. Associated
</taxonomicName>
herbs include
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FCF4FD6022647498" authority="Sivadas." authorityName="Sivadas." class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Amorphophallus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="smithsonianus">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FCF4FD60258874E7" box="[884,1247,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Amorphophallus smithsonianus</emphasis>
Sivadas.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FCC1FD43256F749A" box="[833,1080,692,719]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Christella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FCC1FD43256F749A" box="[833,1080,692,719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Christella parasitica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) H. Lév.,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD4AFD25258074BB" authority="Henry" authorityName="Henry" box="[714,1239,722,749]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Elatostema" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lineolatum" variety="setosum">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD4AFD2522E074BA" box="[714,951,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Elatostema lineolatum</emphasis>
Wight var.
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FBB9FD2525DE74BB" box="[1081,1161,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">setosum</emphasis>
Henry
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD4AFD042531755B" authority="(Ker-Gawl.) Hook." authorityName="Hook." baseAuthorityName="Ker-Gawl." box="[714,1126,753,780]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Goodyera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procera">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD4AFD0422D3755D" box="[714,900,753,780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Goodyera procera</emphasis>
(Ker-Gawl.) Hook.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FBF4FD0722DC757C" authority="Wight" authorityName="Wight" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verticillata">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FBF4FD07226A757C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Impatiens verticillata</emphasis>
Wight
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC1AFCE62580757E" authority="Miq." authorityName="Miq." box="[922,1239,784,811]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Peperomia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dindigulensis">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC1AFCE625CD757C" box="[922,1178,784,811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Peperomia dindigulensis</emphasis>
Miq.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD4AFCD92218751E" box="[714,847,815,841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Peperomia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tetraphylla">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD4AFCD92218751E" box="[714,847,815,841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">P. tetraphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Forst.f.) Hook. &amp; Arn. and climbers such as
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC9FFCB82502753F" authority="(Lam.) Hook." authorityName="Hook." baseAuthorityName="Lam." box="[799,1109,846,872]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Cyclea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peltata">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC9FFCB822E4753F" box="[799,947,846,872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Cyclea peltata</emphasis>
(Lam.) Hook.
</taxonomicName>
f. &amp; Thoms. and
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FD78FC9A25C075D1" authority="Buch. Ham. ex D. Don." box="[760,1175,876,903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mullesua">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FD78FC9A22D875D0" box="[760,911,876,903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Piper mullesua</emphasis>
Buch. Ham. ex D. Don.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA71C76FD64FC5F22B775B5" blockId="2.[714,1245,937,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">PHENOLOGY. — Flowering in April and May; fruiting in May and June.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA71C77FD64FBF020B5705C" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA71C76FD64FBF0250270D2" blockId="2.[714,1248,1029,1669]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">
CONSERVATION STATUS. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD611B1FFA71C76FBA0FBF025887277" author="SANJAPPA M." box="[1056,1247,1030,1056]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" pagination="31 - 43" refId="ref3523" refString="SANJAPPA M. 1991. - Endemic Legumes of Western Ghats: 31 - 43, in KARUNAKARAN C. K. (ed.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Rare, Endangered &amp; Endemic Plants of Western Ghats. Kerala Forest Department, Thiruvananthapuram." type="book chapter" year="1991">SANJAPPA (1991)</bibRefCitation>
accepted rare status assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD611B1FFA71C76FBA9FBD32232720A" author="AHMEDULLAH M. &amp; NAYAR M. P." pageId="2" pageNumber="207" refId="ref3102" refString="AHMEDULLAH M. &amp; NAYAR M. P. 1986. - Endemic Plants of the Indian Region, vol. 1, Peninsular India, p. 23. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah." type="book" year="1986">AHMEDULLAH &amp; NAYAR (1986)</bibRefCitation>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FC0CFBB523B7722D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Derris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="brevipes" variety="travancorensis">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC0CFBB52571720A" box="[908,1062,1091,1117]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Derris brevipes</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FBDDFBB523B7722D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">travancorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD611B1FFA71C76FD70FB9725CF722B" author="MANILAL K. S. &amp; RAVEENDRAKUMAR K." box="[752,1176,1121,1148]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" pagination="179 - 241" refId="ref3294" refString="MANILAL K. S. &amp; RAVEENDRAKUMAR K. 1998. - Additions to the Flora of Kerala since Gamble (1935). Rheedea 8: 179 - 241." type="journal article" year="1998">MANILAL &amp; RAVEENDRAKUMAR (1998)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the taxon is endemic to
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA71C76FBA5FB7725F972CD" box="[1061,1198,1152,1179]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Kerala state</collectingRegion>
but
<bibRefCitation id="EFD611B1FFA71C76FD4AFB68223C72EE" author="NAYAR M. P." box="[714,875,1182,1209]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" refId="ref3360" refString="NAYAR M. P. 1996. - &quot; Hot Spots &quot; of endemic plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan, p. 195. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram." type="book" year="1996">NAYAR (1996)</bibRefCitation>
doubted its continued existence and suggested that it was possibly extinct.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD611B1FFA71C76FD4AFB2B22A672A0" author="GOPALAN R. &amp; HENRY A. N." box="[714,1009,1244,1271]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" refId="ref3216" refString="GOPALAN R. &amp; HENRY A. N. 2000. - Endemic Plants of India (CAMP for strict endemics of Agastyamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats), pp. 111 - 112. Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun." type="book" year="2000">GOPALAN &amp; HENRY (2000)</bibRefCitation>
likewise assigned it to the extinct category based on a CAMP (Conservation Assessment and Management Plan) analysis.
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA71C76FCEAFACE25207304" box="[874,1143,1336,1363]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agastyamalayana">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FCEAFACE25207304" box="[874,1143,1336,1363]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">Aganope agastyamalayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from eastern and western slopes of Agastyamalai hills in certain localities. Analysis field data (VISWANATHAN &amp; MANIKANDAN, pers. observ. 2001, 2002), earlier collections and literature, we assign an IUCN Red list Category of
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FB39FA2422A4705E" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">CR — Critically Endangered</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FB86FA072571705C" bold="true" box="[1030,1062,1521,1547]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">B2</emphasis>
- Area of occupancy estimated to be less than
<quantity id="4CBFC1A5FFA71C76FBD4F9F925F6707E" box="[1108,1185,1551,1577]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="207" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
<superScript id="7C32C108FFA71C76FB22F9FC25FB704A" attach="left" box="[1186,1196,1546,1565]" fontSize="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">2</superScript>
;
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FB40F9F8259B707F" bold="true" box="[1216,1228,1550,1576]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">a</emphasis>
- severely fragmented;
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FC49F9DB22807010" bold="true" box="[969,983,1581,1607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">b</emphasis>
- continuing decline, observed and inferred basing;
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FBA1F9BB25677030" bold="true" box="[1057,1072,1613,1639]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">ii</emphasis>
- area of occupancy and
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA71C76FCC0F99D220370D2" bold="true" box="[832,852,1643,1669]" pageId="2" pageNumber="207">iv</emphasis>
- number of locations).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF383CC8FFA61C77FECCFF5F257D76ED" ID-Table-UUID="DF383CC8FFA61C77FECCFF5F257D76ED" box="[332,1066,169,186]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF383CC8FFA61C77FECCFF5F257D76ED" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" startId="3.[332,378,169,186]" targetBox="[151,1234,229,1204]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA61C77FECCFF5F257D76ED" blockId="3.[332,1066,169,186]" box="[332,1066,169,186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
Table 1. — Distinguishing characters of
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FD19FF5F221F76ED" box="[665,840,169,186]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FD19FF5F221F76ED" bold="true" box="[665,840,169,186]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Aganope thyrsiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FCF2FF5F257176ED" box="[882,1062,169,186]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agastyamalayana">A. agastyamalayana</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA61C77FF3DFF13259472E3" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<table id="F9479EE0FFA6E38BFF17FF13258572E3" box="[151,1234,229,1204]" gridcols="3" gridrows="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FF13258576AE" box="[151,1234,229,249]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FF13201076AE" box="[151,327,229,249]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FF3DFF13207976AE" bold="true" box="[189,302,229,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Characters</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFF13225A76AE" box="[347,781,229,249]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FE76FF13232076AE" box="[502,631,229,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FE76FF13232076AE" bold="true" box="[502,631,229,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">A. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FF13258576AE" box="[801,1234,229,249]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FC16FF13253576AE" box="[918,1122,229,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agastyamalayana">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FC16FF13253576AE" bold="true" box="[918,1122,229,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">A. agastyamalayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FEE225857717" box="[151,1234,276,320]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FEE220107717" box="[151,327,276,320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Branchlets</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFEE2225A7717" box="[347,781,276,320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Both young and mature branchlets glabrous</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FEE225857717" box="[801,1234,276,320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Rusty yellowish sericeous, young ones densely so, mature ones sparsely so</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FEA525857470" box="[151,1234,339,551]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FEA520107470" box="[151,327,339,551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Leaflets</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFEA5225A7470" box="[347,781,339,551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Mostly 7-9, similar in shape and size, ovate-oblong, 8-15 × 4.5-8 cm, entire, glabrous, not cartilaginous, apex obtuse or acute</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FEA525857470" box="[801,1234,339,551]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7, heterogeneous in shape and size, 1st pair of laterals elliptic ovate or elliptic-oblong, 2nd pair oblongobovate or oblong-oblanceolate, 3rd pair oblong-elliptic, terminal leaflets oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, 10.7-22.5 × 4.2-10.4 cm, rusty yellowish sericeous, undulate, cartilaginous, apex cuspidate</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FDCC25857419" box="[151,1234,570,590]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FDCC20107419" box="[151,327,570,590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Lateral nerves</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFDCC225A7419" box="[347,781,570,590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">5-7 pairs, glabrous</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FDCC25857419" box="[801,1234,570,590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">9-15 pairs, rusty yellowish sericeous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FD97258574F2" box="[151,1234,609,677]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FD97201074F2" box="[151,327,609,677]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Rachis, petioles, petiolules, stipules and stipels</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFD97225A74F2" box="[347,781,609,677]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Glabrous</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FD97258574F2" box="[801,1234,609,677]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Rusry yellowish sericeous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FD4E2585749B" box="[151,1234,696,716]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FD4E2010749B" box="[151,327,696,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Petiolules</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFD4E225A749B" box="[347,781,696,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Dark brown, 5-8 mm long</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FD4E2585749B" box="[801,1234,696,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Yellowish brown, 9-15 mm long</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FD16258574A3" box="[151,1234,736,756]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FD16201074A3" box="[151,327,736,756]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Bracts</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFD16225A74A3" box="[347,781,736,756]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Linear, glabrous</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FD16258574A3" box="[801,1234,736,756]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Broadly ovate, rusty yellowish sericeous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FCF12585754C" box="[151,1234,775,795]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FCF12010754C" box="[151,327,775,795]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Bracteoles</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFCF1225A754C" box="[347,781,775,795]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Linear, glabrous</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FCF12585754C" box="[801,1234,775,795]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Ovate, rusty yellowish sericeous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FCD825857515" box="[151,1234,814,834]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FCD820107515" box="[151,327,814,834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Calyx cup</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFCD8225A7515" box="[347,781,814,834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Finely silky</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FCD825857515" box="[801,1234,814,834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Long silky</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FCA3258575D6" box="[151,1234,853,897]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FCA3201075D6" box="[151,327,853,897]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Standard, wings and keels</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFCA3225A75D6" box="[347,781,853,897]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Minutely pubescent, glabrate</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FCA3258575D6" box="[801,1234,853,897]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Long sericeous, persistent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FC62258575FF" box="[151,1234,916,936]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FC62201075FF" box="[151,327,916,936]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Standard</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFC62225A75FF" box="[347,781,916,936]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Ovate-orbicular</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FC62258575FF" box="[801,1234,916,936]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Orbicular</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FC4D25857598" box="[151,1234,955,975]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FC4D20107598" box="[151,327,955,975]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Staminal filaments</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFC4D225A7598" box="[347,781,955,975]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Pubescent</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FC4D25857598" box="[801,1234,955,975]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Glabrous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FC14258575A1" box="[151,1234,994,1014]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FC14201075A1" box="[151,327,994,1014]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Ovary</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFC14225A75A1" box="[347,781,994,1014]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Pubescent</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FC14258575A1" box="[801,1234,994,1014]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Sericeous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FBFF2585724A" box="[151,1234,1033,1053]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FBFF2010724A" box="[151,327,1033,1053]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Stigma</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFBFF225A724A" box="[347,781,1033,1053]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Minute</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FBFF2585724A" box="[801,1234,1033,1053]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Capitellate</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FBC7258572DA" box="[151,1234,1073,1165]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FBC7201072DA" box="[151,327,1073,1165]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Pods</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFBC7225A72DA" box="[347,781,1073,1165]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Thin, strap-shaped, 3.8-9 cm long, broadly winged (4-6 mm across) on both sutures, glabrous throughout</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FBC7258572DA" box="[801,1234,1073,1165]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Turgid, oblong, 9.5-14 cm long, narrowly winged (2-3 mm across) on both sutures, rusty yellowish sericeous, densely when young, sparsely when mature</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35776E02FFA6E38BFF17FB69258572E3" box="[151,1234,1183,1204]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<th id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFF17FB69201072E3" box="[151,327,1183,1204]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Seeds</th>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFEDBFB69225A72E3" box="[347,781,1183,1204]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Flat, convex at base, 15-17 × 8-9 cm</td>
<td id="76A6077EFFA6E38BFCA1FB69258572E3" box="[801,1234,1183,1204]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Turgid, concave at base, 24-27 × 15-18 mm</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA61C77FF31FB0C20B5705C" blockId="3.[151,684,1274,1547]" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FF31FB0C20947342" box="[177,451,1274,1301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agastyamalayana">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FF31FB0C20947342" box="[177,451,1274,1301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Aganope agastyamalayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so named because it comes from Agastyamalai hills comprising
<location id="8E983A9BFFA61C77FF17FACF231B7305" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304:8E983A9BFFA61C77FF17FACF231B7305" box="[151,588,1336,1363]" country="India" county="Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve" municipality="Southern Western Ghats" name="Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</location>
(eastern slopes) in
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA61C77FE87FAA120917327" box="[263,454,1366,1393]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Tamil Nadu state</collectingRegion>
and Travancore hills in
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA61C77FF36FA80206F73D8" box="[182,312,1397,1424]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Kerala state</collectingRegion>
(western slopes) in the
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9CF63AFFA61C77FDC6FA80206973F8" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Southern Western Ghats</collectingMunicipality>
of
<collectingCountry id="F3502CD0FFA61C77FEE7FA6320F273F8" box="[359,421,1429,1455]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">India</collectingCountry>
. As the varietal epithet
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FF17FA452015739B" box="[151,322,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">travancorensis</emphasis>
does not cover
<collectingCounty id="629914CCFFA61C77FF17FA24208E73BC" box="[151,473,1489,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve</collectingCounty>
(eastern slopes) in
<collectingRegion id="4983A2A2FFA61C77FF17FA072005705D" box="[151,338,1520,1547]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Tamil Nadu state</collectingRegion>
it is rejected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D3FCBFFA61C77FF31F9DB256A7304" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF86C40FFA61C77FF31F9DB256A7304" blockId="3.[151,683,1581,1669]" lastBlockId="3.[714,1247,1274,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">
NOTES. — The habit of
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FE62F9DB205C7030" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agastyamalayana">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FE62F9DB205C7030" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">Aganope agastyamalayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was stated as a dwarf shrub by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD611B1FFA61C77FF17F99C202970D2" author="THOTHATHRI K." box="[151,382,1642,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" pagination="67 - 68" refId="ref3630" refString="THOTHATHRI K. 1964. - Studies in Leguminosae 4. New varieties of Crotalaria paniculata Willd. and Derris brevipes Baker. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 67 - 68." type="journal article" year="1964">THOTHATHRI (1964)</bibRefCitation>
but our observations indicate that it is a robust climbing shrub. The distinguishing characters of
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FC50FAEF25FC7363" box="[976,1195,1305,1332]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agastyamalayana">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FC50FAEF25FC7363" box="[976,1195,1305,1332]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">A. agastyamalayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4717C3FFA61C77FD4AFACE22077304" box="[714,848,1336,1363]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Aganope" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
<emphasis id="B933B052FFA61C77FD4AFACE22077304" box="[714,848,1336,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="208">A. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shown in
<tableCitation id="C6C559FBFFA61C77FC67FACF25607304" box="[999,1079,1337,1363]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[332,378,169,186]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. — Distinguishing characters of Aganope thyrsiflora and A. agastyamalayana." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF383CC8FFA61C77FECCFF5F257D76ED" pageId="3" pageNumber="208" tableUuid="DF383CC8FFA61C77FECCFF5F257D76ED">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="1257E3D8859FF991D46CF33D184ACACC">A new species of Aeranthes (Orchidaceae) from the Comoro Islands</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD24403C8894957FB3A8881" ID-CoL="64YX8" authority="Hermans &amp; Bosser" authorityName="Hermans &amp; Bosser" authorityYear="2003" box="[714,1201,1397,1424]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campbelliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD24403C8894957FC5A889E" bold="true" box="[714,977,1398,1424]" pageId="0" pageNumber="215">Aeranthes campbelliae</emphasis>
Hermans &amp; Bosser
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="94BC4375FFD24403CEFD4954FC9F88A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="215" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="BD44221CFFD24403C8A749EFFB548B3C" blockId="0.[714,1247,1486,1586]" pageId="0" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD24403C8A749EFFCAC88E8" box="[740,807,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="215">Affinis</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD24403C96D49EFFBF988E8" authority="H. Perrier" authorityName="H. Perrier" box="[814,1138,1486,1510]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ecalcarata">Aeranthes ecalcarata H. Perrier</taxonomicName>
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sed habitu majore, foliis oblongis
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latis in flabello dispositis, inflorescentiis 2-4-floribus, bracteis maioribus
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longis, labello ovato calcari obscure conico satis distinguenda.
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<typeStatus id="62409CBEFFD24403C8A74A73FCA98B66" box="[740,802,1618,1641]" pageId="0" pageNumber="215">TYPUS</typeStatus>
. —
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3915,
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(holo-,
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.
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Fig. 1. —
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402CAA54A14FE4C8B48" bold="true" box="[230,455,1589,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD34402CAA54A14FE3B8B48" authorityName="Hermans &amp; Bosser" authorityYear="2003" box="[230,432,1589,1606]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campbelliae">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402CAA54A14FE3B8B48" bold="true" box="[230,432,1589,1606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Aeranthes campbelliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: A
</emphasis>
, habit;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C8474A14FD9A8B48" bold="true" box="[516,529,1589,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">B</emphasis>
, flower, front;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C8CB4A14FD1D8B48" bold="true" box="[648,662,1589,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">C</emphasis>
, flower, side;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C94B4A14FC9D8B48" bold="true" box="[776,790,1589,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">D</emphasis>
, dorsal sepal;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C9CD4A14FC118B48" bold="true" box="[910,922,1589,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">E</emphasis>
, petal;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C9944A14FC698B48" bold="true" box="[983,994,1589,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">F</emphasis>
, lateral sepals;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402CE214A14FBFB8B48" bold="true" box="[1122,1136,1589,1606]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">G</emphasis>
, column-foot and lip, side;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402CB484A6BFE928B55" bold="true" box="[267,281,1610,1627]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">H</emphasis>
, column foot and lip, under;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C8514A6BFD938B55" bold="true" box="[530,536,1610,1627]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">I</emphasis>
, column foot and lip, above;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C9574A6BFC958B55" bold="true" box="[788,798,1610,1627]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">J</emphasis>
, base of lip, papilli, calli;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C9BA4A6BFB8D8B55" bold="true" box="[1017,1030,1610,1627]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">K</emphasis>
, ovary and column, side;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402CAD44A41FF298B7F" bold="true" box="[151,162,1632,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">L</emphasis>
, ovary and column, front;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402CBC54A41FE1C8B7F" bold="true" box="[390,407,1632,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">M</emphasis>
, anther cap, front;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C87D4A41FDC78B7F" bold="true" box="[574,588,1632,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">N</emphasis>
, anther cap, under;
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD34402C8BE4A41FC878B7F" bold="true" box="[765,780,1632,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">O</emphasis>
, pollinium. All drawn by Olivier WHALLEY from the type collection.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F5E17197FFD04401CAF24C8AFBF48C4E" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" type="description">
<paragraph id="BD44221CFFD04401CAF24C8AFBF48C4E" blockId="2.[151,684,170,1393]" lastBlockId="2.[714,1247,170,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
A small-sized erect epiphyte, up to
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C86E4C8AFDF78DCA" box="[557,636,170,197]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
tall. Stem simple, leafy, flattened,
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in diam.; roots
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CA974CC8FE9D8C0C" box="[212,278,232,259]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diam., smooth. Leaves 3-6, persistent, narrowly oblong,
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long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C83D4D26FF528C31" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 8 mm</quantity>
broad. Inflorescences several, racemose, 2- to occasionally 4-6-flowered, with an undeveloped terminal bud, erect, axillary; peduncle wiry, terete, up to
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB614DA3FEFA8C95" box="[290,369,385,412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CBF54DA3FD868C95" box="[438,525,385,412]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
in diam., normally simple, occasionally few-branched, with at the base a tubular sheath
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CBFC4D9EFD908CD6" box="[447,539,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4-6 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C8244D9EFF518CF9" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8 to 1 mm</quantity>
wide, bearing above 2-3 further sheaths partly covering the internodes; floral bracts
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C8284DDCFD278F18" box="[619,684,508,535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CA9F4E3AFEAA8F3A" box="[220,289,538,565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide. Flowers
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB954E3AFDD88F3A" box="[470,595,538,565]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12-14 mm</quantity>
tall,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C8D74E3AFF6C8F5D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9- 11 mm</quantity>
wide,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB774E1BFEF38F5D" box="[308,376,569,596]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
deep, translucent greenishwhite, with a few microscopic black specks on the exterior, the lip and tails of petals and lateral sepals more yellowish-white, column green; tepals with 3 obscure veins and a few shorter veinlets towards the margin; ovary pedicellate,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CAD44ED0FF538E05" box="[151,216,753,779]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB604ED3FE438E05" box="[291,456,753,780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9 to 1.2 mm</quantity>
at the widest point, roundly ridged, with some small dark-brown specks towards the base. Dorsal sepal
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C81B4F0EFD278E46" box="[600,684,814,841]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CA9D4F6FFEAE8E69" box="[222,293,845,872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
wide, oblong-ovate, tip slightly obtuse, erect to slightly leaning forward. Lateral sepals spreading,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB134FAAFE148EAA" box="[336,415,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CBA74FAAFDAE8EAA" box="[484,549,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
wide, ovate, long acuminate into a tail c.
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB9C4F8BFDA88ECD" box="[479,547,937,964]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long. Petals slightly reflexed at the tip,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB864FE8FD838EEC" box="[453,520,968,995]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C8104FE8FD278EEC" box="[595,684,968,995]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
wide, ovate, long acuminate into a tail c.
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long. Lip broadly oval,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CBEA4827FD8F8911" box="[425,516,1029,1056]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C8124827FD278911" box="[593,684,1029,1056]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
wide, articulate to the column-foot, mobile, auriculate at the base, forming two rounded swellings, base of the disk farinose and papillose, with three central veins converging toward the tip, a further 2-3 veins branching towards the margin; spur very short, rounded and almost indistinct from the column-foot and mentum, 1 ×
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. Column short and semi-rectangular, somewhat thickened at the apex,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C852493BFDE1883D" box="[529,618,1305,1332]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CAD44918FF66885C" box="[151,237,1336,1363]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
broad,
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401CB034918FE0B885C" box="[320,384,1336,1363]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
high; rostellum indistinctly bi-lobed; column-foot boat-shaped, very slightly inflated and continuous with the short spur; anther cap
<quantity id="7A038FF9FFD04401C9094CEBFC2E8DED" box="[842,933,201,228]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
wide,
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high, white, membranous and globular; pollinia porate, globular,
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in diam., with a short thread-like viscidium, waxy, yellow. Fruit unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5E17197FFD04401C8A74D43FC508C92" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BD44221CFFD04401C8A74D43FC508C92" blockId="2.[714,1247,354,504]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
DISTRIBUTION. — Endemic to the
<collectingCountry id="C5EC628CFFD04401CE3C4D42FC9C8C92" name="Comoros" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Comoro Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="7F3FECFEFFD04401C9614DA3FC5C8C92" box="[802,983,386,412]" country="Comoros" name="Grande Comore" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Grande Comore</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5E17197FFD04401C8A74D81FBEB8CF9" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="BD44221CFFD04401C8A74D81FBEB8CF9" blockId="2.[714,1247,354,504]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">ETYMOLOGY. — Named for Heather CAMPBELL, who propagated plants of this new species, originally collected by Mrs. Jean CLASSEN.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5E17197FFD04401C8A74E3AFBC98995" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BD44221CFFD04401C8A74E3AFBC98995" blockId="2.[714,1248,539,1179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD04401C8A74E3AFC518F3B" authorityName="Hermans &amp; Bosser" authorityYear="2003" box="[740,986,539,565]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campbelliae">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD04401C8A74E3AFC518F3B" box="[740,986,539,565]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Aeranthes campbelliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has flowers similar in shape to those of
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD04401C9D24E1BFB578F5A" authority="H. Perrier" authorityName="H. Perrier" box="[913,1244,569,596]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ecalcarata">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD04401C9D24E1BFBE98F5A" box="[913,1122,570,596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Aeranthes ecalcarata</emphasis>
H. Perrier
</taxonomicName>
, which is endemic to
<collectingCountry id="C5EC628CFFD04401C9FD4E78FBCA8F7D" box="[958,1089,601,627]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and the only other species of the genus lacking a distinct spur. Although several collections of
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD04401CE784EB4FB548FBE" authorityName="Hermans &amp; Bosser" authorityYear="2003" box="[1083,1247,661,688]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campbelliae">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD04401CE784EB4FB548FBE" box="[1083,1247,661,688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">A. campbelliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have flowers that are larger than those of the Madagascan species, those of some other specimens are almost identical in size. The main difference between the two species is in the leaves and the inflorescences. In
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD04401C9AA4F0FFBE68E47" box="[1001,1133,814,841]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ecalcarata">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD04401C9AA4F0FFBE68E47" box="[1001,1133,814,841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">A. ecalcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the leaves are narrowly linear, canaliculate on top, and the inflorescences have very slender peduncles with a few sheaths only and bearing 1 to 2 flowers at the tip. In
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD04401C95E4F88FC308ECA" authorityName="Hermans &amp; Bosser" authorityYear="2003" box="[797,955,937,964]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campbelliae">
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD04401C95E4F88FC308ECA" box="[797,955,937,964]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">A. campbelliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the leaves are fan-shaped and narrowly oblong, and the inflorescences have a more robust raceme with more prominent sheaths, sometimes bearing more flowers. One could regard the Comorean plant a subspecies of
<emphasis id="8F8FFE0EFFD04401C8894863FCD48953" box="[714,863,1090,1117]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<taxonomicName id="7AFB599FFFD04401C8894863FCD08953" box="[714,859,1090,1117]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Aeranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ecalcarata">A. ecalcarata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but considering its important differences in the inflorescence and the leaves, it is described here as a distinct species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

135
data/3C/94/35/3C9435AB4CB25BB5B1C207E221589DB8.xml
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<mods:affiliation id="9017681EEC2ACFE4A1D726BB6AF298A2">Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePart id="AE2F97007FEAD93BAE37A4B4F7307C90">Zhao, Dongwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="464158C952E2E376498434D8F9105B27">Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="512B6E157D36FD57ED949230CD10D2A0" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BA8976F53EE258EC0D7AC84444FC0EC0">
<taxonomicName id="0B0565371E0AED446872574838717FAD" authority="D. Wei Zhao" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao. It" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="0B0565371E0AED446872574838717FAD" authority="D. Wei Zhao" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0F2F79B476CDC874209999099EF4A4CA" italics="true">Camellia yangii</emphasis>
D. Wei Zhao
</taxonomicName>
@ -48,17 +50,19 @@ D. Wei Zhao
<heading id="0F23F63396718BDD3C84DDCB8A3ACC1D" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="33C85E54BC684EDA796087E2B0F02E98">
<materialsCitation id="813AC4C4406C7AF060383916BD4F6158" collectingDate="2023-12-25" collectionCode="S, L, CSFI" country="China" elevation="858" location="Malipo" specimenCode="KUN 1628256, KUN 1628257, KUN 1628258" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="D9DB4912095FC0DF9DD763DAAF16443C" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="BB7CB0EB1EC7AB9D2150892C99EC27B3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<materialsCitation id="49439E1924D818385B6D69C9D94BE720" collectedFrom="in evergreen montane forest" collectingDate="2023-12-25" collectionCode="CSFI" collectorName="Yang S. X. &amp; Yin L." country="China" elevation="858" location="Malipo" specimenCode="KUN 1628256, KUN 1628257, KUN 1628258" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="14DA644F929A26C89491F06DB68A50DC" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
•
<collectingRegion id="C5AB3A0B5E3A958B6DC542B88567B7B3" country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3E8E6398D6FBF5D87952E97A31319B57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C9435AB4CB25BB5B1C207E221589DB8:3E8E6398D6FBF5D87952E97A31319B57" country="China" name="Malipo" stateProvince="Yunnan">Malipo</location>
, in evergreen montane forest,
,
<collectedFrom id="2C4E260176AE8B41BC8DE4CDF5498684">in evergreen montane forest</collectedFrom>
,
<quantity id="0062B2FA67F60378F5DA3987A3619ADF" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.58" unit="m" value="858.0">
<elevation id="608D996667B064B2C2025D278AD8E583" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.58" unit="m" value="858.0">858 m</elevation>
</quantity>
@ -68,11 +72,10 @@ D. Wei Zhao
</date>
,
<emphasis id="E555D88AA08B8020262E14FC9395E5F4" italics="true">
Yang
<collectionCode id="58DDAEFB1D6571202A3989A3206793D7" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. X. &amp; Yin
<collectionCode id="F30F0F9ADF792AF32DBA6CD07F3722C4" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. 7357
<collectorName id="A5EC9EC212DEC054C600FB15A468720D">Yang S. X.</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="84F948E5CB4E0D771896CB8F361F76EC">Yin L.</collectorName>
7357
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="764ACA09CC268222F62FEF71C17653EA" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
@ -211,13 +214,15 @@ Flowering December, fruiting August – September (Table
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="922399066AFA891BE8DBD6FE447C36B1">
<materialsCitation id="2F54AFB1DD34A7537AB6D8F294E4C17F" collectingDate="2023-08" collectingDateMax="2023-12-25" collectingDateMin="2023-08" collectionCode="S, B, KUN, W, CSFI, L" collectorName="Yang &amp; Xiao &amp; Zhao D. &amp; Yin" country="China" county="Malipo County" elevation="858" location="Malipo County" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="918861E7BA8C800DB066912D39395B76" collectedFrom="in evergreen montane forest" collectingDate="2023-08" collectionCode="KUN" collectorName="Yang S. X. &amp; Xiao B." country="China" county="Malipo County" elevation="858" location="Malipo County" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingCountry id="050A44942DF4570C07F300511C8AFC25" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. •
<collectingRegion id="697C1CA9FD810E219F897B99C128637A" country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingCounty id="678E6619E5164716FE61E40F8EFE657C">Malipo County</collectingCounty>
, in evergreen montane forest,
,
<collectedFrom id="A77022CE85CC900671452812144C2D8E">in evergreen montane forest</collectedFrom>
,
<quantity id="C8ABC7F810BD81CCE291D62CDE933210" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.58" unit="m" value="858.0">
<elevation id="EC7559580C09C9C8AED37501CAD4E237" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.58" unit="m" value="858.0">858 m</elevation>
</quantity>
@ -227,59 +232,57 @@ Flowering December, fruiting August – September (Table
</date>
,
<emphasis id="ED606CED63EF77BEEE6178C57E5B9D70" italics="true">
<collectorName id="D60031BB9D7B247F34C96F0481BA0B2C">Yang</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="7B01BF7EDA6CF0A84EFA0D98E371B7AB" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. X. &amp;
<collectorName id="E33573415C732944031AD91B7BC55469">Xiao</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="086A2C1E49474C4E20219D2A235E89D3" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
. 7122
<collectorName id="56D3963A57E9FD3CBC4614C1A6A0B075">Yang S. X.</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="B2B28A8A6EAC0B145CD8F522E60D5CE7">Xiao B.</collectorName>
7122
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="CE354D33C56189B6DBD56ADCC694911A" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15842" name="Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences" type="Herbarium">KUN</collectionCode>
); same place,
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="7FB0073798061F8142FE81DF4958EB8F" collectedFrom="in evergreen montane forest" collectingDate="2023-11-21" collectionCode="KUN, CSFI" collectorName="Yang S. X. &amp; Zhao D. W." country="China" county="Malipo County" elevation="858" location="Malipo County" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="paratype">
same place,
<date id="BB9EFD554B97BD1D8E9F87341BB0E542" value="2023-11-21">
<collectingDate id="893C9985540A4D320C93134989D4465D" value="2023-11-21">21 November 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="880F1C29DF515269BFAF7DC9AD13B082" italics="true">
<collectorName id="5C60EC2F621F7C294410C4C905B04693">Yang</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="4B5D104693C8E1D0F8487C6D94D1527E" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. X. et al. 7312
<collectorName id="B0B405576BA425C3655FBC149F5A76CD">Yang S. X.</collectorName>
et al. 7312
</emphasis>
–
<emphasis id="E4BDCEDEDC9BF99EAB2F851A51D4D0F3" italics="true">7315</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="CC6786675A234107A7216D3175608A2F" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15842" name="Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences" type="Herbarium">KUN</collectionCode>
, equal to
<emphasis id="898225DA4F39C150D76BD21C0C5E2557" italics="true">
<collectorName id="C0B1887822FA76E7A74444A2C56C9E37">Zhao D.</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="8D412FF21CC5329F98171F94A1BF0926" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
. et al. 536 [1
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="898225DA4F39C150D76BD21C0C5E2557" italics="true">Zhao D. W. et al. 536 [1</emphasis>
] – [
<emphasis id="22353F17A73234CB2276F671DFA45991" italics="true">4</emphasis>
] at
<collectionCode id="9C407E208FB4DB281B2288C620905ED2" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12768" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12768" name="Central-South Forestry University" type="Herbarium">CSFI</collectionCode>
, respectively),
<emphasis id="461D01B94BC71076D4C1DB91DD8F85B6" italics="true">
<collectorName id="A13EF544FBFB10F4FEEC76AFDB93E8EC">Zhao D.</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="5EF231363293C903841E4C3A05232EB6" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
. et al. 536 (5)
<collectorName id="B95B69B78672891855C8B2B3DFDA9385">Zhao D. W.</collectorName>
et al. 536 (5)
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="B00249DF0DCADBFC1B1B6CBADC10912B" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12768" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12768" name="Central-South Forestry University" type="Herbarium">CSFI</collectionCode>
); same place,
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="7DFD5C49B69F72F5F2E1DF9123893553" collectedFrom="in evergreen montane forest" collectingDate="2023-12-25" collectionCode="KUN" collectorName="Yang S. X. &amp; Yin L." country="China" county="Malipo County" elevation="858" location="Malipo County" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="paratype">
same place,
<date id="EFBDC7A7D0550DDF181EF573919218C9" value="2023-12-25">
<collectingDate id="6C7E375621F9965DD072464D04376F88" value="2023-12-25">25 December 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="B98E622CAC17EB883FFF7BC6BE9FA16C" italics="true">
<collectorName id="4AAE82209BE773C7F5C986B47A828B72">Yang</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="2A2290206707684308D20E595866E322" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. X. &amp;
<collectorName id="6C1811B40511376CB7AFEAD463B5E88D">Yin</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="2198FC25EDF192B68BE77C9E84810336" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
. 7358
<collectorName id="BDA7F98FA2E187ECE265B8CC1C5E474D">Yang S. X.</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="EAC4ACA1E027ECDE955990B48B863036">Yin L.</collectorName>
7358
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="1C03D41B3232F6E1968A51E3AF47AB99" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15842" name="Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences" type="Herbarium">KUN</collectionCode>
@ -297,7 +300,7 @@ Flowering December, fruiting August – September (Table
<heading id="3C872F34CA7A8CD890A3BA7B41BAA5DF" reason="title">Distribution and habitat.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F2BB301650121B5D09994B9FD124AC5">
<taxonomicName id="2468E3F175218A7A31871AF2593AA0A4" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao. It" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii">
<taxonomicName id="2468E3F175218A7A31871AF2593AA0A4" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii">
<emphasis id="DBEF4FA8F13DF9A51BF745BB1DC1813F" italics="true">Camellia yangii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the tropical evergreen montane forest in Malipo County.
@ -308,15 +311,13 @@ is endemic to the tropical evergreen montane forest in Malipo County.
<heading id="2812608390A94601D8ABDACD8EEF6445" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BF365D6EDC690FA740AF795A6C1F1FF">
<taxonomicName id="03985A6B7736AEB9848E95DD8052A1D2" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao. It" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii">
<taxonomicName id="03985A6B7736AEB9848E95DD8052A1D2" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii">
<emphasis id="59D42C98FF383EC6C63E18D6E0258EEF" italics="true">Camellia yangii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is named after the leading collector of its
<typeStatus id="8A17A075E4E4BCCADCBB636355263BD7">type</typeStatus>
, Dr. Shixiong Yang, an expert of the family
is named after the leading collector of its type, Dr. Shixiong Yang, an expert of the family
<taxonomicName id="C2802F0F42A05C593A2CF5796BF16631" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
at Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Chinese name of
<taxonomicName id="E1DF1743ACBCEDB240E8AD2904A2CEC8" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao. It" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii">
<taxonomicName id="E1DF1743ACBCEDB240E8AD2904A2CEC8" authorityName="D. Wei Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yangii">
<emphasis id="631E2E39644D40FB64718CCE4919675E" italics="true">C. yangii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is proposed as ” 三萼茶 ” because it bears three sepals in the flower.

647
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,647 @@
<document id="04051326C464DB411A9880D4649D1C34" ID-DOI="10.3897/alpento.9.153998" ID-ZooBank="9BF53854-F1B3-40E4-BD93-FD8D9B4B17B8" ID-publisher-id="153998" URI-arpha="E2D67418-4760-5268-BA62-095FFDB0AD7D" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/9BF53854-F1B3-40E4-BD93-FD8D9B4B17B8" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1749817892098" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Szallies, Alexander &amp; Germann, Christoph" docDate="2025" docId="7278DF3567AF55538F958E39FD369B8F" docLanguage="en" docName="Alpine Entomology 9: 29-36" docOrigin="Alpine Entomology 9" docSource="https://alpineentomology.pensoft.net/article/153998/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Dichotrachelus sonjae Szallies &amp; Germann, 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="E2D6741847605268BA62095FFDB0AD7D" masterDocTitle="A new Dichotrachelus Stierlin from Val Grande (Piemonte, Italy) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with comments on biogeography and evolution of high alpine species of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1749837606312" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="BF2F8B0BF028653CE172A5F21F347D7E">A new Dichotrachelus Stierlin from Val Grande (Piemonte, Italy) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with comments on biogeography and evolution of high alpine species of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F756A7965030CFC6444ECF5147B96192">Szallies, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="15A75E21F97E43AA6E1A0B2398F102AB">Germann, Christoph</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E8872C43CD7140DF813D456A30EA3C39">Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse 15, CH- 3005 Bern, Switzerland &amp; Biowissenschaften, Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, CH- 4001 Basel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="8B6B6BDDB3601E5B83B143230EB05662">Alpine Entomology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="808AF5D3721D1B1D892B00A75577F925">
<mods:date id="743F889FA41883A0444BF7A916DE1392">2025</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="25E7F21B5613C931A3B1B569EFF70C7C" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0ACE6B3F589A366BF6B9A72A85FBCC90" italics="true">Dichotrachelus sonjae</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="CC3AA003578350D0FDA89D0BA56807AD" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<typeStatus id="CB75B15DCA9B25E0F8D21F951FBF5CAF" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
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“ 440 _ 24.3
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<collectedFrom id="EAD29B187AF3F52768224C09A08CFDAD">GS Moos Blockhalde</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="C6D786BD309AB77AE2A6DEBD09C81407" value="2024-10-31">
<collectingDate id="08FCDF8AF592216CDCF6EEF9F7A84E3E" value="2024-10-31">31. 10. 2024</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="3AC690A4C9AE49E20CDE9EBDF7D2810C">C. Germann</collectorName>
” (
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).
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<typeStatus id="253B6D2B085D864D257ACB4DCF7B8C48" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
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<materialsCitation id="0C809DA738382E5831196BCAB40C8B73" collectedFrom="GS Moos Blockhalde" collectingDate="2024-10-31" collectorName="C. Germann" country="Italy" county="Valle Vigezzo" elevation="1950" latitude="46.09943" location="unterh. Pizzo Nona" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="8.41411" municipality="Druogno" specimenCount="50" stateProvince="Piemonte">
<specimenCount id="D31F9A3C46ACB4F8449522A6F1F74836" count="50" type="generic">50 ex.</specimenCount>
“ 440 _ 24.3
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, leg.
<collectorName id="4504E35B11B46DA9A3B6A0A81B20BC79">C. Germann</collectorName>
”
</materialsCitation>
. –
<materialsCitation id="BE62AE5932189B2908C4549DA030109C" collectedFrom="GS Moos Blockhalde" collectingDate="2024-10-31" collectorName="C. Germann" country="Italy" county="Valle Vigezzo" elevation="1910" latitude="46.09942" location="unterh. Pizzo Nona" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="8.41492" municipality="Druogno" specimenCount="22" stateProvince="Piemonte">
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“ 440 _ 24.4
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<collectingCounty id="5A6CAC798C1DB4DD519B331FA0B1D54C">Valle Vigezzo</collectingCounty>
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,
<collectedFrom id="1C1C21BD9DB6128CDFAE016C6C1055C9">GS Moos Blockhalde</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="3E4FA6CEA960C59630CAA63E13E677C0" value="2024-10-31">
<collectingDate id="D2388F3F5290511ABCA9ADBB7D6ABA90" value="2024-10-31">31. 10. 2024</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="11C590F3F440BDC0C5C485C82F0B9ABA">C. Germann</collectorName>
”
</materialsCitation>
. –
<materialsCitation id="0B9698FF528697BD8ADE02821D5AF09B" collectingDate="2024-08-09" collectorName="Szallies" country="Italy" elevation="2000" location="Pizzo Nona Nordseite" municipality="Druogno" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Piemonte">
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“
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<location id="1E05CAFABF52F620AF1B3147517EA5AB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7278DF3567AF55538F958E39FD369B8F:1E05CAFABF52F620AF1B3147517EA5AB" municipality="Druogno" name="Pizzo Nona Nordseite">Pizzo Nona Nordseite</location>
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<collectingDate id="37897225F22A3E81B0A2DAB90F702272" value="2024-08-09">9. 8. 2024</collectingDate>
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, leg.
<collectorName id="89ECF2A6205B7816E8DE82390134EB9B">Szallies</collectorName>
”
</materialsCitation>
. –
<materialsCitation id="2A0517FBA0CA8FC30AF9303B08A14080" collectingDate="2024-10-31" collectionCode="NMB, NMBE" collectorName="Szallies" country="Italy" elevation="2000" location="Pizzo Nona Nordseite" municipality="Druogno" specimenCount="53" specimenCount-female="38" specimenCount-male="15" stateProvince="Piemonte">
<specimenCount id="16CDBB642C906BC832DB806CAEF2A68A" count="15" type="male">15 ♂</specimenCount>
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<specimenCount id="B4FCC626BDA4CE3933A5B02C7A1931D0" count="38" type="female">38 ♀</specimenCount>
“
<collectingMunicipality id="C82AA7E7A81D0C662992DB2D6FEE39FB">Druogno</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="645B125E4FA9672F90DE279286E07CDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7278DF3567AF55538F958E39FD369B8F:645B125E4FA9672F90DE279286E07CDA" municipality="Druogno" name="Pizzo Nona Nordseite">Pizzo Nona Nordseite</location>
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<elevation id="07F7683D85CD807CFC6AD7DA025F999E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</elevation>
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<date id="062BFDEE6B355F6328F0434E877685C9" value="2024-10-31">
<collectingDate id="61C8F08FF3787D0AC6A13CC83EB934A5" value="2024-10-31">31. 10. 2024</collectingDate>
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, leg.
<collectorName id="8323424D586F22C2BD778059E6CBEB97">Szallies</collectorName>
”. (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6FAC" xlink_title="collection Christoph Germann (Rubigen)">cCG</abbrev>
,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDGAC" xlink_title="collection Alexander Szallies (Reutlingen)">cAS</abbrev>
,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHGAC" xlink_title="collection Massimo Meregalli (Torino)">cMM</abbrev>
,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELGAC" xlink_title="collection Riccardo Monguzzi (Milano)">cRM</abbrev>
,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPGAC" xlink_title="Naturhistorisches Museum Basel">
<collectionCode id="2C715117DC8E4239B0D01851BE9F709D" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8wbz-jkc3" name="Naturhistorishes Museum" type="">NMB</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ABA8AF692749328B17F766C4D35D9BDD" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5hwi-0wgz" name="Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern" type="">NMBE</collectionCode>
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)
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F347A03BAAD63A771B200F941C3B7DD4">
<heading id="CF9A4626B9FAAB6FBADDF20BB7BDF4EF" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78F1FD4DB253D2400A453AA4CD2176C1">
Size:
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(
<specimenCount id="798D1DC6D1DDA80D7EFA22B6D863917E" count="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
3.3–4.0 mm,
<specimenCount id="496EEA1AD305292C4664D806173BF9D3" count="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
4.0–
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), Figs
<figureCitation id="51B840117BA7AC6D445706CD6915F581" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">1–4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="00D700F94222A25FA086B777416A5AFD" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="39854D7A8407F3BB5E3BFD8FB13EC11B" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">11–15</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCF94A595C329BF803AADB020924B85C" ID-DOI="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" ID-arpha="C6210D8C-1E20-5D39-B93B-9C751B40A9DC" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="76593618A46BD96495754FD86AE1AFCA">
<label id="5F8DDA798C6967688878686903CF4E1A">Figures 1–17.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2AC2CDC20E220039FA68A5276BD51475">
<taxonomicName id="D1EB7F0F41BD754AF514934656CAA083" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="A7F7A53B1A05DC5C3CF12F81C34D4A92" italics="true">Dichotrachelus sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1619E19893D0D6E4C8C661A07724A1B9" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="1103536CE9C3E3E705B055E8125DEFF1" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="85DC4CCB3C3654F33519B716F052D670" bold="true">1</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="7C632B1DBE9BCD6862FD883E72C65740" bold="true">2.</emphasis>
Male and female of
<taxonomicName id="969E17FFE3171ADF6574F8F56AEA9B9A" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="CEF2EF9D919876896EB1EE11F5568FE7" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="F11C026BC7A7D138D4E1EB514E99FDA9" bold="true">3</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="9622C5F2DC9C0F55FDF7B32790A59B4A" bold="true">4.</emphasis>
Male of
<taxonomicName id="1227E11423490F50A820449F9F7176CA" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="84C14C24CD1D2538398DC7DE79D9E130" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aedeagus ventral and lateral view;
<emphasis id="42D1EA1DC4999F4A0FFD2CD87DAC91A5" bold="true">5</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="BE40EB23A449885FB8A4455E12B01DCB" bold="true">6.</emphasis>
Male and female of
<taxonomicName id="98F75FF6B5A3C6BCC864A981642D09D8" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="F700466E09083133CBC941AD6B7BAA4D" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="69F4150C19EDDC81E1870198EF0DBF70" bold="true">7</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="3B69A7298B312C7D2349FC787D895E83" bold="true">8.</emphasis>
Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view;
<emphasis id="B06390294C2A1987417F5465FFC68DD1" bold="true">9.</emphasis>
Ventral view of
<taxonomicName id="3A228CC94240EF34A7246D22A83808FA" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="953F9C64258FAF104543B883787D1C6B" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="D60FA88E76EF4B80CC6D585ABF620A2C" bold="true">10.</emphasis>
Ditto,
<taxonomicName id="D9DB41B19803C8B6CC04ACE298582E2B" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="B52DD13FA10AC81D94BBFB9B85AF7A57" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="7E4E872F625184D6F999909B2BB6DA2E" bold="true">11</emphasis>
–
<emphasis id="573B4FF27593EB796224489D57400F3A" bold="true">13.</emphasis>
Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of
<taxonomicName id="0DE53D63D481F9B622B429105E3B585C" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="BD6BADA2B0BDFC7BEB29CBE227B6621D" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal, ventral and lateral view;
<emphasis id="025DD3F68CBE06A6731F0ED96F366BE8" bold="true">14</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="AE0469A1E8D5109DE7ABA4887EAA92F8" bold="true">15.</emphasis>
A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of
<taxonomicName id="85F8EA819B48AC874BD8E8704867CB76" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="3EB59DEC8C48B9B279D3D68CE8CB5DDD" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="0A1BCCB55AE125E7FFA34BC6D08CEFE2" bold="true">16</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="D7406BF54889CBAE48EA7FB64484E2D7" bold="true">17</emphasis>
. Ditto,
<taxonomicName id="8194C1447F4928F2C37DA0A9F90F9B40" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="56B94A20FFFAEA7568D7D4C42CF9061B" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photos: C. Germann).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="685333530B94ED2E6336EFCF695DB74D">Body colour: Black to dark brown, antennae and legs reddish brown. Head, rostrum and antennae: Head globose, irregularly punctate, raised broad dark brown scales on frons. Thinner, clubbed scales on epifrons up to antennal scrobes. Eyes weakly protruding, oval.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27A29A8546F8DC867C3373E22EC743C4">
Rostrum about twice as long as wide (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHMAC" xlink_title="Length versus breadth">L / B</abbrev>
): 1.9–2.0; epifrons of rostrum shiny and irregularly striated-punctuated; rostral apex glossy and shiny, irregularly punctuated and with erect bowed setae; antennal scrobes visible from above, diverging towards eyes, in lateral view bowed downwards, limited by a horizontal ridge extending from lower end of eyes to lower limit of scrobes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B0AB3A181685F99D5E0D12DA71A2E3F">
Antennae strong, inserted on last third of rostrum; antennal scapes (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ENMAC" xlink_title="Length versus breadth">L / B</abbrev>
: 6.5) slender in its first third, then continuously broadened to three times as wide as width at base; dark brown, with clubbed scales from broad half of antennal scape; first segment of antennal funicles more than twice as long as wide, following segments as follows (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ERMAC" xlink_title="Length versus breadth">L / B</abbrev>
): 2
<superScript id="40C052CF98244DE0D115D89125FCAF29">nd</superScript>
: 1.6, 3
<superScript id="EA2F0CE5968C4BDAE808B43CC0F15B88">rd</superScript>
to 7
<superScript id="6DA059187333E41EEC2ACC49EF74DC10">th</superScript>
: 1.0; antennal clubs (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E2MAC" xlink_title="Length versus breadth">L / B</abbrev>
: 2.1) twice as wide as last antennal segment, consisting of three visible segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E13B2A7E3419A26012E2A0DF0615A99">
Pronotum: Index (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EBNAC" xlink_title="Length versus breadth">L / B</abbrev>
): 1.12–1.14. Longer than wide, laterally weakly rounded, widest at middle, at fore and hind margins only weakly constricted; vestiture consisting of adherent and raised strong, clubbed mainly dark brown scales with several light brown scales intermixed, especially along middle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E0FDEA134D50873815F60E95ED061ECA">
Elytra: Index (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHNAC" xlink_title="Length versus breadth">L / B</abbrev>
): 1.53–1.71. Base slightly broader than prothorax, subelliptical, without humeral calli, oval, widest along middle; uneven intervals including suture weakly elevated, wider than deeply punctuated striae; elytral disc slightly flattened (lateral view); integument covered with
<specimenCount id="AC5AFCC7487F94EBF90E6E7557008545" count="2" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of scales: semi-raised, short and rounded or oval scales, and raised clubbed scales, up to twice as long as wide. Scales mostly dark brown; several patchily arranged light brown scales intermixed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B10C5E5C4BB341E6E699A527D78B9F7B">
Legs: Strong and slender, with elongate, bowed, dark brown scales and thinner light brown scales; apex of tibiae with a pair of lobal formed spines, reminding of spurs, with their tips subparallel projecting ventrally (Figs
<figureCitation id="C39159751A6692FDF6AB9559A4F73EC6" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="71E602C102348E193A0778C0B7F692C3" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">15</figureCitation>
). Three visible tarsal segments, first and second of same length, third 1.5 × as long as wide and distally bilobed, fourth tiny, hardly visible, claw segment twice as long as third one, claws simple.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB0172263E0C82BE9D2CD48564437995">
Aedeagus: Base of penis evenly sclerotized; ostium of penis oval and discreet, twice as long as broad. Penis, towards distal tip, with basal half covered by a thin translucent sclerotized sheath; at anterior end of ostium, penis with long dagger-like apex (Figs
<figureCitation id="15A7532198711997E98D31AB69C19A6B" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="48BAD6F813939719FE7F54FF6C19D3B8" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">4</figureCitation>
); internal sclerite with small central doublet and split inner arms with thick and bowed anterior arms surrounding central part. Encompassing sheath, valves forming a double lobed structure reminding of butterfly wings, as best seen in lateral view of single “ valve ”; sheath of internal sclerite evenly rounded, carrying lateral sclerites at middle of each of valves (Figs
<figureCitation id="55E7EEF4161A149C7FA367239F063E50" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">11–13</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F6792986775C09CEEA2AD62F385A89D3">
Female genitalia: Sternite VIII (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9E9FFDCC1CE41874D6146052F03AD8BA" captionStart="Figures 18–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 18–23. Female genital organs of D. sonjae. and D. lepontinus. 18, 20, 22 Female genitalia of Dichotrachelus sonjae. 18. Sternite VIII; 20. Spermatheca; 22. Gonocoxites. 19, 21, 23 Ditto of D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699">18</figureCitation>
), spermatheca (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8B8B95CBDACF079913D259E7ECC59999" captionStart="Figures 18–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 18–23. Female genital organs of D. sonjae. and D. lepontinus. 18, 20, 22 Female genitalia of Dichotrachelus sonjae. 18. Sternite VIII; 20. Spermatheca; 22. Gonocoxites. 19, 21, 23 Ditto of D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699">20</figureCitation>
) and gonocoxites (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BEC5158467A8D08AE5B6E5BEBBBDD8F0" captionStart="Figures 18–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 18–23. Female genital organs of D. sonjae. and D. lepontinus. 18, 20, 22 Female genitalia of Dichotrachelus sonjae. 18. Sternite VIII; 20. Spermatheca; 22. Gonocoxites. 19, 21, 23 Ditto of D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699">22</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2D936AEE7190A43EBFEF62AF1380EC30" ID-DOI="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" ID-arpha="3C434E89-FDFD-5C1A-A7D9-67A30325DC23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="7F9A42FD09AD41B117272EEFA4B068AB">
<label id="7F0F60CD428E5EF2151D0E0DF74CA278">Figures 18–23.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2EADE792191FB8EACFCF54DF02C4452F">
Female genital organs of
<taxonomicName id="3104FB067FA104509FCCA93B024046B9" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="10192F8B41C66AE2CFA309505F62826C" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. and
<taxonomicName id="0AAF4E2FDFD62AF70D2D3495632BA356" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="CD9992A56112656D6669E97D177CBCD1" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="D94025617F44E03A917937A0C390E833" bold="true">18, 20, 22</emphasis>
Female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="7C006CD5A17BF4BE0DAA0520121D0747" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="41B7A8F5CEB19F4F33EF915B5B304535" italics="true">Dichotrachelus sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="CDD5FE2B5AEE9091F3985ACCE5919E3B" bold="true">18.</emphasis>
Sternite VIII;
<emphasis id="8C9FBE2B5B968364B5A0BDEEF077E66E" bold="true">20.</emphasis>
Spermatheca;
<emphasis id="3976812B2FDA04BEF15587904B04FF15" bold="true">22.</emphasis>
Gonocoxites.
<emphasis id="668AC8EFDE3EDB632C7A3DB41799C667" bold="true">19, 21, 23</emphasis>
Ditto of
<taxonomicName id="65FC7753B24C947F15BDC9C935C8913D" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="8BACA175C1EE14E0895D98ED9A86E4EF" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photos: C. Germann).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3DCD5D1F7CB4F36AFC04A01EA3797AB2">
Sexual dimorphism: Elytral shape of male laterally parallel (in females slightly convex), spurs of tibiae in males more pronounced than in females. Fifth sternite of males more broadly rounded apicad than in females, with a more pointed arch-like apical margin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F4633ED23128C504F5247CE371B5C0AE" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1C9791E7F2255D33490C347AC897184D">
Derivation of the name: In deep gratitude and love the name of the new species was given by the first author to honor his wife Sonja, in compliance with provisions outlined by
<bibRefCitation id="F0DA4401040228C4F9C0F578A40B86B3" author="Lohse X" firstAuthor="Lohse" refId="B10" refString="Lohse X (1964) Herrn Bouwer gewidmet. Entomologische Blätter 60: 125." year="1964">Lohse (1964)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBBAE" type="biology">
<paragraph id="9E2B9981B58ED3880F6115B26755B2D1">
<heading id="02DFCA343F42109ABB6283061027E1D5" reason="title">Biology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EDA307CD78E56B4E13DE69C7604DDEBB">
While collecting the adults of
<taxonomicName id="28617AD203E052757BECEA598382F3A2" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="73CFDBB360D2E4E0DA37DC3F807CF664" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we encountered several larvae hidden in the dense moss cushions in the scree slope in late autumn (Figs
<figureCitation id="BBE3D47950F0962DA1620F1B288A0F7B" captionStart="Figures 24–27" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 24–27. 24, 25. Habitat of D. sonjae in the scree slope north of Pizzo Nona at nearly 2000 m a. s. l. (corresponds to the line ending with the rock face above). The extraordinary coldness of this place is due to the extra cavity carved into the north face of Pizzo Nona, that can be seen in Fig. 24 above the middle in the picture, thus the habitat is deprived from direct sunlight most of the year; 26, 27. Last and first larval stages of D. sonjae collected in moss cushions growing on granite stones in the scree slope (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures24-27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352700">24</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A3BC44C93ED1A111AE6D6A1C09554C76" captionStart="Figures 24–27" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 24–27. 24, 25. Habitat of D. sonjae in the scree slope north of Pizzo Nona at nearly 2000 m a. s. l. (corresponds to the line ending with the rock face above). The extraordinary coldness of this place is due to the extra cavity carved into the north face of Pizzo Nona, that can be seen in Fig. 24 above the middle in the picture, thus the habitat is deprived from direct sunlight most of the year; 26, 27. Last and first larval stages of D. sonjae collected in moss cushions growing on granite stones in the scree slope (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures24-27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352700">25</figureCitation>
). We were surprised to find not only large larvae in the last larval stage (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3D2B28D04F19099F6197A24ACDBDA21D" captionStart="Figures 24–27" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 24–27. 24, 25. Habitat of D. sonjae in the scree slope north of Pizzo Nona at nearly 2000 m a. s. l. (corresponds to the line ending with the rock face above). The extraordinary coldness of this place is due to the extra cavity carved into the north face of Pizzo Nona, that can be seen in Fig. 24 above the middle in the picture, thus the habitat is deprived from direct sunlight most of the year; 26, 27. Last and first larval stages of D. sonjae collected in moss cushions growing on granite stones in the scree slope (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures24-27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352700">26</figureCitation>
) but also tiny larvae in the first larval stage, hardly one millimeter in length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="5F69B45C581928CBB5532E5E0402C381" captionStart="Figures 24–27" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 24–27. 24, 25. Habitat of D. sonjae in the scree slope north of Pizzo Nona at nearly 2000 m a. s. l. (corresponds to the line ending with the rock face above). The extraordinary coldness of this place is due to the extra cavity carved into the north face of Pizzo Nona, that can be seen in Fig. 24 above the middle in the picture, thus the habitat is deprived from direct sunlight most of the year; 26, 27. Last and first larval stages of D. sonjae collected in moss cushions growing on granite stones in the scree slope (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures24-27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352700">27</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECCAE" type="Differential diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6930105E0E961CAF05F5C53BF73DDA92">
<heading id="6B4B0C6B680D60F7105D83E1ED2ABE1A" reason="title">Differential diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4680F3594BBE149CC40C62F2F3D22528">
<taxonomicName id="BB3B82392C4E72E628192C2421F7E984" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="0C1A9D5B7A9CE5214EF55B5147ECE20C" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically most similar to
<taxonomicName id="9E8EFDC29B17EBFBB71DC171ACF052A6" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="FC3E338BBDE6D6C9F80E65D7691979DC" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described from Cimalmotto (
<collectingRegion id="7B3E1CCB8BC7A9929B4363BF7D1E9C90" country="Switzerland" name="Ticino">Ticino</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="C024E18B0C770E230952D28E8C86D8F8" name="Switzerland">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
) and differs mainly in the unique dagger-like tip of its penis (Figs
<figureCitation id="891043C5AB6E951C74A6D26DD003D37F" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="9E5F592532373B91D886E7F253FEA096" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">4</figureCitation>
compared to 7, 8). Females may be separated by their spermathecae and sternites VIII. The edged projection at the base of the spermatheca of
<taxonomicName id="501FCC23B80075C8DDBA1909B0F061E3" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="D0884245AEE450069C02531DDAF049A2" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="5E22C8252030C76AC9003CA5F848DB72" captionStart="Figures 18–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 18–23. Female genital organs of D. sonjae. and D. lepontinus. 18, 20, 22 Female genitalia of Dichotrachelus sonjae. 18. Sternite VIII; 20. Spermatheca; 22. Gonocoxites. 19, 21, 23 Ditto of D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699">21</figureCitation>
) is totally absent in
<taxonomicName id="58E04ECD7D9685847E6ED781A302C0BC" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="742F7F07EA19F32ADAC92FC67B2B7AFC" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="2C38D733898FEFD8207AD27F2609EBF9" captionStart="Figures 18–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 18–23. Female genital organs of D. sonjae. and D. lepontinus. 18, 20, 22 Female genitalia of Dichotrachelus sonjae. 18. Sternite VIII; 20. Spermatheca; 22. Gonocoxites. 19, 21, 23 Ditto of D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699">20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4ABE3E52AF8AC671423806515D5038F3">
The morphological differences between
<taxonomicName id="52BACA741A0E7976C305E80EACF434DC" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="41160D7E7FA28FB20C573D03A6E56634" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A49CF8DB99B6EA6DC363D585090E3FC0" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="72B9FFD813DCBDC87386D1CA1589377B" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are as follows: Shape of elytra in males more elongate oval, shoulders more reduced, more slender in
<taxonomicName id="491431CA678C7472A654DEF28CDA54BB" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="DEB380CF5E0D9DE9591A8BC89D27C273" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="90CB4AB96143F95452AF923223EB7CF2" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="20BBADDEEB39308C71AB9237428DBEEA" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">2</figureCitation>
), elytra wider oval and wider at shoulders in
<taxonomicName id="1914067DF0FC459F49C7EE568F88A499" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="153D3B8FBE81B997282781B41003225A" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="FFE89AA5FDF9D541D2B256870892443B" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DC4FF2CD68D3AEAECF2E19A0EB32B5B5" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">4</figureCitation>
), pronotum in both sexes little more rounded laterally in
<taxonomicName id="D61A0EF16D3BB6A83D836C88F8295A72" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="03AE63BF84DFD5F69D50EACAAFD79BCD" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs
<figureCitation id="344F4FDDD224101F27D5427CFDB93000" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6D28A1BEC84FD447FE47963469424E64" captionStart="Figures 1–17" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1–17. Dichotrachelus sonjae and D. lepontinus. 1, 2. Male and female of D. sonjae; 3, 4. Male of D. sonjae aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 5, 6. Male and female of D. lepontinus; 7, 8. Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; 9. Ventral view of D. sonjae; 10. Ditto, D. lepontinus; 11–13. Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of D. sonjae, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; 14, 15. A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of D. sonjae; 16, 17. Ditto, D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures1-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352698">4</figureCitation>
). Legs, femora stronger and thicker in
<taxonomicName id="3FAFA43B281F1A2997FDE9770C835D43" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="88F5B902020C768B72606533D81A0C2B" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Erect scales on elytra and pronotum are a little thicker and stronger in
<taxonomicName id="C8557415548EF6F0484B93AAB44D9BE3" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="B4DAA43B9E2574F11A3660C98C81415A" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="452331B22EE6D442DF4CF33F845BB475" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="BB51AA98E7EC018DC7EC55E83A8540F7" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In females, both species have a very narrow sternite VIII, in
<taxonomicName id="32535FCDC2628FD967D031CD8B3C4E0B" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="0F3B11D0029E500919E2B0EF65987E6D" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the plate is wider (Figs
<figureCitation id="758C30559592697711E657F9E238E5B3" captionStart="Figures 18–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 18–23. Female genital organs of D. sonjae. and D. lepontinus. 18, 20, 22 Female genitalia of Dichotrachelus sonjae. 18. Sternite VIII; 20. Spermatheca; 22. Gonocoxites. 19, 21, 23 Ditto of D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699">18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FD2811201AFD50B0B45B312BC8932519" captionStart="Figures 18–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 18–23. Female genital organs of D. sonjae. and D. lepontinus. 18, 20, 22 Female genitalia of Dichotrachelus sonjae. 18. Sternite VIII; 20. Spermatheca; 22. Gonocoxites. 19, 21, 23 Ditto of D. lepontinus (Photos: C. Germann)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.9.153998.figures18-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1352699">19</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3D390E16980FD8CCC4952F22E2EA795">
Remarkably, both species share a heavy sclerotization of the aedeagal tubular base, with a distinct delineation marked by the ostium, occurring amongst
<taxonomicName id="EF44EA6BBCF5616C6E4D3A552E4ADD42" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="94D34CD36E4B102DAD9A3F2F5F9E5689" italics="true">Dichotrachelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the Alps only also in
<taxonomicName id="858FA2ECCA77B5FEBB299BCFCB6EBC05" authority="Stierlin, 1853" authorityName="Stierlin" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudeni">
<emphasis id="D22C1408D9DFDB3DEC0893620594D56A" italics="true">D. rudeni</emphasis>
Stierlin, 1853
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5742D8385AA29FC284D899DCDDBAB3B4" authority="Stierlin, 1857" authorityName="Stierlin" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imhoffi">
<emphasis id="767A059CC626AADE8D13282ABF0DCB40" italics="true">D. imhoffi</emphasis>
Stierlin, 1857
</taxonomicName>
. The ostium of the penis in
<taxonomicName id="432F326D778AFB33B7289EF68100736F" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="4DA614F1BFF488A71126178FDED0882B" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much more reduced in length than in
<taxonomicName id="6AD16C3463213EC22B146C8EDBC444C9" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="CB8F195359BF9FA7EE40E197E91B14FF" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to an oval orifice nearly twice as long as wide, while in
<taxonomicName id="55689E5C76308CC8F0DB8528D3810CCB" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="3267FBA8BB5EC8AE2A294F8537373479" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the ostium is much longer with clearly weaker sclerotization of the aedeagal base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1217CABF8857B1255D94477208B714FE">
Another species similar to
<taxonomicName id="F8E35464AD245CE3AAEF5AB79A3D6F50" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="E6B4315740ABA91A1B662EF94C6BC6F2" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="43E0AC1872CD590D0EF455FA673349EA" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meregallii">
<emphasis id="07A9716AC4533583F15DE706DC0A5B3D" italics="true">D. meregallii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which appears to be the only other
<taxonomicName id="34329B7FB3DF40579795A5AF278A4A16" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="512D9D69B6901622E448E9BAEAEDE2E1" italics="true">Dichotrachelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species sharing the double (duplex) lobal spurs with
<taxonomicName id="CDADA2D52DB8CC1356D7A3A13124C06E" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="FF4D982B7DBE98DB725BEB20E6EB8D61" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A678BE7BD71B1E100737AA459D3A8B95" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="9BB4B7ED4831C0820332FA722E79AA53" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="BE3596A00BC32BE0B12687AD5DBB3390" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meregallii">
<emphasis id="72AEA4E8D2E4CB9C56FCD21BC9EE6909" italics="true">D. meregallii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the posterior tibiae possess only one apparent single spur that is markedly larger and longer than any of the duplex spurs of the other tibiae of
<taxonomicName id="DC8E396CC685EEB49C2E46324E30C865" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="9DF406250DDE0C82D505CAD268624409" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="16968FA8F0C6F1471DAF6CFFBCD45821" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="6ED41434925DBB29D798ADEAF0A5D475" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively. This seemingly single spur is in fact consisting of two separate ones (magnification 100 ×). Notably,
<specimenCount id="4B0177B4C73054C5869B11DFBB93F716" count="1" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4537E05FEB1C22AF7BC04EA59CC609AF" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meregallii">
<emphasis id="96476A2A52671572665A21C0A8DEA2C4" italics="true">D. meregallii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a population at unusually low altitude (Valle di Lanzo, Ceres), exhibits intermediate states of spur fusion on the meso- and faintly on the protibiae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="49792326D037619CBC65B726C566143A">
Another species preferring rocky habitats in a high alpine environment is
<taxonomicName id="ED0C56CCC3898119D138DC672E0D0910" authority="Solari, 1946" authorityName="Solari" authorityYear="1946" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="augusti">
<emphasis id="C16CA0ACFF3210F969107A35EF2C2949" italics="true">Dichotrachelus augusti</emphasis>
Solari, 1946
</taxonomicName>
, which shares the slender and long tibiae with
<taxonomicName id="9AA753D6EDC4D1551E7D53AD7F870DE5" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="F81EF7D16086276170BF19EE7B76446A" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It also has spurs on its tibiae, but these are singular, fine, short, and pointed. The basal part of its aedeagus is weakly sclerotized, but more so than in
<taxonomicName id="1C6AD2F40BB769083B90284A894BD063" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meregallii">
<emphasis id="0E0F743A14FAD9E3C39A22EE24EADED1" italics="true">D. meregallii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ENOAE" type="Molecular data">
<paragraph id="2BD1EAFF7A815D250C9370613CE3847C">
<heading id="67249973B18709A4EC7F4F7479B158BA" reason="title">Molecular data.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0EF8B71C0DD6F37F520A2E21EF1328D6">
Mitochondrial genetic data confirmed the putative close association between
<taxonomicName id="51BE5795B45C740F90EC31CEC95CE25C" authorityName="Szallies &amp; Germann" authorityYear="2025" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonjae">
<emphasis id="8E302F5C9E9FE077948BEC31030158BB" italics="true">D. sonjae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="767EDC29E16E64277B5BD0091DAB7D48" authorityName="Osella" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepontinus">
<emphasis id="EF736869D3D8778CD16582CF884FCD42" italics="true">D. lepontinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the pairwise sequence distance of which exhibited 5.9–6.5 % difference in mitochondrial Cox 1 (p-distance; Suppl. material
<xref id="B671EA6462DA7DE399FD3259E22D9294" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
: table S 2), whilst all other species examined exhibited at least 11 % and more. Intraspecific variation was found to be up to 0.61 %.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

90
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<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D413FFAEFCA9FCFF9184969C" blockId="7.[820,1468,899,956]" box="[820,1468,899,924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">
<heading id="A4029C7FD413FFAEFCA9FCFF9184969C" box="[820,1468,899,924]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFCA9FCFF9184969C" authority="Lecal-Schlauder emend. R. E. Norris" authorityName="Lecal-Schlauder (1966) emend. R. E. Norris" authorityYear="1984" box="[820,1468,899,924]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFCA9FCFF9184969C" authority="Lecal-Schlauder emend. R. E. Norris" authorityName="Lecal-Schlauder emend. R. E. Norris" authorityYear="1984" box="[820,1468,899,924]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFCA9FCFF9184969C" bold="true" box="[820,1468,899,924]" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFCA9FCFF9018969B" bold="true" box="[820,1056,899,923]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">Palusphaera vandelii</emphasis>
Lecal-Schlauder
@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ Lecal-Schlauder
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D413FFAEFBD9FCD891699034" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" type="description">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D413FFAEFBD9FCD8909496BC" blockId="7.[820,1468,899,956]" box="[1092,1196,932,956]" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">
<figureCitation id="67CE3796D413FFAEFBD9FCD8909496BC" box="[1092,1196,932,956]" captionStart="Figs 7–11" captionStartId="8.[104,139,935,955]" captionTargetBox="[105,1479,142,900]" captionTargetId="figure-575@8.[104,1480,141,901]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 7–11. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera vandelii. Scale bar = 5 μm for Figs 7, 8, 9, 11. Fig. 7. Complete coccosphere. Fig. 8. Specimen with coccoliths that bear planolith bases with usually three nodes in proximal side (arrow). Fig. 9. Collapsed coccosphere with circular coccoliths; inner rim cycle is typically wider in proximal side (arrow). Fig. 10. Detailed view of Fig. 9; arrow shows the laevogyral curvature of the crystal elements of the lamellar cycle, observed in proximal view. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 11. Disarticulated coccoliths bearing spines with spirally arranged crystal segments, highly visible towards the central process (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520238/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">Figs 7–11</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
@ -147,9 +149,11 @@ Karatsolis
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D413FFAEFBBCFA5D90AF9034" author="Chang F. H." box="[1057,1175,1313,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref7574" refString="Chang F. H. 2019. The Marine Biota of New Zealand. Catalogue and description of the coccolithophores (Haptophyta, Coccolithophyceae), calcareous, scale-bearing microalgae, in New Zealand waters. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 131: 1-128." type="journal article" year="2019">Chang (2019</bibRefCitation>
, p. 51, figs 20C, D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D413FFAEFCB5FA2190139328" blockId="7.[808,1481,1368,1577]" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">
PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES:
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFB74FA27909E9088" authority="Lohmann sensu Halldal &amp; Markali (1955" authorityName="Lohmann sensu Halldal &amp; Markali" authorityYear="1955" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Acanthoica" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="quattrospina">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFB74FA27909E9088" authority="Lohmann sensu Halldal &amp; Markali (1955" authorityName="Lohmann sensu Halldal &amp; Markali" authorityYear="1955" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Acanthoica" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="quattrospina">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFB74FA2791F0906D" box="[1257,1480,1371,1390]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">Acanthoica quattrospina</emphasis>
Lohmann
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFC14FA0A97819088" box="[905,953,1398,1416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">sensu</emphasis>
@ -158,7 +162,7 @@ Lohmann
, pp 15-16, fig. 3,
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFAD3FA0A91499088" box="[1358,1393,1398,1416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">non</emphasis>
figs 1, 2, 4).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFCDBFAEC91BB90A3" authority="J. Schiller sensu Norris (1971" authorityName="Norris" authorityYear="1971" box="[838,1411,1424,1444]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="longistylis">
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<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFCDBFAEC900890A3" box="[838,1072,1424,1443]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">Rhabdosphaera longistylis</emphasis>
J. Schiller
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFB0EFAED90FB90A3" box="[1171,1219,1425,1443]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">sensu</emphasis>
@ -174,9 +178,7 @@ J. Schiller
, p. 157, pl. 4, fig. 2
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFB24FABA90E490D8" box="[1209,1244,1478,1496]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">non</emphasis>
fig. 3).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFABEFAB991B790D8" authorityName="Lohmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[1315,1423,1477,1496]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Halopappaceae" genus="Halopappus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFABEFAB991B790D8" box="[1315,1423,1477,1496]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">Halopappus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf.
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFA2FFABA910C90F3" authority="J. Schiller sensu Winter et al. (1979" authorityName="Winter" authorityYear="1979" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Halopappaceae" genus="Halopappus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="adriaticus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFA2FFABA97BA90F3" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">H. adriaticus</emphasis>
@ -190,7 +192,7 @@ Winter
, p. 200
</taxonomicName>
, pl. III, fig. 5).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFCB5FA879176930E" authority="var. vandelii sensu Dimiza (2006" authorityName="Dimiza" authorityYear="2006" box="[808,1358,1531,1550]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="variety" species="vandelii" variety="vandelii">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFCB5FA879176930E" authority="var. vandelii sensu Dimiza (2006" authorityName="Dimiza" authorityYear="2006" box="[808,1358,1531,1550]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="variety" species="vandelii" variety="vandelii">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFCB5FA8797DD930E" box="[808,997,1531,1550]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">Palusphaera vandelii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFB89FA8790AA930D" box="[1044,1170,1531,1550]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">vandelii sensu</emphasis>
@ -199,11 +201,13 @@ var.
</taxonomicName>
, pl. X, figs 3- 4; unpublished PhD thesis).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D413FFAEFCB5F92D91909252" blockId="7.[808,1481,1612,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">
EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic, spherical but usually seen collapsed, composed of
<emphasis id="CD81F701D413FFAEFBB4F916900A937C" box="[1065,1074,1642,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">c</emphasis>
. 50 BCs. BCs planoliths with a subcircular to circular outline; rim thin with typical
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFB0FF9F991079398" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1170,1343,1669,1688]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="family">Rhabdosphaeraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D413FFAEFB0FF9F991079398" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1170,1343,1669,1688]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="595" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="family">Rhabdosphaeraceae</taxonomicName>
rim structure. Lamellar cycle fills central area, convex on distal side and concave on the proximal side. Lamellar cycle elements rod shaped, overlapping and displaying dextrogyral curvature on the distal side and laevogyral in proximal view (e.g.
<figureCitation id="67CE3796D413FFAEFC4BF993902A9202" box="[982,1042,1775,1794]" captionStart="Figs 7–11" captionStartId="8.[104,139,935,955]" captionTargetBox="[105,1479,142,900]" captionTargetId="figure-575@8.[104,1480,141,901]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 7–11. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera vandelii. Scale bar = 5 μm for Figs 7, 8, 9, 11. Fig. 7. Complete coccosphere. Fig. 8. Specimen with coccoliths that bear planolith bases with usually three nodes in proximal side (arrow). Fig. 9. Collapsed coccosphere with circular coccoliths; inner rim cycle is typically wider in proximal side (arrow). Fig. 10. Detailed view of Fig. 9; arrow shows the laevogyral curvature of the crystal elements of the lamellar cycle, observed in proximal view. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 11. Disarticulated coccoliths bearing spines with spirally arranged crystal segments, highly visible towards the central process (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520238" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520238/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="595">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Central process with a central pore in proximal view, usually surrounded by two to three small nodes; distal side with a thin and long spine, formed of numerous spirally arranged elements at the base becoming less spiral upwards. Spine is styliform-shaped without a collar.
@ -212,7 +216,7 @@ rim structure. Lamellar cycle fills central area, convex on distal side and conc
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<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FFF5FCDB94FA96BB" bold="true" box="[104,194,935,955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Figs 7–11.</emphasis>
SEM micrographs of
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<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FEE5FCDB961A96BB" box="[376,546,935,955]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Palusphaera vandelii</emphasis>
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. Scale bar = 5 μm for Figs 7, 8, 9, 11.

89
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Genus
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Lecal-Schlauder
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. R.E. Norris
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EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic and monothecate, with only spine-bearing BCs and no differentiated circum-flagellar coccoliths. BCs flat, with two rim cycles, an outer/upper cycle with nearradial sutures, an inner/lower cycle showing strong sinistral obliquity in proximal view. The radial lath cycle shown by many other
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is absent; instead, the lamellar cycle fills the central area. The lamellar cycle of tabular elements shows dextrogyral obliquity in distal view and laevogyral obliquity in proximal view. Central process is a spine, variable in shape but without a collar; proximal side with a central pore surrounded by several (usually three) angular nodes.
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:
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Lecal-Schlauder (1966)
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. R.E.
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. The original author published under the name Lecal.
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<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FCABF81E9181927A" blockId="8.[822,1465,1890,1947]" box="[822,1465,1890,1915]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<heading id="A4029C7FD41CFFA1FCABF81E9181927A" box="[822,1465,1890,1915]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" reason="2">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FCABF81E9181927A" bold="true" box="[822,1465,1890,1915]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FCABF81E9162927B" authority="Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young" authorityName="Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young" authorityYear="2021" box="[822,1370,1890,1915]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="crosiae" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FCABF81E9162927B" authority="Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young" authorityName="Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young" authorityYear="2021" box="[822,1370,1890,1915]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="crosiae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FCABF81E902D927A" bold="true" box="[822,1045,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Palusphaera crosiae</emphasis>
Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young
</taxonomicName>
@ -61,28 +63,56 @@ Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41CFFA1FBA0F8FF908B929B" box="[1085,1203,1923,1947]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="description">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FBA0F8FF908B929B" blockId="8.[822,1465,1890,1947]" box="[1085,1203,1923,1947]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<figureCitation id="67CE3796D41CFFA1FBA0F8FF908B929B" box="[1085,1203,1923,1947]" captionStart="Figs 17–21" captionStartId="10.[101,136,1033,1053]" captionTargetBox="[102,1477,140,999]" captionTargetId="figure-443@10.[101,1477,139,999]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 17–21. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera crosiae sp. nov. Scale bar = 5 μm for Figs 17, 18, 19. Fig. 17. Holotype and complete coccosphere. Fig. 18. Detailed view of Fig. 17; arrow indicates the part of the spine being markedly thicker at the one-third to one-quarter height from the base. Fig. 19. Complete coccosphere with subcircular planoliths. Fig. 20. Detailed view of Fig. 19; planoliths with (a) a relatively wide outer rim cycle, (b) a styliform spine formed at the centre of the lamellar cycle in distal side, and (c) three robust angular nodes surrounding the central pore in proximal side. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 21. Side view of styliform processes of disarticulated spine-bearing planoliths. Scale bar = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520244/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Figs 17–21</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FCB5F8C591F092E5" blockId="8.[808,1480,1972,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41CFFA0FCB5F8C59688907C" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="597" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA0FCB5F8C59688907C" blockId="8.[808,1480,1972,2021]" lastBlockId="9.[104,777,1278,1404]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="597" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES: sp. aff.
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FAC4F8CB902092E5" authority="sensu Kleijne (1992" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FAC4F8CB976092E4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Palusphaera sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41CFFA1FCFDF8AE97E492E5" author="Kleijne A." box="[864,988,2002,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref8825" refString="Kleijne A. 1992. Extant Rhabdosphaeraceae (coccolithophorids, class Prymnesiophyceae) from the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean. Scripta Geologica 100: 1-63." type="journal article" year="1992">Kleijne (1992</bibRefCitation>
, p. 38
</taxonomicName>
, described under remarks on
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FAAEF8AE919A92E5" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" box="[1331,1442,2002,2021]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
, p. 38, described under remarks on
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FAAEF8AE919A92E5" box="[1331,1442,2002,2021]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Palusphaera</emphasis>
but not illustrated).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FF60FB8295A69011" box="[253,414,1278,1297]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FF60FB8295549011" box="[253,364,1278,1297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Palusphaera</emphasis>
sp. 1
</taxonomicName>
but
(
<typeStatus id="204E95B1D41DFFA0FE36FB8295EB9011" box="[427,467,1278,1297]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">type</typeStatus>
robusta)
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FDB0FB8396659011" box="[557,605,1279,1297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">sensu</emphasis>
Cros (2002, p. 36, pl. 9, figs 4, 6);
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FF6AFA6595FC902C" author="Cros L. &amp; Fortuno J. - M." box="[247,452,1305,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" pagination="7 - 182" refId="ref7744" refString="Cros L. &amp; Fortuno J. - M. 2002. Atlas of northwestern Mediterranean coccolithophores. Scientia Marina 66 (Suppl. 1): 7-182. DOI: 10.3989/scimar.2002.66s11." type="journal article" year="2002">Cros &amp; Fortuño (2002</bibRefCitation>
, p. 84, figs 22C, 22D);
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FD05FA6594A49046" author="Young J. R. &amp; Geisen M. &amp; Cros L. &amp; Kleijne A. &amp; Probert I. &amp; Ostergaard J. B." pageId="9" pageNumber="597" pagination="1 - 132" refId="ref10072" refString="Young J. R., Geisen M., Cros L., Kleijne A., Probert I. &amp; Ostergaard J. B. 2003. A guide to extant coccolithophore taxonomy. Journal of Nannoplankton Research, Special Issue 1: 1-132." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Young
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FD41FA65973B902C" box="[732,771,1305,1324]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">et al</emphasis>
. (2003
</bibRefCitation>
, pp 56–57, pl. 25, figs 10, 11);
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FE58FA4F969A9046" author="Malinverno E. &amp; Dimiza M. D. &amp; Triantaphyllou M. &amp; Dermitzakis M. &amp; Corselli C." box="[453,674,1331,1351]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" refId="ref9028" refString="Malinverno E., Dimiza M. D., Triantaphyllou M., Dermitzakis M. &amp; Corselli C. 2008. Coccolithophores of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: a look into the marine microworld. Ion Publishing Group, Peristeri, Greece. 188 pp." type="book" year="2008">
Malinverno
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FDA5FA4896599046" box="[568,609,1331,1350]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">et al</emphasis>
. (2008
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 66, fig. 37).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FF0CFA3296549061" authority="sensu Dimiza (2006" authorityName="Dimiza" authorityYear="2006" box="[145,620,1358,1377]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="variety" species="vandelii" variety="crassa">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FF0CFA3295769061" box="[145,334,1358,1377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Palusphaera vandelii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FEE1FA3395D19061" box="[380,489,1359,1377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">crassa sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FE72FA3296549061" author="Dimiza M." box="[495,620,1358,1377]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" refId="ref7843" refString="Dimiza M. 2006. The study of recent coccolithophore biocommunities in the coastal environments of Andros island related to the late quaternary assemblages from central Aegean Sea. PhD thesis. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens. 338 pp." type="book" year="2006">Dimiza (2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pp 61–62, pl. X, figs 5–6 and pl. XI, figs 1–6, unpublished PhD thesis, invalid).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="AB8A7B9BD41DFFA0FFF7FC83967791BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520242" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15520242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" startId="9.[106,141,1023,1043]" targetBox="[106,1481,139,988]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FFF7FC8396409113" blockId="9.[106,1482,1023,1211]" box="[106,632,1023,1043]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FFF7FC8394F69113" bold="true" box="[106,206,1023,1043]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Figs 12–16.</emphasis>
SEM micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FE19FC83960B9113" authorityName="Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young" authorityYear="2021" box="[388,563,1023,1043]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="probertii" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FE19FC83960B9113" authorityName="Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young" authorityYear="2021" box="[388,563,1023,1043]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="probertii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FE19FC83960B9113" box="[388,563,1023,1043]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Palusphaera probertii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D6B24A7AD41DFFA0FDA4FC8396409113" box="[569,632,1023,1043]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" rank="species">
@ -111,47 +141,12 @@ SEM micrographs of
. Detailed view of a broadly elliptical coccolith, small in size, and its broken styliform process. The lath-like crystal segments of the spine are arranged parallel to its long axis (see arrow). Scale bar = 1 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FFF5FB829688907C" blockId="9.[104,777,1278,1404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
not illustrated).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FF60FB8295A69011" box="[253,414,1278,1297]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FF60FB8295549011" box="[253,364,1278,1297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Palusphaera</emphasis>
sp. 1
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="204E95B1D41DFFA0FE36FB8295EB9011" box="[427,467,1278,1297]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">type</typeStatus>
robusta)
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FDB0FB8396B79011" authority="Cros" authorityName="Cros" box="[557,655,1278,1297]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" rank="species" species="sensu">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FDB0FB8396659011" box="[557,605,1279,1297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">sensu</emphasis>
Cros
</taxonomicName>
(2002, p. 36, pl. 9, figs 4, 6);
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FF6AFA6595FC902C" author="Cros L. &amp; Fortuno J. - M." box="[247,452,1305,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" pagination="7 - 182" refId="ref7744" refString="Cros L. &amp; Fortuno J. - M. 2002. Atlas of northwestern Mediterranean coccolithophores. Scientia Marina 66 (Suppl. 1): 7-182. DOI: 10.3989/scimar.2002.66s11." type="journal article" year="2002">Cros &amp; Fortuño (2002</bibRefCitation>
, p. 84, figs 22C, 22D);
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FD05FA6594A49046" author="Young J. R. &amp; Geisen M. &amp; Cros L. &amp; Kleijne A. &amp; Probert I. &amp; Ostergaard J. B." pageId="9" pageNumber="597" pagination="1 - 132" refId="ref10072" refString="Young J. R., Geisen M., Cros L., Kleijne A., Probert I. &amp; Ostergaard J. B. 2003. A guide to extant coccolithophore taxonomy. Journal of Nannoplankton Research, Special Issue 1: 1-132." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Young
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FD41FA65973B902C" box="[732,771,1305,1324]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">et al</emphasis>
. (2003
</bibRefCitation>
, pp 56–57, pl. 25, figs 10, 11);
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FE58FA4F969A9046" author="Malinverno E. &amp; Dimiza M. D. &amp; Triantaphyllou M. &amp; Dermitzakis M. &amp; Corselli C." box="[453,674,1331,1351]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" refId="ref9028" refString="Malinverno E., Dimiza M. D., Triantaphyllou M., Dermitzakis M. &amp; Corselli C. 2008. Coccolithophores of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: a look into the marine microworld. Ion Publishing Group, Peristeri, Greece. 188 pp." type="book" year="2008">
Malinverno
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FDA5FA4896599046" box="[568,609,1331,1350]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">et al</emphasis>
. (2008
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 66, fig. 37).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FF0CFA3296549061" authority="sensu Dimiza (2006" authorityName="Dimiza" authorityYear="2006" box="[145,620,1358,1377]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="variety" species="vandelii" variety="crassa">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FF0CFA3295769061" box="[145,334,1358,1377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Palusphaera vandelii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FEE1FA3395D19061" box="[380,489,1359,1377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">crassa sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FE72FA3296549061" author="Dimiza M." box="[495,620,1358,1377]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" refId="ref7843" refString="Dimiza M. 2006. The study of recent coccolithophore biocommunities in the coastal environments of Andros island related to the late quaternary assemblages from central Aegean Sea. PhD thesis. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens. 338 pp." type="book" year="2006">Dimiza (2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pp 61–62, pl. X, figs 5–6 and pl. XI, figs 1–6, unpublished PhD thesis, invalid).
</paragraph>
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DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic and generally seen collapsed but probably spherical in shape, with
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FE4AFAC695D890CC" box="[471,480,1466,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">c</emphasis>
. 45–60 BCs. BC bases broadly elliptical in outline and slightly concavo-convex. Rim shows typical
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FFF5FA9395219302" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[104,281,1519,1538]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="family">Rhabdosphaeraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FFF5FA9395219302" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[104,281,1519,1538]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="family">Rhabdosphaeraceae</taxonomicName>
rim structure. Central area filled by the lamellar cycle; no radial cycle is present. Central process is a long, tapering spindleshaped spine. Maximum thickness is at one-third to one-quarter of the height and it tapers to a fine point. The spine is formed from robust laths,
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FD67F943973B9351" box="[762,771,1599,1617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">c</emphasis>
. 1.0 μm × 0.15 μm at the base, becoming smaller towards the tip; they abutt neatly to form a 6- to 8-μm sided smooth hollow structure. Adjacent laths are offset by about one-third of their length. BC proximal side with a central pore surrounded by a few angular nodes.
@ -174,39 +169,39 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FFF5F83196389294" blockId="9.[104,777,1864,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
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<typeStatus id="204E95B1D41DFFA0FFF5F83194F1925E" box="[104,201,1869,1886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: 200-07 (specimen illustrated in
: 200-07 (
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illustrated in
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), stub no. 470/3, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation
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<specimenCode id="AF538368D41DFFA0FEF9F8FD958C9294" box="[356,436,1921,1940]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">NF 4917</specimenCode>
200-07.
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41DFFA0FEF9F8FD95C49294" box="[356,508,1921,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">NF 4917 200-07</specimenCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FFF5F8C5973092E5" blockId="9.[104,776,1972,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41DFFA0FFF5F8C5973092E5" collectionCode="PM" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" specimenCode="NF 4855" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FFF5F8C59029902C" blockId="9.[104,776,1972,2021]" lastBlockId="9.[808,1480,1278,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41DFFA0FFF5F8C59035902C" collectingDate="1999-10" collectionCode="PM" collectorName="MATER II Expedition" elevation="70" latitude="37.433" location="North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="-0.42166665" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" specimenCode="NF 4855 211-21, NF 4855 211-22, NF 4663 177-56" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="204E95B1D41DFFA0FFF5F8C594F592CA" box="[104,205,1977,1994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
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<specimenCode id="AF538368D41DFFA0FDFFF8CB968C92CA" box="[610,692,1975,1994]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">NF 4855</specimenCode>
211-21); 211-22 (stub no. 487/0, designation
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41DFFA0FDFFF8CB96C692CA" box="[610,766,1975,1994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">NF 4855 211-21</specimenCode>
); 211-22 (stub no. 487/0, designation
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<specimenCode id="AF538368D41DFFA0FE7BF8AE960F92E5" box="[486,567,2002,2021]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">NF 4855</specimenCode>
211-22); 177-56 (stub
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FCB5FB829029902C" blockId="9.[808,1480,1278,1324]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
no. 302/2, designation
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41DFFA0FE7BF8AE96B892E5" box="[486,640,2002,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">NF 4855 211-22</specimenCode>
); 177-56 (stub no. 302/2, designation
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41DFFA0FC64FB8290229011" box="[1017,1050,1278,1297]" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">PM</collectionCode>
NF 4663 177-56). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41DFFA0FB82FB82908C9011" box="[1055,1204,1278,1297]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">NF 4663 177-56</specimenCode>
). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by
<figureCitation id="67CE3796D41DFFA0FC34FA659035902C" box="[937,1037,1305,1324]" captionStart="Figs 17–21" captionStartId="10.[101,136,1033,1053]" captionTargetBox="[102,1477,140,999]" captionTargetId="figure-443@10.[101,1477,139,999]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 17–21. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera crosiae sp. nov. Scale bar = 5 μm for Figs 17, 18, 19. Fig. 17. Holotype and complete coccosphere. Fig. 18. Detailed view of Fig. 17; arrow indicates the part of the spine being markedly thicker at the one-third to one-quarter height from the base. Fig. 19. Complete coccosphere with subcircular planoliths. Fig. 20. Detailed view of Fig. 19; planoliths with (a) a relatively wide outer rim cycle, (b) a styliform spine formed at the centre of the lamellar cycle in distal side, and (c) three robust angular nodes surrounding the central pore in proximal side. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 21. Side view of styliform processes of disarticulated spine-bearing planoliths. Scale bar = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520244/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Figs 19–21</figureCitation>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FCB5FA3297939094" blockId="9.[808,1481,1353,1428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41DFFA0FCB5FA3290DC907A" collectingDate="1999-10" collectionCode="TYPE, LOCALITY" elevation="70" latitude="37.433" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="-0.42166665" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41DFFA0FCB5FA329785905F" box="[808,957,1358,1375]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
: North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas (
TYPE LOCALITY:
<location id="FA2A7DC8D41DFFA0FC4FFA3091AF905F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D:FA2A7DC8D41DFFA0FC4FFA3091AF905F" box="[978,1431,1356,1375]" latitude="37.433" longLatPrecision="74" longitude="-0.42166665" name="North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="9AC14DD4D41DFFA0FA37FA3097549079" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="25.98" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" precision="9" value="37.433">37° 25.98'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9AC14DD4D41DFFA0FCE1FA1A97F49079" box="[892,972,1382,1401]" degrees="0" direction="west" minutes="25.3" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" precision="92" value="-0.42166665">0°25.3'W</geoCoordinate>
@ -218,14 +213,15 @@ NF 4663 177-56). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by
<date id="8B4B0DD3D41DFFA0FBFDFA1A90D9907A" box="[1120,1249,1382,1402]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" value="1999-10">
<collectingDate id="9B0FF43BD41DFFA0FBFDFA1A90D9907A" box="[1120,1249,1382,1402]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" value="1999-10">October 1999</collectingDate>
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,
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<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41DFFA0FB6DFA1B916E907A" box="[1264,1366,1383,1402]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">MATER II</collectionCode>
Expedition, Station 69-08).
,
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, Station 69-08).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41DFFA0FCB5FACA97839316" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" type="distribution">
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41DFFA0FCB5FACA905190C8" box="[808,1129,1457,1480]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FCB5FACA905190C8" blockId="9.[808,1129,1457,1480]" box="[808,1129,1457,1480]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical waters.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41DFFA0FCB5FA9697839316" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FCB5FA9697839316" blockId="9.[808,1480,1509,1558]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Nine, plus two published in
<bibRefCitation id="9B6456E2D41DFFA0FA1EFA94978F9316" author="Cros L. &amp; Fortuno J. - M." pageId="9" pageNumber="597" pagination="7 - 182" refId="ref7744" refString="Cros L. &amp; Fortuno J. - M. 2002. Atlas of northwestern Mediterranean coccolithophores. Scientia Marina 66 (Suppl. 1): 7-182. DOI: 10.3989/scimar.2002.66s11." type="journal article" year="2002">Cros &amp; Fortuño (2002)</bibRefCitation>
@ -238,7 +234,7 @@ NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Nine, plus two published in
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41DFFA0FCB5F9DC9068921D" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41DFFA0FCB5F9DC9068921D" blockId="9.[808,1481,1691,1821]" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">
REMARKS: The species differs from the other taxa in possessing a styliform spine with robust and thick lath-like crystal segments, markedly thicker at the one-third to one-quarter height from the base of the central area. The distal side outer rim cycle is distinctly narrower compared to that of
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FC77F8769073921C" box="[1002,1099,1801,1820]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FC77F8769073921C" box="[1002,1099,1801,1820]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FC77F8769073921C" box="[1002,1099,1801,1820]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">P. vandelii</emphasis>
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.

126
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<treatment id="775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520240" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15520240" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A" lastPageNumber="596" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41CFFA1FFF1FB80973B9014" box="[108,771,1276,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FFF1FB80973B9014" blockId="8.[108,771,1276,1333]" box="[108,771,1276,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<heading id="A4029C7FD41CFFA1FFF1FB80973B9014" box="[108,771,1276,1301]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" reason="2">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FFF1FB80973B9014" bold="true" box="[108,771,1276,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FFF1FB80969C9015" authority="Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young" authorityName="Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young" authorityYear="2021" box="[108,676,1276,1301]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="probertii" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FFF1FB80969C9015" authority="Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young" authorityName="Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young" authorityYear="2021" box="[108,676,1276,1301]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="probertii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FFF1FB8095589014" bold="true" box="[108,352,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Palusphaera probertii</emphasis>
Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young
</taxonomicName>
@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FFF5FA14966E9306" blockId="8.[103,776,1379,1542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES:
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FDB3FA1A95B09095" authority="J. Schiller sensu Reid (1980" authorityName="Reid" authorityYear="1980" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="longistylis">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FDB3FA1A95B09095" authority="J. Schiller sensu Reid (1980" authorityName="Reid" authorityYear="1980" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="longistylis">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FDB3FA1A973F9079" box="[558,775,1382,1401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Rhabdosphaera longistylis</emphasis>
J. Schiller
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FF26FAFF94D19095" box="[187,233,1411,1429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">sensu</emphasis>
@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ J. Schiller
, p. 157
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 4, fig. 3).
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FE65FAFE973F9095" authority="sensu Cros" authorityName="Cros" box="[504,775,1410,1429]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FE65FAFE973F9095" authority="sensu Cros" authorityName="Cros" box="[504,775,1410,1429]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FE65FAFE96E29095" box="[504,730,1410,1429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Palusphaera vandelii sensu</emphasis>
Cros
</taxonomicName>
@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ Wang
DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic and spherically shaped, but usually seen collapsed, composed of
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FE20F92995FE9367" box="[445,454,1621,1639]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">c</emphasis>
. 45–60 BCs. BCs broadly elliptical to subcircular in plan view, with narrow rims and nearly flat bases. Rim with typical
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FF78F9F195A193A0" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[229,409,1677,1696]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="family">Rhabdosphaeraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FF78F9F195A193A0" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[229,409,1677,1696]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="family">Rhabdosphaeraceae</taxonomicName>
rim structure. Central area filled by a lamellar cycle of numerous rod-shaped, slightly overlapping crystal segments; no radial cycle is observed. Central process bears a thin, hollow, styliform spine with no collar; spine structure composed predominantly of numerous elongate elements arranged parallel to the axis of the spine. The spine is remarkably long compared to the coccosphere diameter. The proximal planolith side has three robust angular nodes around the central pore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FFF5F8E7967392E1" blockId="8.[104,776,1941,2017]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
@ -132,40 +134,42 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41CFFA1FCB5FBF1918B90A0" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FCB5FBF190F891D3" blockId="8.[808,1481,1160,1236]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41CFFA1FCB5FBF190F891D3" collectionCode="PM" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" specimenCode="NF 4591" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41CFFA1FCB5FBF190F891D3" collectingDate="1997-09-24" collectionCode="PM" collectorName="P233 B Expedition" elevation="25" latitude="29.761667" location="North-eastern Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="122" longitude="-17.93" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" specimenCode="NF 4591 118-55" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="204E95B1D41CFFA1FCB5FBF197B1919E" box="[808,905,1165,1182]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: 118-55 (specimen illustrated in
: 118-55 (
<specimenCount id="E9F3E09AD41CFFA1FC70FBF7907D919E" box="[1005,1093,1163,1182]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
illustrated in
<figureCitation id="67CE3796D41CFFA1FB4AFBF79123919E" box="[1239,1307,1163,1182]" captionStart="Figs 12–16" captionStartId="9.[106,141,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[106,1481,139,988]" captionTargetId="figure-488@9.[106,1482,138,989]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 12–16. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera probertii sp. nov. Fig. 12. Holotype and complete coccosphere specimen. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 13. Detailed view of a specimen with broadly elliptical planoliths showing a central pore and three angular nodes on the proximal side (a) and clockwise imbrication on the distal side (b); broken spine (c) is long and thin, formed of crystallites arranged parallel to the spine axis. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 14. Collapsed coccosphere. Scale bar = 5 μm. Fig. 15. Incomplete coccolith in distal view; crystal elements show dextrogyral curvature (arrow). Scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 16. Detailed view of a broadly elliptical coccolith, small in size, and its broken styliform process. The lath-like crystal segments of the spine are arranged parallel to its long axis (see arrow). Scale bar = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520242/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
), stub no. 257/0, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41CFFA1FC66FBBD902491D4" box="[1019,1052,1217,1236]" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">PM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FBB9FBBD904C91D3" box="[1060,1140,1216,1236]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4591</specimenCode>
118-55.
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FBB9FBBD908491D3" box="[1060,1212,1216,1236]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4591 118-55</specimenCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FCB5FB8F918A9055" blockId="8.[808,1480,1262,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41CFFA1FCB5FB8F91959054" collectionCode="PM" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" specimenCode="NF 4875, NF 4814, NF 4928" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41CFFA1FCB5FB8F91959054" collectingDate="1997-09-24" collectionCode="PM" collectorName="P233 B Expedition" elevation="25" latitude="29.761667" location="North-eastern Atlantic Ocean" longLatPrecision="122" longitude="-17.93" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" specimenCode="NF 4875 212-09, NF 4814 188-03, NF 4928 297-77, NF 4875 212-19" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="204E95B1D41CFFA1FCB5FB8F97B59004" box="[808,909,1267,1284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
: 212-09 (stub no. 511/3, designation
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41CFFA1FB44FB8E90C29005" box="[1241,1274,1266,1285]" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">PM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FA9DFB8E91749004" box="[1280,1356,1265,1285]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4875</specimenCode>
212-09); 188- 03 (stub no. 459/2, designation
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FA9DFB8E91A99004" box="[1280,1425,1265,1285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4875 212-09</specimenCode>
); 188- 03 (stub no. 459/2, designation
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41CFFA1FBDCFA70905A901F" box="[1089,1122,1292,1311]" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">PM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FBFAFA70908B901F" box="[1127,1203,1292,1311]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4814</specimenCode>
188-03); 297-77 (stub no. 729/ 0, designation
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FBFAFA7090C1901F" box="[1127,1273,1292,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4814 188-03</specimenCode>
); 297-77 (stub no. 729/ 0, designation
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41CFFA1FC3AFA5B97F0903A" box="[935,968,1319,1338]" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">PM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FC50FA5B9020903A" box="[973,1048,1319,1338]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4928</specimenCode>
297-77); 212-19 (stub no. 511/3, designation
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FC50FA5B9065903A" box="[973,1117,1319,1338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4928 297-77</specimenCode>
); 212-19 (stub no. 511/3, designation
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41CFFA1FA3AFA5B91F0903A" box="[1447,1480,1319,1338]" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">PM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FCB5FA3E974D9054" box="[808,885,1345,1365]" collectionCode="PM" country="USA" name="Pratt Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4875</specimenCode>
212-19). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by
<specimenCode id="AF538368D41CFFA1FCB5FA3E97839054" box="[808,955,1345,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">NF 4875 212-19</specimenCode>
). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by
<figureCitation id="67CE3796D41CFFA1FAD0FA3D91959054" box="[1357,1453,1345,1364]" captionStart="Figs 12–16" captionStartId="9.[106,141,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[106,1481,139,988]" captionTargetId="figure-488@9.[106,1482,138,989]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 12–16. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera probertii sp. nov. Fig. 12. Holotype and complete coccosphere specimen. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 13. Detailed view of a specimen with broadly elliptical planoliths showing a central pore and three angular nodes on the proximal side (a) and clockwise imbrication on the distal side (b); broken spine (c) is long and thin, formed of crystallites arranged parallel to the spine axis. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 14. Collapsed coccosphere. Scale bar = 5 μm. Fig. 15. Incomplete coccolith in distal view; crystal elements show dextrogyral curvature (arrow). Scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 16. Detailed view of a broadly elliptical coccolith, small in size, and its broken styliform process. The lath-like crystal segments of the spine are arranged parallel to its long axis (see arrow). Scale bar = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520242/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Figs 13–16</figureCitation>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FCB5FA08918B90A0" blockId="8.[808,1481,1391,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
<materialsCitation id="4F9D214ED41CFFA1FCB5FA08919790A0" collectingDate="1997-09-24" collectionCode="TYPE, LOCALITY" collectorName="B Expedition &amp; Station P" elevation="25" latitude="29.761667" longLatPrecision="122" longitude="-17.93" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41CFFA1FCB5FA0897829085" box="[808,954,1396,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
: North-eastern Atlantic Ocean (
TYPE LOCALITY:
<location id="FA2A7DC8D41CFFA1FC50FA0E90D29085" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A:FA2A7DC8D41CFFA1FC50FA0E90D29085" box="[973,1258,1394,1413]" latitude="29.761667" longLatPrecision="122" longitude="-17.93" name="North-eastern Atlantic Ocean" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">North-eastern Atlantic Ocean</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="9AC14DD4D41CFFA1FB66FA0E916E9085" box="[1275,1366,1394,1413]" degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="45.7" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" precision="92" value="29.761667">29°45.7'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9AC14DD4D41CFFA1FAFBFA0E91FC9085" box="[1382,1476,1394,1413]" degrees="17" direction="west" minutes="55.8" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" precision="92" value="-17.93">17°55.8'W</geoCoordinate>
@ -177,13 +181,9 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter
<date id="8B4B0DD3D41CFFA1FC3DFAF1906B90A0" box="[928,1107,1421,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" value="1997-09-24">
<collectingDate id="9B0FF43BD41CFFA1FC3DFAF1906B90A0" box="[928,1107,1421,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" value="1997-09-24">24 September 1997</collectingDate>
</date>
, P233
<collectorName id="52004EC5D41CFFA1FB16FAF1913F90A0" box="[1163,1287,1421,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">B Expedition</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="52004EC5D41CFFA1FA8CFAF1915E90A0" box="[1297,1382,1421,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">Station P</collectorName>
233b-2)
</materialsCitation>
.
, P
<collectorName id="52004EC5D41CFFA1FBF6FAF1913F90A0" box="[1131,1287,1421,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">233B Expedition</collectorName>
, Station P233b-2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41CFFA1FCB5FABC90AA9302" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="distribution">
@ -196,15 +196,15 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41CFFA1FCB5F9F49153923A" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41CFFA1FCB5F9F49153923A" blockId="8.[808,1480,1667,1850]" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">
REMARKS: The species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FBF7F9FB90F29399" box="[1130,1226,1670,1689]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FBF7F9FB90F29399" box="[1130,1226,1670,1689]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FBF7F9FB90F29399" box="[1130,1226,1670,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">P. vandelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but with noticeably smaller BCs that present a more broadly elliptical shape. The outer rim of the BCs on the distal side is usually narrower than that of
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FA84F9C0914093CE" box="[1305,1400,1723,1742]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FA84F9C0914093CE" box="[1305,1400,1723,1742]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41CFFA1FA84F9C0914093CE" box="[1305,1400,1723,1742]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="596">P. vandelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the styliform central process is hollow and predominantly composed of a single set of very long elements aligned parallel to the long axis. This clearly opposes the spine structure of
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FB04F87090C5921E" box="[1177,1277,1803,1822]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41CFFA1FB04F87090C5921E" box="[1177,1277,1803,1822]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="596" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="vandelii">
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, which is formed by numerous shorter (

138
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<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41DFFA0FCAAF8399162925E" authority="Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young" authorityName="Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young" authorityYear="2021" box="[823,1370,1861,1886]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="597" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="bownii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FCAAF839902D925D" bold="true" box="[823,1045,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">Palusphaera bownii</emphasis>
Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young
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@ -69,14 +71,14 @@ Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young
DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic of subspherical to spherical shape, usually found collapsed, with
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41DFFA0FBE5F8C490B992CA" box="[1144,1153,1976,1994]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="597">c</emphasis>
. 80–120 BCs. BCs broadly elliptical to circular in outline with slightly convex planolith bases. Rim shows the typical
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rim structure. Central area, filled by lamellar cycle, with overlapping tabular elements showing clockwise curvature in distal view. The radial cycle is absent. Central process is a trumpetshaped spine without a collar, formed of vertically elongate elements arranged in spiralling series; the distal end is formed of blockier elements, but these appear to have developed from the spiral elements of the spine. Trumpet aperture wider than the basal spine width. On the proximal side of the coccolith there is a central pore surrounded by two to three nodes.
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<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FFF8FB7594F2911D" bold="true" box="[101,202,1033,1053]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Figs 17–21.</emphasis>
SEM micrographs of
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@ -118,42 +120,37 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter
. 0.5 μm wide, although few spines tend to bear slightly closer apertures at their outermost part.
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). One specimen of this stub is illustrated by
<figureCitation id="67CE3796D41EFFA3FE50F847960A924F" box="[461,562,1851,1871]" captionStart="Figs 22–24" captionStartId="11.[106,141,642,662]" captionTargetBox="[106,1482,144,607]" captionTargetId="figure-653@11.[106,1482,143,608]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 22–24. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera bownii sp. nov. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 22. Holotype. Collapsed coccosphere bearing nearly circular planolith bases with outer rim cycles that are broader on the distal side (arrow a) than on the proximal side (arrow b); the central process displays a short trumpet-shaped process (arrow c). Fig. 23. Collapsed specimen bearing trumpet-shaped spines with spirally arranged crystal segments (see arrow) extending outwards forming distinct apertures. Fig. 24. Detailed view of Fig. 23 showing the ultrastructure of the spine aperture (arrows) and the dextrogyral curvature of lamellar elements in distal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15520246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15520246/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Figs 23, 24</figureCitation>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41EFFA3FFF5F812953592B4" blockId="10.[104,777,1897,1972]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">
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<collectionCode id="99E4B3D6D41EFFA3FFF5F81294C3927F" box="[104,251,1902,1919]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
:
<location id="FA2A7DC8D41EFFA3FE93F810954E927F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214:FA2A7DC8D41EFFA3FE93F810954E927F" box="[270,374,1900,1919]" latitude="-8.825334" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="-24.995333" municipality="South Atlantic Ocean" name="Subtropical" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Subtropical</location>
waters of the
<collectingMunicipality id="1F2EB169D41EFFA3FD8DF81096DA927F" box="[528,738,1900,1919]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">South Atlantic Ocean</collectingMunicipality>
TYPE LOCALITY:
<location id="FA2A7DC8D41EFFA3FE93F81096DA927F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214:FA2A7DC8D41EFFA3FE93F81096DA927F" box="[270,738,1900,1919]" latitude="-8.825334" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="-24.995333" municipality="South Atlantic Ocean" name="Subtropical waters of the South Atlantic Ocean" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Subtropical waters of the South Atlantic Ocean</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="9AC14DD4D41EFFA3FD68F81094919299" degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="49.52" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" precision="9" value="-8.825334">8° 49.52' S</geoCoordinate>
,
@ -162,50 +159,51 @@ waters of the
<date id="8B4B0DD3D41EFFA3FE3DF8FB9679929A" box="[416,577,1927,1946]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" value="2008-10-28">
<collectingDate id="9B0FF43BD41EFFA3FE3DF8FB9679929A" box="[416,577,1927,1946]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" value="2008-10-28">28 October 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
, AMT18 Expedition, Station CTD063)
</materialsCitation>
.
,
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, Station CTD063).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41EFFA3FFF5F8A895EF92E5" box="[104,471,1999,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41EFFA3FFF5F8A895EF92E5" blockId="10.[104,471,1999,2022]" box="[104,471,1999,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Two.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41EFFA3FCB5FA6290B19065" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41EFFA3FCB5FA6291F1902F" blockId="10.[808,1481,1306,1381]" box="[808,1481,1305,1328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">ETYMOLOGY: After Professor Paul R. Bown (University College London),</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41EFFA3FCB5FA4B90B19065" blockId="10.[808,1481,1306,1381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">in recognition of his many contributions to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene coccolithophore taxonomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41EFFA3FCB5FA6290B19065" blockId="10.[808,1481,1306,1381]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">ETYMOLOGY: After Professor Paul R. Bown (University College London), in recognition of his many contributions to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene coccolithophore taxonomy.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B7EF7898D41EFFA3FCB5FAF297A49214" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FF4A2B13D41EFFA3FCB5FAF297A49214" blockId="10.[808,1481,1417,1812]" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">
REMARKS: We have only found two coccospheres of this species and to our knowledge no other specimens have been published. Nonetheless, this is a distinctive
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FB95FABD905190D4" box="[1032,1129,1473,1492]" form="and" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" rank="form">form and</taxonomicName>
clearly separate from any other coccolithophore, so we are confident it is a discrete species. The species shows possible affinities to several genera. The trumpet-like spines resemble those of
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FC47F96D90699324" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[986,1105,1553,1572]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Discosphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FC47F96D90699324" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[986,1105,1553,1572]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Discosphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FC47F96D90699324" box="[986,1105,1553,1572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Discosphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the base lacks a radial cycle, and the spine shows a structure that is not seen in
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FB7AF9509166933F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1255,1374,1580,1599]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Discosphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FB7AF9509166933F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1255,1374,1580,1599]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Discosphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FB7AF9509166933F" box="[1255,1374,1580,1599]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Discosphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The spine structure is closer to that of
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FBC9F93A90E79359" box="[1108,1247,1606,1625]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FBC9F93A90E79359" box="[1108,1247,1606,1625]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FBC9F93A90E79359" box="[1108,1247,1606,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Rhabdosphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FAA0F93A91F09359" box="[1341,1480,1606,1625]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FAA0F93A91F09359" box="[1341,1480,1606,1625]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FAA0F93A91F09359" box="[1341,1480,1606,1625]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Rhabdosphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coccospheres are dimorphic with both spine-bearing and non-spine-bearing BCs. Finally, the species resembles
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FB6EF900915A938F" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" box="[1267,1378,1660,1679]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FB6EF900915A938F" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" box="[1267,1378,1660,1679]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FB6EF900915A938F" box="[1267,1378,1660,1679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Palusphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being monomorphic and lacking a radial cycle. In addition, the rows of the laminar cycle elements show the same curvature (clockwise in distal view) as that of
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FC59F9B0900B93DF" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" box="[964,1075,1740,1759]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FC59F9B0900B93DF" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" box="[964,1075,1740,1759]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FC59F9B0900B93DF" box="[964,1075,1740,1759]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Palusphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coccoliths and the opposite of that shown by
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FCD2F99A97E293F9" box="[847,986,1766,1785]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FCD2F99A97E293F9" box="[847,986,1766,1785]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Rhabdosphaera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FCD2F99A97E293F9" box="[847,986,1766,1785]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Rhabdosphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coccoliths. Therefore, we place the species in
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FCB5F87D97AF9214" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" box="[808,919,1793,1812]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhabdosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="38F55090D41EFFA3FCB5F87D97AF9214" authorityName="sensu Kleijne" authorityYear="1992" box="[808,919,1793,1812]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Rhabdosphaeraceae" genus="Palusphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Syracosphaerales" pageId="10" pageNumber="598" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CD81F701D41EFFA3FCB5F87D97AF9214" box="[808,919,1793,1812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="598">Palusphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.

593
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<paragraph id="10722913FFE0FF84496FA080FBB79AC1" blockId="0.[812,1485,1194,1418]" pageId="0" pageNumber="261">
The
<typeStatus id="CF7697B1FFE0FF84491EA080FC509B8A" box="[861,959,1194,1218]" pageId="0" pageNumber="261" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
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<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE0FF8449A2A080FB109B8A" box="[993,1279,1194,1218]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="261">Archaeoceratops oshimai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
, IVPP V 11114, consists of a well preserved, nearly complete skull and jaws, partial vertebral column, and partial pelvis. The
<typeStatus id="CF7697B1FFE0FF8449F4A124FBF59A6E" box="[951,1050,1294,1318]" pageId="0" pageNumber="261" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, IVPP V 11115, a somewhat smaller specimen, consists of a partial vertebral column including a nearly complete tail, a partial pelvis, fragmentary hind limb bones, and a complete pes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE0FF84496FA18DFBC5982F" blockId="0.[812,1486,1447,2026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE0FF84496FA18DFC859A88" bold="true" box="[812,874,1447,1472]" pageId="0" pageNumber="261">Skull</emphasis>
.—The skull of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE0FF844E5CA182FB319A88" authorityName="Dong &amp; Azuma" authorityYear="1997" box="[1055,1246,1448,1472]" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="0" pageNumber="261" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE0FF844E5CA182FB319A88" box="[1055,1246,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="261">Archaeoceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is preserved in three dimensions. Although slightly distorted by crushing, it is best preserved on the right side (
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). The left side of the face is collapsed in the region of the antorbital fossa. The left squamosal, quadratojugal, exoccipital and quadrate shafts are not preserved. The parietals have been destroyed by erosion, making it impossible to determine the details of the frill. The jaws are articulated, rendering aspects of the dental anatomy difficult to ascertain. The descriptions that follow are based on the right side of the skull unless otherwise stated. Cranial sutures are visible (
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE0FF844E37A2C4FA60984E" author="Dong, Z. - M. &amp; Azuma, Y." box="[1140,1423,1773,1798]" pageId="0" pageNumber="261" pagination="68 - 89" refId="ref7503" refString="Dong, Z. - M. and Azuma, Y. 1997. On a primitive neoceratopsian from the Early Cretaceous of China. In: Z. - M. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition, 68 - 89. China Ocean Press, Beijing." type="book chapter" year="1997">Dong and Azuma 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Although the specimen may not have achieved full adult size, closure of vertebral sutures was underway, indicating the approach of adult size.
</paragraph>
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The skull measures
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from the tip of the rostrum to the caudal end of the quadratojugal and
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from the tip of the rostrum to the caudal end of the squamosal. It has the characteristic ceratopsian triangular morphology in dorsal view, with a narrow beak and moderately flaring jugals. The width between the jugals is about
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. Skull width between the quadrates is
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. There is no trace of either orbital or nasal horn cores.
</paragraph>
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Fig. 1.
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<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE1FF854AE7A32CFE649851" box="[164,395,1798,1817]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Archaeoceratops oshimai</emphasis>
, IVPP V
</taxonomicName>
11114, holotype in right lateral (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE1FF8548BCA32CFCC49851" bold="true" box="[767,811,1798,1817]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">A–D</emphasis>
), dorsal (
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), and caudal (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE1FF854E4DA32CFBF39851" bold="true" box="[1038,1052,1798,1817]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">F</emphasis>
) views of the skull. A, E, and F, photographs; B, drawing; C, interpretive outline; D, live reconstruction. Scale bar 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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The preorbital region is relatively short, and slopes strongly ventrally from the orbit to the beak. The external naris is small and elliptical, situated relatively high on the face: its dorsalmost extent is situated at the level of the bottom third of the orbit and it extends somewhat ventral to the lower border of that structure. On the right side, the naris measures
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in its longest dimension. The rostral bone is rather delicate and unusually pendant, extending well below the level of the maxillary tooth row. Three peg−like teeth are prominent along the caudal half of the ventral border of the premaxilla; a socket for a fourth tooth may be present. The rostral half of the premaxilla is edentulous. The pronounced antorbital fossa attains a depth of nearly a centimeter on the right side. In typical basal neoceratopsians, the antorbital fossa is preorbital in position but in
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, consistent with the low facial region, the antorbital fossa is shifted caudally, ventral to the rostral part of the orbit. It does not have the subcircular form seen in
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE2FF864B9FA6BFFECD9D85" authority="(Brown and Schlaikjer 1940)" baseAuthorityName="Brown and Schlaikjer" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Protoceratopsidae" genus="Protoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE2FF864B9FA6BFFD939DE4" box="[476,636,661,684]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Protoceratops</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE2FF8648C9A6BEFEF69D85" author="Brown, B. &amp; Schlaikjer, E. M." pageId="2" pageNumber="263" pagination="133 - 266" refId="ref7378" refString="Brown, B. and Schlaikjer, E. M. 1940. The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences XL: 133 - 266." type="book chapter" year="1940">Brown and Schlaikjer 1940</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE2FF864B0FA69FFF399DA5" authority="(Maryanska and Osmolska 1975)" baseAuthorityName="Maryanska and Osmolska" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Reptilia" family="Protoceratopsidae" genus="Bagaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE2FF864B0FA69FFE089D84" box="[332,487,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Bagaceratops</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE2FF864BBAA69FFF219DA5" author="Maryanska, T. &amp; Osmolska, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="263" pagination="133 - 182" refId="ref7685" refString="Maryanska, T. and Osmolska, H. 1975. Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia. Palaeontologica Polonica 33: 133 - 182." type="journal article" year="1975">Maryańska and Osmólska 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but is triangular, with its apex directed caudally. The fossa deepens caudally and has sharply defined dorsal and ventral edges. No antorbital foramen is evident. The orbits are relatively enormous, occupying 25% of the linear dimension of the skull. This is comparable to the relative size of the orbit in
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE2FF864ABDA751FDA89CDA" authority="(Sereno 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[254,583,890,914]" class="Reptilia" family="Psittacosauridae" genus="Psittacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE2FF864ABDA751FE4B9CDA" box="[254,420,891,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Psittacosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE2FF864BF2A750FDD09CDA" author="Sereno, P. C." box="[433,575,890,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" pagination="579 - 592" refId="ref7796" refString="Sereno, P. C. 1990. Psittacosauridae. In: D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), TheDinosauria, 579 - 592. University of California Press, Berkeley." type="book chapter" year="1990">Sereno 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
but larger than in other adult neoceratopsians. A palpebral bone is also more prominent than in any ceratopsian. The infratemporal fenestra is tall, and does not extend rostrally very much. The supratemporal fenestrae are very prominent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE2FF864AC8A00AFE2B9AC9" blockId="2.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
The rostral is rather delicate, and is primarily vertical in orientation. It extends caudally only very little along the buccal border of the premaxilla, and its dorsal tip does not seem to meet the nasal (but see
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). It is
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high but is transversely narrow,
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in width. The premaxilla is a prominent, plate−shaped element. It borders the external naris caudally and ventrally, and wraps it rostrodorsally with its caudodorsal process. Caudally, the premaxilla contacts the maxilla, and the premaxillary−maxillary suture rises more or less vertically immediately caudal to the terminal premaxillary alveolus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE2FF864AC8A1A1FD5C980B" blockId="2.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
The maxilla has the form of a right triangle with the apex at the ventral end of the maxillary−premaxillary suture and the hypotenuse sloping caudoventrally from the lacrimal rostrodorsally to the jugal caudoventrally. No evidence shows the participation of the maxilla in the ventral border of the orbit as illustrated in fig. 2A of
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. The lateral aspect of the maxilla is dominated by the antorbital fossa. The rostral
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of the ventral border of the maxilla is edentulous. This portion is directed caudomedially to form the rostral end of the maxillary recess. The dentigerous margin of the maxilla is strongly inset by as much as
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. Approximately 12 maxillary tooth positions can be ascertained on each side; perhaps one or two more lay opposite the coronoid process. The maxilla is
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long measured along the tooth row.
</paragraph>
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The lacrimal is a prominent, crescentic bone, oblique in orientation, that forms the rostroventral quarter of the orbital rim. It forms the caudodorsal rim of the antorbital fossa. It contacts the prefrontal dorsally, the jugal caudally, and the maxilla rostroventrally. The lacrimal−nasal contact is very weak. The lacrimal measures
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in length and
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across at its widest point dorsally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE2FF864911A506FAE69C26" blockId="2.[812,1485,232,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
The jugal runs between the orbit and the caudoventral corner of the skull, and forms part of the rostral border of the infratemporal fenestra. The jugal overlaps the caudal half of the maxilla and extends as far rostrally as the antorbital fossa, reaching its caudal border. It contacts the lacrimal dorsal to the antorbital fossa. Caudally it overlaps the quadratojugal, largely occluding this element in lateral view. It appears to form a large portion of the rostral border of the infratemporal fenestra. A modest ridge, which represents a caudal continuation of the maxillary shelf, extends horizontally across the jugal, such that the ventral apex lies slightly closer to the midline than does the ridge. A modest bumpy ornamentation covers much of its lateral surface. Such an ornamentation is seen on the jugals of pachycephalosaurs such as
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE2FF864F3CA6FEFC6C9C44" authorityName="Maryanska &amp; Osmolska" authorityYear="1974" class="Reptilia" family="Pachycephalosauridae" genus="Prenocephale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE2FF864F3CA6FEFC6C9C44" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Prenocephale</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE2FF8649FEA6DFFAFB9C44" authority="(Maryanska 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Maryanska" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[957,1300,756,780]" class="Reptilia" family="Pachycephalosauridae" genus="Stegoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE2FF8649FEA6DFFBD79C44" box="[957,1080,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Stegoceras</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE2FF864E0BA6DEFAE49C44" author="Maryanska, T." box="[1096,1291,756,780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" pagination="564 - 577" refId="ref7642" refString="Maryanska, T. 1990. Pachycephalosauria. In: D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria, 564 - 577. University of California Press, Berkeley." type="book chapter" year="1990">Maryańska 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The jugal measures
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from the orbit to the ventral apex, and
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in breadth from the antorbital fossa to the infratemporal fenestra. The epijugal is probably ossified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE2FF864911A753FBA59B9F" blockId="2.[812,1485,232,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
The quadratojugal is prominent in occipital view, and acts as a thick, wedge−shaped spacer, tapering dorsally, between the ventral shaft of the quadrate medially and the jugal laterally. Erosion has destroyed the more delicate dorsal shaft of the quadrate and quadratojugal, so that the relationships between these two bones cannot be determined. It reaches its greatest thickness,
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, about
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dorsal to the quadrate condyle, thinning abruptly ventrally and more gradually dorsally. Only the ventral condyles of the quadrates are preserved. These are conventional in form and measure
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in width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE2FF864911A0C8FB879908" blockId="2.[812,1485,232,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
The nasal is broad and flat, rather than arched (
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). Little of the bone is seen in lateral view. It surrounds the caudal half of the external naris’s dorsal margin, and contacts the premaxilla, maxilla and lacrimal on its lateral edge. Caudolaterally, it is excluded from the orbit by the prefrontal. Caudomedially, it contacts the frontal. It is narrowest between the external nares and broadest at its contact with the maxilla. It narrows caudally between the prefrontals. Sutures are not distinct, but the element is about
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE2FF864F3DA1CCFA229AB6" box="[1406,1485,1510,1534]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" unit="mm" value="63.0">63 mm</quantity>
in length along the midline and the pair measures
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in width between the maxillae.
</paragraph>
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The prefrontal occupies the rostrodorsal quarter of the orbit. It extends from the lacrimal to the frontal, and excludes the nasal from the orbit. It is about
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE2FF864E96A2A6FAC799EB" box="[1237,1320,1676,1700]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
in length and
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in width. Articulating with the prefrontal is a very prominent, flat, triangular palpebral. The acute apex of the triangle projects into the center of the orbit and the hypotenuse is ventral. The long ventral edge terminates rostrally in a peg−like structure that contacts the rim of the orbit at the lacrimal−prefrontal junction, while the dorsal apex of the triangle contacts the orbital rim about
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE2FF864E9FA35AFAF298CF" box="[1244,1309,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
rostral to the prefrontal−frontal junction. The left palpebral measures
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in length,
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in width, and ranges from
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in thickness at the rostral end to
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at the caudal apex; the right palpebral measures
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by
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, and range in thickness from almost
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to
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874AC8A500FD269DEA" blockId="3.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
The paired frontals occupy the major portion of the caudal skull roof (see
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE3FF874B04A561FDB19E2A" author="Dong, Z. - M. &amp; Azuma, Y." box="[327,606,330,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="68 - 89" refId="ref7503" refString="Dong, Z. - M. and Azuma, Y. 1997. On a primitive neoceratopsian from the Early Cretaceous of China. In: Z. - M. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition, 68 - 89. China Ocean Press, Beijing." type="book chapter" year="1997">Dong and Azuma 1997</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2B). The midline suture is well defined but the sutures with the postorbital and the parietal are difficult to discern, particularly on the right side. For example, the frontal presumably continues caudally to form part of the rostral border of the supratemporal fenestra as in
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE3FF874BECA5C1FDA09D4A" baseAuthorityName="Brown and Schlaikjer" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[431,591,491,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Protoceratopsidae" genus="Protoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE3FF874BECA5C1FDA09D4A" box="[431,591,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Protoceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other basal neoceratopsians (
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE3FF874B6AA620FDA69D6A" author="Dodson, P. &amp; Currie, P. J." box="[297,585,522,546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="593 - 618" refId="ref7453" refString="Dodson, P. and Currie, P. J. 1990. Neoceratopsia. In: D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria, 593 - 618. University of California Press, Berkeley." type="book chapter" year="1990">Dodson and Currie 1990</bibRefCitation>
), but this cannot be verified. The frontal appears to contribute only a small portion (about
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), rather than a larger portion (
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE3FF874885A660FEC59DCA" author="Dong, Z. - M. &amp; Azuma, Y." pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="68 - 89" refId="ref7503" refString="Dong, Z. - M. and Azuma, Y. 1997. On a primitive neoceratopsian from the Early Cretaceous of China. In: Z. - M. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition, 68 - 89. China Ocean Press, Beijing." type="book chapter" year="1997">Dong and Azuma 1997</bibRefCitation>
), of the dorsal rim of the orbit. The width across the paired frontals between the orbits is
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874AC8A686FEDC9CCC" blockId="3.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
The postorbital forms nearly a quarter of the orbital rim, and extends as a vertical plate caudal to the orbit to form a small part (but see
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE3FF874B76A6C6FDD89C4C" author="Dong, Z. - M. &amp; Azuma, Y." box="[309,567,748,772]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="68 - 89" refId="ref7503" refString="Dong, Z. - M. and Azuma, Y. 1997. On a primitive neoceratopsian from the Early Cretaceous of China. In: Z. - M. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition, 68 - 89. China Ocean Press, Beijing." type="book chapter" year="1997">Dong and Azuma 1997</bibRefCitation>
) of the rostral border of the infratemporal fenestra dorsal to the jugal. It is damaged caudally on the right side (absent altogether on the left side), so it is impossible to assess where it ends and the squamosal begins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874AC8A7A7FE769BCD" blockId="3.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
A portion of the right squamosal is preserved, providing some indication of its morphology. It seems to be a simple, vertically oriented bar dorsal to the infratemporal fenestra. Above the head of the quadrate, it makes a right−angle bend towards the midline, as in
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<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE3FF874BD9A024FDD59B6D" box="[410,570,1038,1061]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Leptoceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; there is no postquadrate extension of the squamosal as in
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<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE3FF87481CA004FD109B0D" box="[607,767,1070,1093]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Protoceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Only the rostral end of the parietials are preserved, which fused firmly to the frontals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874AC8A0A5FD0E990F" blockId="3.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
The occipital region was well described by
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE3FF8748D7A0A5FEE69B8F" author="Dong, Z. - M. &amp; Azuma, Y." pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="68 - 89" refId="ref7503" refString="Dong, Z. - M. and Azuma, Y. 1997. On a primitive neoceratopsian from the Early Cretaceous of China. In: Z. - M. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition, 68 - 89. China Ocean Press, Beijing." type="book chapter" year="1997">Dong and Azuma (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, and a brief summery is provided here. On the occipital surface, the following elements and structures are preserved: the supraoccipital, the right exoccipital, the foramen magnum, the occipital condyle, and the basioccipital tuberosities. The foramen magnum is roofed by the incompletely preserved supraoccipital. On the right side, a straplike exoccipital runs caudolaterally from the foramen magnum to the head of the quadrate. It is
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long,
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high at midshaft and
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high as it flares distally by the head of the quadrate. The opisthotic fuses to the rostral surface of the exoccipital laterally, but more medially is separated by as much as
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, resulting in a ventrally open channel leading to the fenestra ovalis. No stapes is preserved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874AC8A27AFED099E0" blockId="3.[102,775,232,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
The elements of the palate are not well exposed, and no further information can be provided here other than
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE3FF87488BA25BFED599E0" author="Dong, Z. - M. &amp; Azuma, Y." pageId="3" pageNumber="264" pagination="68 - 89" refId="ref7503" refString="Dong, Z. - M. and Azuma, Y. 1997. On a primitive neoceratopsian from the Early Cretaceous of China. In: Z. - M. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition, 68 - 89. China Ocean Press, Beijing." type="book chapter" year="1997">Dong and Azuma (1997)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874AC8A298FC169DCC" blockId="3.[102,775,232,2026]" lastBlockId="3.[812,1485,232,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
Complete lower jaws are preserved in position. The predentary is long and horizontal in orientation. It terminates in a sharp point that fits inside the upper beak. The predentary measures
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in length along the ventral midline. The dentary is robust and straight along the lower edge. The ramus of the dentary is not particularly deep (
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) but is robust in construction. The mandibular dentition is strongly inset, corresponding to the maxillary dentition. The toothrow passes medial to the coronoid process. The dentary attains its greatest thickness at the rostral base of the coronoid process, where it measures
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. The coronoid process is obscured by the jugal, and seems to be high and strong. As in
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE3FF874FC7A520FC639E09" baseAuthorityName="Brown and Schlaikjer" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Protoceratopsidae" genus="Protoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE3FF874FC7A520FC639E09" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Protoceratops</emphasis>
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, the surangular is an important bone that contributes to the caudal half of the coronoid process and extends to the caudal end of the jaw in lateral view. It bears a strong, caudally descending lateral ridge that is congruent with the ventral edge of the jugal, and can be viewed as a bony “stop” to limit jaw adduction. The articular is situated medial to the surangular and somewhat ventral to it at the caudal end of the jaw. No retroarticular is developed. The angular and splenial bones are developed on the lateral and medial sides of the mandible, respectively, but nothing of significance can be stated about them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874911A6A5FA4E9B23" blockId="3.[812,1485,232,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
Premaxillary teeth are well developed. There is one prominent tooth visible on each side. On the right side, two others are in various stages of eruption. The right tooth is cylindrical. It appears to be enameled on all aspects. It is roughly
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long and
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in diameter. The left tooth is about
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long and
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in diameter. The cheek teeth are simple in pattern, with a single functional tooth corresponding to each alveolus. Twelve maxillary teeth span a distance of
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. The first two teeth are the smallest, and tooth size increases distally. The teeth possess a single, parasagittal, primary ridge with several secondary ridges on either side. Twelve teeth can be seen on the left dentary and 11 on the right. Dentary tooth crowns are low, decorated with small denticles, and present prominent, steeply inclined wear facets in lateral view. Primary ridges are not very apparent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF87496FA0A3FBF59ACA" blockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE3FF87496FA0A3FC3D9BEA" bold="true" box="[812,978,1161,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Axial skeleton</emphasis>
.—The
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of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE3FF874EF3A0A3FC699B89" authority=", IVPP V" authorityName="IVPP V" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oshimai">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE3FF874EF3A0A3FA299BEA" box="[1200,1478,1161,1186]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Archaeoceratops oshimai</emphasis>
, IVPP V
</taxonomicName>
11114, includes an articulated series of 1 cervical, 12 dorsal vertebrae and a sacrum consisting of six vertebrae. In the
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, V 11115, there is a nearly complete caudal series of 36 vertebrae as well as three dorsal vertebrae and a sacrum. Thus it is via the sacrum that the
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may be compared with each other. All vertebrae in both specimens have flat central articular faces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF874911A1A7FA5199AD" blockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
Cervical 10 through dorsal 8 are preserved as a single unit joined by matrix; dorsals 9 and 10 similarly form a unit, and dorsals 11 and 12 are joined with, but not fused to, the sacrum. C10 consists only of a centrum, measuring
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in length,
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in width and
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in height. The centra of dorsals 1 to 8 are all simple spools. Neural arches are not preserved but many transverse processes remain. The diapophyseal facets are pronounced on all of the transverse processes, typically about
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lateral to the neural spines, but parapophyses cannot be detected. The left transverse process on dorsal 4 measures
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laterally from the base of the neural spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE3FF804911A2C5FD9798A2" blockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2026]" lastBlockId="4.[102,775,1426,2026]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="265" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
The beautiful preserved unit consisting of dorsals 11 and 12 plus the sacrum also preserves two incomplete ilia (
<figureCitation id="88F63596FFE3FF874976A31AFC959800" box="[821,890,1840,1864]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,134,1330,1349]" captionTargetBox="[107,759,245,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-861@4.[107,768,240,1303]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Sacral vertebrae and ilia of Archaeoceratops oshimai, IVPP V 11114, holotype in dorsal (A), left lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13315451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13315451/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The ilium extends as far cranially as dorsal 11. The neural spines are preserved on this unit, although the cranialmost four spines are somewhat damaged. The neural spines of all eight vertebrae are expanded in the axial plane and lie close to each other but remain separated by matrix. The first four spines, of dorsals 11 and 12 and sacrals 1 and 2, are mildly inclined caudally, while the spines of sacrals 3 to 6 are more erect. The tallest preserved spine is that of sacral 3, which has a total height of
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from the bottom of the centrum to the top of the spine; the corresponding heights of S4, S5 and S6 are 42, 42, and
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. The axial lengths of the neural spines along their distal ends are
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,
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,
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and
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for S3, S4, S5, and S6, respectively. Because the transverse processes of dorsals 11 and 12 and of sacral 1 are broken, it cannot be determined whether or not they contacted the cranial blade of ilium. The axis of the sacrum is absolutely straight. The sacral vertebrae decrease in size from the first to the sixth, with a marked decrease occurring within the body of sacral 3, and a further decrease within the body of sacral 6. The surface area of the caudal face of sacral 6 is roughly one−third the surface area of the cranial face of sacral 1. This indicates a strongly reduced tail. The ventral surface of sacral 1 is smooth, but beginning with sacral 2 there is a shallow groove on the ventral midline, most pronounced under sacral 4, and undetectable under sacral 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE4FF804911A4C2FA849C8A" blockId="4.[812,1485,232,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">
There are five pairs of sacral ribs, the first of which is borne between sacrals 1 and 2, the last between sacrals 5 and 6. Sacral ribs 1 and 2 are large, heavy and short, and the peduncles originate on the ventral portion of their associated centra. Sacral 1 has a distinctive, keystone shape in ventral view due to the oblique peduncle for the origin of sacral rib 1, whose head measures
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in width. The complementary surface on the cranial end of sacral 2 is parallel to the vertebral axis and thus does not form such a prominence. Sacral rib 1 projects laterally a distance of
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, and ends in a flat surface
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in diameter immediately cranial to the pubic process of the ilium. It also sends a process dorsally to join the transverse process of sacral 1, which contacts the cranial blade of the ilium in front of the acetabulum. The broad, flat, irregular surface of sacral rib 2 is also located medial to the craniodorsal rim of the acetabulum. The origin of sacral ribs 3, 4 and 5 are more dorsal on their respective centra. Rib 5 is the longest and most gracile. Sacral rib 3 supports the dorsal apex of the acetabulum. Sacral rib 4 supports the region of the ischial peduncle of the acetabulum. Sacral rib 5 supports the middle of the caudal portion of the ilium. There are separate transverse processes on sacrals 2 to 5 that contact the medial surface of the ilium dorsal to the sacral ribs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE4FF804911A7E7FA879ACE" blockId="4.[812,1485,232,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">
The
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, V 11115, generally corroborates the preceding description, but due to its immaturity demonstrates some interesting further details. The centra of dorsal 10 and all subsequent dorsal and sacrals lacks their neural spines. Dorsal 10 possesses a peculiar, open groove underneath the neural canal. It runs half the length of the centrum, and measures
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in length by
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in breadth. By sacral 2, this feature has increased in prominence, by more than doubling in width to
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. On S3 and S4 the groove is twinned to form a pair of grooves. On S5 and S6, the groove is once again sagittal and singular. This groove persists in the proximal caudal vertebrae at least as far as caudal 8. In this specimen, the surface area of the caudal face of sacral 6 is roughly 40% the surface area of the cranial face of sacral 1.
</paragraph>
<caption id="44B2799BFFE4FF804A25A118FD139A29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13315451" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13315451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13315451/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" startId="4.[102,134,1330,1349]" targetBox="[107,759,245,1298]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="10722913FFE4FF804A25A118FD139A29" blockId="4.[102,775,1330,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">
Fig. 2. Sacral vertebrae and ilia of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE4FF804BD0A118FD2B9A0D" authority=", IVPP V" authorityName="IVPP V" box="[403,708,1330,1349]" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oshimai">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE4FF804BD0A118FD9A9A0D" box="[403,629,1330,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">Archaeoceratops oshimai</emphasis>
, IVPP V
</taxonomicName>
11114, holotype in dorsal (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE4FF804B4EA164FEF29A29" bold="true" box="[269,285,1358,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">A</emphasis>
), left lateral (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE4FF804BD1A164FE4E9A29" bold="true" box="[402,417,1358,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">B</emphasis>
), and ventral (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE4FF80485DA164FDC19A29" bold="true" box="[542,558,1358,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">C</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE4FF814911A1BAFE999BB2" blockId="4.[812,1485,232,2026]" lastBlockId="5.[102,775,1122,1274]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="266" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">
The
<typeStatus id="CF7697B1FFE4FF8049C0A1BBFC0C9AE1" box="[899,995,1425,1449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
preserves a nearly complete tail of 36 vertebrae. Possibly one or more vertebrae are missing in the middle, but delicate distal caudals are preserved. The tail, as preserved, has a length of about
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF804E37A1DAFB3A9940" box="[1140,1237,1520,1544]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="325.0">325 mm</quantity>
. Transverse processes persist until about caudal 15. The neural spines on the first four caudals are well developed and only slightly inclined caudally. The total height of caudal 4, including the spine, is
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF80496FA25BFC6F99C0" box="[812,896,1649,1673]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
. Spines beyond that point are broken. Chevrons are poorly preserved. Several Y−shaped chevrons are preserved in place beneath caudals 9 to 12. The best preserved measures
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF80492FA2FBFC5599A1" box="[876,954,1745,1769]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
in length. Chevron facets on the caudals are not evident until caudal 5 and then continue at least as far as caudal 20. Possibly one or several centra are missing between Caudals 17 and 18 as preserved, because the latter differs markedly from the former one: it is no longer spool−shaped but long and low, like a distal caudal. For example, Caudal 15 measures
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF8049FDA3B8FC1198E1" box="[958,1022,1938,1962]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
in length by
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF804ED3A3B8FB3F98E1" box="[1168,1232,1938,1962]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
in width by
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF804F18A3BBFA5E98E1" box="[1371,1457,1937,1961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
in height, while Caudal 18 measures
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF804EF5A398FB169881" box="[1206,1273,1970,1994]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
by
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE4FF804F66A39BFA929881" box="[1317,1405,1969,1993]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
by
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. This is a striking decline in width and height, and a reduction in volume by about 50%. Neural arch bases and articular processes are evident as far caudally as caudal 30. Beyond that point, the centra are little more than simple rods. Caudal 36 measures
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814B10A0E8FE7A9B92" box="[339,405,1218,1242]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
in length and less than
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF8148E5A0E9FD069B92" box="[678,745,1219,1243]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in both breadth and height.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="10722913FFE5FF814A25A029FD119B7B" blockId="5.[102,774,1027,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
Fig. 3. Right ilium of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE5FF814B69A029FDB59B5F" authority="IVPP V" authorityName="IVPP V" box="[298,602,1027,1047]" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oshimai">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814B69A029FDE29B5E" box="[298,525,1027,1046]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Archaeoceratops oshimai</emphasis>
IVPP V
</taxonomicName>
11115, paratype in dorsal (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814AE4A035FF589B7A" bold="true" box="[167,183,1055,1074]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">A</emphasis>
), left lateral (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814B68A00AFED59B7B" bold="true" box="[299,314,1056,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">B</emphasis>
), ventral (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814BD0A035FE4C9B7A" bold="true" box="[403,419,1055,1074]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">C</emphasis>
), and medial (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814863A00AFDDF9B7B" bold="true" box="[544,560,1056,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">D</emphasis>
) views.Scale bar 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE5FF824A25A13BFCEC9B20" blockId="5.[102,775,1297,2026]" lastBlockId="6.[102,775,783,2026]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814A25A13BFF469A62" bold="true" box="[102,169,1297,1322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Pelvis</emphasis>
.—The type specimen of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE5FF814BFAA13BFD9F9A62" authorityName="Dong &amp; Azuma" authorityYear="1997" box="[441,624,1297,1322]" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814BFAA13BFD9F9A62" box="[441,624,1297,1322]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Archaeoceratops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, V 11114, includes both ilia, both pubes and a partial ischium. The
<typeStatus id="CF7697B1FFE5FF8148E7A118FCEC9A02" box="[676,771,1330,1354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, V 11115, includes a right ilium (
<figureCitation id="88F63596FFE5FF814B83A17BFDEF9A22" box="[448,512,1361,1386]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,134,1027,1046]" captionTargetBox="[107,771,237,982]" captionTargetId="figure-426@5.[102,775,232,982]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Right ilium of Archaeoceratops oshimai IVPP V 11115, paratype in dorsal (A), left lateral (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views.Scale bar 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13315453" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13315453/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). In V 11114, the caudal portion of the left ilium is missing and the cranial portion of the right one is missing. The overlap between the two halves allows an estimate of
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814B43A19BFEB79A81" box="[256,344,1457,1482]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
in length. V 11115 measures
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF8148D7A198FD039A81" box="[660,748,1458,1482]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="127.0">127 mm</quantity>
in length. The description that follows is based on the
<typeStatus id="CF7697B1FFE5FF8148EBA1FBFCE99AA2" box="[680,774,1489,1514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen except as noted. The ilium is long and low, with a sharp dorsal edge. The length of the preacetabular portion is about equal to the postacetabular portion,
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF81485DA21BFD889901" box="[542,615,1585,1610]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
for the former,
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814A25A27BFF5B9921" box="[102,180,1617,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
for the latter. The gently arched dorsal margin of the ilium has its apex over the acetabulum, and close to the midline of the sacrum (separation of dorsal margins of ilia
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814834A2B8FD2A99E1" box="[631,709,1682,1706]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
; separation of acetabula ventrally
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814BE3A29BFE1C9982" box="[416,499,1713,1738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="53.0">53 mm</quantity>
). Both cranially and caudally the ilia bend laterally with an approximate separation of more than
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814A95A2D8FECA9841" box="[214,293,1778,1802]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
. The cranial process of the ilium tapers cranially to a blunt point, and has a triangular cross−section with a narrow, flat surface, measuring
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in width, directed ventrally. The ventral edge of the caudal process of the ilium projects slightly medially, but does not form a pronounced shelf. The acetabulum is deep dorsoventrally and arched rather than forming a semicircle. The internal diameter of the acetabulum, between the pubic and ischial peduncles, is
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814805A3FBFD7998A1" box="[582,662,2001,2026]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="26.0">26 mm</quantity>
, while the distance between the external surfaces of the same peduncles is
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF81496FA522FC939E57" box="[812,892,264,288]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
. The apex of the acetabulum is
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814E90A522FAFD9E57" box="[1235,1298,264,288]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
(right) to
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE5FF814FC2A522FA229E57" box="[1409,1485,264,288]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
(left) in thickness. The cranial tip of the pubic peduncle is broken on the left side, as is the first sacral rib on the right side. It appears that the latter supports the former, although the sacral rib seems much too heavy for this purpose. The second sacral rib conforms to the shape of the cranial rim of the acetabulum and may have contributed functionally to the articular surface of the hip joint. The ischiadic peduncle is much more robust than the pubic peduncle. A large excavation of unknown significance on the lateral surface of the ischiadic peduncle displays a texture suggesting that an ossification center is missing. An identical feature is seen on the ilium of V 11115. The ischial peduncle is notched, with a weak internal shelf and a bulbous external condyle. This arrangement is more clearly seen in the
<typeStatus id="CF7697B1FFE6FF824A25A7FAFF2C9CA0" box="[102,195,976,1000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
than in the type specimen; in either case, the feature is not seen in lateral view. Perhaps this feature is designed to stabilize the proximal end of the ischium, but unfortunately the latter is not preserved. In the
<typeStatus id="CF7697B1FFE6FF824B29A005FE279B00" box="[362,456,1071,1096]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen, the scar measures 16.5 by
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. The ischial peduncle measures
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF824815A065FD4F9B2F" box="[598,672,1103,1128]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
in width.
</paragraph>
<caption id="44B2799BFFE5FF81496FA355FA2C98AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13315455" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13315455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13315455/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" startId="5.[812,844,1919,1938]" targetBox="[816,1480,552,1885]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="10722913FFE5FF81496FA355FA2C98AE" blockId="5.[812,1485,1919,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
Fig. 4. Right astragalus and calcaneus of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE5FF814EDEA355FA2298DA" authority="IVPP V" authorityName="IVPP V" box="[1181,1485,1919,1938]" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oshimai">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814EDEA355FA6F98DA" box="[1181,1408,1919,1938]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Archaeoceratops oshimai</emphasis>
IVPP V
</taxonomicName>
11115, paratype in cranial (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814E60A3B1FBDC98E6" bold="true" box="[1059,1075,1947,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">A</emphasis>
), distal (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814EC0A3B1FB7D98E6" bold="true" box="[1155,1170,1947,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">B</emphasis>
), caudal (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814EAEA3B1FB1298E6" bold="true" box="[1261,1277,1947,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">C</emphasis>
), proximal (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814F2EA3B1FA9298E6" bold="true" box="[1389,1405,1947,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">D</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF814970A39DFCAD9882" bold="true" box="[819,834,1975,1994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">E</emphasis>
), and lateral (
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE5FF81498AA39DFC389882" bold="true" box="[969,983,1975,1994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">F</emphasis>
) views. Left: calcaneus; right: astragalus. 1: Facet on astragalus for calcaneus; 2: facet on calcaneus for astragalus.Scale bar 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="44B2799BFFE6FF824A25A6EEFBEA9D90" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13315457" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13315457" box="[102,1029,708,728]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13315457/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" startId="6.[102,135,708,727]" targetBox="[166,1423,229,678]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="10722913FFE6FF824A25A6EEFBEA9D90" blockId="6.[102,1029,708,728]" box="[102,1029,708,728]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
Fig. 5. Right pes of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE6FF824B58A6EEFDA09D90" authority="IVPP V" authorityName="IVPP V" box="[283,591,708,728]" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oshimai">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE6FF824B58A6EEFDEC9D9F" box="[283,515,708,727]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Archaeoceratops oshimai</emphasis>
IVPP V
</taxonomicName>
11115, paratype in dorsal view. Scale bar 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE6FF824AC8A05BFE579AA1" blockId="6.[102,775,783,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">The pubic peduncle of V 11115 possesses, on its medial surface, a shallow scar for sacral rib 2. A prominent scar between the apex of the acetabulum and the ischial peduncle articulates with sacral rib 3, a large scar caudodorsal to the ischial peduncle is for sacral rib 4, and a scar midway on the caudal blade of the ilium correlates to sacral rib 5. In addition it shows a longitudinal ridge half way up the medial surface of the ilium for the contact of the transverse processes of the sacral rib. Near the apex of the acetabulum, this is elaborated into a circular depression, indicating elaboration of the transverse process. Another such scar is found at this level just caudal to the ischial peduncle.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE6FF824AC8A1D8FEC798A2" blockId="6.[102,775,783,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
Left and right pubes are preserved. Both lack the delicate postpubic process. The prepubic process appears to be complete on the right pubis. The prepubic blade appears in lateral view as a straight, thin bar, tapering from
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF824874A278FD989921" box="[567,631,1618,1641]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
at its base to
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at its cranial tip. In dorsal view, it diverges laterally and then gently bends into a parasagittal plane. It is broader than high, tapering from
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF824B36A298FE5B9981" box="[373,436,1714,1737]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
wide at the base of the blade to
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF824A25A2F8FF4A99A1" box="[102,165,1746,1770]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
wide at its cranial tip. Excluding the postpubic process, the right pubis measures
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in length. The articular region is relatively massive, measuring
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF824847A338FDBE9861" box="[516,593,1810,1834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
in length and
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF8248A9A338FF7D9801" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
in width. A rugose medial surface
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF82485BA318FD889801" box="[536,615,1842,1866]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
long provides primary support for the pubis against the first and second sacral ribs. There is a distinct pit on the craniodorsal surface of the peduncle for the pubic process of the ilium. The remainder of the enlarged dorsal area must serve for articulation with the ischium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE6FF824911A73AFBF09CE1" blockId="6.[812,1485,784,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
One ischial shaft, lacking the proximal end, and the distal end of the other shaft are preserved. The shaft is essentially straight except that it diverges from the midline proximally. The shaft is
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF8249F0A75BFBE09CC1" box="[947,1039,881,905]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="106.0">106 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF824E38A758FB539CC1" box="[1147,1212,882,906]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
thick. The distal end expands to 13 by
<quantity id="D73584F6FFE6FF824994A7B8FBF49CE1" box="[983,1051,914,938]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE6FF82496FA7EDFBB09AC8" blockId="6.[812,1486,967,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE6FF82496FA7EDFC4D9CA8" bold="true" box="[812,930,967,992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Hind limb</emphasis>
.—Preserved hind limb materials of the
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of
<taxonomicName id="D7CD5290FFE6FF82496FA7C2FC4C9B48" box="[812,931,999,1024]" class="Reptilia" genus="Archaeoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oshimai">
<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE6FF82496FA7C2FC4C9B48" box="[812,931,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">A. oshimai</emphasis>
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, V 11115, include a proximal right femur, distal right tibia and complete pes. The femur has a rather small, strongly elevated head, a low, fan−shaped greater trochanter, and a well−defined lesser trochanter. There is a shallow tendon groove on the caudal aspect of the femoral head. The femoral head measures only
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in the axial plane. The proximal end of the femur is
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in width. The length of the femoral fragment is
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. The distal end of the tibia possesses several shallow concavities and is rather nondescript. The width of the distal end is
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, and the craniocaudal length is
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. There is a roughened, convex area on the lateral side of the distal end of the tibia that evidently corresponds to a congruent concavity on the calcaneum.
</paragraph>
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The astragalus and calcaneus (
<figureCitation id="88F63596FFE6FF824EF3A1A1FB1A9AEB" box="[1200,1269,1419,1443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[812,844,1919,1938]" captionTargetBox="[816,1480,552,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-467@5.[812,1485,547,1889]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Right astragalus and calcaneus of Archaeoceratops oshimai IVPP V 11115, paratype in cranial (A), distal (B), caudal (C), proximal (D), medial (E), and lateral (F) views. Left: calcaneus; right: astragalus. 1: Facet on astragalus for calcaneus; 2: facet on calcaneus for astragalus.Scale bar 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13315455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13315455/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) and two probable distal tarsals are beautifully preserved. The astragalus caps the distal tibia, forming a smooth, cylindrical joint surface for the intertarsal articulation and adding
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to the functional length of the crus. The astragalus shows little of the reduction that characterizes more derived neoceratopsians, including
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<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE6FF82496FA264FC23992D" box="[812,972,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Protoceratops</emphasis>
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. It measures
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in width, 77% of the width of the distal tibia. The cranial ascending process is wide, low and bluntly squared off dorsally. There is no caudal ascending process medially, but in caudal view the astragalus is seen as wedge that thickens medially. It shows a small facet laterally for contact with the calcaneus. The calcaneus is a small, complex bone. A broad, shallow cup, measuring
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by
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, stabilizes the distal tibia. A sharp ridge separates at a right angle the tibial facet from a smaller (
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by
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), very well defined concavity for the distal end of the fibula. It also forms part of the smooth intertarsal joint surface. The lateral edge of the astragalus and medial edge of the calcaneum key to each other and form a smooth intertarsal joint surface
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wide. There are two candidates for distal tarsals. The larger, perhaps medial, distal tarsal is flat and irregular, measuring 14 by 12 by
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, and slightly concave on one surface. The size and concavity are consistent with the description of the medial distal tarsal of
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<emphasis id="22B9F501FFE7FF834AC1A5A3FECD9EE8" box="[130,290,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="268">Protoceratops</emphasis>
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by
<bibRefCitation id="745C54E2FFE7FF834B0AA5A3FD639EE9" author="Brown, B. &amp; Schlaikjer, E. M." box="[329,652,392,417]" pageId="7" pageNumber="268" pagination="133 - 266" refId="ref7378" refString="Brown, B. and Schlaikjer, E. M. 1940. The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences XL: 133 - 266." type="book chapter" year="1940">Brown and Schlaikjer (1940)</bibRefCitation>
. The other, perhaps lateral, distal tarsal, is a chip of bone 13 by 8 by
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. The positions of these two bones can only be surmised.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10722913FFE7FF834AC8A5C3FE159DE9" blockId="7.[102,775,232,673]" pageId="7" pageNumber="268">
A complete right metatarsus is preserved (
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). The metatarsals are long and slender. The structure is autapomorphic in that metatarsal I, though long and with a wellformed distal condyle, has a strongly reduced shaft and proximal end. The phalangeal formula is standard: 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, and the unguals are sharply pointed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>