diff --git a/data/03/BD/70/03BD7008B23C0850F04706868C95FE75.xml b/data/03/BD/70/03BD7008B23C0850F04706868C95FE75.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..71b597f907f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/BD/70/03BD7008B23C0850F04706868C95FE75.xml @@ -0,0 +1,406 @@ + + + +Yosiityphlus Sawada, 1971, a new synonym of Thinobius Kiesenwetter, 1844 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) + + + +Author + +Gusarov, Vladimir I. +University of Oslo, Natural History Museum, Section of Zoology, P. O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO- 0318, Oslo, Norway and Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, 1460 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045 - 7523, U. S. A. vladimir. gusarov @ nhm. uio. no Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, 1460 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045 - 7523, U. S. A. gyorgy @ ku. edu + + + +Author + +Makranczy, György + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2004 + +2004-12-01 + + +748 + + +1 + + +1 +4 + + + + +https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.748.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.748.1.1 +1175­5334 +5028893 + + + + + +Yosiityphlus kuroshio +Sawada (1971) + +, + + + + +an endogean staphylinid described from the Kii Peninsula of Honshû, +Japan +, was placed by Sawada in the subfamily +Leptotyphlinae +. This placement was based on the lack of eyes; the dark tentorial maculae clearly visible on poorly pigmented yellow background; the position of the antennal insertion points and some other characters. +Sawada (1971) +pointed out that + +Yosiityphlus + +differed from all known genera of leptotyphlines in arrangement of the setae of the labrum, in the shape of the gular sutures and pronotum, and in having a reduced prementum. Sawada did not assign + +Yosiityphlus + +to any of the described tribes of + +Leptotyphlinae ( +Coiffait 1959 +) + +. In the recent world catalogue ( +Herman 2001 +) + +Yosiityphlus + +is not assigned to any tribe of +Leptotyphlinae +and listed as +incertae sedis +. + + +The uncertain position of + +Yosiityphlus + +within the subfamily +Leptotyphlinae +( +Sawada 1971 +; +Herman 2001 +) prompted us to reexamine the original description of + +Yosiityphlus kuroshio +. + +We consider the description and detailed illustrations published by +Sawada (1971) +to be sufficient to interpret the characters and determine the taxonomic placement of + +Yosiityphlus + +. + + + + +Our analysis of the original description and illustrations ( +Sawada 1971 +) indicates that + +Yosiityphlus + +differs from all known leptotyphlines in the following characters: + + +1) Antennal insertion points are above the mandible bases (Fig. A in +Sawada 1971 +) and not between the mandible bases (Fig. +1 in +Coiffait 1959 +) as in leptotyphlines. + + +2) Antennal article 2 is about as large as article 3 (Fig. B in Sawada 1979). In leptotyphlines article 2 is much larger than article 3 (Figs. +4–6 in +Pace 1996 +). + + +3) Antennal articles 5–10 elongate (Fig. B in Sawada 1979), not strongly transverse as in leptotyphlines (Figs. +4–6 in +Pace 1996 +). + + +4) The fused portion of the gular sutures half as long as their total length (Fig. H in +Sawada 1971 +). In leptotyphlines the gular sutures are completely separate or partially fused, if partially fused the fused portion is no longer than 1/3 of their total length (Figs. +3– 13 in +Coiffait 1959 +). + + +5) The neck is strongly constricted, the head capsule is 1.5 times as wide as the nuchal constriction (Fig. H in +Sawada 1971 +). In leptotyphlines the nuchal constriction is just a little narrower than the head capsule (Figs. +1–13 in +Coiffait 1959 +), the nuchal portion of the head capsule is retracted into the pronotum and the position of the head rather rigidly fixed (Figs. 1, 57, +64 in +Pace 1996 +). + + +6) Tibiae are not robust and not dilated distally (Figs. A, J–K in +Sawada 1971 +), while in +Leptotyphlinae +tibiae are robust, claviform, dilated distally and often carry rows of strong setae (Figs. +51–59 in +Coiffait 1959 +). + + +7) Abdominal tergum 2 is fully developed and not covered by the elytra (Fig. A in +Sawada 1971 +) while in leptotyphlines the first completely exposed abdominal tergum is the tergum 3 (Figs. 1, 48, +64 in +Pace 1996 +). + + +8) The presence of the basolateral ridges on abdominal terga (Fig. A in +Sawada 1971 +). Leptotyphlines have no such ridges (Figs. 1, 57, +64 in +Pace 1996 +). + + +9) The spermatheca is small and sclerotized (Figs. N–O in +Sawada 1971 +). According to +Pace (1996) +in leptotyphlines the spermatheca is large, soft and can be observed only in fresh specimens. + + + + +Considering the listed differences between + +Yosiityphlus + +and definitive leptotyphlines it is clear that the first does not fit the characterization of the subfamily and should be placed elsewhere. Our analysis of the description and illustrations by +Sawada (1971) +indicates that + +Yosiityphlus kuroshio + +belongs to the genus + +Thinobius +Kiesenwetter, 1844 + +, of the subfamily +Oxytelinae +. + +Thinobius kuroshio + +is in many respects similar to + +T. korbeli + +. The characters supporting this placement of + +T. kuroshio + +are listed below. + + +1) Fully developed, unmodified second abdominal sternite, mentioned in the description ( +Sawada 1971 +(p. 328); cf. Figs. +66, 69 in +Herman 1970 +). + + +2) Antennal insertion points are under protuberances at the anterior edge of the head capsule and above the bases of the mandibles (Fig. A in +Sawada 1971 +; Figs. +1–2 in +Löbl & Rychlík 1994 +). + + +3) Modifications on antennal segments 9 and 10 (Figs. A, B in +Sawada 1971 +). This character may provide additional support for placement of + +Th. kuroshio + +in + +Thinobius + +because antennal modifications are known in some other species of this genus ( +e. g. +, Figs. +1–2 in +Comellini 1969 +). + + +4) Strongly exserted, prominent and conical procoxae (Fig. J in +Sawada 1971 +; Fig. +30 in +Herman 1970 +). + + +5) Both the spermathecal gland and the receptacle are well sclerotized and readily visible (Fig. O in +Sawada 1971 +), as in other species of the genus + +Thinobius + +(Figs. +8–9 in +Makranczy & Schülke 2001 +). + + +6) Acicular 4th and robust 3rd segment of the maxillary palpus (Fig. D in +Sawada 1971 +; Fig. +22 in +Herman 1970 +). + + +7) The gular sutures are fused in their anterior half, in their posterior half the sutures are sharply and strongly diverging towards the base of the head (cf. Fig. H in +Sawada 1971 +and Fig. +10 in +Herman 1970 +). + + +8) Narrow prohypomeron; protrochantin strongly exposed, procoxal fissure absent (cf. Fig. I in +Sawada 1971 +and Figs. 28 and +30 in +Herman 1970 +). + + +9) All tarsi with 2 tarsomeres (cf. Figs. J–K in +Sawada 1971 +and Fig. +59 in +Herman 1970 +). + + +10) The presence of the basolateral ridges on abdominal terga (Fig. A in +Sawada 1971 +and Fig. +68 in +Herman 1970 +). + + + +Thinobius kuroshio + +resembles + +T. korbeli +Löbl & Rychlík, 1994 + +, an endogean, anophthalmous and wingless species described from Southern +Slovakia +. + +Thinobius kuroshio + +is similar to + +T. korbeli + +in the lack of eyes and the distinct shape of head. It is not clear whether the two species are related or the similarity between them is a result of adaptation to similar habitats. This question can be addressed when males of + +T. kuroshio + +are discovered. While most species of + +Thinobius + +inhabit sandy and gravelly banks of streams, + +T. korbeli + +was collected +10–40 cm +deep in soil in riverine forests on the bank of the +river Danube +( +Löbl & Rychlík 1994 +). The only known series consisting of +13 female +specimens of + +T. kuroshio + +was collected in the Kii Peninsula, +Central Honshû +, +Japan +, under rotting seaweed on a pebbly beach ( +Sawada 1971 +). As adaptation to specific habitats some staphylinid lineages independently acquire unusual appearances which may disguise their true identity and in extreme cases trick researchers into placing them in wrong subfamilies. At the time of description of + +Yosiityphlus kuroshio +( +Sawada 1971 +) + +, no anophthalmous oxytelines were known. For this reason, Sawada may not have considered the possibility of placing + +Yosiityphlus + +in +Oxytelinae +. In different subfamilies ( +e. g. +, +Leptotyphlinae +, +Osoriinae +and +Pselaphinae +) specialized endogean staphylinids independently develop such features as poor pigmentation, short elytra, lost eyes and wings. + +Thinobius kuroshio + +is another example of such convergence. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EE/DD/03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304.xml b/data/03/EE/DD/03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0997b564f1c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/EE/DD/03EEDD56FFA41C77FF17FBB5256A7304.xml @@ -0,0 +1,648 @@ + + + +A new species of Aganope (Fabaceae) from the Southern Western Ghats, Peninsular India + + + +Author + +Viswanathan + + + +Author + +Manikandan, U. + + + +Author + +Tangavelou, A. C. + +text + + +Adansonia + + +2003 + +3 + + +2003-12-26 + + +25 + + +2 + + +205 +210 + + + +journal article +310477 +10.5281/zenodo.5181169 +5d5b1f55-cd86-4aed-a4ee-ab2ea7d21275 +1639-4798 +5181169 + + + + + +Aganope agastyamalayana +M.B. Viswan., U. Manik. & A.C. Tang. + +, + +sp. nov. + + + + + +Affinis +Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill + +ramulis, ferruflavido, sericeibus, folioliis 5 rare 3 or 7, dissimilaris, ferruflavido sericeibus, nervis lateralis, 9-15 paribus, petiolis stipulisque ferruflavido sericeibus, bracteis late ovatis ferruflavido sericeibus, filamentis glabribus, stigmatis capitellatibus, legumen tumidus, oblongus, semina tumida, ad basin concava, +24-27 mm +longis, +15-18 mm +latis, differt. + + + + + + +TYPUS +. — + +Viswanathan +& +Manikandan +14473, + +India +, +Tamil Nadu state +, +Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve +(eastern slopes of Agastyamalai hills, 8°20’- +8°53’N +and 77°10’- +77°35’E +), +Nondimangadu +, c. + +1,100 m + +, + +31 May 2001 + +, (holo-, +MH +; + +iso-, herbarium of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences) +. + + + +Derris brevipes +Baker var. +travancorensis +Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. + +India +6: 67, fig. 2 (1964); +Sanjappa in Leg. +India +: 144 (1992). — +Type +: + +T.F. Bourdillon +17409, + +India +, +Kerala state +, +Travancore +hills (western slopes of Agastyamalai hills): +Velleva +mallay, + +19 Nov. 1890 + +, ± + +2,333 m + +(MH!). + + + + +Climbing shrubs, robust; branchlets obtusely quadrangular when young, terete when mature, striate, lenticellate, densely rusty yellowish sericeous when young, sparsely rusty yellowish sericeous when mature; stems hollow; internodes 3.5-12.5 × +0.4-0.8 cm +. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 16-34.5 × +20-27 cm +, densely rusty yellowish sericeous; stipules oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.5 × +1 mm +, caducous, apex acuminate; petioles canaliculate above, grooved beneath, 4.7- 14 × +0.2-0.3 cm +; leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7, dark brown or dark brownish yellow above, pale yellowish brown beneath, unequal, larger towards apex, margin undulate and cartilaginous, apex cuspidate; first pair of laterals elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, 10.7-14.4 × +5.4-6.9 cm +, base obtusely rounded or obliquely rounded; second pair of laterals oblong-obovate or oblongoblanceolate, 12-19 × +4.9-7.8 cm +, obtusely or acutely rounded; third pair of laterals oblongelliptic, 12.2-12.9 × +4.2-4.5 cm +, base acute; terminal ones oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, 12.4-22.5 × +4.2-10.4 cm +, apex obtusely rounded or acute and cuspidate, margin undulate; stipels 2, linear-oblong, c. 3.8 × +1 mm +; midrib canaliculate above, grooved beneath; lateral nerves 9-15 pairs, impressed above, raised beneath, terminated faintly below margin; petiolules brownish yellow, 0.9-1.5 × +0.1-0.3 cm +, canaliculate above, grooved beneath. Inflorescence in lax thyrsoid panicles, both axillary and terminal, densely rusty yellowish sericeous on peduncles, pedicels, bracts and bracteoles; peduncles quadrangular; primary panicles 7.5-45 × +5-12.5 cm +; secondary ones 3-5 × +1- 1.5 mm +; thyrses 10-14, +0.3-2.2 cm +apart between, each 3-6-flowered, c. 1.8 × +2.5 cm +. Flowers 1.2-1.4 × +0.9-1 cm +, zygomorphic; bracts 2, broadly ovate, 1.8-3.2 × +1.2-1.5 mm +; bracteoles 2, ovate, 1.5-2 × +0.8-1.2 mm +; pedicels brown, 0.8-2.4 × +0.7-1.4 mm +. Calyx cup campanulate, 4.6-4.8 × +5-5.2 mm +, oblique at one side, densely rusty yellowish sericeous outside, gland dotted inside; rim truncate but faintly 5- toothed. Standard violet and glabrous inside, brown sericeous outside, orbicular, 12-12.5 × +12.5-13 mm +, 25-30-nerved, apex emarginate; claw to 1.8 × +2 mm +, glabrous outside, finely sericeous inside, not adherent to keels in lower half; callosites absent; wings 2, white, oblong, 12- 12.8 × +3.5-3.9 mm +, distinctly clawed to 4 × +1 mm +, glabrous inside, sericeous above claw to apex except glabrous on the margin toward the base; keels 2, white, oblong, 11.3-11.5 × +3.3- 3.5 mm +, distinctly clawed to 4.7 × +1 mm +, glabrous inside, sericeous above claw and in the terminal half. Stamens 10, white with yellowish striations, diadelphous, 9 + 1, at alternate levels, 5 longer, 4 shorter, c. 12 × +8.5 mm +, 10 +th +stamen free to base; bundle 7.6-9.2 × c. +6.9 mm +; individual filaments c. 9.2 × +0.9 mm +; free portion of filaments c. +0.3 mm +in diam., +1.2-1.5 mm +long; anthers brown, dithecous, oblong, larger ones c. 1.1 × +0.75 mm +, smaller ones c. 0.9 × +0.65 mm +, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary white, linearoblong, sericeous, c. 11.5 × +1.6 mm +; ovules 4-6, white, reniform, c. 0.6 × +0.3 mm +; style white, arcuate, c. 1.8 × +1 mm +, attenuate towards apex, glabrous; stigma pale yellow, capitellate, c. 0.2 × +0.2 mm +. Pods flat, oblong, 9.5-14 × +2.5-3.4 cm +, narrowly winged on both sutures, reticulately veined, 2-3-seeded, densely rusty yellowish sericeous when young, sparsely rusty yellowish sericeous when mature, arcuate towards apex, dehiscent when dry; wing +2-3.5 mm +across; venation reticulate, alternate to seeds. Seeds reddish brown, broadly obloid and flattened, 2.4-2.7 × +1.5-1.8 cm +, shiny, base concave, apex convex; hilum eccentric, c. 4 × +3.5 mm +; radicle spread, c. +0.7 mm +across. — +Fig. 1. + + + + + +PARATYPES +. — + +T.F. Bourdillon +17409, + +India +, +Kerala state +, +Travancore hills +(western slopes of Agastyamalai hills): +Velleva mallay +, + +19 Nov. 1890 + +, ± + +2,333 m + +( +MH! +); + + + +Viswanathan +& +Manikandan +18278 + +, +Tamil Nadu state +, +Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve +(8°20’- +8°53’N +, 77°10’- +77°35’E +), +Nondimangadu +, c. + +1,100 m + +, + +21 May 2002 + +(herbarium of the Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences) + +. + + + + +D ISTRIBUTION. — +Endemic +to the +Agastyamalai +hills [eastern slopes (Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in +Tamil Nadu state +) and western slopes (Travancore hills in +Kerala state +)], 8°20’- +8°58’N +, 77°10’- +77°35’E +. + + + + +HABITAT AND ECOLOGY. — Southern tropical wet evergreen forest, associated with the following trees: + +Ardisia pauciflora +Heyne ex Roxb. + +, + +Elaeocarpus venustus +Bedd. + +, + +Eugenia rottleriana +Wight & Arn. + +, + +Euonymus dichotomus +Heyne ex Roxb. + +, + +Ficus nervosa +Heyne ex Roth var. +nervosa + +, + +Filicium decipiens +(Wight & Arn.) Thw. + +, + +Isonandra lanceolata +Wight + +, + +Memecylon subcordatum +Cogn. + +, + +Polyalthia tirunelveliensis +M.B.Viswan. & U. Manik. + +, + +Sapindus emarginatus +Vahl + +, + +Schefflera rostrata +(Wight) Harms var. +micrantha +(Clarke) Mahesh. + +, + +Trema orientalis + +(L.) Blume, shrubs of + +Alpinia galanga +Sw. + +, + +Elettaria cardamomum + +(L.) Maton + +var. +major +Thw. + +, + +Sarcandra chloranthoides +Gard. + +and + +Tabernaemontana gamblei +Subram. & Henry. Associated + +herbs include + +Amorphophallus smithsonianus +Sivadas. + +, + +Christella parasitica + +(L.) H. Lév., + +Elatostema lineolatum +Wight var. +setosum +Henry + +, + +Goodyera procera +(Ker-Gawl.) Hook. + +, + +Impatiens verticillata +Wight + +, + +Peperomia dindigulensis +Miq. + +, + +P. tetraphylla + +(Forst.f.) Hook. & Arn. and climbers such as + +Cyclea peltata +(Lam.) Hook. + +f. & Thoms. and + +Piper mullesua +Buch. Ham. ex D. Don. + + +PHENOLOGY. — Flowering in April and May; fruiting in May and June. + + + +CONSERVATION STATUS. — +SANJAPPA (1991) +accepted rare status assigned by +AHMEDULLAH & NAYAR (1986) +to + +Derris brevipes +var. +travancorensis + +. +MANILAL & RAVEENDRAKUMAR (1998) +stated that the taxon is endemic to +Kerala state +but +NAYAR (1996) +doubted its continued existence and suggested that it was possibly extinct. +GOPALAN & HENRY (2000) +likewise assigned it to the extinct category based on a CAMP (Conservation Assessment and Management Plan) analysis. + +Aganope agastyamalayana + +is known only from eastern and western slopes of Agastyamalai hills in certain localities. Analysis field data (VISWANATHAN & MANIKANDAN, pers. observ. 2001, 2002), earlier collections and literature, we assign an IUCN Red list Category of +CR — Critically Endangered +( +B2 +- Area of occupancy estimated to be less than +10 km +2 +; +a +- severely fragmented; +b +- continuing decline, observed and inferred basing; +ii +- area of occupancy and +iv +- number of locations). + + + +Table 1. — Distinguishing characters of + +Aganope thyrsiflora + +and +A. agastyamalayana +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Characters + + +A. thyrsiflora + + + +A. agastyamalayana + +
BranchletsBoth young and mature branchlets glabrousRusty yellowish sericeous, young ones densely so, mature ones sparsely so
LeafletsMostly 7-9, similar in shape and size, ovate-oblong, 8-15 × 4.5-8 cm, entire, glabrous, not cartilaginous, apex obtuse or acuteMostly 5, rarely 3 or 7, heterogeneous in shape and size, 1st pair of laterals elliptic ovate or elliptic-oblong, 2nd pair oblongobovate or oblong-oblanceolate, 3rd pair oblong-elliptic, terminal leaflets oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, 10.7-22.5 × 4.2-10.4 cm, rusty yellowish sericeous, undulate, cartilaginous, apex cuspidate
Lateral nerves5-7 pairs, glabrous9-15 pairs, rusty yellowish sericeous
Rachis, petioles, petiolules, stipules and stipelsGlabrousRusry yellowish sericeous
PetiolulesDark brown, 5-8 mm longYellowish brown, 9-15 mm long
BractsLinear, glabrousBroadly ovate, rusty yellowish sericeous
BracteolesLinear, glabrousOvate, rusty yellowish sericeous
Calyx cupFinely silkyLong silky
Standard, wings and keelsMinutely pubescent, glabrateLong sericeous, persistent
StandardOvate-orbicularOrbicular
Staminal filamentsPubescentGlabrous
OvaryPubescentSericeous
StigmaMinuteCapitellate
PodsThin, strap-shaped, 3.8-9 cm long, broadly winged (4-6 mm across) on both sutures, glabrous throughoutTurgid, oblong, 9.5-14 cm long, narrowly winged (2-3 mm across) on both sutures, rusty yellowish sericeous, densely when young, sparsely when mature
SeedsFlat, convex at base, 15-17 × 8-9 cmTurgid, concave at base, 24-27 × 15-18 mm
+ + + +Aganope agastyamalayana + +is so named because it comes from Agastyamalai hills comprising +Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve +(eastern slopes) in +Tamil Nadu state +and Travancore hills in +Kerala state +(western slopes) in the +Southern Western Ghats +of +India +. As the varietal epithet +travancorensis +does not cover +Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve +(eastern slopes) in +Tamil Nadu state +it is rejected. + + + + +NOTES. — The habit of + +Aganope agastyamalayana + +was stated as a dwarf shrub by +THOTHATHRI (1964) +but our observations indicate that it is a robust climbing shrub. The distinguishing characters of + +A. agastyamalayana + +and + +A. thyrsiflora + +are shown in +Table 1 +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/35/52/93/3552930AFFD24401C8894957FBC98995.xml b/data/35/52/93/3552930AFFD24401C8894957FBC98995.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..02d286bdcd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/35/52/93/3552930AFFD24401C8894957FBC98995.xml @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ + + + +A new species of Aeranthes (Orchidaceae) from the Comoro Islands + + + +Author + +Hermans, Johan + + + +Author + +Bosser, Jean + +text + + +Adansonia + + +2003 + +3 + + +2003-12-26 + + +25 + + +2 + + +215 +217 + + + +journal article +310479 +10.5281/zenodo.5181173 +b2fc0702-43fa-4277-8533-9f253d9b231c +1639-4798 +5181173 + + + + + +Aeranthes campbelliae +Hermans & Bosser + +, + +sp. nov. + + + + + +Affinis +Aeranthes ecalcarata H. Perrier + +sed habitu majore, foliis oblongis +3-8 mm +latis in flabello dispositis, inflorescentiis 2-4-floribus, bracteis maioribus +3 mm +longis, labello ovato calcari obscure conico satis distinguenda. + + + + + +TYPUS +. — + + +Hermans +3915, + +Comoro Islands +(holo-, +K! +) + +. + + + + +Fig. 1. — + + +Aeranthes campbelliae + +: A + +, habit; +B +, flower, front; +C +, flower, side; +D +, dorsal sepal; +E +, petal; +F +, lateral sepals; +G +, column-foot and lip, side; +H +, column foot and lip, under; +I +, column foot and lip, above; +J +, base of lip, papilli, calli; +K +, ovary and column, side; +L +, ovary and column, front; +M +, anther cap, front; +N +, anther cap, under; +O +, pollinium. All drawn by Olivier WHALLEY from the type collection. + + + + +A small-sized erect epiphyte, up to +90 mm +tall. Stem simple, leafy, flattened, +2-3 mm +in diam.; roots +1 mm +in diam., smooth. Leaves 3-6, persistent, narrowly oblong, +40 to 62 mm +long, +3 to 8 mm +broad. Inflorescences several, racemose, 2- to occasionally 4-6-flowered, with an undeveloped terminal bud, erect, axillary; peduncle wiry, terete, up to +85 mm +long, +0.6 mm +in diam., normally simple, occasionally few-branched, with at the base a tubular sheath +4-6 mm +long, +0.8 to 1 mm +wide, bearing above 2-3 further sheaths partly covering the internodes; floral bracts +3 mm +long, +1 mm +wide. Flowers +12-14 mm +tall, +9- 11 mm +wide, +8 mm +deep, translucent greenishwhite, with a few microscopic black specks on the exterior, the lip and tails of petals and lateral sepals more yellowish-white, column green; tepals with 3 obscure veins and a few shorter veinlets towards the margin; ovary pedicellate, +7 mm +long, +0.9 to 1.2 mm +at the widest point, roundly ridged, with some small dark-brown specks towards the base. Dorsal sepal +11 mm +long, +3 mm +wide, oblong-ovate, tip slightly obtuse, erect to slightly leaning forward. Lateral sepals spreading, +11 mm +long, +4 mm +wide, ovate, long acuminate into a tail c. +6 mm +long. Petals slightly reflexed at the tip, +9 mm +long, +2.8 mm +wide, ovate, long acuminate into a tail c. +3 mm +long. Lip broadly oval, +4.6 mm +long, +3.8 mm +wide, articulate to the column-foot, mobile, auriculate at the base, forming two rounded swellings, base of the disk farinose and papillose, with three central veins converging toward the tip, a further 2-3 veins branching towards the margin; spur very short, rounded and almost indistinct from the column-foot and mentum, 1 × +1 mm +. Column short and semi-rectangular, somewhat thickened at the apex, +1.2 mm +long, +0.9 mm +broad, +1 mm +high; rostellum indistinctly bi-lobed; column-foot boat-shaped, very slightly inflated and continuous with the short spur; anther cap +0.8 mm +wide, +0.8 mm +high, white, membranous and globular; pollinia porate, globular, +0.3 mm +in diam., with a short thread-like viscidium, waxy, yellow. Fruit unknown. + + + + +DISTRIBUTION. — Endemic to the +Comoro Islands +, +Grande Comore +. + + + +ETYMOLOGY. — Named for Heather CAMPBELL, who propagated plants of this new species, originally collected by Mrs. Jean CLASSEN. + + + + +Aeranthes campbelliae + +has flowers similar in shape to those of + +Aeranthes ecalcarata +H. Perrier + +, which is endemic to +Madagascar +and the only other species of the genus lacking a distinct spur. Although several collections of + +A. campbelliae + +have flowers that are larger than those of the Madagascan species, those of some other specimens are almost identical in size. The main difference between the two species is in the leaves and the inflorescences. In + +A. ecalcarata + +the leaves are narrowly linear, canaliculate on top, and the inflorescences have very slender peduncles with a few sheaths only and bearing 1 to 2 flowers at the tip. In + +A. campbelliae + +the leaves are fan-shaped and narrowly oblong, and the inflorescences have a more robust raceme with more prominent sheaths, sometimes bearing more flowers. One could regard the Comorean plant a subspecies of + +A. ecalcarata +, + +but considering its important differences in the inflorescence and the leaves, it is described here as a distinct species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/3C/94/35/3C9435AB4CB25BB5B1C207E221589DB8.xml b/data/3C/94/35/3C9435AB4CB25BB5B1C207E221589DB8.xml index b972d63478f..04f13970164 100644 --- a/data/3C/94/35/3C9435AB4CB25BB5B1C207E221589DB8.xml +++ b/data/3C/94/35/3C9435AB4CB25BB5B1C207E221589DB8.xml @@ -1,42 +1,44 @@ - - - -Camellia yangii (Theaceae), a new species of tea plants (Camellia section Thea) + + + +Camellia yangii (Theaceae), a new species of tea plants (Camellia section Thea) - - -Author + + +Author -Zhao, Dongwei -0000-0002-7761-7127 -Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China +Zhao, Dongwei +0000-0002-7761-7127 +Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China -text - - -PhytoKeys +text + + +PhytoKeys - -2025 - -2025-06-13 + +2025 + +2025-06-13 - -257 + +257 - -247 -256 + +247 +256 -journal article -10.3897/phytokeys.257.152000 +journal article +310478 +10.3897/phytokeys.257.152000 +1cb3ddc9-a283-4249-af5a-217b53088775 - + - + Camellia yangii D. Wei Zhao @@ -48,17 +50,19 @@ D. Wei Zhao Type material. - Holotype : + China • Yunnan : Malipo -, in evergreen montane forest, +, +in evergreen montane forest +, 858 m @@ -68,11 +72,10 @@ D. Wei Zhao , -Yang -S -. X. & Yin -L -. 7357 +Yang S. X. +& +Yin L. +7357 ( holotype @@ -211,13 +214,15 @@ Flowering December, fruiting August – September (Table - + China . • Yunnan : Malipo County -, in evergreen montane forest, +, +in evergreen montane forest +, 858 m @@ -227,59 +232,57 @@ Flowering December, fruiting August – September (Table , -Yang -S -. X. & -Xiao -B -. 7122 +Yang S. X. +& +Xiao B. +7122 ( KUN -); same place, +) + +; + +same place, 21 November 2023 , -Yang -S -. X. et al. 7312 +Yang S. X. +et al. 7312 – 7315 ( KUN , equal to - -Zhao D. -W -. et al. 536 [1 - +Zhao D. W. et al. 536 [1 ] – [ 4 ] at CSFI , respectively), -Zhao D. -W -. et al. 536 (5) +Zhao D. W. +et al. 536 (5) ( CSFI -); same place, +) + +; + +same place, 25 December 2023 , -Yang -S -. X. & -Yin -L -. 7358 +Yang S. X. +& +Yin L. +7358 ( KUN @@ -297,7 +300,7 @@ Flowering December, fruiting August – September (Table Distribution and habitat. - + Camellia yangii is endemic to the tropical evergreen montane forest in Malipo County. @@ -308,15 +311,13 @@ is endemic to the tropical evergreen montane forest in Malipo County. Etymology. - + Camellia yangii -is named after the leading collector of its -type -, Dr. Shixiong Yang, an expert of the family +is named after the leading collector of its type, Dr. Shixiong Yang, an expert of the family Theaceae at Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Chinese name of - + C. yangii is proposed as ” 三萼茶 ” because it bears three sepals in the flower. diff --git a/data/72/78/DF/7278DF3567AF55538F958E39FD369B8F.xml b/data/72/78/DF/7278DF3567AF55538F958E39FD369B8F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a6b3344a174 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/72/78/DF/7278DF3567AF55538F958E39FD369B8F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,647 @@ + + + +A new Dichotrachelus Stierlin from Val Grande (Piemonte, Italy) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with comments on biogeography and evolution of high alpine species of the genus + + + +Author + +Szallies, Alexander +ZHAW Wädenswil, IUNR, Grüenthalstr. 14, CH- 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland + + + +Author + +Germann, Christoph +0000-0001-8317-3799 +Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse 15, CH- 3005 Bern, Switzerland & Biowissenschaften, Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, CH- 4001 Basel, Switzerland + +text + + +Alpine Entomology + + +2025 + +2025-06-13 + + +9 + + +29 +36 + + + +journal article +10.3897/alpento.9.153998 +9BF53854-F1B3-40E4-BD93-FD8D9B4B17B8 + + + + + +Dichotrachelus sonjae + +sp. nov. + + + + + +Holotype +. + + + + +Male +“ 440 _ 24.3 +ITALIA +, +Piemonte +, +Valle Vigezzo +, +Druogno +, +unterh. Pizzo Nona +, + +46.09943 +, +8.41411 + +, + +1950 m + +, +GS Moos Blockhalde +, + +31. 10. 2024 + +, leg. +C. Germann +” ( + +NMB + +). + + + + + + +Paratypes +. + + + + +50 ex. +“ 440 _ 24.3 +ITALIA +, +Piemonte +, +Valle Vigezzo +, +Druogno +, +unterh. Pizzo Nona +, + +46.09943 +, +8.41411 + +, + +1950 m + +, +GS Moos Blockhalde +, + +31. 10. 2024 + +, leg. +C. Germann +” + +. – + +22 ex. +“ 440 _ 24.4 +ITALIA +, +Piemonte +, +Valle Vigezzo +, +Druogno +, +unterh. Pizzo Nona +, +46.09942 +, +8.41492 +, + +1910 m + +, +GS Moos Blockhalde +, + +31. 10. 2024 + +, leg. +C. Germann +” + +. – + +4 ♂ +, +2 ♀ +“ +Druogno +, +Pizzo Nona Nordseite + +2000 m + +, + +9. 8. 2024 + +, leg. +Szallies +” + +. – + +15 ♂ +, +38 ♀ +“ +Druogno +, +Pizzo Nona Nordseite + +2000 m + +, + +31. 10. 2024 + +, leg. +Szallies +”. ( +cCG +, +cAS +, +cMM +, +cRM +, + +NMB + +, + +NMBE + +) + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Size: +3.3–4.2 mm +( +♂ +3.3–4.0 mm, +♀ +4.0– +4.2 mm +), Figs +1–4 +, +9 +, +11–15 +. + + + + + + + +Dichotrachelus sonjae + +and + +D. lepontinus + +. +1 +, +2. +Male and female of + +D. sonjae + +; +3 +, +4. +Male of + +D. sonjae + +aedeagus ventral and lateral view; +5 +, +6. +Male and female of + +D. lepontinus + +; +7 +, +8. +Ditto, aedeagus ventral and lateral view; +9. +Ventral view of + +D. sonjae + +; +10. +Ditto, + +D. lepontinus + +; +11 +– +13. +Internal sclerite of aedeagal sac of + +D. sonjae + +, dorsal, ventral and lateral view; +14 +, +15. +A pair of spinal projections on the ventral base of left protibia, the duplex lobal spurs, dorsal and lateral view of + +D. sonjae + +; +16 +, +17 +. Ditto, + +D. lepontinus + +(Photos: C. Germann). + + +Body colour: Black to dark brown, antennae and legs reddish brown. Head, rostrum and antennae: Head globose, irregularly punctate, raised broad dark brown scales on frons. Thinner, clubbed scales on epifrons up to antennal scrobes. Eyes weakly protruding, oval. + +Rostrum about twice as long as wide ( +L / B +): 1.9–2.0; epifrons of rostrum shiny and irregularly striated-punctuated; rostral apex glossy and shiny, irregularly punctuated and with erect bowed setae; antennal scrobes visible from above, diverging towards eyes, in lateral view bowed downwards, limited by a horizontal ridge extending from lower end of eyes to lower limit of scrobes. + + +Antennae strong, inserted on last third of rostrum; antennal scapes ( +L / B +: 6.5) slender in its first third, then continuously broadened to three times as wide as width at base; dark brown, with clubbed scales from broad half of antennal scape; first segment of antennal funicles more than twice as long as wide, following segments as follows ( +L / B +): 2 +nd +: 1.6, 3 +rd +to 7 +th +: 1.0; antennal clubs ( +L / B +: 2.1) twice as wide as last antennal segment, consisting of three visible segments. + + +Pronotum: Index ( +L / B +): 1.12–1.14. Longer than wide, laterally weakly rounded, widest at middle, at fore and hind margins only weakly constricted; vestiture consisting of adherent and raised strong, clubbed mainly dark brown scales with several light brown scales intermixed, especially along middle. + + +Elytra: Index ( +L / B +): 1.53–1.71. Base slightly broader than prothorax, subelliptical, without humeral calli, oval, widest along middle; uneven intervals including suture weakly elevated, wider than deeply punctuated striae; elytral disc slightly flattened (lateral view); integument covered with +two types +of scales: semi-raised, short and rounded or oval scales, and raised clubbed scales, up to twice as long as wide. Scales mostly dark brown; several patchily arranged light brown scales intermixed. + + +Legs: Strong and slender, with elongate, bowed, dark brown scales and thinner light brown scales; apex of tibiae with a pair of lobal formed spines, reminding of spurs, with their tips subparallel projecting ventrally (Figs +14 +, +15 +). Three visible tarsal segments, first and second of same length, third 1.5 × as long as wide and distally bilobed, fourth tiny, hardly visible, claw segment twice as long as third one, claws simple. + + +Aedeagus: Base of penis evenly sclerotized; ostium of penis oval and discreet, twice as long as broad. Penis, towards distal tip, with basal half covered by a thin translucent sclerotized sheath; at anterior end of ostium, penis with long dagger-like apex (Figs +3 +, +4 +); internal sclerite with small central doublet and split inner arms with thick and bowed anterior arms surrounding central part. Encompassing sheath, valves forming a double lobed structure reminding of butterfly wings, as best seen in lateral view of single “ valve ”; sheath of internal sclerite evenly rounded, carrying lateral sclerites at middle of each of valves (Figs +11–13 +). + + +Female genitalia: Sternite VIII (Fig. +18 +), spermatheca (Fig. +20 +) and gonocoxites (Fig. +22 +). + + + + + + +Female genital organs of + +D. sonjae + +. and + +D. lepontinus + +. +18, 20, 22 +Female genitalia of + +Dichotrachelus sonjae + +. +18. +Sternite VIII; +20. +Spermatheca; +22. +Gonocoxites. +19, 21, 23 +Ditto of + +D. lepontinus + +(Photos: C. Germann). + + + +Sexual dimorphism: Elytral shape of male laterally parallel (in females slightly convex), spurs of tibiae in males more pronounced than in females. Fifth sternite of males more broadly rounded apicad than in females, with a more pointed arch-like apical margin (Fig. +9 +). + + +Derivation of the name: In deep gratitude and love the name of the new species was given by the first author to honor his wife Sonja, in compliance with provisions outlined by +Lohse (1964) +. + + + + +Biology. + + +While collecting the adults of + +D. sonjae + +, we encountered several larvae hidden in the dense moss cushions in the scree slope in late autumn (Figs +24 +, +25 +). We were surprised to find not only large larvae in the last larval stage (Fig. +26 +) but also tiny larvae in the first larval stage, hardly one millimeter in length (Fig. +27 +). + + + + +Differential diagnosis. + + + +D. sonjae + +is morphologically most similar to + +D. lepontinus + +, described from Cimalmotto ( +Ticino +, +Switzerland +) and differs mainly in the unique dagger-like tip of its penis (Figs +3 +, +4 +compared to 7, 8). Females may be separated by their spermathecae and sternites VIII. The edged projection at the base of the spermatheca of + +D. lepontinus + +(Fig. +21 +) is totally absent in + +D. sonjae + +(Fig. +20 +). + + +The morphological differences between + +D. sonjae + +and + +D. lepontinus + +are as follows: Shape of elytra in males more elongate oval, shoulders more reduced, more slender in + +D. sonjae + +(Figs +1 +, +2 +), elytra wider oval and wider at shoulders in + +D. lepontinus + +(Figs +3 +, +4 +), pronotum in both sexes little more rounded laterally in + +D. sonjae + +(Figs +3 +, +4 +). Legs, femora stronger and thicker in + +D. sonjae + +. Erect scales on elytra and pronotum are a little thicker and stronger in + +D. sonjae + +than in + +D. lepontinus + +. In females, both species have a very narrow sternite VIII, in + +D. sonjae + +the plate is wider (Figs +18 +, +19 +). + + +Remarkably, both species share a heavy sclerotization of the aedeagal tubular base, with a distinct delineation marked by the ostium, occurring amongst + +Dichotrachelus + +of the Alps only also in + +D. rudeni +Stierlin, 1853 + +and + +D. imhoffi +Stierlin, 1857 + +. The ostium of the penis in + +D. sonjae + +is much more reduced in length than in + +D. lepontinus + +, to an oval orifice nearly twice as long as wide, while in + +D. lepontinus + +the ostium is much longer with clearly weaker sclerotization of the aedeagal base. + + +Another species similar to + +D. sonjae + +is + +D. meregallii + +, which appears to be the only other + +Dichotrachelus + +species sharing the double (duplex) lobal spurs with + +D. sonjae + +and + +D. lepontinus + +. In + +D. meregallii + +the posterior tibiae possess only one apparent single spur that is markedly larger and longer than any of the duplex spurs of the other tibiae of + +D. lepontinus + +and + +D. sonjae + +, respectively. This seemingly single spur is in fact consisting of two separate ones (magnification 100 ×). Notably, +one specimen +of + +D. meregallii + +from a population at unusually low altitude (Valle di Lanzo, Ceres), exhibits intermediate states of spur fusion on the meso- and faintly on the protibiae. + + +Another species preferring rocky habitats in a high alpine environment is + +Dichotrachelus augusti +Solari, 1946 + +, which shares the slender and long tibiae with + +D. sonjae + +. It also has spurs on its tibiae, but these are singular, fine, short, and pointed. The basal part of its aedeagus is weakly sclerotized, but more so than in + +D. meregallii + +. + + + + +Molecular data. + + +Mitochondrial genetic data confirmed the putative close association between + +D. sonjae + +and + +D. lepontinus + +, the pairwise sequence distance of which exhibited 5.9–6.5 % difference in mitochondrial Cox 1 (p-distance; Suppl. material +1 +: table S 2), whilst all other species examined exhibited at least 11 % and more. Intraspecific variation was found to be up to 0.61 %. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D413FFA1FCA9FCFF95A591D3.xml b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D413FFA1FCA9FCFF95A591D3.xml index 8378a796316..ad5fe078ab4 100644 --- a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D413FFA1FCA9FCFF95A591D3.xml +++ b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D413FFA1FCA9FCFF95A591D3.xml @@ -1,55 +1,57 @@ - - - -A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) + + + +A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) - - -Author + + +Author -Archontikis, Odysseas A. +Archontikis, Odysseas A. - - -Author + + +Author -Young, Jeremy R. +Young, Jeremy R. -text - - -Phycologia +text + + +Phycologia - -2021 - -2021-11-03 + +2021 + +2021-11-03 - -60 + +60 - -6 + +6 - -589 -602 + +589 +602 - -https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 + +https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -journal article -10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -2330-2968 -15520226 +journal article +310480 +10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 +5405c6a2-1fa6-4992-ba0b-f16a0ff133ed +2330-2968 +15520226 - + - + Palusphaera vandelii Lecal-Schlauder @@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ Lecal-Schlauder - + Figs 7–11 @@ -147,9 +149,11 @@ Karatsolis Chang (2019 , p. 51, figs 20C, D). + + PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES: - + Acanthoica quattrospina Lohmann sensu @@ -158,7 +162,7 @@ Lohmann , pp 15-16, fig. 3, non figs 1, 2, 4). - + Rhabdosphaera longistylis J. Schiller sensu @@ -174,9 +178,7 @@ J. Schiller , p. 157, pl. 4, fig. 2 non fig. 3). - Halopappus - cf. H. adriaticus @@ -190,7 +192,7 @@ Winter , p. 200 , pl. III, fig. 5). - + Palusphaera vandelii var. vandelii sensu @@ -199,11 +201,13 @@ var. , pl. X, figs 3- 4; unpublished PhD thesis). + + EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic, spherical but usually seen collapsed, composed of c . 50 BCs. BCs planoliths with a subcircular to circular outline; rim thin with typical -Rhabdosphaeraceae +Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Lamellar cycle fills central area, convex on distal side and concave on the proximal side. Lamellar cycle elements rod shaped, overlapping and displaying dextrogyral curvature on the distal side and laevogyral in proximal view (e.g. Fig. 10 ). Central process with a central pore in proximal view, usually surrounded by two to three small nodes; distal side with a thin and long spine, formed of numerous spirally arranged elements at the base becoming less spiral upwards. Spine is styliform-shaped without a collar. @@ -212,7 +216,7 @@ rim structure. Lamellar cycle fills central area, convex on distal side and conc Figs 7–11. SEM micrographs of - + Palusphaera vandelii . Scale bar = 5 μm for Figs 7, 8, 9, 11. diff --git a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D413FFAEFCA0FEC1919C965A.xml b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D413FFAEFCA0FEC1919C965A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e2447f7738d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D413FFAEFCA0FEC1919C965A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ + + + +A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) + + + +Author + +Archontikis, Odysseas A. + + + +Author + +Young, Jeremy R. + +text + + +Phycologia + + +2021 + +2021-11-03 + + +60 + + +6 + + +589 +602 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 + +journal article +310480 +10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 +5405c6a2-1fa6-4992-ba0b-f16a0ff133ed +2330-2968 +15520226 + + + + + + +Genus + +Palusphaera +Lecal-Schlauder +emend +. R.E. Norris + + + + + + + +EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic and monothecate, with only spine-bearing BCs and no differentiated circum-flagellar coccoliths. BCs flat, with two rim cycles, an outer/upper cycle with nearradial sutures, an inner/lower cycle showing strong sinistral obliquity in proximal view. The radial lath cycle shown by many other +Rhabdosphaeraceae +is absent; instead, the lamellar cycle fills the central area. The lamellar cycle of tabular elements shows dextrogyral obliquity in distal view and laevogyral obliquity in proximal view. Central process is a spine, variable in shape but without a collar; proximal side with a central pore surrounded by several (usually three) angular nodes. + + + + +TYPE +SPECIES +: + +Palusphaera vandelii +Lecal-Schlauder (1966) +emend +. R.E. +Norris (1984) + +. The original author published under the name Lecal. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.xml b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.xml index 6df6641c113..9ac30376e5c 100644 --- a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.xml +++ b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA0FCABF81E9068921D.xml @@ -1,56 +1,58 @@ - - - -A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) + + + +A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) - - -Author + + +Author -Archontikis, Odysseas A. +Archontikis, Odysseas A. - - -Author + + +Author -Young, Jeremy R. +Young, Jeremy R. -text - - -Phycologia +text + + +Phycologia - -2021 - -2021-11-03 + +2021 + +2021-11-03 - -60 + +60 - -6 + +6 - -589 -602 + +589 +602 - -https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 + +https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -journal article -10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -2330-2968 -15520226 +journal article +310480 +10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 +5405c6a2-1fa6-4992-ba0b-f16a0ff133ed +2330-2968 +15520226 - + - + Palusphaera crosiae Archontikis & Jer.R. Young @@ -61,28 +63,56 @@ Archontikis & Jer.R. Young - + Figs 17–21 - + + + PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES: sp. aff. - Palusphaera sensu Kleijne (1992 -, p. 38 - -, described under remarks on - +, p. 38, described under remarks on Palusphaera +but not illustrated). + +Palusphaera +sp. 1 -but +( +type +robusta) +sensu +Cros (2002, p. 36, pl. 9, figs 4, 6); +Cros & Fortuño (2002 +, p. 84, figs 22C, 22D); + +Young +et al +. (2003 + +, pp 56–57, pl. 25, figs 10, 11); + +Malinverno +et al +. (2008 + +, p. 66, fig. 37). + +Palusphaera vandelii +var. +crassa sensu +Dimiza (2006 + +, pp 61–62, pl. X, figs 5–6 and pl. XI, figs 1–6, unpublished PhD thesis, invalid). + Figs 12–16. SEM micrographs of - + Palusphaera probertii @@ -111,47 +141,12 @@ SEM micrographs of . Detailed view of a broadly elliptical coccolith, small in size, and its broken styliform process. The lath-like crystal segments of the spine are arranged parallel to its long axis (see arrow). Scale bar = 1 μm. - -not illustrated). - -Palusphaera -sp. 1 - -( -type -robusta) - -sensu -Cros - -(2002, p. 36, pl. 9, figs 4, 6); -Cros & Fortuño (2002 -, p. 84, figs 22C, 22D); - -Young -et al -. (2003 - -, pp 56–57, pl. 25, figs 10, 11); - -Malinverno -et al -. (2008 - -, p. 66, fig. 37). - -Palusphaera vandelii -var. -crassa sensu -Dimiza (2006 - -, pp 61–62, pl. X, figs 5–6 and pl. XI, figs 1–6, unpublished PhD thesis, invalid). - + DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic and generally seen collapsed but probably spherical in shape, with c . 45–60 BCs. BC bases broadly elliptical in outline and slightly concavo-convex. Rim shows typical -Rhabdosphaeraceae +Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Central area filled by the lamellar cycle; no radial cycle is present. Central process is a long, tapering spindleshaped spine. Maximum thickness is at one-third to one-quarter of the height and it tapers to a fine point. The spine is formed from robust laths, c . 1.0 μm × 0.15 μm at the base, becoming smaller towards the tip; they abutt neatly to form a 6- to 8-μm sided smooth hollow structure. Adjacent laths are offset by about one-third of their length. BC proximal side with a central pore surrounded by a few angular nodes. @@ -174,39 +169,39 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter - + HOLOTYPE -: 200-07 (specimen illustrated in +: 200-07 ( +specimen +illustrated in Figs 17–18 ), stub no. 470/3, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation PM -NF 4917 -200-07. +NF 4917 200-07 +. - - + + PARATYPES : 211-21 (stub no. 487/0, designation PM -NF 4855 -211-21); 211-22 (stub no. 487/0, designation +NF 4855 211-21 +); 211-22 (stub no. 487/0, designation PM -NF 4855 -211-22); 177-56 (stub - - - -no. 302/2, designation +NF 4855 211-22 +); 177-56 (stub no. 302/2, designation PM -NF 4663 177-56). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by +NF 4663 177-56 +). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by Figs 19–21 + . - -TYPE LOCALITY -: North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas ( +TYPE LOCALITY: +North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas +( 37° 25.98'N , 0°25.3'W @@ -218,14 +213,15 @@ NF 4663 177-56). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by October 1999 -, - -MATER II -Expedition, Station 69-08). +, +MATER II Expedition +, Station 69-08). - + DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical waters. + + NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Nine, plus two published in Cros & Fortuño (2002) @@ -238,7 +234,7 @@ NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Nine, plus two published in REMARKS: The species differs from the other taxa in possessing a styliform spine with robust and thick lath-like crystal segments, markedly thicker at the one-third to one-quarter height from the base of the central area. The distal side outer rim cycle is distinctly narrower compared to that of - + P. vandelii . diff --git a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.xml b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.xml index adb93d10872..185879becde 100644 --- a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.xml +++ b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41CFFA1FFF1FB809153923A.xml @@ -1,56 +1,58 @@ - - - -A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) + + + +A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) - - -Author + + +Author -Archontikis, Odysseas A. +Archontikis, Odysseas A. - - -Author + + +Author -Young, Jeremy R. +Young, Jeremy R. -text - - -Phycologia +text + + +Phycologia - -2021 - -2021-11-03 + +2021 + +2021-11-03 - -60 + +60 - -6 + +6 - -589 -602 + +589 +602 - -https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 + +https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -journal article -10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -2330-2968 -15520226 +journal article +310480 +10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 +5405c6a2-1fa6-4992-ba0b-f16a0ff133ed +2330-2968 +15520226 - + Palusphaera probertii Archontikis & Jer.R. Young @@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ Archontikis & Jer.R. Young PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES: - + Rhabdosphaera longistylis J. Schiller sensu @@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ J. Schiller , p. 157 , pl. 4, fig. 3). - + Palusphaera vandelii sensu Cros @@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ Wang DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic and spherically shaped, but usually seen collapsed, composed of c . 45–60 BCs. BCs broadly elliptical to subcircular in plan view, with narrow rims and nearly flat bases. Rim with typical -Rhabdosphaeraceae +Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Central area filled by a lamellar cycle of numerous rod-shaped, slightly overlapping crystal segments; no radial cycle is observed. Central process bears a thin, hollow, styliform spine with no collar; spine structure composed predominantly of numerous elongate elements arranged parallel to the axis of the spine. The spine is remarkably long compared to the coccosphere diameter. The proximal planolith side has three robust angular nodes around the central pore. @@ -132,40 +134,42 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter - + HOLOTYPE -: 118-55 (specimen illustrated in +: 118-55 ( +specimen +illustrated in Fig. 12 ), stub no. 257/0, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation PM -NF 4591 -118-55. +NF 4591 118-55 +. - + PARATYPES : 212-09 (stub no. 511/3, designation PM -NF 4875 -212-09); 188- 03 (stub no. 459/2, designation +NF 4875 212-09 +); 188- 03 (stub no. 459/2, designation PM -NF 4814 -188-03); 297-77 (stub no. 729/ 0, designation +NF 4814 188-03 +); 297-77 (stub no. 729/ 0, designation PM -NF 4928 -297-77); 212-19 (stub no. 511/3, designation +NF 4928 297-77 +); 212-19 (stub no. 511/3, designation PM -NF 4875 -212-19). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by +NF 4875 212-19 +). Specimens of these stubs are illustrated by Figs 13–16 . - -TYPE LOCALITY -: North-eastern Atlantic Ocean ( +TYPE LOCALITY: +North-eastern Atlantic Ocean +( 29°45.7'N , 17°55.8'W @@ -177,13 +181,9 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter 24 September 1997 -, P233 -B Expedition -, -Station P -233b-2) - -. +, P +233B Expedition +, Station P233b-2). @@ -196,15 +196,15 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter REMARKS: The species is similar to - + P. vandelii but with noticeably smaller BCs that present a more broadly elliptical shape. The outer rim of the BCs on the distal side is usually narrower than that of - + P. vandelii , and the styliform central process is hollow and predominantly composed of a single set of very long elements aligned parallel to the long axis. This clearly opposes the spine structure of - + P. vandelii , which is formed by numerous shorter ( diff --git a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.xml b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.xml index 070839c0bd1..38b2de0ed9e 100644 --- a/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.xml +++ b/data/77/5C/9A/775C9A05D41DFFA3FCAAF83997A49214.xml @@ -1,56 +1,58 @@ - - - -A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) + + + +A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) - - -Author + + +Author -Archontikis, Odysseas A. +Archontikis, Odysseas A. - - -Author + + +Author -Young, Jeremy R. +Young, Jeremy R. -text - - -Phycologia +text + + +Phycologia - -2021 - -2021-11-03 + +2021 + +2021-11-03 - -60 + +60 - -6 + +6 - -589 -602 + +589 +602 - -https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 + +https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -journal article -10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 -2330-2968 -15520226 +journal article +310480 +10.1080/00318884.2021.1965758 +5405c6a2-1fa6-4992-ba0b-f16a0ff133ed +2330-2968 +15520226 - + - + Palusphaera bownii Archontikis & Jer.R. Young @@ -69,14 +71,14 @@ Archontikis & Jer.R. Young DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere, monomorphic of subspherical to spherical shape, usually found collapsed, with c . 80–120 BCs. BCs broadly elliptical to circular in outline with slightly convex planolith bases. Rim shows the typical -Rhabdosphaeraceae +Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Central area, filled by lamellar cycle, with overlapping tabular elements showing clockwise curvature in distal view. The radial cycle is absent. Central process is a trumpetshaped spine without a collar, formed of vertically elongate elements arranged in spiralling series; the distal end is formed of blockier elements, but these appear to have developed from the spiral elements of the spine. Trumpet aperture wider than the basal spine width. On the proximal side of the coccolith there is a central pore surrounded by two to three nodes. Figs 17–21. SEM micrographs of - + Palusphaera crosiae @@ -118,42 +120,37 @@ DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter . 0.5 μm wide, although few spines tend to bear slightly closer apertures at their outermost part. - + - + HOLOTYPE -: 302-04 (specimen illustrated in +: 302-04 ( +specimen +illustrated in Fig. 22 ), stub no. 756/1, deposited at the collections of the Natural History Museum, London under the designation PM -NF 4930 -302-04. +NF 4930 302-04 +. - + PARATYPE : 308-031 (stub no. 768/0, designation PM -NF 4932 -308-031), 308-032 (stub no. 768/0, designation +NF 4932 308-031 +), 308-032 (stub no. 768/0, designation PM -NF 4932 -308-032) - -. -One specimen -of this stub is illustrated by +NF 4932 308-032 +). One specimen of this stub is illustrated by Figs 23, 24 . + - -TYPE LOCALITY -: -Subtropical -waters of the -South Atlantic Ocean +TYPE LOCALITY: +Subtropical waters of the South Atlantic Ocean ( 8° 49.52' S , @@ -162,50 +159,51 @@ waters of the 28 October 2008 -, AMT18 Expedition, Station CTD063) - -. +, +AMT18 Expedition +, Station CTD063). + + NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: Two. -ETYMOLOGY: After Professor Paul R. Bown (University College London), -in recognition of his many contributions to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene coccolithophore taxonomy. +ETYMOLOGY: After Professor Paul R. Bown (University College London), in recognition of his many contributions to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene coccolithophore taxonomy. REMARKS: We have only found two coccospheres of this species and to our knowledge no other specimens have been published. Nonetheless, this is a distinctive form and clearly separate from any other coccolithophore, so we are confident it is a discrete species. The species shows possible affinities to several genera. The trumpet-like spines resemble those of - + Discosphaera , but the base lacks a radial cycle, and the spine shows a structure that is not seen in - + Discosphaera . The spine structure is closer to that of - + Rhabdosphaera , but in - + Rhabdosphaera coccospheres are dimorphic with both spine-bearing and non-spine-bearing BCs. Finally, the species resembles - + Palusphaera in being monomorphic and lacking a radial cycle. In addition, the rows of the laminar cycle elements show the same curvature (clockwise in distal view) as that of - + Palusphaera coccoliths and the opposite of that shown by - + Rhabdosphaera coccoliths. Therefore, we place the species in - + Palusphaera . diff --git a/data/98/64/98/98649805FFE0FF83496FA07CFE159DE9.xml b/data/98/64/98/98649805FFE0FF83496FA07CFE159DE9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6fd03812943 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/98/64/98/98649805FFE0FF83496FA07CFE159DE9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,593 @@ + + + +Redescription of neoceratopsian dinosaur Archaeoceratops and early evolution of Neoceratopsia + + + +Author + +You, Hai-Lu + + + +Author + +Dodson, Peter + +text + + +Acta Palaeontologica Polonica + + +2003 + +2003-12-31 + + +48 + + +2 + + +261 +272 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13315447 +1732-2421 +13315447 + + + + + +Description + + + + + +The +holotype +of + +Archaeoceratops oshimai +Dong and Azuma, 1997 + +, IVPP V 11114, consists of a well preserved, nearly complete skull and jaws, partial vertebral column, and partial pelvis. The +paratype +, IVPP V 11115, a somewhat smaller specimen, consists of a partial vertebral column including a nearly complete tail, a partial pelvis, fragmentary hind limb bones, and a complete pes. + + +Skull +.—The skull of + +Archaeoceratops + +is preserved in three dimensions. Although slightly distorted by crushing, it is best preserved on the right side ( +Fig. 1 +). The left side of the face is collapsed in the region of the antorbital fossa. The left squamosal, quadratojugal, exoccipital and quadrate shafts are not preserved. The parietals have been destroyed by erosion, making it impossible to determine the details of the frill. The jaws are articulated, rendering aspects of the dental anatomy difficult to ascertain. The descriptions that follow are based on the right side of the skull unless otherwise stated. Cranial sutures are visible ( +Dong and Azuma 1997 +). Although the specimen may not have achieved full adult size, closure of vertebral sutures was underway, indicating the approach of adult size. + + +The skull measures +145 mm +from the tip of the rostrum to the caudal end of the quadratojugal and +175 mm +from the tip of the rostrum to the caudal end of the squamosal. It has the characteristic ceratopsian triangular morphology in dorsal view, with a narrow beak and moderately flaring jugals. The width between the jugals is about +125 mm +. Skull width between the quadrates is +95 mm +. There is no trace of either orbital or nasal horn cores. + + + +Fig. 1. + +Archaeoceratops oshimai +, IVPP V + +11114, holotype in right lateral ( +A–D +), dorsal ( +E +), and caudal ( +F +) views of the skull. A, E, and F, photographs; B, drawing; C, interpretive outline; D, live reconstruction. Scale bar 2 cm. + + + +The preorbital region is relatively short, and slopes strongly ventrally from the orbit to the beak. The external naris is small and elliptical, situated relatively high on the face: its dorsalmost extent is situated at the level of the bottom third of the orbit and it extends somewhat ventral to the lower border of that structure. On the right side, the naris measures +18 mm +in its longest dimension. The rostral bone is rather delicate and unusually pendant, extending well below the level of the maxillary tooth row. Three peg−like teeth are prominent along the caudal half of the ventral border of the premaxilla; a socket for a fourth tooth may be present. The rostral half of the premaxilla is edentulous. The pronounced antorbital fossa attains a depth of nearly a centimeter on the right side. In typical basal neoceratopsians, the antorbital fossa is preorbital in position but in + +Archaeoceratops + +, consistent with the low facial region, the antorbital fossa is shifted caudally, ventral to the rostral part of the orbit. It does not have the subcircular form seen in + +Protoceratops +( +Brown and Schlaikjer 1940 +) + +or + +Bagaceratops +( +Maryańska and Osmólska 1975 +) + +, but is triangular, with its apex directed caudally. The fossa deepens caudally and has sharply defined dorsal and ventral edges. No antorbital foramen is evident. The orbits are relatively enormous, occupying 25% of the linear dimension of the skull. This is comparable to the relative size of the orbit in + +Psittacosaurus +( +Sereno 1990 +) + +but larger than in other adult neoceratopsians. A palpebral bone is also more prominent than in any ceratopsian. The infratemporal fenestra is tall, and does not extend rostrally very much. The supratemporal fenestrae are very prominent. + + +The rostral is rather delicate, and is primarily vertical in orientation. It extends caudally only very little along the buccal border of the premaxilla, and its dorsal tip does not seem to meet the nasal (but see +Dong and Azuma 1997 +). It is +31 mm +high but is transversely narrow, +7 mm +in width. The premaxilla is a prominent, plate−shaped element. It borders the external naris caudally and ventrally, and wraps it rostrodorsally with its caudodorsal process. Caudally, the premaxilla contacts the maxilla, and the premaxillary−maxillary suture rises more or less vertically immediately caudal to the terminal premaxillary alveolus. + + +The maxilla has the form of a right triangle with the apex at the ventral end of the maxillary−premaxillary suture and the hypotenuse sloping caudoventrally from the lacrimal rostrodorsally to the jugal caudoventrally. No evidence shows the participation of the maxilla in the ventral border of the orbit as illustrated in fig. 2A of +Dong and Azuma (1997) +. The lateral aspect of the maxilla is dominated by the antorbital fossa. The rostral +2 cm +of the ventral border of the maxilla is edentulous. This portion is directed caudomedially to form the rostral end of the maxillary recess. The dentigerous margin of the maxilla is strongly inset by as much as +2 cm +. Approximately 12 maxillary tooth positions can be ascertained on each side; perhaps one or two more lay opposite the coronoid process. The maxilla is +59 mm +long measured along the tooth row. + + +The lacrimal is a prominent, crescentic bone, oblique in orientation, that forms the rostroventral quarter of the orbital rim. It forms the caudodorsal rim of the antorbital fossa. It contacts the prefrontal dorsally, the jugal caudally, and the maxilla rostroventrally. The lacrimal−nasal contact is very weak. The lacrimal measures +32 mm +in length and +15 mm +across at its widest point dorsally. + + +The jugal runs between the orbit and the caudoventral corner of the skull, and forms part of the rostral border of the infratemporal fenestra. The jugal overlaps the caudal half of the maxilla and extends as far rostrally as the antorbital fossa, reaching its caudal border. It contacts the lacrimal dorsal to the antorbital fossa. Caudally it overlaps the quadratojugal, largely occluding this element in lateral view. It appears to form a large portion of the rostral border of the infratemporal fenestra. A modest ridge, which represents a caudal continuation of the maxillary shelf, extends horizontally across the jugal, such that the ventral apex lies slightly closer to the midline than does the ridge. A modest bumpy ornamentation covers much of its lateral surface. Such an ornamentation is seen on the jugals of pachycephalosaurs such as + +Prenocephale + +and + +Stegoceras +( +Maryańska 1990 +) + +. The jugal measures +64 mm +from the orbit to the ventral apex, and +62 mm +in breadth from the antorbital fossa to the infratemporal fenestra. The epijugal is probably ossified. + + +The quadratojugal is prominent in occipital view, and acts as a thick, wedge−shaped spacer, tapering dorsally, between the ventral shaft of the quadrate medially and the jugal laterally. Erosion has destroyed the more delicate dorsal shaft of the quadrate and quadratojugal, so that the relationships between these two bones cannot be determined. It reaches its greatest thickness, +14 mm +, about +20 mm +dorsal to the quadrate condyle, thinning abruptly ventrally and more gradually dorsally. Only the ventral condyles of the quadrates are preserved. These are conventional in form and measure +20 mm +in width. + + +The nasal is broad and flat, rather than arched ( +Dong and Azuma 1997 +). Little of the bone is seen in lateral view. It surrounds the caudal half of the external naris’s dorsal margin, and contacts the premaxilla, maxilla and lacrimal on its lateral edge. Caudolaterally, it is excluded from the orbit by the prefrontal. Caudomedially, it contacts the frontal. It is narrowest between the external nares and broadest at its contact with the maxilla. It narrows caudally between the prefrontals. Sutures are not distinct, but the element is about +63 mm +in length along the midline and the pair measures +32 mm +in width between the maxillae. + + +The prefrontal occupies the rostrodorsal quarter of the orbit. It extends from the lacrimal to the frontal, and excludes the nasal from the orbit. It is about +39 mm +in length and +12 mm +in width. Articulating with the prefrontal is a very prominent, flat, triangular palpebral. The acute apex of the triangle projects into the center of the orbit and the hypotenuse is ventral. The long ventral edge terminates rostrally in a peg−like structure that contacts the rim of the orbit at the lacrimal−prefrontal junction, while the dorsal apex of the triangle contacts the orbital rim about +1 cm +rostral to the prefrontal−frontal junction. The left palpebral measures +27 mm +in length, +12 mm +in width, and ranges from +5 mm +in thickness at the rostral end to +2 mm +at the caudal apex; the right palpebral measures +29 mm +by +11 mm +, and range in thickness from almost +6 mm +to +3 mm +. + + +The paired frontals occupy the major portion of the caudal skull roof (see +Dong and Azuma 1997 +: fig. 2B). The midline suture is well defined but the sutures with the postorbital and the parietal are difficult to discern, particularly on the right side. For example, the frontal presumably continues caudally to form part of the rostral border of the supratemporal fenestra as in + +Protoceratops + +and other basal neoceratopsians ( +Dodson and Currie 1990 +), but this cannot be verified. The frontal appears to contribute only a small portion (about +10 mm +), rather than a larger portion ( +Dong and Azuma 1997 +), of the dorsal rim of the orbit. The width across the paired frontals between the orbits is +33 mm +. + + +The postorbital forms nearly a quarter of the orbital rim, and extends as a vertical plate caudal to the orbit to form a small part (but see +Dong and Azuma 1997 +) of the rostral border of the infratemporal fenestra dorsal to the jugal. It is damaged caudally on the right side (absent altogether on the left side), so it is impossible to assess where it ends and the squamosal begins. + + +A portion of the right squamosal is preserved, providing some indication of its morphology. It seems to be a simple, vertically oriented bar dorsal to the infratemporal fenestra. Above the head of the quadrate, it makes a right−angle bend towards the midline, as in + +Leptoceratops + +; there is no postquadrate extension of the squamosal as in + +Protoceratops + +. Only the rostral end of the parietials are preserved, which fused firmly to the frontals. + + +The occipital region was well described by +Dong and Azuma (1997) +, and a brief summery is provided here. On the occipital surface, the following elements and structures are preserved: the supraoccipital, the right exoccipital, the foramen magnum, the occipital condyle, and the basioccipital tuberosities. The foramen magnum is roofed by the incompletely preserved supraoccipital. On the right side, a straplike exoccipital runs caudolaterally from the foramen magnum to the head of the quadrate. It is +43 mm +long, +14 mm +high at midshaft and +29 mm +high as it flares distally by the head of the quadrate. The opisthotic fuses to the rostral surface of the exoccipital laterally, but more medially is separated by as much as +5 mm +, resulting in a ventrally open channel leading to the fenestra ovalis. No stapes is preserved. + + +The elements of the palate are not well exposed, and no further information can be provided here other than +Dong and Azuma (1997) +. + + +Complete lower jaws are preserved in position. The predentary is long and horizontal in orientation. It terminates in a sharp point that fits inside the upper beak. The predentary measures +57 mm +in length along the ventral midline. The dentary is robust and straight along the lower edge. The ramus of the dentary is not particularly deep ( +26 mm +) but is robust in construction. The mandibular dentition is strongly inset, corresponding to the maxillary dentition. The toothrow passes medial to the coronoid process. The dentary attains its greatest thickness at the rostral base of the coronoid process, where it measures +25 mm +. The coronoid process is obscured by the jugal, and seems to be high and strong. As in + +Protoceratops + +, the surangular is an important bone that contributes to the caudal half of the coronoid process and extends to the caudal end of the jaw in lateral view. It bears a strong, caudally descending lateral ridge that is congruent with the ventral edge of the jugal, and can be viewed as a bony “stop” to limit jaw adduction. The articular is situated medial to the surangular and somewhat ventral to it at the caudal end of the jaw. No retroarticular is developed. The angular and splenial bones are developed on the lateral and medial sides of the mandible, respectively, but nothing of significance can be stated about them. + + +Premaxillary teeth are well developed. There is one prominent tooth visible on each side. On the right side, two others are in various stages of eruption. The right tooth is cylindrical. It appears to be enameled on all aspects. It is roughly +7 mm +long and +3.7 mm +in diameter. The left tooth is about +5 mm +long and +3.2 mm +in diameter. The cheek teeth are simple in pattern, with a single functional tooth corresponding to each alveolus. Twelve maxillary teeth span a distance of +48 mm +. The first two teeth are the smallest, and tooth size increases distally. The teeth possess a single, parasagittal, primary ridge with several secondary ridges on either side. Twelve teeth can be seen on the left dentary and 11 on the right. Dentary tooth crowns are low, decorated with small denticles, and present prominent, steeply inclined wear facets in lateral view. Primary ridges are not very apparent. + + +Axial skeleton +.—The +holotype +of + +Archaeoceratops oshimai +, IVPP V + +11114, includes an articulated series of 1 cervical, 12 dorsal vertebrae and a sacrum consisting of six vertebrae. In the +paratype +, V 11115, there is a nearly complete caudal series of 36 vertebrae as well as three dorsal vertebrae and a sacrum. Thus it is via the sacrum that the +two specimens +may be compared with each other. All vertebrae in both specimens have flat central articular faces. + + +Cervical 10 through dorsal 8 are preserved as a single unit joined by matrix; dorsals 9 and 10 similarly form a unit, and dorsals 11 and 12 are joined with, but not fused to, the sacrum. C10 consists only of a centrum, measuring +11 mm +in length, +12 mm +in width and +15 mm +in height. The centra of dorsals 1 to 8 are all simple spools. Neural arches are not preserved but many transverse processes remain. The diapophyseal facets are pronounced on all of the transverse processes, typically about +15 mm +lateral to the neural spines, but parapophyses cannot be detected. The left transverse process on dorsal 4 measures +22 mm +laterally from the base of the neural spine. + + +The beautiful preserved unit consisting of dorsals 11 and 12 plus the sacrum also preserves two incomplete ilia ( +Fig. 2 +). The ilium extends as far cranially as dorsal 11. The neural spines are preserved on this unit, although the cranialmost four spines are somewhat damaged. The neural spines of all eight vertebrae are expanded in the axial plane and lie close to each other but remain separated by matrix. The first four spines, of dorsals 11 and 12 and sacrals 1 and 2, are mildly inclined caudally, while the spines of sacrals 3 to 6 are more erect. The tallest preserved spine is that of sacral 3, which has a total height of +45 mm +from the bottom of the centrum to the top of the spine; the corresponding heights of S4, S5 and S6 are 42, 42, and +40 mm +. The axial lengths of the neural spines along their distal ends are +15 mm +, +17 mm +, +14 mm +and +12 mm +for S3, S4, S5, and S6, respectively. Because the transverse processes of dorsals 11 and 12 and of sacral 1 are broken, it cannot be determined whether or not they contacted the cranial blade of ilium. The axis of the sacrum is absolutely straight. The sacral vertebrae decrease in size from the first to the sixth, with a marked decrease occurring within the body of sacral 3, and a further decrease within the body of sacral 6. The surface area of the caudal face of sacral 6 is roughly one−third the surface area of the cranial face of sacral 1. This indicates a strongly reduced tail. The ventral surface of sacral 1 is smooth, but beginning with sacral 2 there is a shallow groove on the ventral midline, most pronounced under sacral 4, and undetectable under sacral 6. + + +There are five pairs of sacral ribs, the first of which is borne between sacrals 1 and 2, the last between sacrals 5 and 6. Sacral ribs 1 and 2 are large, heavy and short, and the peduncles originate on the ventral portion of their associated centra. Sacral 1 has a distinctive, keystone shape in ventral view due to the oblique peduncle for the origin of sacral rib 1, whose head measures +12 mm +in width. The complementary surface on the cranial end of sacral 2 is parallel to the vertebral axis and thus does not form such a prominence. Sacral rib 1 projects laterally a distance of +13 mm +, and ends in a flat surface +9 mm +in diameter immediately cranial to the pubic process of the ilium. It also sends a process dorsally to join the transverse process of sacral 1, which contacts the cranial blade of the ilium in front of the acetabulum. The broad, flat, irregular surface of sacral rib 2 is also located medial to the craniodorsal rim of the acetabulum. The origin of sacral ribs 3, 4 and 5 are more dorsal on their respective centra. Rib 5 is the longest and most gracile. Sacral rib 3 supports the dorsal apex of the acetabulum. Sacral rib 4 supports the region of the ischial peduncle of the acetabulum. Sacral rib 5 supports the middle of the caudal portion of the ilium. There are separate transverse processes on sacrals 2 to 5 that contact the medial surface of the ilium dorsal to the sacral ribs. + + +The +paratype +, V 11115, generally corroborates the preceding description, but due to its immaturity demonstrates some interesting further details. The centra of dorsal 10 and all subsequent dorsal and sacrals lacks their neural spines. Dorsal 10 possesses a peculiar, open groove underneath the neural canal. It runs half the length of the centrum, and measures +6.5 mm +in length by +1.5 mm +in breadth. By sacral 2, this feature has increased in prominence, by more than doubling in width to +3.5 mm +. On S3 and S4 the groove is twinned to form a pair of grooves. On S5 and S6, the groove is once again sagittal and singular. This groove persists in the proximal caudal vertebrae at least as far as caudal 8. In this specimen, the surface area of the caudal face of sacral 6 is roughly 40% the surface area of the cranial face of sacral 1. + + + +Fig. 2. Sacral vertebrae and ilia of + +Archaeoceratops oshimai +, IVPP V + +11114, holotype in dorsal ( +A +), left lateral ( +B +), and ventral ( +C +) views. Scale bar 2 cm. + + + +The +paratype +preserves a nearly complete tail of 36 vertebrae. Possibly one or more vertebrae are missing in the middle, but delicate distal caudals are preserved. The tail, as preserved, has a length of about +325 mm +. Transverse processes persist until about caudal 15. The neural spines on the first four caudals are well developed and only slightly inclined caudally. The total height of caudal 4, including the spine, is +32 mm +. Spines beyond that point are broken. Chevrons are poorly preserved. Several Y−shaped chevrons are preserved in place beneath caudals 9 to 12. The best preserved measures +15 mm +in length. Chevron facets on the caudals are not evident until caudal 5 and then continue at least as far as caudal 20. Possibly one or several centra are missing between Caudals 17 and 18 as preserved, because the latter differs markedly from the former one: it is no longer spool−shaped but long and low, like a distal caudal. For example, Caudal 15 measures +9 mm +in length by +8 mm +in width by +8.5 mm +in height, while Caudal 18 measures +9 mm +by +5.5 mm +by +6.5 mm +. This is a striking decline in width and height, and a reduction in volume by about 50%. Neural arch bases and articular processes are evident as far caudally as caudal 30. Beyond that point, the centra are little more than simple rods. Caudal 36 measures +5 mm +in length and less than +2 mm +in both breadth and height. + + + +Fig. 3. Right ilium of + +Archaeoceratops oshimai +IVPP V + +11115, paratype in dorsal ( +A +), left lateral ( +B +), ventral ( +C +), and medial ( +D +) views.Scale bar 2 cm. + + + +Pelvis +.—The type specimen of + +Archaeoceratops + +, V 11114, includes both ilia, both pubes and a partial ischium. The +paratype +, V 11115, includes a right ilium ( +Fig. 3 +). In V 11114, the caudal portion of the left ilium is missing and the cranial portion of the right one is missing. The overlap between the two halves allows an estimate of +150 mm +in length. V 11115 measures +127 mm +in length. The description that follows is based on the +holotype +specimen except as noted. The ilium is long and low, with a sharp dorsal edge. The length of the preacetabular portion is about equal to the postacetabular portion, +59 mm +for the former, +60 mm +for the latter. The gently arched dorsal margin of the ilium has its apex over the acetabulum, and close to the midline of the sacrum (separation of dorsal margins of ilia +31 mm +; separation of acetabula ventrally +53 mm +). Both cranially and caudally the ilia bend laterally with an approximate separation of more than +70 mm +. The cranial process of the ilium tapers cranially to a blunt point, and has a triangular cross−section with a narrow, flat surface, measuring +9 mm +in width, directed ventrally. The ventral edge of the caudal process of the ilium projects slightly medially, but does not form a pronounced shelf. The acetabulum is deep dorsoventrally and arched rather than forming a semicircle. The internal diameter of the acetabulum, between the pubic and ischial peduncles, is +26 mm +, while the distance between the external surfaces of the same peduncles is +38 mm +. The apex of the acetabulum is +9 mm +(right) to +10 mm +(left) in thickness. The cranial tip of the pubic peduncle is broken on the left side, as is the first sacral rib on the right side. It appears that the latter supports the former, although the sacral rib seems much too heavy for this purpose. The second sacral rib conforms to the shape of the cranial rim of the acetabulum and may have contributed functionally to the articular surface of the hip joint. The ischiadic peduncle is much more robust than the pubic peduncle. A large excavation of unknown significance on the lateral surface of the ischiadic peduncle displays a texture suggesting that an ossification center is missing. An identical feature is seen on the ilium of V 11115. The ischial peduncle is notched, with a weak internal shelf and a bulbous external condyle. This arrangement is more clearly seen in the +paratype +than in the type specimen; in either case, the feature is not seen in lateral view. Perhaps this feature is designed to stabilize the proximal end of the ischium, but unfortunately the latter is not preserved. In the +holotype +specimen, the scar measures 16.5 by +10 mm +. The ischial peduncle measures +16 mm +in width. + + + +Fig. 4. Right astragalus and calcaneus of + +Archaeoceratops oshimai +IVPP V + +11115, paratype in cranial ( +A +), distal ( +B +), caudal ( +C +), proximal ( +D +), medial ( +E +), and lateral ( +F +) views. Left: calcaneus; right: astragalus. 1: Facet on astragalus for calcaneus; 2: facet on calcaneus for astragalus.Scale bar 1 cm. + + + + +Fig. 5. Right pes of + +Archaeoceratops oshimai +IVPP V + +11115, paratype in dorsal view. Scale bar 2 cm. + + +The pubic peduncle of V 11115 possesses, on its medial surface, a shallow scar for sacral rib 2. A prominent scar between the apex of the acetabulum and the ischial peduncle articulates with sacral rib 3, a large scar caudodorsal to the ischial peduncle is for sacral rib 4, and a scar midway on the caudal blade of the ilium correlates to sacral rib 5. In addition it shows a longitudinal ridge half way up the medial surface of the ilium for the contact of the transverse processes of the sacral rib. Near the apex of the acetabulum, this is elaborated into a circular depression, indicating elaboration of the transverse process. Another such scar is found at this level just caudal to the ischial peduncle. + +Left and right pubes are preserved. Both lack the delicate postpubic process. The prepubic process appears to be complete on the right pubis. The prepubic blade appears in lateral view as a straight, thin bar, tapering from +7 mm +at its base to +2.5 mm +at its cranial tip. In dorsal view, it diverges laterally and then gently bends into a parasagittal plane. It is broader than high, tapering from +7 mm +wide at the base of the blade to +5 mm +wide at its cranial tip. Excluding the postpubic process, the right pubis measures +40 mm +in length. The articular region is relatively massive, measuring +17 mm +in length and +12 mm +in width. A rugose medial surface +15 mm +long provides primary support for the pubis against the first and second sacral ribs. There is a distinct pit on the craniodorsal surface of the peduncle for the pubic process of the ilium. The remainder of the enlarged dorsal area must serve for articulation with the ischium. + + +One ischial shaft, lacking the proximal end, and the distal end of the other shaft are preserved. The shaft is essentially straight except that it diverges from the midline proximally. The shaft is +106 mm +long and +8 mm +thick. The distal end expands to 13 by +9 mm +. + + +Hind limb +.—Preserved hind limb materials of the +paratype +of + +A. oshimai + +, V 11115, include a proximal right femur, distal right tibia and complete pes. The femur has a rather small, strongly elevated head, a low, fan−shaped greater trochanter, and a well−defined lesser trochanter. There is a shallow tendon groove on the caudal aspect of the femoral head. The femoral head measures only +10 mm +in the axial plane. The proximal end of the femur is +30 mm +in width. The length of the femoral fragment is +44 mm +. The distal end of the tibia possesses several shallow concavities and is rather nondescript. The width of the distal end is +26 mm +, and the craniocaudal length is +15 mm +. There is a roughened, convex area on the lateral side of the distal end of the tibia that evidently corresponds to a congruent concavity on the calcaneum. + + +The astragalus and calcaneus ( +Fig. 4 +) and two probable distal tarsals are beautifully preserved. The astragalus caps the distal tibia, forming a smooth, cylindrical joint surface for the intertarsal articulation and adding +5 mm +to the functional length of the crus. The astragalus shows little of the reduction that characterizes more derived neoceratopsians, including + +Protoceratops + +. It measures +20 mm +in width, 77% of the width of the distal tibia. The cranial ascending process is wide, low and bluntly squared off dorsally. There is no caudal ascending process medially, but in caudal view the astragalus is seen as wedge that thickens medially. It shows a small facet laterally for contact with the calcaneus. The calcaneus is a small, complex bone. A broad, shallow cup, measuring +10 mm +by +12 mm +, stabilizes the distal tibia. A sharp ridge separates at a right angle the tibial facet from a smaller ( +10 mm +by +6 mm +), very well defined concavity for the distal end of the fibula. It also forms part of the smooth intertarsal joint surface. The lateral edge of the astragalus and medial edge of the calcaneum key to each other and form a smooth intertarsal joint surface +28 mm +wide. There are two candidates for distal tarsals. The larger, perhaps medial, distal tarsal is flat and irregular, measuring 14 by 12 by +6 mm +, and slightly concave on one surface. The size and concavity are consistent with the description of the medial distal tarsal of + +Protoceratops + +by +Brown and Schlaikjer (1940) +. The other, perhaps lateral, distal tarsal, is a chip of bone 13 by 8 by +7 mm +. The positions of these two bones can only be surmised. + + +A complete right metatarsus is preserved ( +Fig. 5 +). The metatarsals are long and slender. The structure is autapomorphic in that metatarsal I, though long and with a wellformed distal condyle, has a strongly reduced shaft and proximal end. The phalangeal formula is standard: 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, and the unguals are sharply pointed. + + + + \ No newline at end of file